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Now, that we've identified arguments and 
we've also identified premises and 

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conclusions, we need to put them in 
order. 

3
00:00:10,514 --> 00:00:15,108
The actual word order doesn't always tell 
us the order of argument. 

4
00:00:15,108 --> 00:00:19,291
Compare these two sentences. 
Because I am a professor, I teach 

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classes. 
I teach classes because I am a professor. 

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00:00:23,366 --> 00:00:29,505
In those two examples, the words I am a 
professor, in one instance, occur at the 

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beginning and at the other instance, 
occur at the end. 

8
00:00:33,676 --> 00:00:37,768
But they actually express exactly the 
same argument. 

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Namely, the fact that I'm a professor is 
a reason why I teach classes. 

10
00:00:43,198 --> 00:00:47,480
But contrast both of those with this 
example. 

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00:00:47,480 --> 00:00:50,344
I teach classes, so I must be a 
professor. 

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00:00:50,344 --> 00:00:55,864
The point there must be something like 
nobody but professors can teach classes. 

13
00:00:55,864 --> 00:01:01,594
And whether or not that's true, the point 
here is, that's a different argument from 

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the first one. 
And we need to represent the difference 

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00:01:05,367 --> 00:01:08,372
between these two arguments very 
carefully. 

16
00:01:08,372 --> 00:01:13,962
In order to show what is shared by the 
first two examples, but is different than 

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00:01:13,962 --> 00:01:18,499
the third example, 
we put the arguments in what's called 

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00:01:18,499 --> 00:01:21,840
standard form. 
And it's really easy. 

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Basically, you put the premise down and 
if there's another premise, you put that 

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down. 
Then, you draw a line. 

21
00:01:29,266 --> 00:01:34,994
Then, you put what I call a dot pyramid. 
It's basically three little dots with two 

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at the bottom and one at the top. 
And then, you put the conclusion after 

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00:01:40,016 --> 00:01:42,731
that. 
It's also useful, we'll see why later, 

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but its useful to number the premises and 
to number the conclusion, so that we can 

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00:01:48,112 --> 00:01:53,229
refer back to the premise and conclusion 
with the number instead of having to 

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repeat it all the time. 
And that's all there is in a standard 

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00:01:57,297 --> 00:01:59,528
form. 
You just put down the premises on 

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00:01:59,528 --> 00:02:04,317
different lines, then you draw a line, 
put the little dot pyramid, and then 

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00:02:04,317 --> 00:02:07,663
write down the conclusion and then number 
them all. 

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00:02:07,663 --> 00:02:11,452
That's it. 
And this standard form accomplishes what 

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00:02:11,452 --> 00:02:15,333
we wanted it to. 
Namely, it helps us show what's common to 

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the first two examples at the beginning 
of this lecture that distinguishes them 

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00:02:20,782 --> 00:02:25,004
from the third example. 
So, the first two examples were, I teach 

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00:02:25,004 --> 00:02:29,635
classes because I'm a professor. 
And because I'm a professor, I teach 

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00:02:29,635 --> 00:02:32,081
classes. 
They are the sentences. 

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00:02:32,081 --> 00:02:36,712
The premise that goes above the line is, 
I'm a professor. 

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00:02:36,712 --> 00:02:43,080
And the conclusion that goes below the 
line and next to the dot pyramid is, I 

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00:02:43,080 --> 00:02:47,462
teach classes. 
But the next example, the third example 

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00:02:47,462 --> 00:02:53,830
at the beginning of the lecture was, I 
teach classes, so, I must be a professor. 

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00:02:53,830 --> 00:02:59,380
Now, that means that I am a professor is 
the conclusion that goes below the line 

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00:02:59,380 --> 00:03:03,474
next to the dot pyramid. 
And the premise is, I teach classes. 

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00:03:03,474 --> 00:03:08,816
So, when you put these two in standard 
form right next to each other, it makes 

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00:03:08,816 --> 00:03:14,436
it absolutely clear what the difference 
is and what's in common to the first two 

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00:03:14,436 --> 00:03:17,700
that distinguishes them from the third 
one. 

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00:03:17,700 --> 00:03:22,870
No matter how easy, I think it's still 
worthwhile to do a few exercises just to 

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make sure we've got it straight because 
this notion in standard form will become 

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important later.