1 00:00:00,012 --> 00:00:09,905 Hello, back to Energy 101 and today we're talking about electric power part of the 2 00:00:09,905 --> 00:00:17,594 energy conversion process. and specifically We're looking at, 3 00:00:17,594 --> 00:00:21,579 electric power, which takes heat and chemical. 4 00:00:21,579 --> 00:00:26,485 actually, the chemical energy gets converted to heat. 5 00:00:26,485 --> 00:00:33,139 And we're converting it first to work with a shaft that turns then, a electric 6 00:00:33,139 --> 00:00:38,320 generator. So this is the primary energy conversion 7 00:00:38,320 --> 00:00:41,529 process. We're looking at for electric power 8 00:00:41,529 --> 00:00:45,109 plants. Taking fossil fuel, and, and others, as 9 00:00:45,109 --> 00:00:49,969 we'll see in just a minute. But it's dominated by fossil fuels that 10 00:00:49,969 --> 00:00:54,993 we burn, and produce thermal energy. And convert it to electricity. 11 00:00:54,993 --> 00:00:59,707 That is a very nice form of energy to use and to transport. 12 00:00:59,707 --> 00:01:07,030 And it's, it's incredibly versatile. And it's the percentage of the energy 13 00:01:07,030 --> 00:01:13,444 that we're using that's, being converted to electricity is going up, as we'll see 14 00:01:13,444 --> 00:01:16,709 in a few minutes. we saw this last time. 15 00:01:16,709 --> 00:01:20,772 That we're talking about a power system that takes in. 16 00:01:20,772 --> 00:01:28,988 The thermal energy from the combustion of fuels or the nuclear reaction of Uranium 17 00:01:28,988 --> 00:01:33,784 235. And then goes to boil steam and the, the 18 00:01:33,784 --> 00:01:38,455 we convert some of that energy to electricity. 19 00:01:38,455 --> 00:01:42,782 And we can throw the west, rest of it away. 20 00:01:42,782 --> 00:01:48,458 To the river or to the atmosphere. I've shown it about a third and this is 21 00:01:48,458 --> 00:01:54,643 about what is produced and the split that we have in today's electric power 22 00:01:54,643 --> 00:01:58,097 industry. Which we'll see in just a minute. 23 00:01:58,097 --> 00:02:03,053 This is what we call a spaghetti chart. Don't get intimidated by it. 24 00:02:03,053 --> 00:02:08,317 Let's walk through it and get some nuggets out of this spaghetti diagram. 25 00:02:08,317 --> 00:02:13,783 It's got a lot of information on it. And there's no reason to get intimidated 26 00:02:13,783 --> 00:02:17,908 by it and get confused. Let's look and see what we're talking 27 00:02:17,908 --> 00:02:23,704 about with the electric power industry. first from the big picture we're talking 28 00:02:23,704 --> 00:02:28,661 bout the Raw forms, natural forms of energy over here on the left. 29 00:02:28,661 --> 00:02:33,931 And we're talking about the utilization of those over here on the right. 30 00:02:33,931 --> 00:02:38,035 That by resident-, split up as residential commercial. 31 00:02:38,035 --> 00:02:42,171 Commercial buildings being office buildings and shops. 32 00:02:42,171 --> 00:02:46,397 And, Then the industry which is manufacturing 33 00:02:46,397 --> 00:02:52,872 that produces goods and services and products and then transportation is the 34 00:02:52,872 --> 00:02:56,687 way that it is split up on the right hand side. 35 00:02:56,687 --> 00:03:03,566 So we are focusing today on electric power generation so Let's follow the flow 36 00:03:03,566 --> 00:03:11,202 of what comes in to the electric power conversion process and what leaves the 37 00:03:11,202 --> 00:03:17,284 electric conversion plants that produces the electricity. 38 00:03:17,284 --> 00:03:23,433 So, on the one hand, we see the biggest energy input is caol here. 39 00:03:23,433 --> 00:03:29,169 It's flat. And the black and that is the biggest 40 00:03:29,169 --> 00:03:37,492 piece of the energy input to our electric power generating infrastructure. 41 00:03:37,492 --> 00:03:45,345 And next we move up to the natural gas. Natural gas in the next one and that is 42 00:03:45,345 --> 00:03:52,311 blue. Right here and that is another big chunk. 43 00:03:52,311 --> 00:04:02,546 we see a very little bit of it there, a real sliver by geothermal and which you, 44 00:04:02,546 --> 00:04:08,072 you even see the numbers here. And then wind. 45 00:04:08,072 --> 00:04:12,415 Wind is the other one, right there. Here's the geothermal. 46 00:04:12,415 --> 00:04:17,881 And these percentages you notice are, actually these aren't percentages. 47 00:04:17,881 --> 00:04:23,122 Let's talk about that in just a minute. The overall input is 97.3 quads. 48 00:04:23,122 --> 00:04:27,992 What is a quad? A quad is ten to the fifteent btu so that's a quad. 49 00:04:27,992 --> 00:04:33,417 It makes it convenante because its incessantly a hundred so all of these 50 00:04:33,417 --> 00:04:39,167 numbers like this wind number that is 1.17 quad Quads is essentially the 51 00:04:39,167 --> 00:04:44,907 converts when you divide it by 100 or 97.3 converts to essentially to 52 00:04:44,907 --> 00:04:49,817 percentages. So, the wind energy that number that 53 00:04:49,817 --> 00:04:56,462 should look familiar is the percent of of the electrical energy that we get from 54 00:04:56,462 --> 00:05:01,880 wind. and hydro is the next one up here. 55 00:05:01,880 --> 00:05:09,781 Hydro is a renewable and that's 3, about 3% as we've seen before. 56 00:05:09,781 --> 00:05:17,214 And then, then we have we have solar. Up on, excuse me, nuclear, let's go to 57 00:05:17,214 --> 00:05:20,328 nuclear first. Nuclear you notice, is a big chunk. 58 00:05:20,328 --> 00:05:25,192 And that's, what you build those nuclear plants, they're expensive to build but 59 00:05:25,192 --> 00:05:27,892 cheap to opertate. And you run them a lot. 60 00:05:27,892 --> 00:05:33,710 As we will see later on and the last one on here solar which is a pretty small 61 00:05:33,710 --> 00:05:37,769 fraction denoted by the thin line here that goes in. 62 00:05:37,769 --> 00:05:43,914 So those are all the energy inputs over here on the left hand side into the power 63 00:05:43,914 --> 00:05:47,508 plants. And you can see about what fraction of 64 00:05:47,508 --> 00:05:53,042 the electric power generation is fueled by which energy input. 65 00:05:53,042 --> 00:06:00,022 on the output side, the course the whole purpose here is to generate electricity 66 00:06:00,022 --> 00:06:03,502 and that's shown by the gold line up here. 67 00:06:03,502 --> 00:06:10,212 And you notice that, that you get about we're getting about twelve 68 00:06:10,212 --> 00:06:15,584 12 quads out and electricity. But notice the waste heat out here. 69 00:06:15,584 --> 00:06:19,368 The waste heat that we're throwing away is 26. 70 00:06:19,368 --> 00:06:23,971 Which is about twice. So that's about the same as what we 71 00:06:23,971 --> 00:06:29,250 looked at in the last slide. When we saw that we're throwing away 72 00:06:29,250 --> 00:06:35,022 about two units of energy for every three that we put in converting one to 73 00:06:35,022 --> 00:06:41,342 electricity and that is essentially what happens is for electric power generation 74 00:06:41,342 --> 00:06:47,167 industry as a whole and so we are now equipped to understand what Why we throw 75 00:06:47,167 --> 00:06:51,817 so much of this energy away. It's because it is thermal energy that we 76 00:06:51,817 --> 00:06:56,917 get from burning most of this fuel, the fossil fuel not all of it but even the 77 00:06:56,917 --> 00:07:02,192 nucular is being converted to thermal energy it has a quality of significantly 78 00:07:02,192 --> 00:07:05,892 less than one. Second law of thermaldynamics says that 79 00:07:05,892 --> 00:07:09,945 we can not convert all of it to Electricity, and produ, by. 80 00:07:09,945 --> 00:07:14,277 And not have any waste heat. Second law of thermodynamics dictates 81 00:07:14,277 --> 00:07:18,953 that we degrade some of it. A large fraction of it, in general and 82 00:07:18,953 --> 00:07:22,928 throw it away to the atmosphere. we say throwing it away. 83 00:07:22,928 --> 00:07:27,562 Rejected to the atmosphere, which is the rivers, and the atmospheric. 84 00:07:27,562 --> 00:07:33,398 Air, also. So, this, basically, is, we're in a 85 00:07:33,398 --> 00:07:37,779 situation to interpret what all that means. 86 00:07:37,779 --> 00:07:45,825 Now, once we generate that electricity. Then we see that the, what happens to 87 00:07:45,825 --> 00:07:54,567 that electricity. Excuse me, I've got to turn my cell phone 88 00:07:54,567 --> 00:07:57,977 off here. [NOISE] Okay. 89 00:07:57,977 --> 00:08:09,782 so we where does this, this electricity go? Well it goes to the residential. 90 00:08:09,782 --> 00:08:14,103 It goes down here to commercial. The office buildings and shops. 91 00:08:14,103 --> 00:08:16,967 And it goes to the manufacturing industry. 92 00:08:16,967 --> 00:08:22,374 That's where the electricity goes but before it ever gets there, we're throwing 93 00:08:22,374 --> 00:08:26,967 away 2/3 of the energy that we put into the power plant to produce that 94 00:08:26,967 --> 00:08:30,424 electricity. And electricity is a nice one, as I've 95 00:08:30,424 --> 00:08:32,326 said. A nice form of energy. 96 00:08:32,326 --> 00:08:35,292 And it's one that has a lot of value to it. 97 00:08:35,292 --> 00:08:42,476 Because it it can [SOUND] be easily transported and we also [SOUND] have a 98 00:08:42,476 --> 00:08:47,515 situation where we can use it to do a lot of things. 99 00:08:47,515 --> 00:08:55,254 [SOUND] the other things that we might look at while we're looking at this chart 100 00:08:55,254 --> 00:08:58,912 is petroleum down here. Petroleum, oil. 101 00:08:58,912 --> 00:09:04,797 where does most of it go? We see most of it goes to transportation, and again to 102 00:09:04,797 --> 00:09:07,922 show the example of the second law at work. 103 00:09:07,922 --> 00:09:13,967 You notice that we're putting all of this petroleum oil into the transportation 104 00:09:13,967 --> 00:09:20,087 sector for turning shafts, to rotate our wheels and buses and cars and trucks and 105 00:09:20,087 --> 00:09:25,721 about 80% of that or 75% of that energy is being thrown, thrown away here, over 106 00:09:25,721 --> 00:09:29,468 here on, on the bottom. [SOUND] Bottom. 107 00:09:29,468 --> 00:09:39,841 And so that is that is again result of the second law of thermodynamics. 108 00:09:39,841 --> 00:09:45,058 Only about 25% of it. Gets converted into work that goes to 109 00:09:45,058 --> 00:09:48,417 drive our transportation system that we need. 110 00:09:48,417 --> 00:09:53,627 But, again, the second law of thermodynamics is dictating that we throw 111 00:09:53,627 --> 00:09:59,261 away a lot of that thermal energy that we get out of burning that oil over here. 112 00:09:59,261 --> 00:10:02,952 And converting it to work. Because we're using a. 113 00:10:02,952 --> 00:10:09,295 quality of energy less than one to produce a quality of energy of one. 114 00:10:09,295 --> 00:10:13,488 So, there are a lot of, lot of information on this chart. 115 00:10:13,488 --> 00:10:18,785 And you can look at these numbers. You can look at the small slivers that 116 00:10:18,785 --> 00:10:24,215 make up how very little. You notice the solar energy down here lot 117 00:10:24,215 --> 00:10:28,682 of it goes to industry. And some of it goes into the grid. 118 00:10:28,682 --> 00:10:33,960 we can follow the biomass. Biomass is primarily in burning wood 119 00:10:33,960 --> 00:10:39,439 waste that we have, and even fireplaces. And that goes into industry. 120 00:10:39,439 --> 00:10:46,011 The pulp and paper industry is utilizes a lot of their, their pulp, their waste 121 00:10:46,011 --> 00:10:50,314 that comes out of their pulp and paper industry, and 122 00:10:50,314 --> 00:10:56,848 manufacturing process to produce, steam and to produce electricity to help their 123 00:10:56,848 --> 00:11:01,722 manufacturing process. So it's, looks like a complicated chart. 124 00:11:01,722 --> 00:11:07,111 But it's got a lot of good information once you, get down to looking at the 125 00:11:07,111 --> 00:11:10,687 details. lastly, we'll just look at this chart 126 00:11:10,687 --> 00:11:12,932 quickly. This gives the trend. 127 00:11:12,932 --> 00:11:16,997 And shows for the electric power industry here. 128 00:11:16,997 --> 00:11:21,955 This is the total in-, total power industry over time. 129 00:11:21,955 --> 00:11:27,560 And how much of the electricity is being produced for each sector. 130 00:11:27,560 --> 00:11:30,978 Coal is the black. Petroleum is the red. 131 00:11:30,978 --> 00:11:34,997 Natural gas, blue. The light green is nuclear. 132 00:11:34,997 --> 00:11:39,722 Hydroelectric is a renewable. That, that's dams. 133 00:11:39,722 --> 00:11:44,369 And then we have other renewable other than hydroelectric, because that's 134 00:11:44,369 --> 00:11:48,050 renewable also. the other renewable is mainly wind and 135 00:11:48,050 --> 00:11:50,000 solar. And we see it's up here. 136 00:11:50,000 --> 00:11:54,107 red, and it's a very small sliver. But you can see the trends. 137 00:11:54,107 --> 00:11:58,850 Notice that most of the growth. And the electric power industry, the 138 00:11:58,850 --> 00:12:03,101 fuels you used was coal. Until we got to about 2008 and the 139 00:12:03,101 --> 00:12:06,978 recession. And then the recession meant that people 140 00:12:06,978 --> 00:12:12,059 were using less electricity. And they mainly cut down the elec-, the 141 00:12:12,059 --> 00:12:16,872 coal fired power plants. They have a choice of which ones to run. 142 00:12:16,872 --> 00:12:21,107 So they turned to coal fire power plants down, and kept running the, and 143 00:12:21,107 --> 00:12:25,187 increasing the amount of gas. Notice the amount of gas in the blue has 144 00:12:25,187 --> 00:12:28,982 been trending upward, we're getting more and more from gas. 145 00:12:28,982 --> 00:12:34,036 And that trend is continuing. And, the nuclear has we haven't built any 146 00:12:34,036 --> 00:12:38,748 nuclear plants in since in a long time, since basically the 80s. 147 00:12:38,748 --> 00:12:44,638 But we're, we're able to run em more than we used to because they, they're getting 148 00:12:44,638 --> 00:12:48,530 more reliable. And then you get the hydro, which is, you 149 00:12:48,530 --> 00:12:51,654 take the hydro if you can get it because this. 150 00:12:51,654 --> 00:12:56,803 Once you build a dam it's free energy, doesn't cost anything for the energy 151 00:12:56,803 --> 00:13:01,112 it's, the water's there. So, this shows you the trend of all of 152 00:13:01,112 --> 00:13:05,177 these fuels that we're using for the electric power industry. 153 00:13:05,177 --> 00:13:10,344 So that gives us a, a quick overview of the electric power industry and where the 154 00:13:10,344 --> 00:13:14,731 fuel is coming from and how much of the energy we're throwing away to the 155 00:13:14,731 --> 00:13:18,406 atmosphere as a result of the second law of thermodynamics. 156 00:13:18,406 --> 00:13:24,107 So that concludes that section and we'll look a little more at the electric power 157 00:13:24,107 --> 00:13:26,465 industry from time to time. Thank you.