>> Games without chance.
I did well this time.
I just dealt that the self, I dealt that
to myself.
But that was a chance move, actually it
wasn't.
But this is games without chance.
I'm Tom Morley.
Here we are this week.
We're now in the module, some games are
numbers.
So, let's go back and look at this
alternative way we have of looking at
games.
Left options, right options.
Okay.
All of it, we can write down in terms of
this notation.
The games that we looked at last time.
0 is no options for left, no options for
right.
1 is 0 for left and none for right.
2 is 1 for left and none for right.
And we can get some of the fractions this
way.
Okay, so here's the plan for this module.
We want to look at games that are given in
this form and try to figure out what
numbers they are.
Now the reason why we want to figure out
what number a game is, is because we know
that positive numbers are positive.
And in positive games, left wins.
Negative numbers are negative and in
negative games, right wins.
0 games are 0, and in 0 games whoever
moves next loses.
So by, if once we know what number a game
is, we know who wins.
So, this is partly to do with, with
connecting up games and numbers, but also
partly to do with figuring out who wins.
And if we have a sum of games that are all
numbers, all we got to do is add them up.
And, numbers add up like numbers.
1 plus 1 is 2.
You can prove that, I bet.
Okay, so let's take a look.
So we know that 0 is, is this.
But we also know that there are other
games that are equal to 0.
A game is 0 if it's first person lose.
And any game that's 0, behaves like 0,
like over here, even in a larger context.
So let's look at the game minus 3, 1.
My claim is that this is zero.
Why?
If left moves first, then left's only move
is to minus 3.
And now right wins, because minus 3 is
negative.
If right moves first, right moves to 1,
that's the only option for right.
And 1 is positive, so left wins.
So if left moves first, right wins.
If right moves first, left wins.
That's a first player lose, so this game
is 0.
And I think you can actually get a much
more general result, that if you have a
negative number over here, and a positive
number over here, then any game like that
has got to be 0.
Let's take a look at another example.
Let's look at.
Let's do 1, 4.
My claim is that this is equal to 2.
Now, what do I have to do.
I have to show that 1,4 minus 2 is 0.
That is, whoever moves first in this game
loses.
If left moves first, left has, remember
minus 2 is nothing minus 1, that's minus
2.
That's and then minus 2, left has no
moves.
So in this game my left has no moves in
minus 2.
So the, if left goes first left moves to
1, over here.
What's left is minus 2 which is minus 1.
So if left moves first, we, left moves to
this 1, we still have this minus 2 over
here.
1 minus 2 is minus 1 and right wins minus
1.
If right moves first, there's two moves to
consider.
Right either moves to 4 minus 2, which is
this 4 minus 2.
Or, 2 1, 4 minus 1.
In either case, there's a little bit of
work to do, but ri-, left wins.
So there is a lot of games written this
way that aren't the same, aren't the
identical game to the Hackenbush games we
looked at before, but nonetheless turn out
to be numbers.
And so here's one for you to try.
And next time, we'll look at trying to
figure out, if it is a number, what number
is it?
So, so try this one.
Minus 4, minus 1.
What ga-, what number is this?
The answer is that it's minus 2.
It fits in the middle and we'll see that's
a key when the key stops.
And so to actually prove this, you would
have to show that minus 4, the game minus
4, minus 1 plus 2 is 0.
That is whoever moves first in this game
loses.
Okay.
In 2, right has no move, so right has, if
right goes first right has to move to this
minus 1.
We still have minus 1 plus 2 which is 1.
Which is positive and so left wins.
So there's half the argument and the other
is a little bit more complicated.
But I think y'all can handle that.