1 00:00:00,012 --> 00:00:05,417 Hello, back to Energy 101. We are talking about electric power 2 00:00:05,417 --> 00:00:11,477 technologies, and today we're going to, going to talk about fossil fuel 3 00:00:11,477 --> 00:00:18,648 technologies which of course is primarily comprised of the coal and natural gas, but 4 00:00:18,648 --> 00:00:25,617 we'll also throw in, hydro, you know, since it doesn't really fit topic wise but 5 00:00:25,617 --> 00:00:30,664 this is a good place to put it compared to other options. 6 00:00:30,664 --> 00:00:36,277 So fossil fuel electric power technologies plus hydro I should add. 7 00:00:36,277 --> 00:00:43,357 Cold power plants, which are the most dominant and here's a picture of one and 8 00:00:43,357 --> 00:00:50,377 let me just comment that this all looks like with all those Plumes coming out of 9 00:00:50,377 --> 00:00:57,505 the stacks, it looks like that there's a lot of pollution, most in fact, over 90% 10 00:00:57,505 --> 00:01:05,299 of these plumes are, is just water vapor. As a matter of fact the plumes right here, 11 00:01:05,299 --> 00:01:12,355 that is all water vapor, because those are cooling towers, and hot, warm water that 12 00:01:12,355 --> 00:01:18,725 the coal power plant has rejected heat to has heated up and is put in and sprayed 13 00:01:18,725 --> 00:01:25,292 into these, into these cooling towers. And air is blown in the opposite direction 14 00:01:25,292 --> 00:01:30,647 and evaporates the water, and the evaporation of some of the water cools the 15 00:01:30,647 --> 00:01:35,328 remainder of the water. So all of, all of these plumes right here 16 00:01:35,328 --> 00:01:37,602 are. Basically water vapor. 17 00:01:37,602 --> 00:01:40,732 Now this is a plume from the combustion process. 18 00:01:40,732 --> 00:01:44,945 Those tall stacks right there. And those do have some pollution. 19 00:01:44,945 --> 00:01:49,896 They got a lot of clean up down here. The clean up the ash, the soot, the soot, 20 00:01:49,896 --> 00:01:55,848 to keep the particulate matter out. They clean up the sulfur dioxide and the 21 00:01:55,848 --> 00:02:02,849 nitric oxides get cleaned up there also. So that's, that's what the overall plant 22 00:02:02,849 --> 00:02:06,940 looks like. I can't tell much about what goes on 23 00:02:06,940 --> 00:02:12,005 inside, but here's a. Quick, quick diagram of what goes on 24 00:02:12,005 --> 00:02:18,032 inside the power plant. You have a coal storage that the coal is 25 00:02:18,032 --> 00:02:25,094 put into a conveyer and is brought to the combustion chamber that's a boiler, or 26 00:02:25,094 --> 00:02:30,192 furnace, if burned. And water is pumped into the pipes the 27 00:02:30,192 --> 00:02:36,784 tubes, the boiler tubes we call them inside the boiler, Boiler and the water is 28 00:02:36,784 --> 00:02:42,451 boiled to high pressure steam. And the steam is then carried over to a 29 00:02:42,451 --> 00:02:48,561 steam turbine These are turbine wheels that when the steam expands from a high 30 00:02:48,561 --> 00:02:54,671 pressure to a lower pressure Which they do is they flow and this is shown as a two 31 00:02:54,671 --> 00:02:59,353 way turbine here. And comes down and it spins the shaft and 32 00:02:59,353 --> 00:03:05,909 the shaft turns an electric generator. And the electric generator, of course, the 33 00:03:05,909 --> 00:03:12,113 wire's carried out to a transformer substation to adjust the voltage, and then 34 00:03:12,113 --> 00:03:17,203 is distributed over transmission lines or distribution lines. 35 00:03:17,203 --> 00:03:22,609 So that's the basic components of the power plant, and of course as we 36 00:03:22,609 --> 00:03:28,999 mentioned, we have to throw away about two thirds of the energy that is released in 37 00:03:28,999 --> 00:03:34,939 the combustion process because of the second law of thermodynamics, or the 38 00:03:34,939 --> 00:03:40,879 quality of energy in converting heat to electricity, the heat generated by the 39 00:03:40,879 --> 00:03:45,240 combustion. So that, this steam, in order to complete 40 00:03:45,240 --> 00:03:50,852 the cycle, has to be cooled back down and condences, and that's done with a 41 00:03:50,852 --> 00:03:57,016 condenser, and river water power plants are built on rivers, is brought in And, 42 00:03:57,016 --> 00:04:02,996 pick up the, it's warmed up as they pick up the heat from the heat from the steam 43 00:04:02,996 --> 00:04:08,792 and is carried back to the river, that's one situation but, in the case of the 44 00:04:08,792 --> 00:04:15,848 picture where I just showed you these are cooling towers so in that case the In that 45 00:04:15,848 --> 00:04:22,036 case, the water is carried to a cooling tower and part, probably two or three or 46 00:04:22,036 --> 00:04:26,879 4% of it is evaporated, and that cooled it and is brought back. 47 00:04:26,880 --> 00:04:32,584 So it uses water and puts, by putting it in evaporating, and putting it in that 48 00:04:32,584 --> 00:04:39,109 atmosphere where This closed system takes the water and just, warm water, and just 49 00:04:39,109 --> 00:04:44,851 puts it back to the river, and of course that's the thermal pollution issue that 50 00:04:44,851 --> 00:04:51,376 has, has restrictions on it regarding how much thermal energy and how hot the water 51 00:04:51,376 --> 00:04:56,627 can be returning it to the river. So that's the coal fired power plant. 52 00:04:56,627 --> 00:05:03,047 A gas turbine is a different situation. There's no steam involved in just a simple 53 00:05:03,047 --> 00:05:07,401 gas turbine. Although we combine it with a steam cycle 54 00:05:07,401 --> 00:05:12,757 that, does involve steam. But this is, is the picture of the 55 00:05:12,757 --> 00:05:19,412 hardware of a 400 megawatt gas turbine. These, these gas turbines are derivatives 56 00:05:19,412 --> 00:05:24,689 of aircraft jet engines. And the technology of developing the. 57 00:05:24,690 --> 00:05:31,400 High temperature that take the, take the high temperature gases and spin it at a 58 00:05:31,400 --> 00:05:36,029 high speed is, was, developed by the Department of Energy. 59 00:05:36,029 --> 00:05:41,392 Excuse me, Department of Defense, for the military and jet air craft. 60 00:05:41,392 --> 00:05:47,830 So this is a technology, fundamental basic technology that was developed by the 61 00:05:47,830 --> 00:05:53,782 military for fighter aircraft and other aircraft to make jet engines more 62 00:05:53,782 --> 00:05:57,966 efficient. And that technology has been, has been 63 00:05:57,966 --> 00:06:05,161 brought down to gas turbine power plants. And, in the combined cycle, what we call a 64 00:06:05,161 --> 00:06:11,240 combined cycle. The, hot exhaust gases that are coming out 65 00:06:11,240 --> 00:06:18,926 of the of, of the engine, these are hot, these are hot gases you, you put it 66 00:06:18,926 --> 00:06:25,284 through a boiler. So these gases are put through the boiler. 67 00:06:25,284 --> 00:06:30,737 That you see back here, right here. So rather than putting coal and burning 68 00:06:30,737 --> 00:06:36,218 coal to create hot gases to boil the water, you do it with the hot gases coming 69 00:06:36,218 --> 00:06:40,716 out of the gas turbine. That's called a combined cycle, because 70 00:06:40,716 --> 00:06:45,047 you're combining a steam cycle with a gas turbine cycle. 71 00:06:45,047 --> 00:06:50,765 So, there's two kinds of gas turbine power plants; one is a simple gas turbine that 72 00:06:50,765 --> 00:06:56,225 just has the gas turbine by itself and, and it the shaft turns a generator to 73 00:06:56,225 --> 00:07:02,105 generate electricity and then the caught gases are just exhausted and the combined 74 00:07:02,105 --> 00:07:07,565 cycle then whereas I just mentioned the hot gasses go through and boil water to 75 00:07:07,565 --> 00:07:11,981 steam and drive a steam power plant so you have two generators. 76 00:07:11,981 --> 00:07:17,967 One generator being turned by the gas turbine the other generator being, being 77 00:07:17,967 --> 00:07:23,069 turned by the steam turbine in the po-, in the steam power cycle. 78 00:07:23,070 --> 00:07:30,651 Hydro I mentioned, of course this is not fossil, but I threw it in here, is where 79 00:07:30,651 --> 00:07:37,445 you have a dam and the dam, it builds up water behind it and it creates a lake. 80 00:07:37,445 --> 00:07:41,951 And most of these dams that we are currently operating to get 81 00:07:41,951 --> 00:07:48,161 hydroelectricity from were created with the primary motivation or recreation of 82 00:07:48,161 --> 00:07:50,592 the lakes. People like water. 83 00:07:50,593 --> 00:07:56,428 They build houses around the lake and boat on the lakes and etcetera. 84 00:07:56,428 --> 00:08:03,541 So but this water that is at high pressure behind the dam, at the bottom of the dam 85 00:08:03,541 --> 00:08:10,555 can be used to generate electricity, as we see in the next slide with this diagram. 86 00:08:10,555 --> 00:08:17,060 So here you have the reservoir, the lake back here, and you have the, the water 87 00:08:17,060 --> 00:08:21,205 pressure increases toward the bottom of the lake. 88 00:08:21,205 --> 00:08:26,018 So you have the high pressure water then come through a grate. 89 00:08:26,018 --> 00:08:32,199 So that fish and things can't get in it, and trash, and it comes through a pipe or 90 00:08:32,199 --> 00:08:35,920 penstock, and it goes through a water turbine. 91 00:08:35,920 --> 00:08:39,426 So we've seen three kinds of turbines so far. 92 00:08:39,426 --> 00:08:45,596 We've seen a steam turbine that's cur-, that's rotated with high pressure steam 93 00:08:45,596 --> 00:08:51,264 and high temperature steam. We had a, gas, turbine that is rotated 94 00:08:51,264 --> 00:08:56,121 with high temperature gases. That is gases that is just the air 95 00:08:56,121 --> 00:09:01,917 combusting with natural gas and the exhaust products from that natural gas 96 00:09:01,917 --> 00:09:07,578 combustion process with mostly air, and then we have the water turbine. 97 00:09:07,579 --> 00:09:13,635 So it turns a generator, and generates electricity like the other turbines do, 98 00:09:13,635 --> 00:09:18,995 and then it goes down into a river. This, this is a good way you can peak 99 00:09:18,995 --> 00:09:23,221 shave, so to speak. Increase, saves the, the water and the 100 00:09:23,221 --> 00:09:28,963 reservoir back here in the lake for the times when they need a high, to meet, they 101 00:09:28,963 --> 00:09:34,705 have to meet a high power demand like in the air conditioning season and the late 102 00:09:34,705 --> 00:09:40,882 afternoon and then they release the water and generate a lot of electricity to, to 103 00:09:40,882 --> 00:09:47,452 generate power during the high power. The man periods which is the best way to 104 00:09:47,452 --> 00:09:54,286 utilize that water reserve because there's, there's not enough water in the 105 00:09:54,286 --> 00:10:00,441 lake to, to generate all of the time 365 days of the year 24 hours a day. 106 00:10:00,441 --> 00:10:07,895 So those are the three power technologies, electric power technologies with a general 107 00:10:07,895 --> 00:10:14,559 operating characteristics, the coal plant, the natural gas plant, and the hydro 108 00:10:14,559 --> 00:10:17,772 plant. One of them, of course, hydro is 109 00:10:17,772 --> 00:10:19,657 renewable. Thank you.