>> Games without dice or cards,
combinatorial game theory.
I'm Tom Morley and glad you're back.
We've been doing a lot with games and some
of these games were numbers and they
behaved like 1 or they behaved like minus
1 or 0, or 1 half in, in one case.
Not all games are numbers, some games are,
are much weirder than numbers.
So let's take a look at this simple game.
It's Hackenbush, where you have one green
edge.
Remember with a green edge you can.
Green edge can be cut by either left or
right.
And this game is, has a name, it's called
star.
Okay.
Now let's see, who wins star.
If left goes first, left cuts and right
has no move.
If right move, goes first, right cuts and
left has no move.
So whoever goes first wins.
That says star is fuzzy with zero.
There aren't any numbers that are fuzzy
with zero.
And to make matters worse, star plus star
is 0.
Let's try, let's check it out.
Here's star, here's star.
If left goes first he cuts that, right
cuts that and now left has no move.
So whoever goes first in star plus star
loses, and so star plus star is 0.
So that's not a number, numbers can't
behave that way.
Here's another example, and it goes back
to, to illustrate our, our new way of
writing out games.
This is a game called up.
And it's, it's written this way.
And it's the game, the left option, left
can move to 0.
And that's the only possible move.
And right can move to star and that's the
only possible move for right.
So let's look at up and see who wins up.
Okay, so, so let's see who wins up.
Up is 0, star.
If left goes first, left moves to this 0.
0 has no moves for anyone, so left wins
because right has no moves.
If right goes first, right's only move is
to star.
Which is this.
Which is the same thing as 0,0.
There we go, yes.
And so right then moves to star, and
here's star.
And left moves to 0, and now right again
has no moves.
So left going first, left wins.
Right going first, left wins.
So that says that up is bigger than 0.
But up is not a number, and here's, here's
why.
What I want to do is show that in fact, up
is less than 1 over 2 to the n, for any n.
Now 1 over 2 to the n is a, is a
Hackenbush position where you have one
blue edge then a whole bunch of red edges
on top.
And to show that, that up is less than 1
over 2 to the n is the same thing as
showing that 2 to the n minus up is
greater or equal to 0.
Which is to say that left wins this game.
Going first or second.
So here's 1 over 2 to the n.
Here's minus up.
Reverse the moves for left and right and
reverse all the moves for left and right
in the options.
And so, all we have to do is show that
left wins going first or second.
So let's look so you try this.
And we'll be back with a solution, in a
little while.