1 00:00:00,012 --> 00:00:05,628 Hello. Welcome back to Energy 101. 2 00:00:05,629 --> 00:00:12,572 Today we're going to be talking about carbon dioxide, C, carbon emissions. 3 00:00:12,572 --> 00:00:19,404 And carbon is obviously a hot topic regarding global warming and climate 4 00:00:19,404 --> 00:00:24,145 change. And is dominantly energy-related. 5 00:00:24,145 --> 00:00:30,776 So far we've covered a lot of fundamentals about energy, our energy system, how we, 6 00:00:30,776 --> 00:00:36,415 society uses energy, how we get, where we get that natural energy from. 7 00:00:36,415 --> 00:00:42,995 And then, the conversion processes that we use to convert it from the natural energy 8 00:00:42,995 --> 00:00:49,387 forms that nature provides it to us into, into the form that society wants it and in 9 00:00:49,387 --> 00:00:54,294 order to use it usefully. Like heat or heating our homes and air 10 00:00:54,294 --> 00:01:00,640 conditioning and electricity and so on and so forth, that we've talked about. 11 00:01:00,640 --> 00:01:07,360 But the topic that, that really almost dominates this point, everything else is 12 00:01:07,360 --> 00:01:14,176 climate change issues, and which, as I've said, is essentially totally linked to 13 00:01:14,176 --> 00:01:21,215 energy and fossil fuels. So lets take a look quickly at that the 14 00:01:21,215 --> 00:01:28,575 global warming gases that cause the atmosphere to, to change the amount of 15 00:01:28,575 --> 00:01:36,510 great solar radiation that is transmitted through the atmosphere is CO2, and, but 16 00:01:36,510 --> 00:01:42,692 it's not the only gas. The other gas that's dominant in, in 17 00:01:42,692 --> 00:01:51,386 producing global warming in our atmosphere and climate is methane, which as we've 18 00:01:51,386 --> 00:01:59,234 said, originally, methane is used interchangeably with natural gas. 19 00:01:59,235 --> 00:02:07,238 Methane is a carbon, hydrocarbon atom CH4, 4 hydrogens and 1 carbon that we've talked 20 00:02:07,238 --> 00:02:14,366 about before and some 98% of opinion on where you get the natural gas from is made 21 00:02:14,366 --> 00:02:19,232 up of methane. And then there's some other stray gases 22 00:02:19,233 --> 00:02:23,729 with the, the 98% methane. But methane and natural gas are 23 00:02:23,729 --> 00:02:29,879 essentially used interchangeably. The other one is nitric oxide, NOx. 24 00:02:29,879 --> 00:02:38,901 Nox is produced when we have combustion that produces high flame temperatures. 25 00:02:38,902 --> 00:02:44,592 And the reason the NOx is produced, the, there's no nitrogen in the fuel, but 26 00:02:44,592 --> 00:02:50,220 there's nitrogen in the air that we have to put into our combustion process to get 27 00:02:50,220 --> 00:02:54,269 the oxygen. And the nitrogen that's in there, about 28 00:02:54,269 --> 00:02:59,644 88%, 89% percent of our atmosphere is nitrogen gets heated up. 29 00:02:59,645 --> 00:03:08,697 And that nitrogen is there present with the oxygen, approximately 20% excuse me. 30 00:03:08,697 --> 00:03:15,140 Yes, approximately 20% oxygen and that gets formed with nitrogen. 31 00:03:15,140 --> 00:03:23,524 I said that nitrogen makes up 88, 89%, that should have been 88, 89, excuse me, 32 00:03:23,524 --> 00:03:27,000 78, 79%. So, the high temperature causes some of 33 00:03:27,000 --> 00:03:31,757 the nitrogen to react with the oxygen, even though, that's not the whole purpose 34 00:03:31,757 --> 00:03:35,996 of the combustion process, but it just happens almost unavoidably. 35 00:03:35,996 --> 00:03:42,076 And then, the other gas that produces global warming and climate change effects 36 00:03:42,076 --> 00:03:45,660 is, are refrigerants. Refrigerants that we use in our 37 00:03:45,660 --> 00:03:50,685 refrigerators, that we use in our air conditioning systems and that's had a long 38 00:03:50,685 --> 00:03:55,740 history. Originally, in the 90s had concern about 39 00:03:55,740 --> 00:04:05,620 refrigerants commonly called freons that, which was a brand name of DuPont that has 40 00:04:05,620 --> 00:04:14,980 quit been utilizing that name because of, of the depletion of the high, high 41 00:04:14,980 --> 00:04:23,950 atmosphere, high altitude ozone, and, the ozone is there and absorbs solar 42 00:04:23,950 --> 00:04:28,142 radiation. If we get rid of the ozone, which are 43 00:04:28,142 --> 00:04:35,198 refrigerants that are released into the air do, get kill some of the ozone, then 44 00:04:35,198 --> 00:04:40,732 that causes more radiation and increased radiation to the earth. 45 00:04:40,733 --> 00:04:47,526 But we changed refrigerants, the industry did, and the whole world essentially 46 00:04:47,526 --> 00:04:54,510 changed from those ozone destroying refrigerants to more suitable refrigerants 47 00:04:54,510 --> 00:04:59,114 from that view point. But some of the refrigerants still cause 48 00:04:59,114 --> 00:05:03,264 global warming issues and those are, are fluorinated gases. 49 00:05:03,265 --> 00:05:08,145 So those are the four gasses that, that cause our climate change and the global 50 00:05:08,145 --> 00:05:13,103 warming effects. Here is a pie chart that shows how, what 51 00:05:13,103 --> 00:05:20,733 percentage each one of them contributes this as it comes from the Environmental 52 00:05:20,733 --> 00:05:28,145 Protection Agency the US, EPA and you can see 84% of the gases that cause global 53 00:05:28,145 --> 00:05:34,960 warming of the effect is carbon dioxide. Methane causes 10% of the global warming 54 00:05:34,960 --> 00:05:40,719 effect and nitric oxide is 4% percent, and then the refrigerants, 2%. 55 00:05:40,720 --> 00:05:45,640 So, and then this mother gas is a cause of small impact. 56 00:05:45,640 --> 00:05:52,760 By the way, the methane, this does not mean that, that methane is approximately 57 00:05:52,761 --> 00:05:59,089 12 times what are eight times less in amount of gas and carbon dioxide. 58 00:05:59,090 --> 00:06:04,576 What it means is that the effect of the methane that we're releasing to the 59 00:06:04,576 --> 00:06:09,627 atmosphere causes about eight times less global warming effect. 60 00:06:09,628 --> 00:06:16,385 But each methane molecule causes about 25 times as much global warming impact as a 61 00:06:16,385 --> 00:06:21,430 molecule of carbon dioxide, so all that's gotta be factored in. 62 00:06:21,430 --> 00:06:24,374 But this is the impact of these gases on our radiation-absorbing atmosphere 63 00:06:24,374 --> 00:06:32,864 qualities that caused global warming. And so, obviously carbon dioxide is the 64 00:06:32,864 --> 00:06:42,569 domino we need to worry about. And the carbon dioxide, methane and nitric 65 00:06:42,569 --> 00:06:48,860 oxide dominantly, of course, comes from fossil fuel utilization. 66 00:06:48,860 --> 00:06:53,130 If we get rid of carbon, fossil fuel utilization for energy, then we would 67 00:06:53,130 --> 00:06:58,398 essentially totally get rid of the, the big impact for any climate change effects. 68 00:06:58,398 --> 00:07:06,256 This shows a trend of carbon dioxide emissions by country. 69 00:07:06,256 --> 00:07:12,240 We need to sit, in order to determine what we can do about it we need to look at 70 00:07:12,240 --> 00:07:16,370 who's producing it. We now know what gases are causing it. 71 00:07:16,370 --> 00:07:22,670 Let's look and see what countries are producing the carbon dioxide that's 84% of 72 00:07:22,670 --> 00:07:27,440 the impact. Well, here, the green line is the US. 73 00:07:27,440 --> 00:07:32,000 You can see we were the champions, unfortunately, in carbon dioxide 74 00:07:32,000 --> 00:07:38,331 emissions. On the left, it shows the, the tonnes, 75 00:07:38,331 --> 00:07:50,689 metric tonnes of carbon dioxide produced per year and we're up above 6 million and 76 00:07:50,689 --> 00:07:57,917 six 6,000. Yeah, 6,000 million tonnes of carbon 77 00:07:57,917 --> 00:08:01,728 dioxide. Those are metric tonnes, so small, 10% 78 00:08:01,728 --> 00:08:06,982 difference between a metric ton and, and the English ton or British ton which is 79 00:08:06,982 --> 00:08:10,087 what, regular tons are what we use here in the US. 80 00:08:10,088 --> 00:08:15,827 But, for relative scale, you can see that China surpassed the US back in the late 81 00:08:15,827 --> 00:08:22,957 90s. So we, excuse me, late 2000s. 82 00:08:22,957 --> 00:08:30,906 And so, that is a problem and unfortunately China and US don't have any 83 00:08:30,906 --> 00:08:36,482 hard regulations. That set severe hard limits on how much 84 00:08:36,482 --> 00:08:40,437 CO2 we're going to produce and how to reduce them. 85 00:08:40,438 --> 00:08:45,917 We have some policies that will help that, but it's difficult to turn it around. 86 00:08:45,918 --> 00:08:52,650 And the rest of the countries are shown down there in the bottom and you can see 87 00:08:52,650 --> 00:08:59,082 that they, when you get down to India, Russia, Japan, etcetera, those are fairly 88 00:08:59,082 --> 00:09:03,680 small world CO2 emissions. Here, they are a little bit clearer. 89 00:09:03,680 --> 00:09:08,773 China is 25% of the total CO2 emissions. North America, 21. 90 00:09:08,773 --> 00:09:11,133 Europe, 14. Middle East, 6. 91 00:09:11,133 --> 00:09:13,573 India, 5. Russia, 5. 92 00:09:13,573 --> 00:09:20,266 South and Central America, etcetera. Let's go to the next slide, which is a 93 00:09:20,266 --> 00:09:26,890 complicated slide, but it's got a lot of information on it and let's study it for 94 00:09:26,890 --> 00:09:30,610 just a minute. This, by the way, comes from an 95 00:09:30,610 --> 00:09:34,392 organization and website called co2now.org. 96 00:09:34,392 --> 00:09:45,008 And the data comes from the EIA but, but then, but the graphics was done by CO2 97 00:09:45,008 --> 00:09:49,742 Now. The lard, the circle size is proportional 98 00:09:49,742 --> 00:09:56,745 to the amount of CO2 each country produces, and it's divided into regions. 99 00:09:56,745 --> 00:10:04,320 So let's start with the US over here on the left and North and South America, and 100 00:10:04,320 --> 00:10:10,580 so, excuse me, North America. North America is, of course, Canada, the 101 00:10:10,580 --> 00:10:16,025 US, and Mexico. And you can see, we, of course, dominate 102 00:10:16,025 --> 00:10:25,275 the North America, with that's shown there with 5,425 million tonnes which was on the 103 00:10:25,275 --> 00:10:32,594 previous graph. So that is the North America. 104 00:10:32,594 --> 00:10:37,932 If we move, and you notice it's got a two by North America, by the US, and that 105 00:10:37,932 --> 00:10:44,330 means we're number 2 in countries. If you move over to the blue on the right 106 00:10:44,330 --> 00:10:51,890 over here, then you can see that we are we, we have China and China is the 107 00:10:51,890 --> 00:10:56,610 champion, now past us at 7,711 million tonnes. 108 00:10:56,610 --> 00:11:02,222 We're number 2 after that. If you look at the rest of Asia, you see 109 00:11:02,222 --> 00:11:10,030 that you have, India is number 3, behind America and they're down here, India 110 00:11:10,030 --> 00:11:15,821 number 3. And then you have Japan, which is number 5 111 00:11:15,821 --> 00:11:21,228 right here. And Australia which is number 15. 112 00:11:21,228 --> 00:11:26,505 And Indonesia which is number 16. So you can see, look at all the countries 113 00:11:26,505 --> 00:11:31,314 that make up the Asian region. But, as a matter of fact, this circle 114 00:11:31,314 --> 00:11:38,283 right here is the, makes is at sum of all of the Asian countries that are shown 115 00:11:38,283 --> 00:11:44,727 individually by the solid circles. If we look at some other countries, you 116 00:11:44,727 --> 00:11:50,892 other regions in countries, you can see that Eurasia, which is basically Russia 117 00:11:50,892 --> 00:11:56,732 and, and Eastern Europe area you got Russia, that's number four. 118 00:11:56,732 --> 00:12:01,012 That they're behind India, that's, that's number 3. 119 00:12:01,013 --> 00:12:07,939 India was number 3 and Russia. So we're down, from 1 to China's number 1, 120 00:12:07,939 --> 00:12:15,133 US is number 2 and, India is number 3 and Russia is number 4. 121 00:12:15,134 --> 00:12:25,267 So, and here is the black circle here shows the region of Eurasia. 122 00:12:25,268 --> 00:12:31,460 Europe is dominated by Germany right here. They're number 6. 123 00:12:31,461 --> 00:12:35,298 And then, I believe Italy is, is next in Europe. 124 00:12:35,298 --> 00:12:44,080 They are number 17 in the world and UK, the UK may be higher than that, number 10. 125 00:12:44,081 --> 00:12:48,733 Uk is number high, is number 10 in front of Italy. 126 00:12:48,734 --> 00:12:53,852 But you can see the rankings right here, and this is 2010 data. 127 00:12:53,852 --> 00:12:59,255 By the way, it's, it's, it's a little bit complicated, since 2010, in getting a 128 00:12:59,255 --> 00:13:04,401 little more difficult getting this data and that's due to the fact that the 129 00:13:04,401 --> 00:13:10,211 responsibility is transition for getting this data and compiling it and putting it 130 00:13:10,211 --> 00:13:16,394 on the website, is transition from the international, from the Energy Information 131 00:13:16,395 --> 00:13:21,777 Agency, a part of DOE in the US to EPA, the Environmental Protection Agency. 132 00:13:21,778 --> 00:13:26,626 And that transition has caused a little bit of slowdown and gaps in the, the 133 00:13:26,626 --> 00:13:31,130 latest data being available. And it's shown in a little different 134 00:13:31,130 --> 00:13:37,430 format so it's a you have to be careful about what data you're looking at and, and 135 00:13:37,430 --> 00:13:43,247 one to one comparison. You got Africa down here as a region, and 136 00:13:43,247 --> 00:13:49,180 you got the Middle East. In the Middle East, you can see it's 137 00:13:49,180 --> 00:13:58,930 dominated by Saudi Arabia which I believe is number 11 in the world, and you have 138 00:13:58,930 --> 00:14:06,327 Iran that's over, over here, and Iran is above Saudi Arabia. 139 00:14:06,328 --> 00:14:11,168 Iran is number 9 in the world and Saudi Arabia is number 11. 140 00:14:11,169 --> 00:14:14,974 And you have other Middle Eastern countries. 141 00:14:14,975 --> 00:14:19,030 What haven't we looked at here? We haven't looked at south, south of 142 00:14:19,030 --> 00:14:21,867 Central America that's dominated by Brazil. 143 00:14:21,868 --> 00:14:28,432 And for South America, Venezuala is a significant and Argentina is also 144 00:14:28,432 --> 00:14:32,167 significant. But if we're going to solve the world 145 00:14:32,167 --> 00:14:35,750 climate change problem, which it is a world problem. 146 00:14:35,750 --> 00:14:40,378 One country cannot solve it. If the, countries that can have the 147 00:14:40,378 --> 00:14:44,310 biggest impact are, of course, China and the US. 148 00:14:44,310 --> 00:14:50,940 And it seems that, that, the China and the US are unfortunately among the countries 149 00:14:50,940 --> 00:14:57,451 that are the slowest to make changes. And China is growing so fast economically, 150 00:14:57,451 --> 00:15:04,726 bringing their people up the standard of living scale that is going to be difficult 151 00:15:04,726 --> 00:15:11,516 for them to keep their CO2 emissions down or even slow the trend down to a large 152 00:15:11,516 --> 00:15:16,012 degree. So, this is the world situation regarding 153 00:15:16,012 --> 00:15:23,538 global warming gases, and dominantly, that means CO2 that comes from burning carbon 154 00:15:23,538 --> 00:15:28,364 hydrocarbons. Carbon and hydrogen, hydrogen fossil 155 00:15:28,364 --> 00:15:32,335 fuels. The more carbon you have the, in the fuel, 156 00:15:32,335 --> 00:15:39,390 the more CO2 you produce. The methane produces less CO2 than coal, 157 00:15:39,390 --> 00:15:46,814 because coal is just made up of carbon, whereas in, in your reacting carbon to 158 00:15:46,814 --> 00:15:54,470 CO2, whereas CH4 is also using hydrogen reaction with oxygen that's producing 159 00:15:54,470 --> 00:16:01,284 energy and doesn't produce any CO2. So that's, those are the two fossil fuel 160 00:16:01,284 --> 00:16:07,607 gasses so, at the two ends of the spectrum regarding the hydrogen carbon ratios. 161 00:16:07,608 --> 00:16:14,735 But down here just as before we move off of it is the world and this, this the 162 00:16:14,735 --> 00:16:21,290 percentage down here by the way shows the latest, latest trend which I believe is 163 00:16:21,290 --> 00:16:24,747 2010. You can look at this site. 164 00:16:24,748 --> 00:16:29,190 It's a great site for information, looks like it's very credible. 165 00:16:29,190 --> 00:16:37,575 They get their data, as I mentioned, from, in this case, from the EIA and that is 166 00:16:37,575 --> 00:16:42,390 reputable data. But they're no longer putting that data on 167 00:16:42,390 --> 00:16:45,738 their website. The new data, anyway, has been 168 00:16:45,738 --> 00:16:50,676 transitioned to the EPA. So that's the world picture and it's a 169 00:16:50,676 --> 00:16:57,820 difficult thing to change it, but that's where we are regarding who's producing the 170 00:16:57,820 --> 00:17:03,272 gases that are creating all the controversy about global warming and 171 00:17:03,272 --> 00:17:10,510 climate change that is argued about and debated and causing major concern around 172 00:17:10,510 --> 00:17:15,477 the world actually. So if we look now more home, closely, 173 00:17:15,477 --> 00:17:22,042 closer at home, back at home and look at the emissions by sector that, where the 174 00:17:22,042 --> 00:17:27,581 CO2 is being produced. Again, this is 2010 data coming from the 175 00:17:27,581 --> 00:17:31,383 EPA. You can see that the electricity sector 176 00:17:31,383 --> 00:17:38,352 dominates in the amount of sales too that is produced in this country, electricity 177 00:17:38,352 --> 00:17:44,917 production from all types of fuel, including renewables, which of course, do 178 00:17:44,917 --> 00:17:50,862 not produce any CO2 to speak of is 40%. So, the electric power industry is 179 00:17:50,862 --> 00:17:56,628 unfortunately the one that we need to work on, have the biggest impact. 180 00:17:56,628 --> 00:18:03,474 Transportation needs oil consumption in our vehicles, trucks, airplanes dominated 181 00:18:03,474 --> 00:18:06,737 by automobiles. Automobiles, automobiles that burn oil. 182 00:18:06,738 --> 00:18:11,925 So we got oil and the fuel that dominates electricity, of course, at least the, got, 183 00:18:11,925 --> 00:18:16,938 is the largest chunk of it is coal. So we got coal and, and oil is burning 184 00:18:16,938 --> 00:18:22,639 that's causing the biggest CO2 emissions and causes the biggest problem. 185 00:18:22,640 --> 00:18:27,346 Industry is 14% of our CO2 emissions in the US. 186 00:18:27,346 --> 00:18:34,204 One of the, the big ones, there is cement production and that is just in the cement 187 00:18:34,204 --> 00:18:39,817 manufacturing process and it's a very large productive user of CO2. 188 00:18:39,817 --> 00:18:45,520 Residential commercial, commercial is about 10%, and other non-fossil fuel 189 00:18:45,520 --> 00:18:50,900 combustion is about 5%, that means things like refrigerant emissions. 190 00:18:50,900 --> 00:18:57,406 So that's the big picture for CO2 emissions worldwide and narrowed down to 191 00:18:57,406 --> 00:19:00,651 the U.S. And we'll get down to, now that we have 192 00:19:00,651 --> 00:19:05,997 that background, we can look at what's the impact of different technologies on 193 00:19:05,997 --> 00:19:08,970 reducing CO2 emissions in the U.S. Thank you. 194 00:19:08,970 --> 00:19:11,483 See you next time.