1 00:00:00,6 --> 00:00:06,22 Hello. Well, this is our final module lecture, 2 00:00:06,22 --> 00:00:11,667 on Energy 101. And I'd like to do a quick wrap up, and 3 00:00:11,667 --> 00:00:16,829 overview today to kind of see, want to make some sense out of all of these 4 00:00:16,829 --> 00:00:22,740 details. And all of the deep dives that were done 5 00:00:22,740 --> 00:00:26,948 and looking at a lot of detailed information. 6 00:00:26,948 --> 00:00:31,350 So I'm going to flash through a lot of it, because we've seen the slides and 7 00:00:31,350 --> 00:00:35,823 spent significant amount of time on them, I just want to remind us, of, of the 8 00:00:35,823 --> 00:00:43,290 information that we have, and try to put a wrapper on it here at the end. 9 00:00:43,290 --> 00:00:51,260 so what are the energy issues? Why are we even interested in in energy? 10 00:00:51,260 --> 00:00:57,240 Why is it a major issue in the news and political issue and world issue? 11 00:00:57,240 --> 00:01:01,850 Well in the US it's be for two reasons. Number one, carbon emissions. 12 00:01:01,850 --> 00:01:06,824 And number two oil, independence. Oil dependence, where we're dependent 13 00:01:06,824 --> 00:01:11,576 upon oil produced outside the US that we have to buy, at about a billion dollars a 14 00:01:11,576 --> 00:01:19,840 year going out of this country. And so those are the two primary issues. 15 00:01:19,840 --> 00:01:23,935 There's some other smaller issues, for instance the small issue due to nitric 16 00:01:23,935 --> 00:01:28,345 oxides and hydrocarbon emissions from a power plants or from automobiles we've 17 00:01:28,345 --> 00:01:35,248 made a lot of headway on that. And I won't say it's solve, but having 18 00:01:35,248 --> 00:01:44,20 been, lived in Los Angeles area back around 1970 it was really difficult. 19 00:01:44,20 --> 00:01:46,698 And you go out there now and it's a whole another world. 20 00:01:46,698 --> 00:01:50,678 So, and the same way in Atlanta. So we've made a lot of headway on, a lot 21 00:01:50,678 --> 00:01:55,930 of the energy issues, but these are the two big ones that we're faced with now. 22 00:01:55,930 --> 00:02:00,518 Carbon emissions that has dealing with carbon, climate change and oil 23 00:02:00,518 --> 00:02:04,606 independence. So I want to refocus and uh,understand 24 00:02:04,606 --> 00:02:11,810 why we're looking at all of this. the carbon dioxide issue I think is best 25 00:02:11,810 --> 00:02:19,80 described or best shown by this slide right here. 26 00:02:19,80 --> 00:02:25,683 by here's a metric tons over here, and metric tons that is emit of carbon that's 27 00:02:25,683 --> 00:02:32,830 emitted each year by different countries and notice China. 28 00:02:32,830 --> 00:02:38,916 This is China and this is the US. The next one's the US and the carbon 29 00:02:38,916 --> 00:02:44,150 emissions are a worldwide issue. It's not like smog. 30 00:02:44,150 --> 00:02:48,530 Smog was a local issue, and still is to some degree. 31 00:02:48,530 --> 00:02:54,120 It takes place in the urban areas, in Los Angeles, Atlanta, New York, et cetera. 32 00:02:54,120 --> 00:02:58,605 But you go out in the country 30 miles away and it's fine, so it's a that small 33 00:02:58,605 --> 00:03:04,264 with a local issue. Carbon dioxide is an international issue, 34 00:03:04,264 --> 00:03:08,647 world issue. When we emit carbon dioxide it, it 35 00:03:08,647 --> 00:03:16,580 changes the climate in Europe, in Japan, in China, everywhere and vice versa. 36 00:03:16,580 --> 00:03:21,540 So we have to look at not just the US but everywhere. 37 00:03:21,540 --> 00:03:27,0 And what's frightening to me about this chart is as you can easily see is where 38 00:03:27,0 --> 00:03:32,803 China is headed. they have three times more people than we 39 00:03:32,803 --> 00:03:38,243 have, they're trying to get their population up on the economic curve and 40 00:03:38,243 --> 00:03:46,278 lifestyle, are all comforts that we have. And to do that, they're having to utilize 41 00:03:46,278 --> 00:03:49,892 a lot of energy and pertain, produce it quickly. 42 00:03:49,892 --> 00:03:52,860 So, all the other countries, you notice, are down here. 43 00:03:52,860 --> 00:03:56,328 Now, when you add all these up they are significant, don't get me wrong. 44 00:03:56,328 --> 00:04:01,822 But you have to add the a lot of them up to equal either the US or China and so, 45 00:04:01,822 --> 00:04:07,234 we, we need everybody's help, but if we don't get the cooperation of China and do 46 00:04:07,234 --> 00:04:15,140 something ourselves, then we're in, we're in deep trouble. 47 00:04:15,140 --> 00:04:20,98 Notice that the US dropped here and that is we noted due to mostly the economic 48 00:04:20,98 --> 00:04:25,58 recession that we were in. And now the recession is coming out, is 49 00:04:25,58 --> 00:04:30,392 beginning to pick back up. we have gotten more efficient but anyway 50 00:04:30,392 --> 00:04:36,596 this, this shows why carbon dioxide is a problem and we need to face the facts 51 00:04:36,596 --> 00:04:45,558 about how we can deal with that. the second one is US oil dependance, and 52 00:04:45,558 --> 00:04:52,40 this is best shown by this graph, which I use a lot. 53 00:04:52,40 --> 00:05:00,932 And this shows the this shows the the red is the oil imports, and the yellow is the 54 00:05:00,932 --> 00:05:08,228 lo, US oil production in the lower 48 and this the magenta is the Alaska oil 55 00:05:08,228 --> 00:05:15,638 production and just this we had a big increase in oil production in Alaska back 56 00:05:15,638 --> 00:05:25,570 here. In the 80s, late 70s, we've had a big 57 00:05:25,570 --> 00:05:29,840 increase in oil production in the lower 48. 58 00:05:29,840 --> 00:05:36,340 So you notice, no find lasts forever, every all oil deposits are finite. 59 00:05:36,340 --> 00:05:42,830 everybody, there's only a finite amount of oil in the ground. 60 00:05:42,830 --> 00:05:46,222 Now, if we spend more money, we can get more of it out, but then it becomes an 61 00:05:46,222 --> 00:05:50,90 economic issue. But we've seen this kind of increase 62 00:05:50,90 --> 00:05:54,244 before, we saw it in the Alaska find, and that is diminishing in the 20 years 63 00:05:54,244 --> 00:05:58,465 later, 30 years later you can see that we get a much smaller amount than we did 64 00:05:58,465 --> 00:06:04,724 back here. And the heyday of the Alaskan oil 65 00:06:04,724 --> 00:06:11,808 production but the problem is of course the the imports, which are represented by 66 00:06:11,808 --> 00:06:18,160 the red. And of course, up here is the total US 67 00:06:18,160 --> 00:06:26,150 consumption and with again leveled off due to the economic era. 68 00:06:26,150 --> 00:06:32,46 So those are two charts that I think both summarize the issues that we have to deal 69 00:06:32,46 --> 00:06:37,620 with, and carbon emissions and oil dependency. 70 00:06:37,620 --> 00:06:41,526 I'm going to flash through, well let's first what, so what can we do to solve 71 00:06:41,526 --> 00:06:45,588 these issues. Number one, we've got to understand the 72 00:06:45,588 --> 00:06:49,221 energy system details. We can't solve a problem until we 73 00:06:49,221 --> 00:06:53,84 understand the details. And well then we need to develop the 74 00:06:53,84 --> 00:06:57,374 energy technologies, and develop means commercialize them, not scientific 75 00:06:57,374 --> 00:07:03,70 research in the lab, we need that and we need to continue doing that. 76 00:07:03,70 --> 00:07:07,360 We're doing that, and need to continue, and probably do more of it. 77 00:07:07,360 --> 00:07:10,959 But those are long term solutions that, that hopefully will come to the 78 00:07:10,959 --> 00:07:15,731 commercial marketplace 20 years from now. and then we've gotta deploy the 79 00:07:15,731 --> 00:07:18,532 solutions. So we, it doesn't do any good to develop 80 00:07:18,532 --> 00:07:23,950 the technology if we don't deploy it, but this is, this, this requires policy. 81 00:07:23,950 --> 00:07:28,208 I haven't said much about policy, but I'm going to mention it today. 82 00:07:28,208 --> 00:07:32,980 Because number one, why did I mention it? Because I'm technologist, I'm not a 83 00:07:32,980 --> 00:07:37,5 policy expert. But no mater what kind of technology we 84 00:07:37,5 --> 00:07:41,904 develop its all for null unless we deploy it and, and we're not going to deploy it 85 00:07:41,904 --> 00:07:48,708 unless we have a policy. And that's the, the new takeaway from 86 00:07:48,708 --> 00:07:55,608 this summer so this flashing through the energy system details that we've covered 87 00:07:55,608 --> 00:08:04,662 we I divided them into three categories. Number one, the society's use. 88 00:08:04,662 --> 00:08:10,676 what we use the energy for where, where we get it from. 89 00:08:10,676 --> 00:08:14,629 The, we have to get it from the, a natural source somewhere and then the, 90 00:08:14,629 --> 00:08:18,716 the process to convert it from the natural form we find it to the form that, 91 00:08:18,716 --> 00:08:26,335 that we want it to make our lives better. So we covered all three of these boxes 92 00:08:26,335 --> 00:08:32,115 and different categories but different times but that is is the sum and 93 00:08:32,115 --> 00:08:37,470 substance of the the three parts of our energy system in the US as well as most 94 00:08:37,470 --> 00:08:44,252 countries. And so what what are the conversion 95 00:08:44,252 --> 00:08:48,646 process laws. just flashing back the we have some laws 96 00:08:48,646 --> 00:08:53,228 that say you can't just convert one energy to another without some 97 00:08:53,228 --> 00:08:58,565 restrictions. the first law says the total energy 98 00:08:58,565 --> 00:09:03,395 cannot be create or destroyed we'll talk about that and this is called the First 99 00:09:03,395 --> 00:09:08,85 Law of Thermodynamics just like the total mass cannot be created or destroyed is 100 00:09:08,85 --> 00:09:14,562 the exact same scenario. And the second law says that, all forms 101 00:09:14,562 --> 00:09:18,978 of energy do not have equal value. Now one thing I probably didn't stress, 102 00:09:18,978 --> 00:09:23,410 when I said equal value here, I'm not just talking about economic value. 103 00:09:23,410 --> 00:09:29,360 I'm talking about thermodynamic value for instance, you can't burn coal or natural 104 00:09:29,360 --> 00:09:34,715 gas or oil, and convert 100% of that thermal heat energy into a high, a higher 105 00:09:34,715 --> 00:09:43,40 form of energy like electricity. That's what the second law tells us. 106 00:09:43,40 --> 00:09:48,4 And it's just a natural law so we have to to upgrade energy, upgrade some of that 107 00:09:48,4 --> 00:09:53,540 heat to a higher grade like heat to electricity. 108 00:09:53,540 --> 00:09:57,631 We have to downgrade some of it. So that's the reason we have to throw a 109 00:09:57,631 --> 00:10:01,169 lot of the energy away that, from combustion when we put it into a power 110 00:10:01,169 --> 00:10:06,679 plant to generate electricity. the analogy there is an ounce of gold has 111 00:10:06,679 --> 00:10:10,573 more value than an ounce of silver, not just economically, but also in this case 112 00:10:10,573 --> 00:10:17,32 thermodynamically in how we use it. so energy use where do we, the other box 113 00:10:17,32 --> 00:10:22,462 is on the right hand side is where do we use energy? 114 00:10:22,462 --> 00:10:27,340 it's approximately a 50, a third, a third, a third split. 115 00:10:27,340 --> 00:10:30,690 We have buildings for heat and, heat to heat and cool our buildings. 116 00:10:30,690 --> 00:10:33,740 We have manufacturing process to make the products we want and we have 117 00:10:33,740 --> 00:10:37,923 transportation. So those are the three sectors we have to 118 00:10:37,923 --> 00:10:41,912 deal with and we've talked about each one of those. 119 00:10:41,912 --> 00:10:47,162 Another, another major point is we cannot have economic growth of any significance 120 00:10:47,162 --> 00:10:52,356 without an energy increase. And the best way to decrease energy 121 00:10:52,356 --> 00:10:56,836 consumption and decrease CO2 emissions is to have an economic recession and that's 122 00:10:56,836 --> 00:11:01,316 exactly what happened here where we're, we're talking about the change from one 123 00:11:01,316 --> 00:11:07,486 year to the other. This is a percent change in the energy 124 00:11:07,486 --> 00:11:13,850 consumption and the gross prod, national product for the US and you can see it, 125 00:11:13,850 --> 00:11:20,128 that the economy dropped gross national product and the energy consumption 126 00:11:20,128 --> 00:11:26,755 dropped. So when it goes up, when the economy is 127 00:11:26,755 --> 00:11:30,682 growing, our energy consumption is growing. 128 00:11:30,682 --> 00:11:35,841 and we really, we can [UNKNOWN] that somewhat, but we're a little bit stumped 129 00:11:35,841 --> 00:11:42,631 as how we can ever decouple that. oil imports again is the other issue here 130 00:11:42,631 --> 00:11:48,582 and this it shows the trend. we are making some headway recently due 131 00:11:48,582 --> 00:11:53,832 to the increased oil produstion and decreased oil use. 132 00:11:53,832 --> 00:11:59,299 and here since the recession, but it has started to, it hasn't started clicking up 133 00:11:59,299 --> 00:12:03,174 yet. it's come up a little bit in the last 134 00:12:03,174 --> 00:12:07,998 several months but not dramatically. So there's some, the trend is in the 135 00:12:07,998 --> 00:12:10,650 right direction but we've seen that before. 136 00:12:10,650 --> 00:12:15,150 This drop was due to oil going up by a factor of 3 or 4 in price back in the 137 00:12:15,150 --> 00:12:19,275 late 70's, early 80's and the US power plants getting off of oil for 138 00:12:19,275 --> 00:12:25,689 electricity. So we saved a lot but that was a one time 139 00:12:25,689 --> 00:12:32,454 effect so why do we need oil? Since oil is a problem, well we use oil, 140 00:12:32,454 --> 00:12:37,530 so we need to look, we looked at how we used oil. 141 00:12:37,530 --> 00:12:43,938 Transportation dominates it, with[ manufacturing being number two, by a long 142 00:12:43,938 --> 00:12:49,680 ways back. And then we we, one of the points that I, 143 00:12:49,680 --> 00:12:55,136 that I made was that there's a confusion a lot of times regarding oil versus 144 00:12:55,136 --> 00:13:01,359 petroleum. And you seeing a lot about petroleum use 145 00:13:01,359 --> 00:13:06,432 and imports rather than oil, but petroleum includes oil Natural gas 146 00:13:06,432 --> 00:13:13,900 liquids like butanes, propanes, ethanes, et cetera, and ethanol. 147 00:13:13,900 --> 00:13:19,146 And those ethanol used in cars does displace oil on a one to, almost on a 148 00:13:19,146 --> 00:13:24,980 one-to-one basis, on a 1.3 to one basis or so. 149 00:13:24,980 --> 00:13:29,10 But natural gas liquids doesn't really dipla-, displace oil, so we need to 150 00:13:29,10 --> 00:13:34,530 understand the difference there. When you read something, whether they are 151 00:13:34,530 --> 00:13:38,556 talking about petroleum imports and independence or oil independence, 152 00:13:38,556 --> 00:13:43,964 independence, there, there is a difference, we talked about that. 153 00:13:43,964 --> 00:13:49,130 Ethanol is one that is I said displaces oil, not on a one to one basis because a 154 00:13:49,130 --> 00:13:54,624 gallon of Ethanol or a barrel of Ethanol will not displace a barrel of oil because 155 00:13:54,624 --> 00:14:02,803 it has about 30% less energy. But there has been dramatic growth in 156 00:14:02,803 --> 00:14:09,73 ethanol out here and you can see that it's gone from about 300,000 to almost a 157 00:14:09,73 --> 00:14:18,980 million up here just in the last 5 years or so, 6 years had a dramatic increase. 158 00:14:18,980 --> 00:14:24,500 But it still thoroughly is a a little over 5% of our transportation of over to 159 00:14:24,500 --> 00:14:31,208 coarse use, that's that's corn ethanol. And there is some issues with corn 160 00:14:31,208 --> 00:14:34,644 ethanol. It does, really doesn't too much for CO2 161 00:14:34,644 --> 00:14:39,198 reduction because of the energy used to produce the ethanol, and 40% of our corn 162 00:14:39,198 --> 00:14:45,940 grown in this country is used for ethanol driving up the prices of food. 163 00:14:45,940 --> 00:14:50,488 So that's an issue use with ethanol. Put ethanol is a petroleum fuel, and this 164 00:14:50,488 --> 00:14:56,36 shows the petroleum production that includes Ethanol here natural gas liquids 165 00:14:56,36 --> 00:15:04,0 that come out with natural gas and you compress them in their liquids and oil. 166 00:15:04,0 --> 00:15:09,360 So sometimes natural gas liquids and Ethanol are included as petrol-, in the 167 00:15:09,360 --> 00:15:15,14 petroleum lump with oil. And people do that for, through their own 168 00:15:15,14 --> 00:15:18,979 purposes by basically they try to make a point they want to make, then sometimes 169 00:15:18,979 --> 00:15:23,470 its legitimate and sometimes its very misleading. 170 00:15:23,470 --> 00:15:29,114 So you just need to be aware that the difference between petroleum and oil. 171 00:15:29,114 --> 00:15:37,178 and regarding imports energy in, independence is still about oil out here, 172 00:15:37,178 --> 00:15:43,559 oil, oil, oil. you can see this is the energy used by, 173 00:15:43,559 --> 00:15:48,788 that we, energy we use, the US uses for and crude oil, and natural gas, and 174 00:15:48,788 --> 00:15:55,732 natural gas liquids. And coal, and in renewable and the blue 175 00:15:55,732 --> 00:16:00,368 is what we produce in this country and the magenta is what we import and 176 00:16:00,368 --> 00:16:05,536 actually if it's below zero like it, like it, our coal is that means we're actually 177 00:16:05,536 --> 00:16:12,44 exporting. So, were exporting a little bit of coal 178 00:16:12,44 --> 00:16:18,950 and generating a lot more but oil you can see this is outside the US. 179 00:16:18,950 --> 00:16:24,730 Oil is, we're importing about 60% of oil, 50%, 60% depending on whether you want to 180 00:16:24,730 --> 00:16:32,190 count North America or the US, and there's a lot of new options there. 181 00:16:32,190 --> 00:16:36,348 You have to dig into the details, but we do import some natural gas and that's 182 00:16:36,348 --> 00:16:43,80 dominantly from Canada which is a stable source and there's not much of it also. 183 00:16:43,80 --> 00:16:46,502 So we're in pretty good shape and everything but oil is the point that we 184 00:16:46,502 --> 00:16:50,950 saw there. What about shale gas? 185 00:16:50,950 --> 00:16:54,546 Well you see a lot of what I call hype about shale gas, and for a lot of good 186 00:16:54,546 --> 00:16:58,598 reasons. And valid reasons but I just want to, 187 00:16:58,598 --> 00:17:02,876 want to point out this last point, that's one of my favorite things I've learned, 188 00:17:02,876 --> 00:17:06,906 not favorite but one of the true reasons I've learned over my long life and that 189 00:17:06,906 --> 00:17:13,174 is, things are rarely as good or as bad as they first appear. 190 00:17:13,174 --> 00:17:19,938 So, shale Oil such shale gas, shale gas initially was estimated to have a reserve 191 00:17:19,938 --> 00:17:26,257 of about 800 trillion cubic feet that was down there to be recovered from shale and 192 00:17:26,257 --> 00:17:37,252 horizontal drilling and frack, fracking. they in 2011, they all the sudden dropped 193 00:17:37,252 --> 00:17:45,90 it to, to less than 500 dramatic drop. And that was because the US Geological 194 00:17:45,90 --> 00:17:49,920 Survey didn't agree with EIA, that estimate of 827, and EIA admitted that US 195 00:17:49,920 --> 00:17:54,540 Geological Survey probably knew better than they did and then they dropped the 196 00:17:54,540 --> 00:17:59,610 number. So you know, it's how much is there and 197 00:17:59,610 --> 00:18:03,350 what the economics will be over the long term and the environmental consequences 198 00:18:03,350 --> 00:18:08,990 of fracking and getting it out. It is yet to be determined, but it's a 199 00:18:08,990 --> 00:18:16,400 large source that hopefully we can get, get economically and utilize. 200 00:18:16,400 --> 00:18:23,534 so the conclusions on energy independence is, US is dependent on imported oil. 201 00:18:23,534 --> 00:18:28,800 but the US is independent for coal and gas, for all essential purposes. 202 00:18:28,800 --> 00:18:32,576 So that means our electric power is coming from a fuel source that we 203 00:18:32,576 --> 00:18:36,526 produce. But our oil consumption, primarily in 204 00:18:36,526 --> 00:18:41,97 transportation is not. and one thing we gotta realize is that 205 00:18:41,97 --> 00:18:47,394 this oil that we're dependent upon, is we're not in control of the price. 206 00:18:47,394 --> 00:18:53,90 that's controlled by primarily Saudi Arabia which dominates OPEC. 207 00:18:53,90 --> 00:18:59,130 And it is price of the oil is set by the world supply and demand. 208 00:18:59,130 --> 00:19:03,618 So if we increase or when we increase oil production it does not have a significant 209 00:19:03,618 --> 00:19:07,644 effect on oil price because our production is still a small percentage of 210 00:19:07,644 --> 00:19:12,841 the worlds. And if we increase production and cause 211 00:19:12,841 --> 00:19:18,320 the price, the world price to go down. Saudi Arabia the Middle, some OPEC 212 00:19:18,320 --> 00:19:22,952 countries will decrease and have shown this over and over again. 213 00:19:22,952 --> 00:19:27,58 decrease production to offset it, and keep the supply about the same. 214 00:19:27,58 --> 00:19:32,440 So, it does make us more independent. By when we increase production, but it 215 00:19:32,440 --> 00:19:36,838 doesn't have a significant impact on price that we pay. 216 00:19:36,838 --> 00:19:41,254 So, the concluding point here is that regarding oil independence, or energy 217 00:19:41,254 --> 00:19:47,266 independence, is that there are no silver bullets for energy independence. 218 00:19:47,266 --> 00:19:52,164 We've got a lot of work to do and there are some things we can do about it. 219 00:19:52,164 --> 00:19:57,892 And we'll look at those further what about carbon emissions? 220 00:19:57,892 --> 00:20:03,592 Well, the bottom line on carbon emissions is that we can, we if we generate solar 221 00:20:03,592 --> 00:20:09,655 use solar, wind, and nuclear for electric power generation. 222 00:20:09,655 --> 00:20:14,737 Then we will reduce carbon emissions then, because we'll be getting from those 223 00:20:14,737 --> 00:20:20,281 clean carbon sources rather than, coal and natural gas in particular, natural 224 00:20:20,281 --> 00:20:27,800 gas being cleaner than coal. Another thing we can do is higher mileage 225 00:20:27,800 --> 00:20:35,115 vehicles that, thanks to policy is in the works with bumping our required mileage 226 00:20:35,115 --> 00:20:45,990 standard on vehicles in this country up to 20, up to 55 miles per gallon by 2025. 227 00:20:45,990 --> 00:20:50,578 And we started having mileage requirements back in the 70s when mi, the 228 00:20:50,578 --> 00:20:55,412 vehicle mileage was about 12 or 13 miles a gallon. 229 00:20:55,412 --> 00:21:00,250 so now it's in the high 20s depending on how you count it. 230 00:21:00,250 --> 00:21:04,942 And we're, we're scheduled to go to 55 that's technologically is certainly 231 00:21:04,942 --> 00:21:11,248 possible, and Europe essentially is already there, in the vehicles they have. 232 00:21:11,248 --> 00:21:16,638 another option is cellulosic ethanol for transportation, that comes in things like 233 00:21:16,638 --> 00:21:23,881 polk wood, and trees, or grasses. And so that, that's got a ways to go to 234 00:21:23,881 --> 00:21:29,290 become economically viable, however. But it, there's a lot of work and some 235 00:21:29,290 --> 00:21:33,570 commercial plants opening up. And of course, higher efficiency in 236 00:21:33,570 --> 00:21:39,390 electric heating and air conditioning is, is a primary thing that can be done. 237 00:21:39,390 --> 00:21:44,54 That reduces our electrical consumption and thereby, reduces carbon emissions. 238 00:21:44,54 --> 00:21:50,18 there, there are minimum EP, minimum DOE, EPA efficiency standards for space 239 00:21:50,18 --> 00:21:55,770 heating and equipment and air conditioning equipment. 240 00:21:55,770 --> 00:22:00,530 Just like there are minimum efficiency requirements on, in miles per gallon for 241 00:22:00,530 --> 00:22:04,700 our vehicles, and those have made a big impact. 242 00:22:04,700 --> 00:22:08,482 We've moved the efficiency up for things like, refrigerators and the air 243 00:22:08,482 --> 00:22:14,710 conditioners, and the heating system up dramatically and, and lighting also. 244 00:22:14,710 --> 00:22:19,30 And we got a we can even continue to improve that. 245 00:22:19,30 --> 00:22:23,790 There again that's energy policy, that's a minimum efficiency standard that's set 246 00:22:23,790 --> 00:22:30,67 by the Department of Energy and the EPA. The option of course is for Electric 247 00:22:30,67 --> 00:22:35,96 Generation that's clean of carbon is Photovoltaics. 248 00:22:35,96 --> 00:22:39,924 We one nice thing about these people like is each, each homeowner, if it's on their 249 00:22:39,924 --> 00:22:44,100 home owns their own power generation plant. 250 00:22:44,100 --> 00:22:46,916 It's difficult to have enough roof air to supply all of your power, but you can 251 00:22:46,916 --> 00:22:51,460 make a big dent in it. central power towers. 252 00:22:51,460 --> 00:22:55,413 It has these characteristics of the central's utility station, power 253 00:22:55,413 --> 00:23:00,170 generation station such as natural gas such as a natural gas power generating 254 00:23:00,170 --> 00:23:07,311 plant or coal power generating plant. But it uses the sun reflected off of 255 00:23:07,311 --> 00:23:12,671 mirrors and up to a central boiler, and it boils the water from the sun heat 256 00:23:12,671 --> 00:23:20,868 rather than from the combustion of fuels. regarding, regarding wind and solar 257 00:23:20,868 --> 00:23:26,180 there's one point I want to make here, I'm going to show you two maps. 258 00:23:26,180 --> 00:23:30,758 That's the the, this one is the wind map, and this one is the solar map. 259 00:23:30,758 --> 00:23:36,382 One, one point I probably didn't I don't think I made made originally when we went 260 00:23:36,382 --> 00:23:40,970 through this is that the wind power density varies from region to region in 261 00:23:40,970 --> 00:23:48,172 the US by a factor of 10. In other words, if you look out here if 262 00:23:48,172 --> 00:23:53,899 you look out there, the wind density is energy density is about ten times what it 263 00:23:53,899 --> 00:23:59,917 is over in here. You know, the south and the east is all 264 00:23:59,917 --> 00:24:05,158 green pretty much green. The darker the green the less there is, 265 00:24:05,158 --> 00:24:10,116 and so the wind energy is primarily out here from the economical collection view 266 00:24:10,116 --> 00:24:15,74 point generation view point is out at the Midwest, so that's were most of the wind 267 00:24:15,74 --> 00:24:23,254 power plants are out there that's, that's not true with the solar. 268 00:24:23,254 --> 00:24:29,740 notice for solar, it's much more uniform. And here, the kilowatts hours per day 269 00:24:29,740 --> 00:24:36,340 that falls on a fixed area is it goes only by about a factor of two from four 270 00:24:36,340 --> 00:24:42,480 to about seven. So it is better out here in the 271 00:24:42,480 --> 00:24:47,205 southwest, then you have in this for instance, the Southeast, but it's not a 272 00:24:47,205 --> 00:24:53,248 factor of 10 like wind energy. So, there is a much more uniform 273 00:24:53,248 --> 00:24:58,67 opportunity for solar energy, gen, electric generation of a, across the 274 00:24:58,67 --> 00:25:06,836 nation than there is wind generation. and so just in summary for the US energy 275 00:25:06,836 --> 00:25:13,700 sources, the point I want to wrap up here with this slide is that we are dominated 276 00:25:13,700 --> 00:25:21,140 by coal, natural gas, and oil utilization. 277 00:25:21,140 --> 00:25:25,832 This is the percent of our energy that we get from each of those sources, and and 278 00:25:25,832 --> 00:25:30,662 then we've got wind over here, we've got solar over here, and we've got hydro, and 279 00:25:30,662 --> 00:25:37,130 we've got biomass. You can see, we've got a long way to go 280 00:25:37,130 --> 00:25:43,45 to replace this big chunk that, of energy we get from coal, natural gas, and oil 281 00:25:43,45 --> 00:25:50,325 that produces our carbon emissions to replace them by our renewable and clean 282 00:25:50,325 --> 00:25:58,250 energy sources. this represents trillions of dollars of 283 00:25:58,250 --> 00:26:03,146 infrastructure, and you don't the whole country doesn't walk away from trillions 284 00:26:03,146 --> 00:26:08,42 of dollars of Investment and re-, replace it with trillions of dollars worth of 285 00:26:08,42 --> 00:26:15,690 energy conversion processes that, and equipment that uses renewable energy. 286 00:26:15,690 --> 00:26:19,472 It can be done, but there's huge economic penalty to pay when the US and the 287 00:26:19,472 --> 00:26:23,220 economic situation that they're in and debt. 288 00:26:23,220 --> 00:26:27,910 That's debatable where the, whether we have the will or the financial resources 289 00:26:27,910 --> 00:26:32,906 to make that happen. so again the US energy issues are carbon 290 00:26:32,906 --> 00:26:37,651 emissions and oil dependence and the one thing I want to emphasize here on this 291 00:26:37,651 --> 00:26:42,542 final wrap up is that I haven't said much about but I want to stress the importance 292 00:26:42,542 --> 00:26:50,529 of it, is that we need energy policy. We need a comprehensive energy policy, 293 00:26:50,529 --> 00:26:56,150 needs to be implemented and executed, but that policy's got to be based on facts. 294 00:26:56,150 --> 00:26:59,720 What this course has been about is trying to talk about the facts. 295 00:26:59,720 --> 00:27:04,600 I'm not a policy expert that, that's the reason I've stuck with the facts. 296 00:27:04,600 --> 00:27:10,190 But the, we cannot make much headway without a comprehensive energy policy. 297 00:27:10,190 --> 00:27:13,494 But that policy has got to be made, got to be based on facts, so much of the 298 00:27:13,494 --> 00:27:19,541 policy that we have. Our is is dominated by lobbyists to in, 299 00:27:19,541 --> 00:27:24,931 to congress for to lobbying for different industries and they're not interested in 300 00:27:24,931 --> 00:27:33,0 the national good particularly in a lot of cases but their own industries good. 301 00:27:33,0 --> 00:27:36,465 For instance, be it the nuclear industry, be it the solar industry, the wind 302 00:27:36,465 --> 00:27:40,95 industry, the oil industry, or the coal industry, each one is up there lobbying 303 00:27:40,95 --> 00:27:44,310 for an energy policy that helps their industry. 304 00:27:44,310 --> 00:27:49,350 And that's unfortunate, because we need, need to understand all of, all of this 305 00:27:49,350 --> 00:27:54,67 energy facts. And be able to, to dissect the statements 306 00:27:54,67 --> 00:27:58,110 that are made and that we read so much of. 307 00:27:58,110 --> 00:28:04,660 So a lot of which are misleading at best. So its been great and, I've enjoyed being 308 00:28:04,660 --> 00:28:09,720 with you and I hope that I'll see you again. 309 00:28:09,720 --> 00:28:13,63 Take care.