1 00:00:01,880 --> 00:00:05,860 In this section, we're going to talk about labor and motivation. 2 00:00:05,860 --> 00:00:08,540 And there's a little story that two men are playing golf. 3 00:00:08,540 --> 00:00:12,252 And as one of them is about to swing his club and hit the ball, they see a funeral 4 00:00:12,252 --> 00:00:16,611 procession passing by. The guy puts his club down, he turns 5 00:00:16,611 --> 00:00:19,453 around to look at the procession, he takes his hat off and puts it on his 6 00:00:19,453 --> 00:00:22,942 chest. Then he kind of watch as the funeral 7 00:00:22,942 --> 00:00:27,200 procession goes, until they disappear over the corner. 8 00:00:27,200 --> 00:00:31,270 The moment they disappear he picks his club back, hits the, the ball. 9 00:00:31,270 --> 00:00:34,715 His friend looks at him and says really I'm really impressed I'm so touched and 10 00:00:34,715 --> 00:00:37,260 moved. We're in the middle of a golf game and 11 00:00:37,260 --> 00:00:40,221 you all of a sudden saw this funeral, you stopped everything you showed your 12 00:00:40,221 --> 00:00:44,930 respect for the funeral and for the dead. This is incredibly moving and touching. 13 00:00:44,930 --> 00:00:50,155 And the guy looks at him and says, well after all we were married for 30 years. 14 00:00:50,155 --> 00:00:55,250 [NOISE] What is the issue with motivation and labor? 15 00:00:55,250 --> 00:00:58,660 The reality is that when we think about it in a naive way we have a very simple 16 00:00:58,660 --> 00:01:03,888 equation for what gets people to work. We think it's all about money and money 17 00:01:03,888 --> 00:01:08,550 is the key to labor and motivation. More money leads higher to higher amount 18 00:01:08,550 --> 00:01:12,745 of work, less money leads to less. The wonderful thing about human nature is 19 00:01:12,745 --> 00:01:16,990 we have all kinds of drivers that actually can change our motivation. 20 00:01:16,990 --> 00:01:18,790 And that's what we're going to focus about. 21 00:01:18,790 --> 00:01:22,840 We're going to look at the role of things like feeling of completion. 22 00:01:22,840 --> 00:01:26,710 And feeling of connection. Eh, camaraderie, goals. 23 00:01:26,710 --> 00:01:30,360 All kinds of things that basically change human motivation. 24 00:01:30,360 --> 00:01:34,266 And the hope is that by the end of this eh, section, we will have a better grasp 25 00:01:34,266 --> 00:01:39,280 about the whole range of things that can motivate people. 26 00:01:39,280 --> 00:01:43,504 And perhaps even more important about the things that we need to do to get people 27 00:01:43,504 --> 00:01:48,186 not to be unmotivated and unhappy with their workplace. 28 00:01:48,186 --> 00:01:55,494 [MUSIC][MUSIC][NOISE] 29 00:01:55,494 --> 00:02:15,330 So I want us to think about the marketplace and I want us to think about 30 00:02:15,330 --> 00:02:26,218 labor. And ask yourself what are the things that 31 00:02:26,218 --> 00:02:30,655 motivate people to work. Now the standard thinking about 32 00:02:30,655 --> 00:02:35,230 motivation is that people are like mice in a, in a maze. 33 00:02:35,230 --> 00:02:38,357 That's all we care about is the particular reward, the cheese, the food 34 00:02:38,357 --> 00:02:42,80 that, that we're getting. And if you think about life from this 35 00:02:42,80 --> 00:02:47,110 perspective that people only care about the tangible rewards that they could get. 36 00:02:47,110 --> 00:02:49,930 You would design a particular kind of a workplace. 37 00:02:49,930 --> 00:02:53,386 And by the way, I don't think that this is a, a bad description for all places of 38 00:02:53,386 --> 00:02:57,910 labor, I think there's some things people do just for the money. 39 00:02:57,910 --> 00:03:01,535 That there's no other motivation. But the reality is that if you think 40 00:03:01,535 --> 00:03:05,190 about your job, and if you think about the jobs of people close to you. 41 00:03:05,190 --> 00:03:10,460 How much of the motivation do you think is really driven just by the pure reward. 42 00:03:10,460 --> 00:03:13,248 Just by the money that we're getting. And by nothing. 43 00:03:13,248 --> 00:03:15,454 Else. And if you think about it, you'll 44 00:03:15,454 --> 00:03:19,18 probably come to the conclusion that not much of our motivation toward label is 45 00:03:19,18 --> 00:03:22,784 described by that. For example, if I took my job as a 46 00:03:22,784 --> 00:03:26,88 university professor, and I tried to think about what is it about my 47 00:03:26,88 --> 00:03:31,29 particular rewards that could be described in terms of money. 48 00:03:32,90 --> 00:03:35,303 Imagine we wrote an equation and we wrote all the possible things that could 49 00:03:35,303 --> 00:03:38,603 motivate people. We could include things like pride, and 50 00:03:38,603 --> 00:03:42,173 we could include things like reputation, a sense of purpose, meaning and comradery 51 00:03:42,173 --> 00:03:45,335 and feeling that you're doing something for the world and so on and money as 52 00:03:45,335 --> 00:03:49,591 well. How much of the total description could 53 00:03:49,591 --> 00:03:53,670 be attributed to money? Is money, money just one element? 54 00:03:53,670 --> 00:03:56,80 You know, some people who think of it as the only element. 55 00:03:56,80 --> 00:03:59,864 But I would like to talk about the fact that there are many other elements. 56 00:03:59,864 --> 00:04:03,14 And those other elements are often incredibly important to understanding 57 00:04:03,14 --> 00:04:06,127 total motivation. So let's take a step back, and let's 58 00:04:06,127 --> 00:04:10,600 think about something as simple as mountain climbing. 59 00:04:10,600 --> 00:04:13,490 George Loewenstein has a beautiful description of this. 60 00:04:13,490 --> 00:04:16,706 When you look at mountain climbing, you look at professional mountain climbers 61 00:04:16,706 --> 00:04:20,814 who climb all kinds of difficult peaks. And you read there books. 62 00:04:20,814 --> 00:04:22,736 What do you think you get from those books? 63 00:04:22,736 --> 00:04:26,130 Do you get moments of elation and happiness? 64 00:04:26,130 --> 00:04:30,100 Do they describe are they about to sing and dance and tell jokes? 65 00:04:30,100 --> 00:04:32,280 As they go up the mountains? No. 66 00:04:32,280 --> 00:04:36,140 It seems like it's pure misery every moment. 67 00:04:36,140 --> 00:04:38,650 There are frostbite. It's difficult to breathe. 68 00:04:38,650 --> 00:04:40,420 It's tough. It's painful. 69 00:04:40,420 --> 00:04:44,16 You don't read these books and get a sense that these are people who are 70 00:04:44,16 --> 00:04:47,303 having fun. You get a sense that they would be better 71 00:04:47,303 --> 00:04:50,200 off sitting on a beach somewhere drinking mojitos. 72 00:04:50,200 --> 00:04:53,122 But nevertheless, they do it. And not only do they do it, but the 73 00:04:53,122 --> 00:04:56,804 moment they get up, they go down again. And when they come back, it's not as if 74 00:04:56,804 --> 00:04:59,674 they said, this was the biggest mistake of my life. 75 00:04:59,674 --> 00:05:04,988 They say, No, I want to do this again. By the way, I climbed when I was young I 76 00:05:04,988 --> 00:05:09,840 climbed a mountain in the Himalayas called Annapurna. 77 00:05:09,840 --> 00:05:13,780 It was about a month of hiking and climbing. 78 00:05:13,780 --> 00:05:18,679 And this was not as, as really serious and difficult as people who climb things 79 00:05:18,679 --> 00:05:23,495 like Everest and go out, all the way up to the tip. 80 00:05:23,495 --> 00:05:26,570 But it was incredibly painful and difficult. 81 00:05:26,570 --> 00:05:30,848 And when I got to the top, I thought I would just sit there for awhile and take 82 00:05:30,848 --> 00:05:36,900 in the scenery and enjoy it, but the reality was, it was so cold. 83 00:05:36,900 --> 00:05:41,850 That I just walked down as fast as I could out of there. 84 00:05:41,850 --> 00:05:44,870 And again I don't describe it as happiness. 85 00:05:44,870 --> 00:05:47,540 But now many years later I keep on thinking that. 86 00:05:47,540 --> 00:05:52,334 I think, keep on thinking back into this event and I would like to go back. 87 00:05:52,334 --> 00:05:55,483 Now the description of mountain climbing, and the description of sitting on the 88 00:05:55,483 --> 00:05:59,90 beach drinking margaritas are incredibly different. 89 00:05:59,90 --> 00:06:02,860 Nevertheless, people are getting some joy from mountain climbing. 90 00:06:02,860 --> 00:06:08,410 What are the possible joys these people could get out of this? 91 00:06:08,410 --> 00:06:12,826 And you can think about all kinds of ways in which people do get joy out of these 92 00:06:12,826 --> 00:06:18,616 very difficult, complex activities. A sense of accomplishment, a sense of 93 00:06:18,616 --> 00:06:22,58 competition, achievement. Overcoming nature. 94 00:06:22,58 --> 00:06:25,520 Proving something to yourself. Right? 95 00:06:25,520 --> 00:06:29,300 You could think to yourself what would happen if you knew in advance that you 96 00:06:29,300 --> 00:06:33,740 could never reach the top? You could reach 90% but never reach the 97 00:06:33,740 --> 00:06:35,400 top. Would it be the same? 98 00:06:35,400 --> 00:06:38,70 Would you be motivated? Probably not. 99 00:06:38,70 --> 00:06:40,320 It's probably the sense of accomplishment. 100 00:06:40,320 --> 00:06:42,840 Getting to the top without it, it wouldn't be the same. 101 00:06:42,840 --> 00:06:46,272 What if you knew that the moment you got down, your memory would be erased and you 102 00:06:46,272 --> 00:06:49,820 could never remember all that? Would you do it? 103 00:06:49,820 --> 00:06:51,950 Probably not. Probably part of it has to do with the 104 00:06:51,950 --> 00:06:54,830 fact that it enriches our life, our understanding of what we can do and so 105 00:06:54,830 --> 00:06:57,792 on. So if you think about it, and 106 00:06:57,792 --> 00:07:00,190 mountaineering is obviously an extreme example. 107 00:07:00,190 --> 00:07:04,285 But I think it does bring into mind this idea that we do things for all kinds of 108 00:07:04,285 --> 00:07:08,370 reasons. And sure, money is one reason. 109 00:07:08,370 --> 00:07:12,165 But it's not necessarily the richness of all reasons, and not necessarily the most 110 00:07:12,165 --> 00:07:16,994 important one. Now, I should point out that sometimes, 111 00:07:16,994 --> 00:07:20,416 what we do is we give people money as a way to get to the other objective as 112 00:07:20,416 --> 00:07:23,631 well. So we can give people the sense of 113 00:07:23,631 --> 00:07:27,182 achievement, or competition, or personal progress by giving them money, but it 114 00:07:27,182 --> 00:07:31,190 doesn't mean that that's what they're really getting. 115 00:07:31,190 --> 00:07:33,878 They're getting a sense of achievement through money they might have gotten 116 00:07:33,878 --> 00:07:36,774 through something else. They get a sense of competition, they get 117 00:07:36,774 --> 00:07:40,160 it through money they might have gotten it through something else. 118 00:07:40,160 --> 00:07:44,978 But instead of just thinking about money I want us to think about the whole range 119 00:07:44,978 --> 00:07:50,830 of what, what people aim for, strive for, and get value out of. 120 00:07:50,830 --> 00:07:54,307 And for me this became the most salient when one of my past students came to 121 00:07:54,307 --> 00:07:58,122 visit me one day. He popped into my office, this was quite 122 00:07:58,122 --> 00:08:02,420 a few years after he left school. he reminded me who he was. 123 00:08:02,420 --> 00:08:06,100 Because I have too many students. And sometimes, I forget, their names. 124 00:08:06,100 --> 00:08:09,452 And then he sat down, and he described to me the following case. 125 00:08:09,452 --> 00:08:13,190 he was on Wall Street. He seemed to be very happy. 126 00:08:13,190 --> 00:08:18,204 He seemed to have a very high paying job. He seems to be dating a wonderful woman. 127 00:08:18,204 --> 00:08:21,60 working long hours. But, nevertheless, being very happy. 128 00:08:21,60 --> 00:08:23,110 But he described to me the following thing. 129 00:08:23,110 --> 00:08:26,822 He said that, for weeks. He's been working on this presentation 130 00:08:26,822 --> 00:08:30,727 for merger and acquisition. And he worked on the presentation 131 00:08:30,727 --> 00:08:35,943 creating graphs and data points and speaking points and benefits and so on. 132 00:08:35,943 --> 00:08:40,39 And the day before the merger was going to go through he sent his boss the final 133 00:08:40,39 --> 00:08:43,980 deck, the final power points presentation... 134 00:08:45,50 --> 00:08:48,40 And very quickly, he got the note back saying, thank you very much. 135 00:08:48,40 --> 00:08:50,154 Good job. The merger is cancelled. 136 00:08:50,154 --> 00:08:56,194 [SOUND] And he felt immediately deflated. Now, he worked on that for weeks. 137 00:08:56,194 --> 00:09:00,604 Overtime, late at night, on the weekends, trying to do everything beautiful and his 138 00:09:00,604 --> 00:09:05,330 boss appreciated it. And he said his boss would give him raise 139 00:09:05,330 --> 00:09:08,570 because he did such a good job but nevertheless he was incredibly 140 00:09:08,570 --> 00:09:12,950 demotivated. The fact that his creation was never 141 00:09:12,950 --> 00:09:17,942 going to have any use and nobody else is ever going to see it made him lose faith 142 00:09:17,942 --> 00:09:22,699 in his job. In fact he wasn't sure he wants to work 143 00:09:22,699 --> 00:09:28,100 now on other projects like that. Now from an objective perspective, 144 00:09:28,100 --> 00:09:31,493 everything was okay. He worked, he enjoyed things as he was 145 00:09:31,493 --> 00:09:34,763 working. It was only after he finished, that 146 00:09:34,763 --> 00:09:38,862 somebody was not going to use it. I had another friend who told me a 147 00:09:38,862 --> 00:09:42,380 similar story. Her name was Devra, still is Devra. 148 00:09:42,380 --> 00:09:45,690 And she worked as an editor in one of the university presses. 149 00:09:45,690 --> 00:09:48,588 And she got this book in history that she really loved and thought was a great 150 00:09:48,588 --> 00:09:51,940 book, and she actually worked very hard to improve it. 151 00:09:51,940 --> 00:09:55,210 She was a fantastic editor. She gave me some comments on one of my 152 00:09:55,210 --> 00:09:58,810 books, too. She worked really well on that book. 153 00:09:58,810 --> 00:10:02,320 She felt that the book started by being good and she made it even better. 154 00:10:02,320 --> 00:10:06,515 She was very proud of her job. And when they handed the final manuscript 155 00:10:06,515 --> 00:10:10,310 out, the publishing house, the university publishing house decide not to publish 156 00:10:10,310 --> 00:10:13,810 this manuscript. She got paid. 157 00:10:13,810 --> 00:10:18,226 Her boss appreciate her job, her work. As she enjoyed it what she was doing she 158 00:10:18,226 --> 00:10:21,648 felt she was contributing but nevertheless because this was not going 159 00:10:21,648 --> 00:10:26,923 to see the light of day all of a sudden it had no, it had no meaning. 160 00:10:28,210 --> 00:10:30,900 And I can think to myself, if it's a university professor, right? 161 00:10:30,900 --> 00:10:33,840 What happens when you write things that nobody reads. 162 00:10:33,840 --> 00:10:37,116 You can think to yourself, what would happen if you wrote a blog post that you 163 00:10:37,116 --> 00:10:41,760 knew eh, nobody would read, or you write a paper that nobody would read. 164 00:10:41,760 --> 00:10:45,600 What is it about the joy of work that depends on something else happening with 165 00:10:45,600 --> 00:10:50,120 this outcome of this work? And this of course is the issue of 166 00:10:50,120 --> 00:10:52,442 meaning. It's the issue that when we have 167 00:10:52,442 --> 00:10:56,147 something, it's not just the creation of the thing that is important, it's the 168 00:10:56,147 --> 00:11:00,670 meaning that it stands for. And if it has a meaning, we can be much 169 00:11:00,670 --> 00:11:05,4 more motivated toward it, and if it doesn't, it kind of goes away. 170 00:11:05,4 --> 00:11:10,190 So, the way we decide to starting looking at this is to get people to build legos. 171 00:11:10,190 --> 00:11:13,993 In our particular case, bionicles. Bionicles are little lego robots that you 172 00:11:13,993 --> 00:11:16,631 can create. They're kind of cute, they're kind of 173 00:11:16,631 --> 00:11:19,140 interesting, don't take too long to build. 174 00:11:19,140 --> 00:11:22,520 And we ask people to come and build them for money. 175 00:11:22,520 --> 00:11:25,980 And the way we had it done is in a few different conditions. 176 00:11:25,980 --> 00:11:29,130 In one condition, we asked people to build one, and we said, if you build this 177 00:11:29,130 --> 00:11:32,170 one, we'll pay you $3. Would you like to do it? 178 00:11:32,170 --> 00:11:34,912 People said, yes. They built it up. 179 00:11:34,912 --> 00:11:38,470 They finished it. Then we said, would you like to build 180 00:11:38,470 --> 00:11:42,627 another one, for $2.70? And if they said yes we gave them another 181 00:11:42,627 --> 00:11:45,567 one and we took the first one that they built and put it under the table in a 182 00:11:45,567 --> 00:11:48,632 box. And we told them that when the experiment 183 00:11:48,632 --> 00:11:51,255 is going to be over we're going to take all the ones that they're going to be 184 00:11:51,255 --> 00:11:54,504 building today. We're going to take them into pieces, put 185 00:11:54,504 --> 00:11:57,840 them back into the boxes for the next participant. 186 00:11:57,840 --> 00:12:01,368 And if they build the one for 270 we said you want to build another one for 240, 187 00:12:01,368 --> 00:12:04,840 and another one for 210 and another one for 180 and so on until they decide to 188 00:12:04,840 --> 00:12:08,544 stop. And we call this the meaningful 189 00:12:08,544 --> 00:12:11,230 condition. People created something. 190 00:12:11,230 --> 00:12:13,740 They created more until they decide to stop. 191 00:12:13,740 --> 00:12:16,600 And what we measured was at what point did they stop? 192 00:12:16,600 --> 00:12:19,848 At what point? The value of building it was not worth it 193 00:12:19,848 --> 00:12:23,265 for them. How much money they were getting was not 194 00:12:23,265 --> 00:12:27,670 going to offset the unpleasantness of building these legos. 195 00:12:27,670 --> 00:12:30,570 The second condition we call the Sisyphus condition. 196 00:12:30,570 --> 00:12:33,520 Now if you remember the story of Sisyphus, Sisyphus was punished by the 197 00:12:33,520 --> 00:12:36,775 Gods. To push a big rock up the hill, and just 198 00:12:36,775 --> 00:12:42,666 before he got to the end, the rock would roll over all the way to the beginning. 199 00:12:42,666 --> 00:12:45,180 And Sisyphus had to push it again and again and again. 200 00:12:45,180 --> 00:12:48,474 And this is a particular version of torture, right, when you have to do the 201 00:12:48,474 --> 00:12:52,203 same thing again and again, with no sense of progress. 202 00:12:53,370 --> 00:12:56,890 You could imagine what would happen if you pushed a rock up the hill, and at the 203 00:12:56,890 --> 00:13:00,25 end it would come to the bottom of another hill, and another hill, and 204 00:13:00,25 --> 00:13:04,840 another hill, and another hill. Then you would feel some progress. 205 00:13:04,840 --> 00:13:08,740 But the fact that it's the same hill over, and over, and over, it's kind of 206 00:13:08,740 --> 00:13:15,430 the, at least in the perception, it's the ultimate way of demotivating people. 207 00:13:15,430 --> 00:13:18,236 Actually, if you look at prison movies, often that's what the guards do to 208 00:13:18,236 --> 00:13:21,172 prisoners. They get them to dig a hole and then they 209 00:13:21,172 --> 00:13:24,812 get them to put the the soil back into the hole, and they get them to do, dig it 210 00:13:24,812 --> 00:13:28,396 again or they get them to move rocks from one side of the yard to another side of 211 00:13:28,396 --> 00:13:34,775 the yard and back and so, so forth. There is something about the uselessness 212 00:13:34,775 --> 00:13:38,82 of work when you just repeat something and destroy it, it seems to be. 213 00:13:38,82 --> 00:13:41,860 [COUGH] Crucial. So in this specific condition we're 214 00:13:41,860 --> 00:13:45,95 starting the same way. We gave people a Lego robot, and we said 215 00:13:45,95 --> 00:13:48,290 would you like to build this for $3. They said yes. 216 00:13:48,290 --> 00:13:50,840 They built it. And when they finished, we asked would 217 00:13:50,840 --> 00:13:54,308 you like to build another one for $ 2.70. And if they said yes we gave them the 218 00:13:54,308 --> 00:13:57,102 next one. But as they were building the next one, 219 00:13:57,102 --> 00:14:02,150 we took the first one apart. Already, put it back in the pieces into 220 00:14:02,150 --> 00:14:05,704 the box. And if they wanted to build a third one, 221 00:14:05,704 --> 00:14:11,750 for $2.40 this time, we basically gave them back the first one they built. 222 00:14:11,750 --> 00:14:14,210 So in reality they build the same two bionicles. 223 00:14:14,210 --> 00:14:16,345 They would build and they would break, and they would build and they would 224 00:14:16,345 --> 00:14:18,861 break, and so on. And this is the Sisyphic condition 225 00:14:18,861 --> 00:14:22,910 because of this endless cycle of building and breaking. 226 00:14:22,910 --> 00:14:26,494 So the first thing we find out, is that people built many more Bionicles in the 227 00:14:26,494 --> 00:14:30,140 meaningful condition and the sisyphic condition. 228 00:14:30,140 --> 00:14:33,444 And this is something that people basically understand that these 229 00:14:33,444 --> 00:14:37,102 meaningful condition is much more important than the sisyphus condition 230 00:14:37,102 --> 00:14:40,890 attribute more meaning, they enjoy it more. 231 00:14:40,890 --> 00:14:44,477 You need to pay people less money. If you think about it, people get paid 232 00:14:44,477 --> 00:14:47,643 less and less and less and less. And if they continue more in the 233 00:14:47,643 --> 00:14:51,600 meaningful condition, it means you need less money to offset these people. 234 00:14:51,600 --> 00:14:55,760 In the Sisyphus condition the task was not as fun, and so they only worked when 235 00:14:55,760 --> 00:15:00,450 they got paid more. We did another version of this experiment 236 00:15:00,450 --> 00:15:04,945 that we called the Consultant Experiment. And we described to people the 237 00:15:04,945 --> 00:15:09,570 experiment, basically as I'm doing now. And we asked them to predict. 238 00:15:09,570 --> 00:15:12,315 How much people would work in the meaningful condition, and how much they 239 00:15:12,315 --> 00:15:16,120 would work in the sisyphic condition. We said imagine two factories. 240 00:15:16,120 --> 00:15:19,81 In one of them, people work like the meaningful condition, another one they 241 00:15:19,81 --> 00:15:22,998 work like a sisyphic condition. By the way, we never use these names, the 242 00:15:22,998 --> 00:15:26,520 sisyphic and meaningful, but we describe those two conditions. 243 00:15:26,520 --> 00:15:30,607 And we say how, how much effort, how much motivation, how much output do you think 244 00:15:30,607 --> 00:15:35,420 there will be in both factories? And these consultants predicted that the 245 00:15:35,420 --> 00:15:39,580 meaningful condition would have a better output then Sisyphic condition. 246 00:15:39,580 --> 00:15:43,171 But they thought the effect would basically by one bionicle when in reality 247 00:15:43,171 --> 00:15:48,380 the difference was about four Bionicles. So people understand the role of meaning. 248 00:15:48,380 --> 00:15:51,900 They just don't understand it enough. They don't understand the extent. 249 00:15:51,900 --> 00:15:56,614 To which it is important. And the final thing we found out is that 250 00:15:56,614 --> 00:16:01,60 we created the correlation between how much people love Legos. 251 00:16:01,60 --> 00:16:04,470 You know, some people love Legos, some people don't right. 252 00:16:04,470 --> 00:16:08,600 That's a natural variations it's connected to all kinds of other things. 253 00:16:08,600 --> 00:16:12,936 And we ask how is the love of Lego connected to amount of bionicles? 254 00:16:12,936 --> 00:16:15,988 You would build. And you would expect that people who love 255 00:16:15,988 --> 00:16:19,693 Legos, who get more internal joy from Legos would build more Legos even if they 256 00:16:19,693 --> 00:16:23,606 got paid less. And people who don't like Legos that much 257 00:16:23,606 --> 00:16:26,644 would only work when they get paid more money and when they get paid a little 258 00:16:26,644 --> 00:16:30,530 less, they would stop. So we expect a positive correlation 259 00:16:30,530 --> 00:16:33,620 between love of Lego. And the amount of bionicles. 260 00:16:33,620 --> 00:16:37,600 And that's basically what we found in a meaningful condition. 261 00:16:37,600 --> 00:16:40,210 But in the Sisyphus condition the correlation was zero. 262 00:16:40,210 --> 00:16:44,498 Which basically tells us, that once we got to the Sisyphus condition, we were 263 00:16:44,498 --> 00:16:50,324 able to choke the joy of those people. We were able to make this an unpleasant 264 00:16:50,324 --> 00:16:54,100 Task. We're able to eliminate every particular 265 00:16:54,100 --> 00:16:58,586 value that they got from enjoying building Legos.