[MUSIC]. 
Let's use calculus not just to calculate 
the area under the graph of a function, 
let's use calculus to find the area 
between two curves. 
Specifically, what's the area between the 
graph of y equals the square root of x. 
And the graph of y equals x squared. 
As usual, let's start by drawing a graph 
of the situation. 
Here's my plane. 
the graph of y equals x squared maybe 
looks like that. 
And the graph of the square root of x, 
maybe looks like this in red. 
So what's this area between curves even 
mean? 
Well I really mean the area inside, this 
little wing shaped region here. 
this point is worth thinking about, that 
point has coordinates 1,1. 
let's set it up as an integration 
problem. 
I can imagine carving this region up into 
lots of thin rectangles, right? 
Setting up a[UNKNOWN] sum. 
Let's draw some of those thin rectangles, 
in this region here. 
And, you have to worry a little bit about 
exactly how tall all these rectangles 
are. 
And how wide all these rectangles are. 
Well, how tall are these rectangles? 
Let's just pick one of the rectangles in 
particular to think about. 
Let's pick this rectangle, and think 
about it. 
How tall is it? 
Well, its top edge. 
Is on y equals the square root of x, and 
its bottom edge is on this orange curve. 
The y equals x squared term. 
So the height of that particular 
rectangle is its top coordinate minus its 
bottom coordinate, so it will be square 
root of x minus x squared tall And how 
wide is it? 
Well, the width of this little tiny tri-, 
rectangle, is, not supposed to very big, 
right? 
So let's call its width dx, right? 
I'm imagining that its, width is, very 
narrow. 
It's a very thin rectangle. 
So that amounts to evaluating a certain 
integral. 
Yeah, but which integral? 
Well, I want to add up the areas of all 
these little boxes. 
And these little boxes have heights given 
by this, and widths given by some small 
quantity, I'm[INAUDIBLE] dx. 
So the integral that I want to calculate 
will be the integral of the area. 
So it'll be the height. 
The square root of x minus x squared. 
Times the width which is DX. 
And then what does my X go between? 
Well the smallest value of X here is zero 
and the biggest value of X here is one so 
I'll have X going from zero to one. 
So that's the integral that I want to 
calculate which will find the area in 
between these two curves. 
I can evaluate that integral by using. 
The fundamental theorem of calculus. 
So, the fundamental theorem of calculus 
tells me to find an anti-derivative for 
this. 
So, let's first thing. 
What's an anti-derivative of the square 
root of x? 
Well that's an anti-derivative of x to 
the one half power. 
But remember my rule for 
anti-differentiaing x to a power. 
It's x to that power plus one, so 3 
halves is one more than a half, divided 
by that power plus 1, 3 halves so that 
when I differentiate this I get back x to 
the one half power and I'll just add some 
constant C on there to give myself the 
general anti-derivative. 
What if I want to anti-differentiate x 
squared? 
Well, that's maybe easier. 
And it's the same power rule. 
It's x to the third power, which is one 
more than two, divided by two plus one. 
So that when I differentiate this, I just 
get back x squared, and I'll add a 
constant. 
Now what's an antiderivative of the 
difference? 
Well, the difference of anti derivatives. 
So, the aniti derivative of the square of 
x minus x squared is the anti derivative 
for the squared of x which is x to the 3 
halves over 3 halves, minus the anti 
derivative for x squared. 
So, x to the 3rd over 3. 
So, there's the general anti-derivative 
for this. 
Armed with the anti-derivative, I can now 
evaluate the internal. 
So, one way to write that is as follows. 
If I went to integrate from 0 to 1, the 
squared of x, minus x squared dx. 
I'll just write down the anti-derivative 
for this, or an anti-derivative for this. 
Which is x to the 3 halves over 3 halves, 
minus x to the 3rd over 3. 
That's an anti-derivative for this, plus 
0, if you like. 
And then, I'll evaluate this quantity at 
0 and 1 and take the difference. 
So, this is a little bit of fancy 
notation. 
Just for plugging in x equals 1, plugging 
in x equals 0 and finding the difference. 
And if I want to emphasize what I'm 
plugging in I might write even x equals 0 
here just to emphasize that x is the 
variable that I'm working with. 
Alright well let's do that. 
let's plug in x equals 1 here. 
And when I do that I get 1 to the 3 
halves power over 3 halves minus 1 to the 
third over 3. 
And I'll subtract what I get when I plug 
in 0. 
SO I plug in 0, 0 to the 3 halves over 3 
halves minus 0 to the third. 
Over three. 
Well this is easy to calculate now. 
1 to the 3 halves is 1. 
So it's the reciprocal of three halves. 
Which is 2 3rds, minus 1 to the 3rd, 
which is 1 over 3. 
So that's just a third. 
And here I've got minus 0. 
So I've 2 3rds minus 1 3rd. 
This integral ends up being equal to 1 
3rd which is computing the area between 
the original curves. 
I hope this problem wets your appetite 
for harder problems along these same 
lines, right? 
You can imagine very complicated area 
calculations.