1 00:00:00,012 --> 00:00:03,255 Greetings. Back to Energy 101. 2 00:00:03,255 --> 00:00:08,057 And another exciting day in energy resources. 3 00:00:08,057 --> 00:00:14,307 We're going to look at wind today. We looked at solar last time. 4 00:00:14,307 --> 00:00:20,777 We looked at fossil fuels. we're looking at the renewable energy 5 00:00:20,777 --> 00:00:25,517 resources. know, before we know how to use them, we 6 00:00:25,517 --> 00:00:32,663 need to know how you get them, where they are, how much there is, and how diffuse 7 00:00:32,663 --> 00:00:36,042 they are. So, let's look at wind today. 8 00:00:36,042 --> 00:00:43,806 Wind energy is the biggest contributor from renewable energy of all the sources, 9 00:00:43,806 --> 00:00:50,985 much more higher than solar and much higher than the renewable biomass, 10 00:00:50,985 --> 00:00:56,552 and so, it's, it's an important renewable energy resource. 11 00:00:56,552 --> 00:01:04,026 the way we reap the energy, of course the wind energy, is with wind turbines. 12 00:01:04,026 --> 00:01:10,496 Here's just a shot of a small wind farm. on land, wind farms are generally fairly 13 00:01:10,496 --> 00:01:16,290 small relative to offshore wind farms, which we'll look at also. 14 00:01:16,290 --> 00:01:22,692 But unless they're out in the middle of the desert, which of course is good, 15 00:01:22,692 --> 00:01:29,745 because they, they generally have good wind resources with high average wind out 16 00:01:29,745 --> 00:01:34,382 in the deserts. This is an offshore wind farm that is 17 00:01:34,382 --> 00:01:41,350 very prevalent in Europe. Here's a shot of a beautiful view of, if you go out and 18 00:01:41,350 --> 00:01:46,004 look at them. I made a trip in 19, in 2005, I guess it 19 00:01:46,004 --> 00:01:50,930 Six over, visited several of the offshore wind farms in Europe. 20 00:01:50,930 --> 00:01:56,535 of course, servicing them is more expensive constructing them is more 21 00:01:56,535 --> 00:02:02,705 expensive out of the water than on land. one good thing, though, it's easier to 22 00:02:02,705 --> 00:02:09,166 ship for very long blades that you have. And so those are the, you notice they're 23 00:02:09,166 --> 00:02:17,010 on pylons and those pylons of course, put them up off the surface of the earth, 24 00:02:17,010 --> 00:02:23,229 whether it be land or water, and one thing we find is that energy 25 00:02:23,229 --> 00:02:27,144 resources, the average wind speed increases with the 26 00:02:27,144 --> 00:02:31,134 height above the earth's surface of water or land. 27 00:02:31,134 --> 00:02:34,639 it also varies with geographical location. 28 00:02:34,639 --> 00:02:40,401 Some areas is meteorologically have a higher average wind speed, which is what 29 00:02:40,401 --> 00:02:45,754 we want for high energy density and lots, lots of resources versus other 30 00:02:45,754 --> 00:02:50,108 geographical locations. I just mentioned height above the surface 31 00:02:50,108 --> 00:02:53,698 of the earth is, turns out very important as well see, 32 00:02:53,698 --> 00:02:56,734 so we'll like to put them on a very high pylon. 33 00:02:56,734 --> 00:03:02,271 That's economically, that's very viable when you have a very large wind turbine, 34 00:03:02,271 --> 00:03:07,022 because the pylon is only 15% of the total cost of the wind turbines. 35 00:03:07,022 --> 00:03:14,002 But if you're putting up a small, one horsepower, one kilowatt sized turbine if 36 00:03:14,002 --> 00:03:19,507 you put it up too high, you'll be spending more money on your pylon than 37 00:03:19,507 --> 00:03:26,357 you will on the, wind turbine yourself. But it course, it varies by weather, and 38 00:03:26,357 --> 00:03:30,090 if you're, get a stormy condition, you get high winds, 39 00:03:30,090 --> 00:03:34,432 if you get a calm, it's calm. You have differences in night and day 40 00:03:34,432 --> 00:03:38,895 because of solar heating of the earth, and of course, by as that, we already 41 00:03:38,895 --> 00:03:41,844 said, the different geographical location. 42 00:03:41,844 --> 00:03:47,306 So, again, it varies, by the way, the average is vary from winter to summer. 43 00:03:47,306 --> 00:03:53,113 it's the opposite of what sometimes we might assume regarding month of year, is 44 00:03:53,113 --> 00:03:59,023 that the average wind speed is generally almost all, all the regions is higher in 45 00:03:59,023 --> 00:04:04,542 the winter than the summer. that's good if you have peak demand for 46 00:04:04,542 --> 00:04:09,467 electricity in the winter for heating versus summer, but when you get into the 47 00:04:09,467 --> 00:04:14,182 south for instance, you would like to have more electricity and need more 48 00:04:14,182 --> 00:04:19,113 electricity in the summers for air conditioning. So [COUGH] wind energy, 49 00:04:19,113 --> 00:04:24,573 particularly where you have summer peaking energy demand, electrical demand, 50 00:04:24,573 --> 00:04:30,181 doesn't really match the annualized load, but we'll look at the average, the annual 51 00:04:30,181 --> 00:04:34,145 average on wind maps like we looked at the wind maps for solar. 52 00:04:34,145 --> 00:04:39,026 But they're a little more straightforward because this time it doesn't depend on 53 00:04:39,026 --> 00:04:42,584 the orientation. We can always point the wind turbine into 54 00:04:42,584 --> 00:04:45,422 the wind. These turbines will pivot around the 55 00:04:45,422 --> 00:04:49,803 pylon on huge bearings, and so that they're always pointing into 56 00:04:49,803 --> 00:04:52,830 the wind, and, that's not a big deal by the way. 57 00:04:52,830 --> 00:04:58,140 You, you notice the, blades, in that case, the case we're looking at here is 58 00:04:58,140 --> 00:05:02,502 pitched so that they're basically perpendicular to the, to the wind, 59 00:05:02,502 --> 00:05:05,330 and so, the, that's in the stop lock position. 60 00:05:05,330 --> 00:05:10,309 If the wind gets below a certain speed or it gets above a certain speed that could 61 00:05:10,309 --> 00:05:16,032 cause damage to the turbine they turn the blades into the wind and lock it down, 62 00:05:16,032 --> 00:05:22,364 they could do prevent damage. But let's look at the, how we classify 63 00:05:22,364 --> 00:05:26,392 winds. You, you classify winds by wind power, 64 00:05:26,392 --> 00:05:34,352 class one through seven and that indicates the range of wind power density 65 00:05:34,352 --> 00:05:42,832 and that's the watts per, when it says they're a class one, 0-200 watts of 66 00:05:42,832 --> 00:05:50,915 kinetic energy in the wind per cube or square meter of the area that you're 67 00:05:50,915 --> 00:05:57,224 capturing of the wind. So if your rotor blade is, in its 68 00:05:57,224 --> 00:06:05,780 circumference circle is capturing 10 square meters, then that means that the 69 00:06:05,780 --> 00:06:13,629 total watts of kinetic, kinetic energy or power in that, in that 10 square meters 70 00:06:13,629 --> 00:06:19,300 is up to 200 watts, watts per up to 2,000 for the class one. 71 00:06:19,300 --> 00:06:23,429 the power density is a little bit nonintuitive. 72 00:06:23,429 --> 00:06:29,738 You would think that the, because of the kinetic energy is all we 73 00:06:29,738 --> 00:06:35,284 think about, is always 1/2*mv^2 that as the wind speed goes up, the power would 74 00:06:35,284 --> 00:06:40,000 go up as the square of the velocity. But it actually goes up as a cube and the 75 00:06:40,000 --> 00:06:46,374 reason it does is, because is, is the, kinetic energy per unit mass of air goes 76 00:06:46,374 --> 00:06:53,340 up as the as the speed goes up. So if you double the wind speed, the 77 00:06:53,340 --> 00:06:58,524 kinetic energy per unit mass goes up by a factor of four, 78 00:06:58,524 --> 00:07:04,397 two squared is four, two times two. But the power density goes up by the 79 00:07:04,397 --> 00:07:10,493 cube, because the amount of mass is flowing through the wind turbine, goes up 80 00:07:10,493 --> 00:07:16,664 proportional to the velocity. So, the power density in watts is, goes 81 00:07:16,664 --> 00:07:22,461 up by the cube, which is really makes the higher wind speeds pay off liberally, 82 00:07:22,461 --> 00:07:27,663 because if you double the wind speed, the power that you get out of the turbine in 83 00:07:27,663 --> 00:07:31,519 kilowatts, a given turbine will go up by the, a factor of eight. 84 00:07:31,519 --> 00:07:37,055 If you double the wind speed, the power coming out by the generator goes up by 85 00:07:37,055 --> 00:07:40,954 factor of eight. So it's really sensitive to wind speed. 86 00:07:40,954 --> 00:07:47,292 The economics of wind farms is really sensitive to wind speeds because of that 87 00:07:47,292 --> 00:07:52,042 cubic relationship. We'll look at that a little more later. 88 00:07:52,042 --> 00:07:56,080 Here's a wind map. Again, this one comes from NREL, 89 00:07:56,080 --> 00:08:01,669 they got good map resources. and we've said that it varies with the 90 00:08:01,669 --> 00:08:07,000 wind speed, as this one shows, varies with the height above the surface 91 00:08:07,000 --> 00:08:12,406 and this is at about at 100 feet. So wind maps aren't any good unless you 92 00:08:12,406 --> 00:08:17,619 know at what height it's taken. This one, as you look across the top up 93 00:08:17,619 --> 00:08:22,886 here look across the top, it's at 30 meters. 94 00:08:22,886 --> 00:08:28,167 U, U.S. annual average windspeed at 30 meters 95 00:08:28,167 --> 00:08:36,202 there about 3.3 feet per meter. So that's about 100 feet that's 100 feet 96 00:08:36,202 --> 00:08:42,166 above the surface. looking at the diagram or looking at the 97 00:08:42,166 --> 00:08:49,603 map, we can see that over here in the southeast, where I am, in Atlanta, is 98 00:08:49,603 --> 00:08:57,369 dark green, which is way down here with a average wind speed of aroud four meters 99 00:08:57,369 --> 00:09:00,376 per second. That's not economical. 100 00:09:00,376 --> 00:09:05,478 It's it's, you can, you can get electricity from a wind turbine at that 101 00:09:05,478 --> 00:09:10,895 speed, but the economics are really not going to work and by any stretch of the 102 00:09:10,895 --> 00:09:14,858 imagination. if you get out here and get the, the red 103 00:09:14,858 --> 00:09:19,782 areas, now you're up to about seven meters per second if we look there. 104 00:09:19,782 --> 00:09:26,881 If we take meters per second times 2.5, you get miles per hour. 105 00:09:26,881 --> 00:09:38,026 So a wind speed of seven, I mentioned that the, that the, the orange and red 106 00:09:38,026 --> 00:09:43,924 out here is about seven, six, and half to seven meters per second. 107 00:09:43,924 --> 00:09:47,365 Well, that's two, two and a half tiems seven is about 17 miles per hour, 108 00:09:47,365 --> 00:09:50,731 so that's a pretty good wind speed on average. 109 00:09:50,731 --> 00:09:55,206 That's the average wind speed 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. 110 00:09:55,206 --> 00:10:00,369 sometimes it's higher than 17 miles per hour, but sometimes it's lower. 111 00:10:00,369 --> 00:10:06,251 So you can see why the wind turbines tend to be out here in the midwest and over 112 00:10:06,251 --> 00:10:11,021 here, again at, at a 100 feet above the surface out here in the northwest, 113 00:10:11,021 --> 00:10:15,165 there, there's not much. Now, there are some regions that 114 00:10:15,165 --> 00:10:20,195 particularly around the Portland area, that does have some good wind speeds, 115 00:10:20,195 --> 00:10:25,897 but that's a very localized situation. Let's move up to a higher height now. 116 00:10:25,897 --> 00:10:32,286 Let's move up to 300 feet, because the new larger wind turbines are placed on 117 00:10:32,286 --> 00:10:37,558 pylons about 100 feet. Now, the color coding for the wind speed 118 00:10:37,558 --> 00:10:42,602 is exactly the same as it was in the previous map, the same, 119 00:10:42,602 --> 00:10:46,102 same color coding. We'll get it here in a minute. 120 00:10:46,102 --> 00:10:51,697 the same color coding that we had before, but you notice, the dark green is 121 00:10:51,697 --> 00:10:56,872 essentially totally gone away. So the lowest, now that we're showing, 122 00:10:56,872 --> 00:11:01,722 even in the southeast, is around four and a half, five meters per second. 123 00:11:01,722 --> 00:11:07,872 So, that's five meters per second with the lighter green here would be about 12 124 00:11:07,872 --> 00:11:11,957 miles per hour, average speed of about 12 miles per hour. 125 00:11:11,957 --> 00:11:15,912 That's still not, not really economically viable, 126 00:11:15,912 --> 00:11:21,397 but you notice, you got to spend some money to put it up on a high pylon of 300 127 00:11:21,397 --> 00:11:24,867 feet. 300 feet is a football length in, in, 128 00:11:24,867 --> 00:11:32,832 height above the surface of the earth, It, it's 80 meters, 80 meters, again. 129 00:11:32,832 --> 00:11:42,557 It is in conversion factors, that is 3.3, 3.3 to give you feet, so 80 times, times, 130 00:11:42,557 --> 00:11:49,077 3.3 is about 270, 280 somewhere in there. I used approximate science that we don't, 131 00:11:49,077 --> 00:11:55,393 no need to get bogged down in decimal points here. But you notice, you're 132 00:11:55,393 --> 00:12:02,590 really out here in, in the Rockies, you really get some high wind speeds out 133 00:12:02,590 --> 00:12:07,913 there around above eight, eight, nine meters per second, 134 00:12:07,913 --> 00:12:11,960 which is averaging over 20 miles per hour. 135 00:12:11,960 --> 00:12:17,242 Now, this also shows offshore, which the previous slide didn't shows 136 00:12:17,242 --> 00:12:20,264 offshore. But the first thing to notice about the 137 00:12:20,264 --> 00:12:24,071 offshore, is as soon as you get to the coast to move offshore, 138 00:12:24,071 --> 00:12:27,919 looking over here in the Atlantic coast, the wind speed goes up, 139 00:12:27,919 --> 00:12:32,163 because when you look at the chart, it goes up dramatically compared to on line, 140 00:12:32,163 --> 00:12:34,905 on land. So on land, you really don't have any 141 00:12:34,905 --> 00:12:40,139 commercially viable wind energy, wind resource out in the eastern coast there, 142 00:12:40,139 --> 00:12:44,646 but as soon as you move offshore, you get some dark purples at the same as it is 143 00:12:44,646 --> 00:12:47,047 out here. But as I've already mentioned, 144 00:12:47,047 --> 00:12:51,916 unfortunately, it takes more money to build the turbines out In the ocean and 145 00:12:51,916 --> 00:12:57,106 requires more to maintain them. Same way on the west coast, but another 146 00:12:57,106 --> 00:13:03,364 thing you've got to be worried about when you put in an offshore is the depth of 147 00:13:03,364 --> 00:13:07,511 the water. current technology, 75, a 100 feet depth 148 00:13:07,511 --> 00:13:12,162 is about as deep as you, we really go down with the pylons. 149 00:13:12,162 --> 00:13:20,937 the, the next slide, this one shows the just offshore by itself, 150 00:13:20,937 --> 00:13:32,562 but you can see again, same, same same chart here and see if I can get it. 151 00:13:32,562 --> 00:13:37,012 This oh, there we go, same chart and this actually shows miles 152 00:13:37,012 --> 00:13:40,637 per hour as well as meters per second here, 153 00:13:40,637 --> 00:13:45,887 But, that's the reason offshore, looks a lot better, and people are pushing, 154 00:13:45,887 --> 00:13:50,687 trying to get more offshore a wind. The first offshore wind farm in the U.S. 155 00:13:50,687 --> 00:13:56,137 has been permitted only recently, hasn't started construction yet, it's Cape Wind 156 00:13:56,137 --> 00:14:02,035 off the Nantucket, and hopefully will, supposed to be operational 2014 or so. 157 00:14:02,035 --> 00:14:07,975 they've had some obstacles they've had to overcome, but offshore wind has, has a 158 00:14:07,975 --> 00:14:14,087 good wind, good potential because of the high resources offshore relative to on 159 00:14:14,087 --> 00:14:21,868 land as we see from these maps. Oh, and if we go to the source of these 160 00:14:21,868 --> 00:14:31,285 maps, we find NREL again, and you can download these and take a look at them. 161 00:14:31,285 --> 00:14:39,211 And this is the page here that has got all the maps and has got some row, low 162 00:14:39,211 --> 00:14:45,369 resolution and high resolution. you see, you pick the map [COUGH] and 163 00:14:45,369 --> 00:14:49,607 take a look at it yourself and we'll have you do that. 164 00:14:49,607 --> 00:14:52,951 Okay. So that gives us an overview of wind 165 00:14:52,951 --> 00:14:59,934 resources and why a lot of the wind farms are out in the mid, midwest and southwest 166 00:14:59,934 --> 00:15:07,340 and why there not, not any wind farms in the southeast and eastern coast in 167 00:15:07,340 --> 00:15:10,001 general. Okay. Thank you. 168 00:15:10,001 --> 00:15:11,671 See you next time.