The Writer's Complete Crime Reference Book
By: Martin Roth
Copyright: 1990
ARSON INVESTIGATION
Arson is the malicious and willful burning of a private home, farm, or
business structure.  If it endangers the lives of persons as well as
the property itself, most states provide for separate punishment under
their laws pertaining to arson.  The term burning need not imply the
total destruction of the structure, but merely the ignition of the
structure.

It is important to note that if the structure is used as a dwelling, it
is classified as inhabited, although it is not necessary that a person
be occupying the structure at the time the arson is committed.  It is
essential that malice or criminal intent be shown to conclude that
arson has been committed.

In an investigation where arson is suspected, the investigator must
establish evidence that the act of arson has been committed, physical
evidence of a burning, criminal design such as an incendiary device, by
the unexplained reason for the presence of inflammables or by an
eyewitness.  To this the investigator would attempt to add any other
evidence to support the act of arson, such as any articles associated
with arson and the suspect, linking the suspect to the scene, and
evidence showing intent.  Motives such as revenge, economic gain, and
insurance fraud, as well as pyromania, would be investigated.

Pyromania types vary, but among those considered pyromaniacs are sexual
deviants who derive sexual stimulation by starting a fire and abnormal
or mentally disturbed people who seek some sort of hero status by
setting the fire and alerting the fire department.  Many of these
individuals harbor secret desires to be firemen and then attempt a
daring and dramatic rescue.

Following are liquid agents with incendiary properties:
Alcohol
Benzol
Gasoline
Ether
Kerosene
Solids with incendiary properties include:
Coal dust
Grain
These substances burn quickly when mixed with air and ignited.

Substances that burn upon contact with water are:
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium carbide
Oxidizing agents that when decomposing aid combustion include:
Nitric acid
Potassium permanganate in contact with glycerine
Quicklime mixed with water
Chlorates
Metallic peroxides
These are just a few among the many oxidizing agents that cause
combustion.  It is virtually impossible to list all contributors to a
fire, for one would have to include electrical shorts of various kinds,
causing a stove or flue to become a hazard, igniting oil-soaked rags,
etc.  This list could fill a book of its own.

MOTIVES FOR ARSON
To conceal a previous crime
To destroy company books or records
Revenge
To defraud an insurance company
Intimidation
Sabotage
Business rivalry
Thrill
Murder
Extortion
For additional information on arson, contact the arson squad of your
local police or fire department.

INVESTIGATION OF A BURGLARY
Burglary is the entering of a premises for the purpose of committing a
theft and is considered the most common form of theft.  Remember that
some jurisdictions distinguish between entering a dwelling at night and
housebreaking so the definition of burglary varies in different states.

Housebreaking is simply the unlawful entering of a building with intent
to commit a crime.  To consider a housebreaking a burglary, the
following elements must be established:
Breaking and entering occurred
The act took place at night
The dwelling belonged to another person
The offender's intent was to commit a crime therein
TYPES OF BURGLARIES
SAFE:
Pip Job: Using an electric drill and crowbar, a hole is made in upper-
or lower-left corner.  A bar is placed in the hole and the door is
jimmied open.

Punch Job: Using a sledge and center punch, the dial is knocked off
with a hammer, and the punch is held against the spindle and hit
sharply.  If the safe has tumblers at the end of the spindle, then the
small sockets are broken when the spindle is forced back and the lock
is released.  Some safes are punchproof when the tumblers are off
spindle.

Chopping: The safe is turned upside down to expose the bottom, the
weakest section.  A hole is made and a jimmy applied to permit access.

Carry Out: The safe is merely physically removed.

Click Job: Using a stethoscope and listening for the clicks as the
combination falls into place.

BlowJob: Blowing the safe by using an explosive charge, usually a
plastique.

Loft: Specialize in stealing from lofts.

Store: Late evening.  Some, window smashers.

Residence and Private Dwelling: Day: Operates during daylight hours.

Night: After dark.

Supper: As named, often while residents are having dinner.

Commuter: Usually from city, operates in suburbs.

Delivery Truck: Stealing from a van making a delivery.

Miscellaneous: Bellhops Maids Elevator operators
CINCINNATI POLICE DIVISION
The Cincinnati, Ohio, Police Division consists of four bureaus:
Operations Bureau, Investigative Bureau, Technical Services Bureau, and
Personnel Resources Bureau.  The Operations Bureau consists of five
police districts and the Operational Support Section.  These five
districts are charged with the responsibility of patrol covering
general criminal activities along with community relations.

The Operational Support Section as part of the Operations Bureau is
responsible for the SWAT Coordination Unit, the Crime Prevention Unit,
the Traffic Unit, Youth Aid, and a new unit called the Alarm
Enforcement Unit, which is charged with reducing the number of false
alarms requiring police response.

The Investigations Bureau (lB.) is charged with the responsibility for
drug, vice, and criminal investigation and enforcement; it comprises
the Criminal Investigation Section (C.I.S.), Central Vice Control
Section, Intelligence Section, and Narcotics Liaison.

Under the C.I.S., the Youth Squad is assigned the function of
investigating child abuse, child neglect, custody, and missing persons.

The Homicide Squad is responsible for investigating all homicides,
questionable deaths, aggravated assaults where death may occur, rape
and sex-motivated offenses where the victim is eighteen or older, all
police interventions in shootings or death, kidnapping and abductions,
and patient-abuse offenses.

Also under the lB.  is the Robbery Unit; the Major Offender Project,
which coordinates cases involving serious and repeat career criminal
offenders; The Criminalistics Squad, which responds to the crime scene.

There, they assist the district investigators in handling the
identification of suspects through fingerprint comparison, utilizing
photography and video recording, and in handling the collection of
crime-scene material and evidence.  All this is then routed by the
squad to various laboratories, such as the Hamilton County Coroner's
Office, the Ohio Bureau of Identification, and the Federal Bureau of
Investigation for processing.

Also operating under the Investigations Bureau are Burglary and Auto
Theft, the Pawn Shop Unit, the Polygraph Unit, and the Fraud Unit.

The Central Vice Control Section is charged with enforcing laws and
controlling criminal conduct in the areas of drugs, prostitution,
gambling, liquor law enforcement, and pornography.

The Intelligence Section develops information and initiates
investigations into cults, gangs, and terrorists, and conducts
in-service training for division personnel.

The Narcotics Liaison Section provides investigative and supervisory
personnel to the Regional Enforcement Narcotics Unit (RENU).  In 1988,
personnel in this unit were assigned to the newly formed DEA Cincinnati
Task Force, a multi-agency drug enforcement unit composed of Cincinnati
police, DEA Agents, and Hamilton County Sheriff's officers.

The Technical Services Bureau comprises three sections: the Police
Communications Section; the Equipment Management Section, which
includes the Impoundment Unit, responsible for all vehicles in custody,
the Transportation Unit, which oversees the division's motor fleet, and
the Supply Unit, which fields all supplies and equipment requests; and
the Court/Records Services Section, the last of which operates four
units; Court Administration, County Property, Warrantl Identification,
and Records.

Personnel Resources Bureau comprises the Personnel Section, the Police
Academy, the Inspection Section, and the Internal Investigations
Section.  These sections provide Recruit Training, Maintenance of
Personnel Records, Investigation of Citizens' Complaints, Processing of
Employment Records, and liaison with organizations represented in the
Police Division.

The Office of Coordination, Planning, and Budget provides
administrative assistance and staff to the police chief by reviewing
and expediting official business, budgeting, planning, conducting
research, and generally developing the department.

COUNTY SHERIFF'S DEPARTMENT
The sheriff is the chief law enforcement officer of the county and, as
such, is responsible for general law enforcement in all unincorporated
areas of the county and in those cities that contract for the services
of the Sheriffs Department to avoid the cost of outfitting their own
departments, equipment, personnel, and investigative expertise.

Duties and Responsibilities
The California Government Code and the California Penal Code authorize
the sheriff of a county to perform certain duties and assign him the
responsibility for certain actions within his county.  They include:
Preserve the peace.

Arrest all persons attempting or committing public offenses.

Prevent and suppress affrays and investigate public offenses.

Attend superior courts and obey all lawful orders and directions of all
courts within the county.

Take charge of and keep the county jail and the prisoners in it.

Release attachments or garnishments of property.

Endorse receipts of process and issue certificates of delivery.

Serve all processes and notices.

Act in attendance upon court as the crier thereof.

The Sheriff may supply ambulance service; enforce the Vehicle Code;
search for and rescue persons who are lost or are in danger of their
lives within the county; command the aid of all adult male inhabitants
in the county to accomplish his duties.

Hold ex-officio the Office of County Director of Emergency Services and
carry out the duties thereof.

Transport and deliver prisoners committed to state prisons.

Transport prisoners to hospitals or to the custody of an officer of
another jurisdiction.

Upon request of the court, may have responsibility for care and custody
of minors charged with or convicted of felonies.

Execute writs and transport persons who are narcotics addicts and
sexual psychopaths to places of confinement.

Execute search warrants and arrest warrants.

Sit as a member of the Board of Parole Commissioners.

Take possession of, appraise, and keep safely found or wrecked property.

May be directed to remove intruders from waste or ungranted lands of
the state.

May serve all writs, notices, or other processes issued by superior,
municipal, or justice courts, and lawful orders of the state government.

May be required to serve processes or warrants issued by any
court-martial officer, labor commissioner, or insurance commissioner to
a person within the county.

Administrative Organization
The Sheriff of Los Angeles County is elected to a four-year term of
office and is responsible to the electorate.  He is subject to fiscal
control by the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors.

The sheriffs department is a quasi-military organization.  All sworn
personnel are deputy sheriffs, regardless of rank, and are subordinate
in order of rank to the sheriff.  The rank structure is as follows:
Sheriff
Undersheriff
Assistant Sheriff
Chief
Commander
Captain
Lieutenant
Sergeant
Deputy
The undersheriff, an appointed position, is second in command and
subordinate only to the sheriff.  He commands the department in the
sheriff's absence and otherwise conducts the affairs of the department
as directed by the sheriff.

The third level of command is that of assistant sheriff.  This
department has two assistant sheriffs, each with separate areas of
responsibility.  In the absence of the sheriff and the undersheriff,
the designated assistant sheriff assumes full command of the department.

Other major staff executives are the eight division chiefs, who command
the activities of their respective divisions in accordance with the
policies of the sheriff.

Departmental Organization
The sheriffs department is composed of eight divisions, each of which
is commanded by a chief.  These divisions operate on a twenty-four hour
schedule to provide full services whenever needed.  The divisions are:
Administrative
Court Services
Custody
Detective
Field Operations Region I
Field Operations Region II
Field Operations Region III
Technical Services
Administrative Division: This division functions as the major
coordinating unit for the department's overall operations.  It is
responsible for providing administrative staff services to the entire
department.  These services include recruiting, training, coordinating
retirements, maintaining personnel and payroll records, conducting
pre-employment background investigations, researching problem areas,
and analyzing legislation.  Through its Internal Investigations Bureau,
this division investigates citizen complaints and other cases involving
departmental personnel.

Court Services Division: This division is responsible for carrying out
part of the mandated duties of the sheriff as set forth in the
Government Code.  Primary among these is the requirement to act as the
Chief Ministerial Officer of the Los Angeles County Superior Court.

The Court Services Division serves and enforces civil and criminal
processes submitted by the court, attorneys, and litigants, and
provides bailiffs to the superior and justice courts.  This division is
also responsible for transporting prisoners to and from court and
between custodial facilities.

Custody Division: This division is responsible for the operation of the
sheriff's custody system, which includes incarceration of all sentenced
and pretrial inmates detained in sheriffs facilities.  Medical services
are also provided for the approximately 17,500 inmates housed in
custody facilities.

Detective Division: This division has the responsibility for
investigating, among others, the major crimes of arson, forgery, fraud,
robbery, flight from prosecution, and homicide.  Specialized bureaus
within this division have responsibility for the investigation of
narcotics and vice operations.  The Hazardous Materials Team is also
part of the Detective Division.

Field Operations Regions: Three Field Operations Regions provide
general law enforcement, patrol, and investigative services to
unincorporated areas of the county.  In addition to these services,
contract cities are also provided with traffic law enforcement.  When
major or specialized crimes occur, follow-up investigations are
conducted by the Detective Division.  The department's jurisdiction
extends to inland waters.

To supplement and improve the effectiveness of field operations,
specialized units have been established as separate bureaus within the
Field Operations Regions.  These include Aero, Emergency Operations,
Special Enforcement, and Juvenile Operations Bureaus.

Technical Services Division: This division is responsible for providing
the specialized technical services necessary for the efficient
operation of the department's line units and for maintaining the
official activity records of the department.  Other services include
maintaining the department's vehicles, operating the telecommunications
system, operating the criminalistics and photographic laboratories, and
preparing the department's statistical reports on jail population and
criminal activity.  This division is also responsible for operating the
department's Communications Center and coordinating the Justice Data
System (JDS).

Specialized Investigations
Two highly specialized bureaus, Special Investigations and Inspectional
Services, operating from the office of the undersheriff, conduct
sensitive staff-support functions.

The Inspectional Services Bureau was established in 1975.  This bureau
conducts specialized inspections on a department-wide basis to ensure
uniformity of procedures, to maximize efficiency, to project future
problems, and to recommend solutions to identified problems.

The Special Investigations Bureau was organized to investigate known or
suspected organized crime, prison gang activity, and individuals or
groups involved in terrorist-type conduct.

Emergency-Services Detail
The Emergency Services Detail is recognized as one of the finest
emergency-services groups in the nation.

Deputies from this detail were the first lawmen in the country to earn
the title paramedic.  To achieve this distinction, deputies completed a
rigorous 1,000-hour training course at the University of Southern
California Medical Center.  Once certified, and acting under the
supervision of a licensed medical doctor, these deputy-paramedics are
able to provide immediate medical aid in the field.  This extra care
for the injured has saved many lives.  In addition to paramedic
training, these deputies are trained extensively in search-and-rescue
techniques, mountain rescue, helicopter evacuation of the injured, and
underwater search and recovery.

Technological Advances
To adequately serve an area the size of Los Angeles County, the
sheriffs department must have a fast, accurate, and dependable
communications system.  This system uses decentralized command and
control with centralized dispatching.  There are twenty patrol stations
located throughout the vast 4,083-square-mile county, and each station
operates as a self-contained law-enforcement unit.  The key element in
the communications system is the centralized radio center, which
coordinates all two-way radio communications with mobile units.  These
include patrol and investigative vehicles, helicopters, airplanes,
buses, trucks, jeeps, boats, and assorted mobile support equipment.

To provide countywide coverage, the communications system utilizes
transmission and reception sites on fourteen mountain-top and nineteen
local sites connected to the centralized dispatching center by a
county-owned microwave system, which is one of the largest private
microwave systems in the world.  The system uses 55 frequencies
operating through one or more of the 116 base transmitters, 344
receivers, and more than 1,000 mobiles.  Over 61 million transmissions
are generated within a single year.

In 1975, the Sheriff's Radio Communications Center computerized its
capabilities.  This highly flexible communications computer maintains a
bookkeeping operation of the workload and distributes incoming traffic
equally among all the radio-dispatching positions.

The computer senses an incoming digital message from a station, assigns
a console within fifty milliseconds, and activates a bank of relays
that provides the dispatching console with all of the transmitters,
receivers, telephone lines, and status signals necessary to handle the
transmission.  The relays, located in a central equipment room, can be
accessed by all consoles; thus, every console in the facility can be
considered a master console, able to handle any frequency at any
transmitter/receiver location.

The computer also monitors and records the status of on-duty units, the
calls assigned to them, and whether or not the call has been handled
within a preset time.  When the mobile unit finishes an assignment,
clearance for the call is manually entered into the computer, which is
programmed to print out a complete log of each original call and its
clearance, as well as various other reports.

A primary part of the communication system is the Justice Data System
(JDS).  This system was developed to handle the booking and court
information on all persons who enter the criminal justice system.

Pertinent information on identification, charges, and court appearances
on adults and juveniles detained in police custody for more than one
hour is entered into this system.  JDS now includes sixteen other
police agencies, including the Los Angeles Police Department.  Future
plans are to include all law-enforcement agencies in Los Angeles County
and to become the data base for information on persons going through
the criminal justice system.

Justice Data System also serves as a central information source for all
criminal justice agencies within the county area.  Information is
processed into the Automated Index, which itself is organized into two
groups of information-the Personal History Index and the Event Index.

The Personal History Index provides data to attain a positive
identification of each individual as well as his arrest and conviction
recap.  The Event Index provides information relevant to a particular
criminal offense.  The two indexes retain enough information to satisfy
approximately 90 percent of all inquiries from the various justice
agencies.

One of the many advantages of JDS is the ability of each sheriffs
station to obtain complete criminal information immediately.  In cases
where there is limited information regarding an individual under
investigation, the Event Index enables the recall of information
contained in reports by a number of criteria, such as
victim's/witness's name, vehicle license, and other identifiers.

In addition, the department will be able to perform special searches on
partial fingerprint classifications.  These searches will fulfill
information needs on types of arrest, names under investigation, name
of officer, date of occurrence, and report status.

Using computerized systems pioneered and developed by this department,
they have achieved a truly innovative, efficient, and reliable
communications network.  An important phase of this network is the
Justice Data Interface Controller (JDIC).  This system replaced the
FAST (Fully Automatic Switching Teletype) system formerly used by most
law-enforcement agencies in the county to gain access to lawenforcement
agencies and criminal-justice-system data banks.

Aero Bureau
The use of aircraft, with its unprecedented degree of flexibility and
mobility, has added an entirely new dimension to law-enforcement patrol.

Originally started in 1929 by volunteers, it was not until 1966 that
modern airborne law enforcement came into its own, with the
establishment of the Sky Knight program.

The department's Aero Bureau fleet has been increased with the most
modern and varied equipment available.  Currently, the rotary fleet
consists of five Hughes 300's, five Hughes 500's, three Bell 47G3B's,
one Bell 20 GL, one Sikorsky 5-58, and three Sikorsky CH38 helicopters.

Fixed wing aircraft include two Cessna 210's.

Based at Long Beach Airport, Aero Bureau provides services for over
3,100 square miles of Los Angeles County, including many of the
incorporated cities, which contract with the sheriffs department for
police services.  Within this jurisdiction, there is a great variety of
terrain: high mountains, rugged wild canyons, vast desert areas, large
ocean stretches, and offshore islands.  Because of this, Aero Bureau
also maintains helicopters at strategic locations throughout the county
to minimize response times and increase efficiency.  The Aero Bureau
flies numerous medical evacuation missions, surveillance missions,
prisoner transfers, hazardous materials investigations, photo flights,
and investigator transportation flights.

Search and Rescue is another facet of the Aero Bureau.  There were 718
rescue missions flown during fiscal year 1984-85.  Search-and-rescue
teams from various sheriff's stations are frequently assisted by
paramedic-equipped helicopters able to reach areas inaccessible by
ground crews.  In addition to the paramedic crews, who are available
twenty-four hours a day, medical doctors from the Sheriffs Department's
Reserve Forces volunteer their services to the citizens of Los Angeles
County.  Aero Bureau assigns rescue helicopters staffed with these
doctors and paramedics primarily on weekends in strategic areas, where
their lifesaving services are frequently needed.

Aero Bureau employs one Hughes 500, chiefly to locate illegal hazardous
materials disposal sites, as well as to conduct surveillances of
suspected unlawful disposals.  Aero Bureau also investigates aircraft
accidents and thefts of aircraft parts, and it performs any mission
requiring the use of aircraft as directed and approved by the sheriff.

Harbor Patrol
Since its construction in 1962, Marina del Rey has become the world's
largest small-craft harbor.  Anticipated population growth in the
Marina del Rey community, as well as plans to increase the number of
channels and slips, led to the establishment of the twentieth station
facility there in 1984.  That same year, the Los Angeles County Harbor
Patrol merged with the sheriff's department, resulting in more
streamlined law-enforcement service to the citizens in the marina.

The Sheriff's Harbor Patrol enforces both California State Statutes and
Los Angeles County Codes, placing an emphasis on boating and marine
laws.  It also performs search-and-rescue missions, as well as provides
services to boaters in the marina.

The many years of nautical experience accumulated by former harbor
patrolmen still benefit the citizens of Los Angeles County, as each of
them are now deputy sheriffs.  Each deputy sheriff assigned to the
Sheriff's Harbor Patrol has received 895 hours of specialized training
in addition to the standard Sheriffs Academy curriculum.  This training
includes instruction in marine firefighting, navigation, diving, and
search and rescue.  All Harbor Patrol Deputies have also received 120
hours of emergency medical technician training.

The Sheriff's Harbor Patrol maintains a fleet of six specialized boats.

Facilities include several hundred feet of dock, a boat maintenance
center, and a haul-out yard.

The sheriff's department also has a contingent of harbor patrol
deputies.  Their mission is the same as that of deputies - enforcing of
boating laws and ensuring the safety of the water-faring public.

CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS
Cities, states, and the Federal government each have their own penal
systems that are clearly defined by law as to their operation.

However, it is the type of crime and jurisdiction in which the crime
was committed that determines whether the criminal shall be tried by a
city court, a state court, or a federal court.  Criminals convicted in
a city court, state court, or federal court will be sentenced and
committed to one of that city's, state's, or federal penal
institutions.  As it would practically require a book in itself to
include all the city, state, and federal penal institutions, I have
selected the penal institutions in the state of California to serve as
a broad example of the various types of penal institutions across the
nation.  I have also reprinted the document "Visiting Instructions"
used at the U.S. Penitentiary at Lampoc, California, as an example of
what is required when visiting an inmate at a federal institution.  I
heartily recommend that you research the particular penal institution
you may wish to write about for further information on location, type
of facility, inmate population, operation, etc.

CALIFORNIA'S CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS
The Program
The California Department of Corrections administers 16 major
institutions, 34 secure conservation camps, two community correctional
centers and more than 66 local parole offices.

The department is responsible for the control and programming of more
than 67,000 persons in institutions and about 38,000 in the community
under supervision of parole agents.

Institutions are classified as Security Levels I-IV.  Level I is
minimum, Level IV iS maximum, and Levels II and III are medium security
confinement.

The following information is designed to give a capsule summary of the
institutions and camps which the department operates.  For additional
information, write to:
Department of Corrections
Communications Office
630 "K" Street, Room 211
P.O. Box 942883
Sacramento, CA 94283-0001
October, 1987
The Institutions
SAN QUENTIN STATE PRISON (SQ)
Address: San Quentin State Prison, San Quentin, CA 94964
Warden: Dan Vasquez
Population: 3,000
Opened: 1852
San Quentin, California's first and best known penal institution, is
located on the north shore of San Francisco Bay in Marin County.  San
Quentin dates its origin to the prison ship "Wabau," which was anchored
off Point Quentin in 1852 with 92 prisoners aboard.  Construction of
the prison on 20 acres of nearby land began in the same year.

Today, the prison occupies 432 acres and houses 3,000 inmates, a third
of whom require the department's highest level of security.  The prison
complex includes four large old-style cell blocks, a modern maximum
security unit, minimum security work crew quarters, a medium security
compound with modular dormitories, an industries complex, maintenance
and vocational shops, and a medical facility.  The state's only gas
chamber is located in San Quentin and all male inmates under sentence
of death are housed at San Quentin.

San Quentin has traditionally housed the state's most notorious
prisoners.  During the last decade, San Quentin has shared duty with
Folsom Prison and Tehachapi (Southern Max) as Level IV or Maximum
Security.  Level IV is the security designation for the most
disruptive, or violent inmates, or those who present the greatest risk
of escape.  San Quentin also houses Level I (Minimum Custody), and
Level II (Medium Custody).  After 135 years of providing maximum
security housing for the state's roughest inmates, San Quentin is
undergoing a transition to a Level II facility.

An aggressive prison construction program is providing California with
state-of-the-art, high-tech Maximum Security prisons that will carry
the mission so long fulfilled by San Quentin.  The new construction and
extensive renovation of San Quentin will allow a shift from a Level IV
mission to a Level II mission.  San Quentin will continue to house
Levels I, II and IV, but Level II will be predominant.

CORRECTIONAL TRAINING FACILITY (CTF)
Address: P.O. Box 686, Soledad, CA 93960-0686
Superintendent: Eddie Myers
Population: 5,511
Opened: 1947
The Correctional Training Facility is actually a complex which consists
of three separate facilities.  The oldest part of CTF dates from 1946
when a camp center administered by San Quentin was opened on the site.

In 1947, this became an institution in its own right.  When the Central
Facility was opened in 1951 as a medium security institution, the
former camp center became known as South Facility.  In 1958, the North
Facility opened and the three-facility complex was officially
christened the "Correctional Training Facility."
The CTF complex is located on a 965-acre site in the Salinas Valley
about 20 miles south of Salinas.

CTF-Central is an armed perimeter, cell-type institution for medium
security inmates.  It also contains two high security protective
housing units.

North Facility is also an armed perimeter, cell-type facility for
medium security inmates, most of whom are involved in some type of
educational/vocational program.

CTF-South is a Level I facility and houses most of the inmates who
perform work outside the security perimeter.

A comprehensive program of industrial and educational activities is
available to CTF inmates.  Emphasis is on basic training for employment
in a recognized trade.  The CTF's educational program meets the needs
of inmates by offering classes on elementary and secondary levels as
well as a two-year and four-year college degree program.  Various
vocational programs are also available.

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTION FOR WOMEN (CIW)
Address: P.O. Box 6000, Corona, CA 91718
Superintendent: Annie M. Alexander
Population: 2,243
Opened: 1952
Until 1933, women prisoners in California were housed in a segregated
building on the grounds at San Quentin.  In 1929, legislation
established an independent facility for women at Tehachapi which became
operational in 1933.  The present 120-acre site in San Bernardino
County was acquired and a new women's institution was established in
1952.

CIW is one of two facilities designated by the Penal Code exclusively
for female felons.  All female felons committed to the Department of
Corrections are received at CIW.  Buildings at CIW provide
double-bunked rooms and dormitories, in addition to general population
housing units and the reception center.  CIW is rated as a Level III/IV
institution and houses inmates integrated by custody Level I through IV
in its general population.

Approximately 35 percent of the inmate population is involved in an
education program.  CIW is designated as the camp training center for
female inmates who are administratively assigned to Sierra Conservation
Center and transferred to Camos Rainbow, Mailbu, Puerta La Cruz, or
McCain Valley.  CIW provides two inmate crews, under the direction of
CalTrans, to work on state highway roadside beautification.

The Prison Industry Authority (PIA) work program at CIW consists of a
textile factory involved in the manufacturing of shirts, jackets, and
men's underwear.  PIA is also training inmates in a joint venture with
vocational education in furniture upholstery and is contracting with
local state agencies to reupholster worn furniture.

FOLSOM STATE PRISON (FOL)
Address: P.O. Box W, Represa, CA 95671
Warden: R.G. Borg
Population: 6,344
Opened: 1880
California State Prison at Folsom, first opened in 1880, is the state's
second oldest correctional facility.  Folsom is considered a high
maximum security institution.  Among its inmates are those serving long
sentences, habitual criminals, hard-to-manage persons, and individuals
who present a risk to the safety of others.

At Folsom, a walled perimeter encompasses three general population cell
blocks and two maximum security housing units.  Outside the main
facility, Folsom's minimum facility serves as a 410-bed dormitory unit.

Program features for minimum security inmates include outside work crew
assignments and community re-entry resources for inmates nearing
release.

Recently, three maximum security housing units with a design capacity
of 1,536 and minimum security housing for 200 were completed.  These
are now fully occupied.

One of the state's best-known prison industries, the metal stamping and
fabricating program which produces the license plates for California
motor vehicles, is located at Folsom.

Academic classes from first grade through the college level are offered
at Folsom, as are a variety of vocational training programs.  Group
counseling, organized recreation, and a number of inmate activity
groups are also available to inmates.  The handicraft program at Folsom
includes the operation of a hobbycraft shop located at the prison's
main gate which is open daily to the public.  Through this shop and an
art show held each year, many inmates are able to display and sell art
and craft products.  The Folsom Art Show receives considerable local
news media attention and is widely attended.

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTION FOR MEN (CIM)
Address: P.O. Box 128, Chino, CA 91710
Superintendent: Otis Thurman
Population: 6,676
Opened: 1941
The California Institution for Men is situated on more than 2,500 acres
in the city of Chino.  CIM consists of four physically separate
facilities.

When it was opened as California's third correctional institution in
1941, CIM was unique in the field of penology because it was known as
the "prison without walls."  CIM-Minimum is the minimum security
facility and houses the largest number of inmates.

In 1951, an addition to the original facility was completed.  This unit
is now known as Reception Center-Central.  It is one of two reception
centers for newly sentenced male felons from Southern California
counties.  The reception centers are delegated the arduous task of
ensuring the inmate is transferred to the appropriate prison.

The second reception center, Reception Center-West, a dormitory
facility, processes pre-sentenced diagnostic cases for the courts, and
houses overflow from the central reception center.

The fourth addition to CIM was in 1974 with the acquisition of a former
state facility orginally built for the Youth Authority.  Currently,
this facility, CIM-East, serves as a parole violator processing unit.

All custody levels from minimum through maximum security are provided
at CIM.

Vocational training provided at CIM ranges from animal grooming and
television repair to commercial deep-sea diving.  A full array of
academic programs is also available.  Work ethic values are taught in
all vocational educational and work incentive programs.  CIM provides a
viable setting for those wishing to redirect their lives while
emphasizing security and commitment to public safety.

DEUEL VOCATIONAL INSTITUTION (DVI)
Address: P.O. Box 400, Tracy, CA 95378-0004
Superintendent: Midge Carroll
Population: 2,626
Opened: 1953
Deuel Vocational Institution is a medium security institution located
near Tracy in the San Joaquin Valley.

The institution proper is encircled by two chain link fences forming a
security perimeter with eight gun towers.  The design capacity is
1,506.  Within the general population area of the prison, there are ten
cell blocks and two inmate-worker dormitories.  There is also one
specialized administrative segregation unit.  In addition to these
units located within the armed perimeter, a 278-bed dormitory style
facility, located on institution property, houses minimum custody
inmates assigned to critical work projects outside the armed perimeter,
including community work crews.  The institution's primary emphasis is
on work/training incentive, whereby inmates who work or who are
involved in the academic vocational programs can earn time off their
sentences.

Academic courses are provided for inmates from basic nonreaders through
college.  Twenty-two vocational training programs are available to
inmates.  An extensive on-the-job training program involving vocational
education, maintenance, and industries allows inmates to apply skills
learned in vocational education to real work situations.

Prison Industries operates a furniture factory, mattress factory,
textile assembly factory, trucking distribution center, farm and dairy
where inmates are paid on the basis of skills, production, and hours
worked.

Part of Deuel Vocational Institution will serve as a Reception Center
in the future.

CALIFORNIA MEN'S COLONY (CMC)
Address: P.O. Box 8101, San Luis Obispo, CA 93409
Warden: Wayne Estelle
Population: 6,898
Opened: 1954
The East Facility, completed in 1961, was originally designed to house
2,400 inmateS but has been modified to house 4,300.  The security
perimeter consists of two chain link fences controlled by security wire
and eight armed-guard towers.

The facility is divided into four units or quadrangles with a gate
control tower located in the center.  Each quad has its own dining
room, elementary classrooms, athletic fields and contains two
threestory buildings to house inmates.  A well-equipped 65-bed hospital
and clinic staffed by physicians, dentists, and other medical personnel
is also available to serve the CMC population.

The primary mission of the California Men's Colony is to implement the
department's goals of providing psychiatric treatment and evaluation
for the CMC population who require such treatment.  A team of
psychiatrists, psychologists, and neurological consultants offers a
comprehensive program of psychiatric evaluation and treatment.  In
addition, the East Facility offers both academic and vocational
education classes through the college level.  Prison Industries also
operates several industrial programs at the institution which offers
paid work experience.

The minimum-security West Facility was established in 1954 to house
1,400 inmates, but has recently been modified and renovated to house
2,400.

The West Facility offers academic education and vocational
trainingclasses.

Unit III, which is enclosed by a single non-towered fence line,
includes inmate maintenance crews assigned to the National Guard Unit
at Camp San Luis and inmates working outside the security perimeter
fence at both CMC facilities.

A work/fire camp (Camp Cuesta), operated jointly by the Department of
Corrections and the Department of Forestry, is located on Unit III's
grounds.

CALIFORNIA CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION (CCI)
Address: P.O. Box 1031, Tehachapi, CA 93561
Superintendent: B.J. Bunnell
Population: 4,551
Opened: 1955
The California Correctional Institution is located approximately 50
miles east of Bakersfield in a valley among the Tehachapi Mountains.

Legislation passed in 1929 authorizing the construction of the
Tehachapi facility to provide living quarters for women felons.

Previously, all female felons had been housed at San Quentin Prison.

The institution was completed in 1932 and occupied by women beginning
in 1933.  In 1952, an earthquake forced evacuation of the buildings.

The women were moved to a new facility which had been under
construction near Corona.

The Tehachapi facility was reopened as a branch of the California
Institution for Men in 1955, and it was declared a separate facility in
1964.  Construction of a medium security addition was completed in
1967.  Construction of two 500-man maximum security units was completed
and the units were occupied in October, 1985.  Construction of a
500-cell Level III unit was recently completed.

CCI acts as a program institution for the confinement of Level I
through IV inmates who are willing to work and participate fully in
available programs.  Academic education from nonreader through high
school is available with special programs for non-English speaking
inmates.  Vocational programs have 15 trade sections, and the Prison
Industries program produces inmate apparel, flags, drapes, decals and
office furniture.  The religious program is one of the most active in
CDC.

CALIFORNIA MEDICAL FACILITY (CMF)
Address: P.O. Box 2000, I"aca~e, CA 95696-2000
Superintendent: Eddie Ylst
Population: 7,920
Opened: 1955
The California Medical Facility was established by the Legislature in
1948 and originally opened at Terminal Island in 1950.  The facility
moved to its present location in 1955.

Originally designed to house 1,487 inmates, the capacity of CMF has
been increased to house 1,854 with the addition of an outside
dormitory.  In 1956, the Northern Reception Center complex was added to
process adult male felons from the Northern California counties, with a
capacity of 472.  The reception center also prepares presentence
diagnostic evaluations for northern countieS.

The main complex serves as a medical and psychiatric treatment facility
for adult male felons.  Programs include the treatment of chronic
psychotics, group therapy, a 90-day observation program for evaluation
of management cases, and medical treatment for inmates requiring
surgery or long-term medical care.  CMF also houses a work force of
medium security inmates to support institutional operations.

CMF-South is the newest addition to the CMF complex.  It stands within
a separate fenced perimeter and is designed to provide housing for
2,404 Level II and III inmates, bringing the total capacity of the
institution to 4,730.  Although the name, CMF-South, implies a medical
function, the specific focus of CMF-South is vocational training and
prison industries production.  Inmates at CMF may participate in a
variety of vocational and educational courses at the elementary, high
school, and college level.  CMF has a large selection of self-help and
religious programs which are available.  The institution also has an
extensive arts and crafts program which includes public exhibitions and
sales of inmate handicrafts.

CALIFORNIA REHABILITATION CENTER (CRC)
Address: P.O. Box 1841, Norco, CA 91760
Superintendent: loren Chastain
Population: 4,712
Opened: 1962
Originally a private resort, then a hotel and later a U.S. Naval
hospital, the property on which the California Rehabilitation Center is
located was acquired in 1962 for the purpose of establishing a program
for the treatment and control of narcotic addicts.

The institution now functions as a Level II facility for both male and
female felons, as well as civil commitments with a history of drug
abuse.  CRC is located in Norco in Riverside County about 50 miles east
of Los Angeles.  Buildings within the 93-acre complex include the
original resort facility.  Once occupied by Navy nurses and hospital
wards, the buildings have been converted to dormitories.  The facility
houses a population of approximately 1,000 women and 3,700 men in
separate areas of the institution.

Program opportunities include academic education (elementary through
high school and some college), vocational training classes (some coed),
various work programs including a conservation camp (Camp Norco), a
pre-release program to assist individuals with their re-entry needs,
prison industries, and outside work crews.  These crews work in the
local community and under contract for CalTrans.

Inmates are also encouraged to participate in a variety of religious
programs and self-help groups.  Some groups are heavily involved in
community programs concerning problems of alcohol or drug abuse, while
others learn participatory management through councils established to
meet with staff and help solve problems which arise within the
institution.  All physically capable inmates must participate in work
or education programs.

CALIFORNIA CORRECTIONAL CENTER (CCC)
Address: P.O. Box 790, Susanne, CA 96130
Superintendent: William Merle
Population: 5,098 (Including Camps)
Opened: 1963
The California Correctional Center is located 80 miles north of Reno,
Nevada, near the Lassen County city of Susanville.

The institution was originally opened as California Conservation Center
in 1963 and served as the hub facility for Northern California
conservation camps.  However, the mission of the facility was changed
in 1975 from a camp center to a facility to house medium security
inmates.  The name of the facility was changed at that time to its
present title, California Correctional Center, to reflect its new
mission.  In July, 1982, the center was once more designated as the hub
facility for the northern conservation camps.  These ten camps have the
capacity to house more than one thousand inmates.  Five additional
camps are being planned with a capacity to house an additional 500
inmates.

Although the primary mission is to service the camp system, there are
several hundred inmates housed within the center who are not eligible
to go to camp.  Academic and vocational programs available to these
inmates include repairs and modifications of wood, metal, automotive,
clothing products, and shoes for state agencies.  Cleaning and repair
of clothing for schools and fire departments, local road cleanup and
minor repair, park maintenance, and canvas modification and repair for
the Department of Forestry are among other programs offered.

The inmates housed inside the center are also assigned to support
services.  Support assignments include culinary, clerical, maintenance,
and other duties needed to run the institution.

A new 500-bed unit was recently finished for medium security inmates.

This consistS of five buildings, each containing 100 cells.

SIERRA CONSERVATION CENTER (SCC)
Address: P.O. Box 497, Jamestown, CA 95327
Superintendent: R.E. Doran
Population: 5,592 (including camps)
Opened: 1965
Opened in 1965, the Sierra Conservation Center's primary purpose is to
train inmates for placement in the state's central and southern campS,
which are jointly operated by the Department of Corrections, Department
of Forestry, and the Los Angeles County Fire Department.  The camps are
located throughout Central and Southern California, from Sacramento
County to San Diego County.

SCC is located near Jamestown in the state's historic gold rush
country.  The facility is divided into two housing units - one
providing light security controls, the other medium.  Both units
utilize dormitory living.

Inmates are selected for SCC either directly from the department's
reception centers or from other institutions.

Staff under contract from the Department of Forestry instruct inmates
in fire fighting, reforestation, cutting fuel breaks, and flood
control.  In addition, a special program of physical conditioning
prepares inmates for hard work in rugged terrain and on forest
firelines prior to their camp assignment.

Vocational training programs include mill and cabinet work, masonry,
welding, auto mechanics, body and fender work, and upholstery.  While
they are undergoing forestry and physical fitness training at SCC,
inmates may take part in recreation, religious, self-help, and work
programs.

The SCC main facility is designated as a Level I and II institution.  A
5-building, 500-inmate Level III addition to the existing facility was
recently occupied.

CALIFORNIA STATE PRISON, AVENAL
Address: P.O. Box 8, Avenal, CA 93204
Superintendent: Al Gomez
Design Capacity: 3,034
Opened: 1987
The CSP-Kings County at Avenal is located roughly one and one half
miles southeast of Avenal, about 75 miles southwest of Fresno, on a
640-acre site.  The groundbreaking ceremony was conducted on December
18, 1985, and the first busload of inmates was received on January 28,
1987.

CSP Avenal is a program institution for the confinement of Level II
inmates who are willing to work and participate fully in available
programs.  Academic education as well as a variety of vocational
training programs will be available upon completion of construction.

The Prison Industries Board has also approved a variety of industries
for this facility.

MULE CREEK STATE PRISON
Address: P.O. Box 409099, lone, CA 95640
Superintendent: Roger C. Schaufel
Design Capacity: 1,700
Opened: 1987
Mule Creek State Prison is located just west of the town of lone and
about forty miles south of Sacramento.  Upon completion of
construction, each of three facilities will contain five housing units
for a total of fifteen.  One housing unit is a 100cell short-term
Administrative Segregation unit, and the remaining housing units are
100 cells each, suited for general population.

On June 10, 1987, Facility C was activated and received inmates.

Mule Creek State Prison is a program institution for the confinement of
Level I and III inmates who are willing to work and fully participate
in available programs.  Academic and vocational programs will be
available upon completion of construction.  The Prison Industry
Authority has developed and approved a variety of industries for this
facility.

RICHARD J. DONOVAN CORRECTIONAL FACILITY (RJD)
Address: P.O. Box 73200, San Ysidro, CA 92073-9200
Superintendent: J.M. Ratelle
Design Capacity: 2,200
Opened: 1987
The Richard J. Donovan Correctional Facility at Rock Mountain is on a
774-acre site, southeast of the city of San Diego, approximately 12
miles inland from the Pacific Ocean and two miles north of the Mexican
Border.  The "Rock," as it is affectionately known, opened July 27,
1987.  The facility will add 2,000 medium security (Level III) and 200
minimum security (Level I) beds to the California state prison system.

The prison has four 55-bed medium security facilities and one 200-bed
minimum security facility.

The primary mission of the Richard J. Donovan Correctional Facility,
Level III, is to provide housing and supervision for inmates requiring
medium security.  This Level III facility is primarily designed as a
training and work-oriented facility which will provide comprehensive
vocational, academic, and industrial programs.  The facility provides
work opportunities for 100 percent of the inmates.

The Prison Industry Authority Enterprises, approved for this prison,
include a textile mill, key data entry service, vehicle refurbishing
and repair, regional bakery, license plate factory, optical laboratory,
and regional laundry.  Vocational programs include, baking,
meatcutting, landscape gardening, lens grinding, airframe mechanics,
aircraft power plant mechanics, mill and cabinetry work, small engine
repair, office machine repair, graphic arts and printing, machine shop
practices, autobody painting, auto mechanics, dry cleaning, and
building and janitorial maintenance.

The Richard J. Donovan Correctional Facility is designated as the
department's Southern Deportation Unit and provides 200 beds for the
utilization of this program.  The facility also is a Southern
Processing Unit for parole violators, returned to custody (PV-RTC) for
San Diego and Imperial counties.  This unit will provide 200 beds for
the processing of these cases.

The Richard J. Donovan Correctional Facility assists in fulfilling the
department's goal to distribute inmates to geographic areas from which
they were committed.

NORTHERN CALIFORNIA WOMEN'S FACILITY (NCWF)
Address: P.O. Box 213006, Stockton, CA 95213-9006
Superintendent: Teena Farmon
Design Capacity: 400
Opened: 1987
The Northern California Women's Facility is located in San Joaquin
County, just south of Stockton, adjacent to the Northern California
Youth Center.  The first women's prison located in northern California,
NCWF is a medium security facility, consisting of four 100-cell housing
units.

The first inmates were received July 27, 1987, and design capacity was
reached on August 12,1987.  NCWF is a program institution for the
confinement of inmates who are willing to work and participate fully in
available programs.  Basic adult education and vocational programs
(electronics and data processing) are available for those inmates who
are interested.

Prison Industries programs include Key Data Entry and Laundry
Operations.

Conservation Camps
The conservation camp program has evolved from the system of road camps
which was inaugurated in 1915.  Known successively as Highway Camps,
Harvest Camps, and Honor Camps, the camps were devised to relieve
overcrowded prison conditions and create useful employment for inmates
who could achieve minimum security status.

Today, the Department of Corrections, the Department of Forestry and
other cooperating agencies jointly administer 34 conservation Camps.

Corrections is responsible for camp management, housekeeping and the
supervision of inmates.  Cooperating agency staff supervise the work of
inmate crews and are responsible for custody of inmates on daily
project duties.

The typical camp has from 80 to 120 inmates.  Eight to ten correctional
personnel and seven to eleven cooperating agency staff are assigned to
each camp.

Inmates are assigned to camps after completion of training at SCC or
CCC.  Most inmates spend an average of one year in a camp assignment
and are paid a small daily wage while assigned.

During an average fiscal year, camp crews spend more than one half
million man hours in fire suppression.  Crews may be dispatched from
camps hundreds of miles away from the scene of a major fire and
sometimes spend a week or more at a fire camp location.

In addition to fire fighting, inmate crews undertake fire hazard
reduction, fire and truck trail construction, reforestation, work
related to the preservation and conservation of natural resources, and
other projects for state, county, or local agencies.

While assigned to a camp program, inmates may enroll in academic
classes and, at some camps, vocational training courses are also
available.  Most camps now have family visiting units for inmate use.

VISITING INSTRUCTIONS
Families and friends of the men at USP, Lompoc (3901 Klein Blvd.,
Lompoc, CA 93436), are their primary contact with the community.

Visiting, therefore, becomes much more important during the time a man
iS confined.  Because of the special nature of the institution and our
concern for the security and well being of the men here, we have
developed the following instructions and regulations, which we ask you
to follow.

Normally members of the immediate family (parents, brothers, sisters,
wife, and children) are automatically placed on the inmate's approved
visiting list.  Persons who are not immediate family members and yet
would like to be on the approved list should request so to the inmate's
assigned unit management staff.  After a person's name is placed on the
approved list, it is not necessary to obtain permission in advance of a
visit.  All other persons must obtain permission in advance to visit,
This may be done by writing to the inmate's assigned unit staff, USP,
Lompoc, California 93436, at least four weeks before the visit is
planned.  If the visit is granted, the requesting party will be
notified by letter of authorization, which must be presented to the
institution at the time of the visit.

Visiting will be permitted from 8:30 a.m. to 3:30 p.m., weekdays and
weekends, except on Tuesday and Wednesday, when the visiting room will
be closed.  Consideration will be given to opening the visiting room on
federal holidays that occur on Tuesday or Wednesday.  Legal holidays
are New Year's Day, Washington's Birthday, Memorial Day, Independence
Day, Labor Day, Columbus Day, Veteran's Day, Thanksgiving, and
Christmas.

Each inmate will be allotted 40 points permitting 20 to 40 hours of
visiting per month.  On weekends and holidays, the inmate will be
charged two points for each hour of visiting.  On weekdays, the inmate
will be charged one point for each hour of visiting.  These limitations
are necessary to avoid overcrowding in the visiting area and excessive
loss of time from the inmate's program.  Reasonable requests for
additional visits due to unusual circumstances will be made in advance
to the unit management staff.

Normally only four (4) persons are permitted to visit an inmate at any
one time, including children.  Visitors under sixteen years of age must
be accompanied by a legal guardian, who must also be on an approved
visiting list.  Children must be the son, daughter, brother, or sister
of the inmate.  Visitors will be responsible for keeping the children
in their company and under control within the bounds of the visiting
area.

Female visitors are expected to use good taste in their dress.  Persons
who come immodestly or provocatively dressed will be denied the
privilege of visiting.  Appropriate embracing, kissing, and handshaking
by immediate family members will be permitted within the bounds of good
taste at the beginning and termination of the visiting period.

All visitors must have some valid proof of their identification with
them.  I.D.s must have appropriate picture identification.  Signature
identification by itself will not be acceptable.  Visitors may present
a state driver's license, federal or state I.D. cards, welfare cards,
or passports as picture identification.

Visitors may purchase candy, cigarettes, and beverages from the
machines located in the visiting area.  These items must be consumed by
the inmate and his visitor during the visit.  The inmate may take
nothing back to his quarters.

The visitor may bring only the following items into the visiting area:
change purse, money, cigarettes, lighter or matches, comb, heart
medication, jewelry normally worn, diaper bag to include baby bottle,
food, clothes, diapers, powder, or lotion.  Unauthorized items will be
stored in security lockers provided in the front lobby or may remain in
the visitor's vehicle.  The visitor may retain the key to the locker
during the storage period and return the key at the end of the visiting
period.

To introduce contraband of any kind into this institution is a
violation of Federal Law (Title 18, Section 1791, US Code).

Inmates are furnished all necessities, and visitors should refrain from
bringing articles or gifts of any kind.  Cameras and tape recorders are
not permitted in the visiting area.  Inmates will not be permitted to
sign or exchange any papers during the visit.  The viSiting room
officer may request a search of the visitor's personal property.  Those
visitors found with contraband items will be escorted from the
institution and normally removed from the visiting privileges for an
extended period or permanently.

The institution is located approximately five miles northwest of
Lompoc.  Drive west through the city on Ocean Avenue (Route 246), turn
right on Floradale Avenue, proceed approximately three miles (through
the traffic light, across the bridge, and around the bend) to the main
entrance road.  Signs will direct you to the main entrance.  Taxi and
bus service are available from Lompoc to the institution.

No parking is allowed on the roadway leading to the institution or in
the circle drive immediately in front of the main gate.  Visitors will
be directed to the left side parking lot, where visiting parking is
clearly marked.  No occupants may remain in parked carS.  Nonvisitors
must leave the institution reservation and may return to pick up the
visitors at a prearranged time.

We suggest you arrive no earlier than fifteen minutes before visiting
begins, as we do not have adequate waiting room facilities, and you
might be inconvenienced.  Usually you will be permitted to visit as
long as possible, but it may be necessary on occasion to limit the
amount of visiting time to relieve overcrowding.  Also, a failure to
comply with these instructions may result in termination of the visit
or suspension or cancellation of the visiting privilege.

THE COURTROOM
many crime dramas wind up in courtrooms, and it is also conceivable
that much of a crime story can be played out in a courtroom with
occasional trips to other locations for investigative purposes or with
the tried-and-true and often trite use of flashbacks.  One of the most
famous television series that played out most of its crime drama inside
the courtroom was Erle Stanley Gardner's Perry Mason.

It is essential that the writer be familiar with the courtroom and its
procedures, especially the type of courtroom to be used, e.g.,
pretrial, grand jury, superior court, appellate court, and sentencing
court.

Although this book does contain some information on the various courts
and judges, it is advisable to consult a legal expert when using legal
terms, procedures, legal movements, presence of a jury, etc.

CHARACTERS IN A COURTROOM
CHARACTERS IN A COURTROOM INCLUDE:
Judge
Bailiff
Court stenographer
Jury (where applicable)
Prosecuting attorney or attorney for the plaintiff
Defense attorney or attorney for the respondent
Witnesses (for defense and prosecution, where applicable)
Generally, with the exception of a military court, most courtrooms all
look alike and contain the bench, at which the judge is seated; the
court stenographer's typing stand, which can be located on either side
of the judge's bench; an American flag and the state flag on each side
of the judge's bench; the table at which the prosecuting attorney is
seated (or in a civil case, where the attorney for the plaintiff and
the plaintiff are seated); and the table at which the defense attorney
is seated with the accused (or in a civil case, where the respondent is
seated with counsel).

The jury box for the eleven jurors and the jury foreman or forewoman
can be placed on either side of the courtroom between the bench and the
attorneys' tables.  A railing marks off that part of the courtroom
where the case is heard and tried.  Behind the railing are rows of
spectators' benches; the number of benches set aside is determined by
the size of the courtroom.  Witnesses are usually seated in the
viewers' section unless otherwise specified.

LAWYERS--TYPES
Criminal (Prosecuting, Defense)
Civil
Trial
Corporate
Bankruptcy
Marine
Probate
Patent
Real Estate
International
Insurance
Tax
Forensic
Divorce
Legal Aid or Public Defender
LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES (NONFEDERAL) AND OFFICIALS
District Attorney's Office
County Prosecutor's Office
City Attorney's Office
State Attorney General's Office
Chief Magistrate's Office
Police Department (Local, City)
Sheriff's Department
State Police
Police Sciences
Transit Police
Highway Patrol
Police Commission
Chief of Police
Sheriff
Deputy Sheriffs
Marshal's Office
Deputy Marshals
Police Officers (male and female)
Chief of Detectives
Detectives
Justices of the Peace
Judges
Coroner
Magistrates
Medical Examiner
COURTS
U.S. Supreme Court
State Supreme Court
County Supreme Court
State Circuit Courts of Appeal
State Appellate Courts of Appeal
County Court
High Court
Felony Court
Superior Court
Police Court
Court of Special Sessions
Maritime Court
Probate Court
Traffic Court
Surrogate's Court
Juvenile Court
Domestic Relations Court
Bankruptcy Court
Magistrate's Court
District Court
Small Debtors Court
Small Claims Court
Chancery Court
Courts of Common Pleas
Tax Court
Court of Claims
Court of Record
International Court
U.S. ARMED FORCES COURTS
General Court-Martial
Summary Court-Martial
Regimental Court-Martial
Special Court-Martial
Garrison Court-Martial
Court of Inquiry
CHURCH COURTS
Ecclesiastical and Disciplinary Courts
SPECIAL JURIES
Federal Grand Jury
Military Board of Inquiry
State Grand Jury
County Grand Jury
Coroner's Jury
THE POLICE CRIME LAB
High cost police crime labs cover all areas of the scientific aspects
of crime solving.  These areas include fingerprints, ballistics,
toxicology, examination of laundry and cleaning markings, hair and
fibers, tracing materials and dyes, stains, traces and chemical
analysis, casts and moldings, impressions, typewriter and handwriting
analysis and identification, problems with documents, writing inks,
examination of paper, comparisons, photographs, etc.

Police labs are designed for large police departments and are usually
broken down into a number of sections.  These represent a typical
breakdown, which may vary from one city to another.  In small cities or
municipalities, many of these divisions may be combined or eliminated
and the work sent out for processing.

Trace evidence
Serology
Crime-scene investigation section
Firearms section
Questioned documents
Photographic lab
Instrument section, covering design and construction of an apparatus
Toxicology
Narcotics and dangerous drugs
CHEMICAL EXAMINATIONS
Toxics
Explosives
Specimen comparisons
Unknown specimens
Narcotics
Incendiary and inflammables
BIOLOGICAL
Blood samples
Urine
Semen
Saliva
Hair and fiber
DNA typing
MARKINGS IDENTIFICATION
Tire impressions
Foot impressions
Fingerprints,
handprints
Clothing markings
Personal effects
Trace evidence (glass, lenses, auto parts, paint)
FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION
Identification of cartridges, bullets, shells
Firearms
Distance and trajectory
Locks, keys, tool markings
DOCUMENTS SECTION
Handwriting analysis
Typewriters
Paper identification
Copiers
Indented writing (still relatively rare)
Writing instruments
Erasures
PHOTOGRAPHIC
Microphotography
Infrared photography
Ultraviolet photography
Radio photography
Contrast and filter
Science and technology move at such a rapid pace that it would be
virtually impossible to list the most recent technological equipment
being used in crime labs of law-enforcement agencies.  It is therefore
recommended that the writer contact the law-enforcement agency you are
using in your story for an update on the equipment now available.

Albums (family, picture, class books)
Auto licenses
Bank books
Biographies
Birth certificates
Birthmarks
Bills and invoices
Books
Bracelets (I.D.)
Business cards
Charge accounts (stores, restaurants, purchases)
Checks
Church membership
Club membership
Clothing tags (manufacturers)
College records
Court records
Credit cards
Criminal records
Dental records
Eyeglasses and case
Fingerprint records
Family Bible
Hearing aid
Inscriptions
Laundry and dry-cleaning marks
Matchbooks
Medical records
Military records
Mortuary records
Office records
Passport records
Real-estate records
Repair receipts
Sales slips
School records
Social security records
Voting records
Welfare records
LIST OF CRIMES
Abduction
Adultery
Affray
Aiding and abetting Armed robbery
Arson
Assault
Auto theft
Battery
Bigamy
Blackmail
Bookmaking
Bootlegging
Bribery
Burglary
Compounding a felony
Concealment of birth or death
Conspiracy
Counterfeiting
Disorderly conduct
Disturbing the peace
Drunk driving
Drunkenness
Dueling
Embezzlement
Escape from lawful imprisonment
Extortion
False impersonation
False imprisonment
Forgery
Gambling
Grand larceny
Hijacking
Homicide
Illegal sale of arms
Impersonating an officer
Incest
Indecent exposure
Industrial espionage
Kidnapping
Larceny
Libel and slander
Littering
Loan sharking
Loitering
Manslaughter
Manslaughter, voluntary
Manslaughter, involuntary
Misconduct in office
Murder
Narcotics (sale, possession, smuggling)
Obstruction of justice
Perjury
Piracy
Prostitution
Rape
Rape, statutory
Receiving stolen goods
Resisting arrest
Rioting
Robbery
Sabotage
Slavery
Smuggling
Suicide
Swindling
Tampering with evidence
Trespassing
Unlawful assembly
Vandalism
Weapons (selling, carrying concealed, firing in public)
White slavery
CRIMES ASSOCIATED WITH POLITICS
Assassination
Bribery
Blackmail
Compounding a felony
Conspiracy
Cover-up
Embezzlement of government funds
Falsifying records
Fraud
Graft
High treason
Libel and slander
Malfeasance in office
Misuse of government funds
Perjury
Treason
Unauthorized destruction of public records
CRIMES ASSOCIATED WITH BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONS
Arson
Compounding a felony
Copyright or patent infringement
Counterfeiting
False advertising
False records or books
Hijacking
Illegal stock transactions
Industrial espionage
Insider trading
Mail fraud
Possession of stolen merchandise
Record piracy
Revealing privileged information
Sale of illegal goods
Sexual harassment
Tax fraud
Theft
DOMESTIC CRIMES
Assault
Battery
Child abandonment
Child abuse
Child molestation
Harassment
Husband beating
Incest
Marital rape
Mercy killing
Nonpayment of child support
Parent abuse
Wife beating
CRIMES ASSOCIATED WITH RACKETEERING (nonorganized)
Blackmail
Illegal siding business
Illegal stock-and-bond trading
Insurance frauds
Mail-order fraud
Phony accident claims
Phony land promotions
Phony mediums
Phony money-producing schemes
Protection extortion
Quack doctors
Shell games
Skimming
Swindling
Glossary
Abduction: Taking a man's wife, child, or ward without his consent or
consent of the parent or guardian, by fraud and persuasion, or by open
violence, for the purpose of marriage or prostitution.

Adultery: In some states, voluntary sexual intercourse between persons,
one of whom is lawfully married to another, both parties being guilty.

Intercourse by a married person with one who is not his or her spouse,
the married person only being guilty.

Affray: The fighting of two or more persons in some public place to the
terror of the people.  Not premeditated.

Arson: Willful and malicious burning, or causing to be burned, of a
building or dwelling.  There must be some burning, however slight, and
the burning must be caused maliciously.  Arson is a felony at common
law.

Assault: An unlawful attempt or application of force and violence, to
do a hurt to another.  (1) Common or simple assault is where there are
no aggravating circumstances, for example, a blow delivered within
striking distance but which does not reach its mark.  (2) Aggravated
assault is committed with the intention of committing some additional
crime.  This includes assault with a deadly weapon.  There must, to
constitute a criminal assault, be at least an apparent ability to
commit battery.

Battery: Assault by any force, however slight, applied to another
person directly or indirectly.

Bigamy or polygamy: Committed where one, being legally married, marries
another person during the life of his or her spouse.

Bribery: Receiving or offering any undue reward by or to any public
official in order to influence any act or behavior in office.

Burglary: Breaking and entering the house of another with intent to
commit a felony, whether the felony be actually committed or not.  To
constitute the crime: (1) There must be an actual or constructive
breaking and an entry.  (2) The house or building broken into and
entered must belong to another person.  (3) The breaking and the entry
must be with the intent to commit a felony in the house.  Burglary is a
felony.

Compounding a felony: An offense by a person who, having been directly
injured by a felony, agrees with the criminal that he or she will not
prosecute him, the criminal, on condition of receipt of a reward or
bribe not to prosecute.

Conspiracy: A combination or agreement between two or more persons to
do an unlawful act.  This offense is usually divided into: (1) The end
to be attained is in itself a crime.  (2) The object is lawful, but the
means by which it is to be attained are unlawful.  (3) The object is to
do an injury to a third person, though if the wrong were inflicted by a
single individual, it would be a civil wrong and not a crime.

Conspiracies are misdemeanors, unless made felonies by statute.

Counterfeiting: To copy or imitate without authority or right, and with
a view to deceive or defraud by passing the copy or thing that has been
forged for that which is original or genuine.

Disorderly conduct: A term of loose and indefinite meaning, generally
signifying behavior that is contrary to law, and more particularly to
disturbing the public peace or shock the public sense of morality.

Disturbance of the peace: Interruption of the peace and order of a
neighborhood or community by unnecessary and distracting noises.

Drunkard: One whose habit is to get drunk, whose inebriety has become
habitual.  A common drunkard is defined by statute in some states as a
person who has been convicted of public drunkenness a number of times
within a limited period.

Dueling: The fighting of two persons, one against the other, at an
appointed time and place, upon a precedent quarrel.  To challenge
another to duel, or to provoke another to send a challenge constitutes
the crime, even though no actual fighting takes place.  If the duel
takes place and one of the parties is killed, the other is guilty of
murder, and all who are present abetting the crime are guilty as
principals in the second degree.

Embezzlement: A crime defined generally as the unlawful appropriation
of property to his or her own use by a servant, clerk, trustee, public
officer, or other person to whom the possession has been entrusted by
the owner.

Escape: The departure out of custody of a person lawfully imprisoned,
before he or she is entitled to liberty by the process of law.  Escapes
are either voluntary or negligent.  The former is the case when the
keeper voluntarily concedes to the prisoner any liberty not authorized
by law.  The latter is the case when the prisoner contrives to leave
prison by force, or any other means, without the knowledge or against
the will of the keeper.  Prison breaks are the breaking and going out
of confinement by one who is lawfully imprisoned.  A rescue is the
forcible delivery of a prisoner from lawful custody by one who knows
that the prisoner is in custody.

Extortion: The unlawful taking by an officer of money or anything of
value that is not due the officer.  The distinction between bribery and
extortion is that the former is the offering of a present, or receiving
one if offered; and the latter is the demanding of a fee or present.

Extortion in many jurisdictions is sometimes called blackmail.

False imprisonment: The unlawful arrest or detention of a person
without warrant, or by an illegal warrant for that purpose by force and
constraint without confinement.

False impersonation: The criminal offense of falsely representing some
other person and acting in the character thus unlawfully assumed, in
order to deceive, gain some profit or advantage, or enjoy some right or
privilege.

Forgery: The falsely making of, or altering with intent to defraud, any
writing which, if genuine, might apparently be of legal efficacy, or
the foundation of a legal liability.  To constitute the crime, the
making or the alteration must be false, and it must be committed with
the intent to defraud.

Homicide: The killing of any human creature; the act of a human being
taking away the life of another human being.  Homicides are ordinarily
classified as justifiable, excusable, or felonious.  Justifiable
homicide is the taking of a human life under circumstances of
justification, as a matter of right, such as self-defense or other
causes set out in the statute.  Excusable homicide is the killing of a
human being by misadventure.  Felonious homicide is the wrongful
killing of a human being, of any age or either sex, without
justification or excuse in law, of which offense there are generally
two degrees.

Larceny: The felonious stealing, taking, and carrying away the personal
goods of another from any place, with a felonious intent to convert the
goods to the taker's use and make them his or her property without the
consent of the owner.  The goods must be personal and not real
property, and the intent must exist at the time of the taking.  In most
jurisdictions, the taking need not be for the advantage of the thief,
and it need never be for pecuniary advantage.

Larceny, grand and petty: Statutes now provide that lesser thefts are
classified as petty larceny or thefts, while major thefts are
classified as grand larceny or thefts.

Libel and slander: Both are malicious defamations--expressed either by
writing, printing, sign, or pictures or the like--that tend to blacken
the memory of one dead; or to impeach the honesty, integrity, virtue,
or reputation; or to publish the natural or alleged defects of one who
is alive and thereby expose that person to public contempt, ridicule,
or hatred.  Libel refers to written defamation, and slander refers to
verbal defamation.

Manslaughter: The unlawful killing of a human creature without malice,
either expressed or implied, without deliberation, upon a sudden heat
of passion, or in the commission of an unlawful act or a lawful act
without due caution and circumspection.  The distinction between
manslaughter and murder rests on malice.  In manslaughter, though the
act that occasioned the death was unlawful or likely to be attended
with bodily mischief, malice, either expressed or implied, is presumed
to be wanting.  Malice is the very essence of murder.  The statutes and
decisions vary as to what constitutes manslaughter, and there are
various degrees of manslaughter recognized in some states.

Manslaughter, voluntary: The taking of a human life committed
voluntarily upon a sudden heat of passion.

Manslaughter, involuntary: The taking of a human life while committing
an unlawful act--not felonious or tending to cause great bodily
harm--or in committing a lawful act without using proper caution or
requisite skill, and therefore unguardedly or undesignedly killing
another.

Misconduct in office: This is considered malfeasance and a misdemeanor
for any public officer in the exercise of the duties of office; to do
any illegal act or abuse discretionary power with which that officer is
invested by law, for an improper motive.

Murder: The unlawful killing with malice aforethought of one human
being by another.  By statute, the crime is divided into two or more
degrees, according to the heinousness of the deed.  Murder is a felony.

Where malice aforethought exists, every homicide is murder.  Most of
the states divide the crime into two degrees, first and second;
however, in a few states, there are as many as five degrees.

Obstructing justice: A misdemeanor by statute in many states.  To
obstruct public or private justice by resisting or obstructing an
officer in the exercise of his or her duty, or by preventing attendance
of witnesses.

Perjury: The willful assertion as to a matter of fact, opinion, belief,
or knowledge made by a witness in a judicial proceeding as part of his
or her evidence under oath, whether given in open court or in an
affidavit.

Perjury, subornation of: The procuring of another to commit perjury;
perjury must actually have been committed.

Piracy: A robbery or forcible depredation upon property on the high
seas without lawful authority and with intention to steal.  The term is
also applied to the illicit reprinting or reproduction of a copyrighted
book or print or recorded device, and to unlawfully plagiarizing from
such materials.

Rape: Having unlawful, forcible, carnal knowledge, without consent,
includinginstances where: (1) resistance is overcome by actual force;
(2) no actual force is used, but because of person's condition, consent
cannot be given; (3) person is below the age of consent; (4) consent is
extorted by fear of immediate bodily harm; and (5) submission is
induced by fraud without intelligent consent.

Rape, statutory: Having sexual intercourse with one under statutory age.

Receiving stolen goods: The short term usually given to the offense of
receiving any property with the knowledge that it has been feloniously
or unlawfully stolen or embezzled.  The receiver must know that it was
stolen and must have felonious intent to withhold the property from the
owner.

Rioting: Any use of force or violence that disturbs the public peace,
or any threat to use such force or violence by two or more persons
acting together and without authority of law.

Robbery: The felonious taking of personal property in the possession of
another, from one's person or immediate presence and against his or her
will, accomplished by means of force or fear.

Suicide: Self-destruction; the deliberate termination of one's
existence.

Trespass: An unlawful act committed with violence, actual or implied,
causing injury to the person, property, or relative rights of another.

Unlawful assembly: The meeting together of three or more persons to the
disturbance of the public peace, and with the intention of cooperating
in the forcible and violent execution of some unlawful private
enterprise.

Weapons: Instruments used in fighting; instruments of offensive or
defensive combat.  The term is chiefly used in law in the statutes
prohibiting the carrying of "concealed" or deadly weapons.

White slavery: A term used in the U.S. statutes to indicate a female,
with reference to whom an offense is committed under the Mann White
Slave Traffic Act ofJune 25, 1910, which prohibits the transportation
of women and girls in the interstate and foreign commerce for immoral
purposes.

CONS, DUPES, AND TRICKERY
in order to gain a confidence, cause someone to confess, gain
possession, or plan a crime, a character in the writer's story must
resort to conning, duping, or tricking his or her opponent.  The
following list contains some suggested cons, dupes, and tricks that
could be employed:
Feeding someone misinformation.

Convincing another party that he or she is innocent.

Causing another party to believe something has happened that really
hasn't occurred.

Convincing another party that he or she has been double-crossed.

Convincing the other party that what he or she has is counterfeit.

Pretending to be an informer.

Causing the other party to believe an accomplice has talked or has
turned against him or her.

Pretending that someone (a witness, an accomplice, etc.) is dead.

Pretending a victim or witness is still alive.

Convincing someone that something counterfeit is real.

Pretending to be someone else.

Pretending to know already another's plan.

Convincing another that he or she has already been defeated.

Causing someone to believe he or she has been betrayed.

Pretending to know another's secret.

Causing another to act before he or she had planned.

Pretending to have changed sides.

DEVICES TO AID IN CONNING, DUPING, AND TRICKERY
Use of another's voice by imitation, electronics, etc.

Use of false papers or identification.

Leaving false prints.

Use of doctored photographs.

Use of counterfeits.

Use of theatrical sets.

Use of illusionary or special effects.

Playing on another's fears.

Use of hypnosis.

Use of brainwashing.

Playing on another's emotions--guilt, etc.

Planting false evidence.

Use of the occult.

Playing dead.

Use of psychology.

Use of false reports (medical, accounting, police).

GENERAL CRIME LANGUAGE
Ammo: Ammunition
A.R.: Armed robbery
Bad mouth: Derogatory statement
Bag man: One who moves or transports for organized crime
Bag lady: Same as above
Ball: Sexual intercourse
Bananas: Insane
Beat: To cheat or steal
Beat the rap: To get acquitted
Be down on: Be angry at, disapproving of
Belcher: An informer
Betty: Skeleton key
Bike: Motorcycle
Biker: Member of a motorcycle gang
Bitch: Homosexual who is effeminate
Bite: To solicit for a loan, as in "to put the bite on"
Blade: Knife
Bleeder: Extortionist
Blow: To leave
Boiler: Auto
Boogie: To leave
Book: Bookmaker's betting organization; to leave
Bookends: To go as a pair; "two peas in a pod"
Bookie: One who takes bets; one who "makes book"
Boost: To shoplift or steal
Booster: Shoplifter or thief
Bopper: One who shoots firearms; a hit man
Brain bucket: Motorcycle helmet
Brother: One of ours, usually associated with blacks
Bug: Burglar alarm; listening device, wire
Bugs: Crazy, insane
Bull: Policeman
Bum rap: False, unjustified accusation
Bummer: Rotten; bad luck; a depressing situation
Burn: Shoot; electrocute
Bust: A police raid; to be arrested ("busted")
Buster: Blackjack
Butterfly man: Forger
Button man: Someone who selects or points out the job
Buzzer: Policeman's shield
Call girl: High-priced prostitute
Candle and blood: Initiation into Mafia
Candy: Jewelry
Case: Reconnoiter
Chatterbox: Machine gun
Chiv: Knife
Chopper: Machine gun; modified motorcycle
Christmas bundles: Large sums of money
Colors: Emblem or identifying colors on outlaw motorcycle riders'
jackets or street gangs
Comer: Person on the way up
Con: To dupe someone out of money by gaining their confidence;
confidence man; convict
Contract: Hired to kill
Cool: At ease, no problems, content
Cop out: To quit
Cop a plea: Plea bargain; to accept with explanation
Cracker: Southerner
Crash: To break into; to come down after a drug-induced high
Croak: To kill
Cush: Money
Cut: To share; a substance used to increase the amount of a drug (and
thereby dilute its toxicity), as in adding baby powder or laxative to
cocaine for greater profit
Diamond season: Warm weather
Dig: Understand
Dip: Pickpocket
Do him, her: To kill him or her
Down on: To dislike a person; oral sex
Drop: Receiver of stolen goods; to kill
Drying out: Abstaining from alcohol; getting over being drunk
Dude: Male
Enforcer: Someone who carries out or enforces instructions of a
criminal boss, usually through physical intimidation
Faggot (fag): Homosexual
Fall: To be arrested, "taking a fall"
Far out: Favorable, good; extreme
Feds, Feebs: Federal law officers
Fence: Someone who buys and sells stolen goods
Finger: To point out or identify
Finger: As to "he gave me the finger"
Fink: Detective; an informer; "to fink," as in to betray or inform on a
cohort
Fix: Bribe
Flag: Warning
Freebee: Free, at no cost or consideration
Frisk: Pocket picking
Fry: To electrocute
Fuzz: Police
Gash: White woman raped
Gat: Firearm
Get fresh: To buy new clothes
Going down: About to happen
Gone: Leaving now, as in "I'm gone"
Grease: To bribe, as in "grease" someone's palm with money
Grease ball: Italian or Latin extraction
Grilfter: Swindler
Guinea: Italian
Hack it: Do it
Handle: Understanding; getting a good grip
Hanger banger: Stealer of pocketbook hanging on a woman's arm
Hanging paper: Passing bad checks
Hang it on him: To frame someone
Hardtail: Motorcycle with a rigid frame (no suspension in back)
Hard time: Jail time in state prison
Harmon: Motorcycle front end with no springs
Harness: Uniform Harness
Hull: Police
Head: As in oral copulation
Head screw: Prison warden
Heat: Police chase; police pressure; police officer
Heater: Gun
Heavy: Serious, of great importance
Hebe: Jew
Heister: Highway robber, as in truck hold-up
High: On drugs;
happy Hit: Kill
Hit on: To approach someone sexually; to borrow
Hock: To pawn; to annoy someone
Home boy: Neighborhood kid; gang member
Hooker: Prostitute
Hots, The: To like, especially to like a person sexually
Hustle: To steal; confidence racket
Hype: Short-change; make a big deal of something
Jimmy: To pry open
John: Rich guy; prostitute's customer
Joint: Marijuana; prison
Jugs: Woman's breasts
Jumper: One who jumps bail; one who leaps from window
Junk: Drugs, usually heroin
Kook: Strange person
Kinky: Weird, strange, abnormal
Lam: Escape
Legit: Legal
Liz: Police patrol
Looker: Attractive woman
Limey: English motorcycle
Main man: Close associate; boss; partner
Make: To obtain something; to detect
Man, The: Police
Mark: Proposed victim, usually of a swindle or scam
Marker: Gambling I.O.U.

McCoy, The Real: Genuine
Mickey Mouse: A piece of junk
Moll: Woman, usually a gangster's girlfriend
Moll buzzer: Picker of women's pockets
Mouthpiece: Lawyer
Mug: To rob a person by physical manhandling
Mule: One who transports drugs
Nailed: Arrested
Nippers: Handcuffs
One large: One hundred dollar bill
One-percenter: Outlaw motorcycle group (1 percent of motorcycle riders)
Oreo: "Uncle Tom"-type black, i.e., white on the inside, black on the
outside
Out of sight: Great
Owe me one: To owe an outstanding favor
Packin': Possession of a weapon; to take a rider on the back of a
motorcycle
Pad: Living quarters
Paddie, paddy, patty: White person.  In Boston, Irish
Paperhanger: Counterfeit money passer
Peter: Bank vault or safe
Peterman: Safecracker; someone who illegally enters a bank vault to
steal money
Pig: Police officer; woman who is a slut or ugly
Pin: Identify an individual by his lifestyle
Pinch: Arrest
Pineapple: Bomb
Plant: Place selected for robbery; place of concealment; a spy placed
in a trusted situation
Plastic: Fake, not real
P.O.: Parole or probation officer
Pokey: Jail
Post time: Time to start
Pushed out of shape: Angry
Put it down: To stop; to degrade
Put on: To tease or deceive; to confuse
Putt: Modified motorcycle
Putten: To go for a motorcycle ride
Queen: Male homosexual
Queer: Counterfeit money; homosexual
Quiff: Prostitute
Rabbi: Protector
Raflles: Burglar
Rags: Clothes
Raked: Car raised in back; extended front end of motorcycle without
raising ground level
Raincheck: Parole
Ranch: Residence
Rap: To talk; arrest or conviction; time in prison; to assume blame
Rat: To inform or betray
Rattler: Freight train
Read: To analyze or understand
Righteous: Good; honest, the truth
Right on: Good, perfect
Ripoff: A scam; stolen ("ripped off'); to be arrested; sexual
intercourse
Rock: Diamonds or precious gems; crystallized cocaine
Rock house: Heavily fortified and protected house dealing in drugs,
usually rock or crack
Rod: Firearm; penis
Roust: To be hassled by police
Run: Group of motorcycle riders going somewhere, usually at least fifty
miles away
Sap: Fool; blackjack
Scam: Ploy; plot; confidence racket
Scene: A location, usually of a crime; a social event; to draw
attention to
Schmuck: Fool
Scoot: Modified motorcycle
Scooter tramp: Outlaw-motorcycle-gang member
Score: To have sexual intercourse; the loot; to obtain drugs
Scratch: Money; bad check
Screw: Police; to have sexual intercourse
Shades: Sunglasses
ShaRed: Taken advantage of
Shank: Knife
Shill: Decoy
Shine (on): To ignore a person or plans; to tease
Shit: Dope
Sing: To confess; to inform on others
Sister: Female associate, usually black
Skim: Taking money from profits before delivery
Skip: To leave town; to jump bail
Slammer: Prison
Sled: Car
Sleepers: Wallets
Snatcher: Kidnapper
Snitch: Police informer
Solid: O.K., all right
Soul: Black-styled quality
Sounds: Music
Squeeze: Put pressure on
Split: To leave
Springer: Motorcycle front end that has dual springs
Stall: Confederate who obscures thief or hinders pursuit
Standup guy: Someone who can be depended upon
Stiff: Convict
Stir: Prison
Stoolie: informant
Stretch: Prison- or jail-sentence term
Sucker: A dupe; victim
Sucker pockets: Pockets on outside of garments
Suede: Black
Take: The money a corrupt policeman takes, as in "on the take"; the
spoils of a racket or a robbery
Take a cab: To leave
Take for a ride: Death trip of a hoodlum, or of a hoodlum's enemy
Take out: To murder
Tell it like it is: To tell the truth
Threads: Clothes
Tight: To be close to someone; friend
Till: Cash register; any place money is stashed
Tin man: Police
Together: State of self-understanding
Torch: To start a fire, usually arson; to pine over the loss of
someone, usually romantically
Torch job: Arson
Torpedo: Gunman; killer
Trike: Three-wheeled motorcycle
Trumpet: Triumph motorcycle
Turn: To inform to the police
Turn a trick: To prostitute
Twist: To inform to the police
Uncool: Unknowledgeable; not acting in a suave or socially accepted
manner
Up front: Straightforward
Uptown: Big time
vser: Drug addict
Vibes: Feelings
Vig: Loan shark's interest on loan
Vine: Clothes
Wagon: Car; coroner's van; police van
Washed: Refers to money that has been channeled through an intermediary
to conceal its source
W.A.S.P.: White Anglo-Saxon Protestant
Waste: To murder
Wheel: Boss; to bet one horse with all others in the race
Wheels: Car; woman'S breasts
Wheelman: Driver of a getaway car
Wheeler-dealer: Big man; con artist
Whiskers: Police
Wiped out: Tired, exhausted
Wired: Strung out; carrying a recording device
Wire room: Bookie's place
Wop: Italian
Yaleman: Expert with locks
Yancy: Nervous
Yard: One hundred dollars
Yid: Jew
Zap: To shoot
Zip gun: Homemade gun
CRIMINAL LAW
The following pages offer some definition of criminal law; however, as
a writer, you must be aware that the law varies in its complexities and
from city to city and state to state, as do the circumstances of the
crimes and the criminals involved, along with the way in which
investigations of crimes are handled.  When writing, it is always best
to consult a legal expert.

Simplistically, a police officer discovers or receives information that
there has been an infraction of the law committed, and in turn attemptS
to discover the identity of the crime and the criminal.  The officer
then seeks to capture, and help prove the guilt of the criminal by
providing the prosecution with witnesses, evidence, opportunity, and
motive after having read the accused his or her rights.

When the offense committed is a minor infraction of the law, the
magistrate, before whom the accused is brought, disposes of the case at
that time.  In the event the crime committed is of a more serious
nature, the defendant is held for further action by the court and is
admitted to bail, should bail be warranted.  The court then turns the
case over to the district attorney or prosecuting attorney, who then
charges the defendant, and a time for a preliminary hearing is set.  At
the hearing, the case is reviewed, with evidence presented at that
time.  Should that charge be a felony, the accused can be indicted and
ordered to stand trial by a grand jury, or the grand jury can dismiss
the charges should they agree that the evidence presented does not
warrant a trial.

A defendant has the right to admit to the charge or plead "not guilty."
Should he or she confess guilt and plead so, he will come before the
court for sentencing.  Should the defendant plead not guilty, a trial
is ordered, the defendant to be represented by the defendant's own
counsel, or if the defendant cannot afford counsel, one appointed by
the court.  At the trial, both the defense and the prosecution present
their cases, including witnesses and evidence to substanieate their
side of the case.  If the jury finds for the state and against the
defendant, the defendant is then sentenced (many times at a trial set
merely to determine the sentence) and committed to prison or given a
term of probation.  Depending upon the accused and the circumstances,
the judge may grant a reduction of the sentence or the possibility of
parole.

SENTENCING
It is impossible to list the sentences fitting certain crimes, as both
circumstances and the laws of each state vary.  Consult the
criminaljustice system of the city or state in which the crime you are
writing about takes place.

CRIMINAL LAW DEFINED
Definition of crime: A crime is an act that is injurious to the public,
punishable by the state by fine, imprisonment, or both, through a
judicial proceeding.  The elements of crime are so variable that it is
impossible to give any specific definition that would be correct both
inclusively and exclusively.  As each state is independent in making
and enforcing criminal law, the laws of each state must be examined to
determine the criminal character of any act, its judgment and sentence.

The purpose of criminal law: Crimes are prohibited and punished to
prevent injury to the public, which may include destruction or
interference with government, human life, private property, or other
valued institutions.  Desire for vengeance or uncompensability of
injury may also be included.

Reasons and purposes of punishment: One of the prime objectives is the
protection of society.  The object is to prevent the offender from
committing future wrongs while providing opportunity to reform the
offender, to make public punishment an example to others, and to bring
about retribution for the wrong committed.

Distinctions between crime and tort: A crime is a wrong that affects
the community in its aggregate capacity.  A tort is a wrong apart from
contract, which affects persons in their individual capacity.  One is a
public wrong, whereas the other is a private wrong.  In the case of a
crime, the wrongdoer is liable to criminal prosecution, whereas in the
case of a tort, the offender is liable only to a civil action by the
person injured.

Acts that may be both a crime and a tort: In such cases, the wrongdoer
faces both criminal action by the state and civil action by the party
he or she has injured.  These two actions are separate and distinct.

The object of the former is to punish as an example; the object of the
latter is to compensate the injured party.  Either action may precede
the other, depending on the laws of the individual states.

The five sources of law: (1) The United States Constitution; (2) Acts
of Congress; (3) State constitutions; (4) Acts of state and territorial
legislatures (known as statutes); and (5) The common law.  If a
provision of the United States Constitution conflicts with an act of
Congress, the latter is void.  If a valid act of Congress conflicts
with a provision of a state constitution, the latter is void.  If a
provision of a state constitution conflicts with a statute of the same
state, the latter is void.  And if an act of a state or territorial
legislature conflicts with a provision of the common law, the latter is
void.

The United States Constitution: Together with the treaties made in
pursuance thereof, the Constitution of the United States constitutes
the supreme law of the land.

Rights guaranteed to each individual under the Constitution of the
United States:
(1) Right of the writ of habeas corpus.

(2) Protection against the passage of bills of attainder or ex post
facto laws.

(3) Equality before the law by forbidding the creation of a titled
class by prohibiting the federal government from granting titles of
nobility.

(4) Right to a speedy trial in the case of accusation of a crime before
an impartial jury at the place of the commission of the crime.

(5) Freedom of religion, press, speech, assembly, and petition.

(6) Right to keep and bear arms for national defense.

(7) Protection against the unlawful quartering of troops.

(8) Right to a grand jury indictment before trial for a crime, and to
be confronted by witnesses, and to have the compulsory process to
obtain witnesses and the assistance of counsel to establish innocence.

(9) Protection against unreasonable search and seizure.

(10) Protection against self-incrimination in any trial or in the
giving of testimony.

(11) Protection against being twice placed in jeopardy of life or limb
for a crime.

(12) Protection against cruel and unusual punishment and excessive bail.

(13) Right to just compensation for any property taken for public use.

(14) Right to a trial by jury in civil cases.

(15) Protection against being deprived of life, liberty, or property
without due process of law.

(16) Protection against the impairment of the obligations of contracts
by the states.

(17) Equal protection of the law.

(18) Guarantee of a republican form of government in the state in which
the citizen resides.

(19) Protection from abridgment by the states of the privileges and
immunities of citizens of the United States.

(20) Protection from slavery and involuntary servitude except as
punishment for a crime.

(21) Right to hold public office under the United States if the citizen
meets the statutory and constitutional qualifications.

(22) Rights to freedom of ingress and egress from a state.

(23) Protection from domestic violence and foreign invasion.

(24) Protection from the abridgment of the right to vote by a state on
account of race or sex.

State constitutions: Each differs materially from the United States
Constitution.  The former constitutes the restrictions or limitations
of powers, whereas the latter constitutes, for the most part, grants of
power.

Acts of state legislatures: Unlike the Congress, state legislatures
have inherent power to declare acts criminal and to impose penalties
for their violation.  State power, however, in these respects, is not
absolute.  Enactments of the state legislatures must not conflict with
any provision of the U.S. Constitution, or of the state constitution,
or with any valid act of Congress.

The English common law: The basis of the English common law, sometimes
called the unwritten law, is immemorial usage and custom, and not
legislative enactment.  The generic term common law has been well
defined as "those maxims, principles, and forms of judicial
proceedings, which have no written law to prescribe or warrant them,
but which, founded on the laws of nature and the dictates of reason,
have, by usage and custom, become interwoven with the written laws;
and, by such incorporation, form a part of the municipal code of each
state or nation."
The American common law: Similar in most respects to the English common
law, insofar as the Supreme Court of the United States has decided that
English statutes that were enacted before the emigration of our
ancestors, and that were in force at that time, and that are applicable
to our conditions and surroundings, constitute a part of our common law.

Statutes: A statute provides that the state legislatures can punish any
act unless restricted by the state or federal Constitution.  The United
States Congress has no power to declare and punish crimes except those
derived from the federal Constitution.

Construction of statutes: Penal statutes are to be construed strictly
against the state and in favor of the accused.  Words must be given
their full meaning.  The courts will not strain and look for a meaning
that may have the effect of declaring the statute of no effect.  In
construing statutes, the intention of the legislature is to be sought,
and for this purpose the court will consider not only the act itself
but its preamble, and will also look into similar statutes on the same
subject, particularly the old law and the mischief to be remedied.  All
statutes are to be construed with reference to the provisions of the
common law.  In other jurisdictions, statutes are construed according
to natural meaning.

Penal codes: Many of the states have adopted penal or criminal codes,
which define what acts shall be punished as crimes.  The code is
intended to cover the whole law, and no act is a crime unless it is
expressly declared so.  Even in those states that have penal codes and
do not recognize common-law crimes, the common law is in force to the
extent that it may be resorted to for the definition of crimes that are
not defined in the statutes prohibiting them.

Substantive criminal law: Relates to the definition and classification
of crimes generally, the criminal act, the criminal intent, the
capacity to commit crime and exemptions from criminal liability, the
parties to crime, and a consideration of the important elements or
characteristics of particular offenses.

The administration of criminal justice: Includes the following
subjects: criminal procedure, police organization and administration,
prosecution, accusation, the defense of accused persons, the
organization of courts, pleadings, arraignment and trial, evidence,
judgment and sentence, appeals, probation, parole, pardon, penology and
prison administration, juvenile courtS, special procedures for crime
prevention, and laws designed to change social and industrial
conditions in order to prevent crime.  The federal government also has
an elaborate system of administration of criminal justice.

Criminal procedure: Consists of the rules according to which the
substantive law is administered.  It includes whatever is embraced by
the three terms pleading, evidence, and practice, and means those rules
that direct the course of proceedings to bring defendants into court,
and the proceedings followed in court after they are brought in.

Prosecution: Prosecutions in criminal cases are controlled by a group
of officers called U.S. attorneys, prosecuting attorneys, county
attorneys, district attorneys, city attorneys, and states attorneys.

Consult your city, state, and federal law for the laws governing the
qualifications and selections of these officers and prescribing their
powers and duties.

Accusation: Accusations of guilty conduct may be made by complaints or
affidavits, sworn to by injured persons or by police officers.  This is
true especially in the case of minor offenses.  Accusations of felonies
are made by indictments found by grand juries or by information filed
by prosecuting attorneys, generally following preliminary examinations
in magistrates' courts.

Defense of accused person: It is a universal principle of criminal law
in the United States that a person accused of a crime is entitled to
the advice of a lawyer and to be represented by him or her at his or
her trial.  In felony cases, this principle is carried further, and in
many states, counsel is provided without cost for a defendant who is
too poor to employ a lawyer.  In most of the states, such counsel is
appointed by the judge in the court where the defendant is standing
trial.  Some jurisdictions have an officer, known as a public defender,
who represents defendants who are unable to provide counsel for
themselves.

Pleadings: Pleadings in criminal cases are comparatively simple.

Contrary to popular opinion, reversals of criminal cases on appeal are
very infrequent.  The pleadings used by the state in felony and some
misdemeanor cases are the indictment and the information; affidavits
and complaints in misdemeanor cases; and by the defendant, usually an
oral plea of "guilty" or "not guilty."  Other pleas, such as "former
jeopardy, insanity," or "alibi," are available or required in some
states.  Pleas in abatement, demurrers, motions to quash the
indictment, and arrest of judgment are also available under some
circumstances.

Arraignment and trial: The law regulates the procedure according to
which the defendant is brought into court, is informed of his or her
rights, and is placed on trial; it also controls the routine of
selecting a jury, making the opening statements, introducing evidence,
arguing the case to the jury, instructing the jury, and receiving the
verdict.

Probation: Following a plea of guilty or a verdict of guilty, the
defendant may be placed on probation by the trial judge, on such
conditions as he or she may impose.  In some states, the conditions of
probation may be imprisonment in a county jail, reimbursement to the
injured person, and payment of costs.  In most states, conditions of
probation include: keeping employed, avoiding bad companions,
refraining from committing other crimes, and reporting to a probation
officer.  Violation of the conditions of probation makes the defendant
liable to sentence as provided by law.

Parole: After the prisoner has served a portion of the term of
imprisonment determined by the sentence, he or she may be released on
parole, on conditions similar to those imposed in the case of
probation.  The power to grant parole, however, is vested in a state
parole board or officer.  (See chapter on parole.)
Pardon: The power to pardon generally belongs to the governors of the
states.  Pardon differs in theory from both probation and parole in
that it assumes the innocence of the defendant, or circumstances
mitigating responsibility for the crime, and returns the defendant to
society free of ignominy and acquitted of all penalties related to the
offense for which he or she has been pardoned.

Commutation of sentence: A change from the original punishment to which
a person has been condemned to a less severe one.

Federal administration of criminal justice: For the administration of
criminal justice as it relates to crimes against the United States,
appropriate laws have been passed by Congress, and a complete parallel
organization exists of police, prosecution, and courts.  The United
States commissioner has similar jurisdiction as the committing
magistrate previously described, with power to accept bail and hold
preliminary hearings.  The United States District Courts, which have
one or more divisions in each state, in the District of Columbia and in
the territories, are the courts of general trial jurisdiction in
criminal cases; they hold power also to grant probation.  The United
States Circuit Court of Appeals, organized in ten circuits and in the
District of Columbia, have appellate jurisdiction in criminal cases.

And the United States Supreme Court is the final court of appeals, both
for cases arising in federal trial courts and in criminal cases arising
in state courts that involve federal constitutional questions.  Rules
of procedure and evidence and forms of pleadings used in the federal
courts are similar to those prevailing in the state courts, and
probation, parole, and pardon are similarly used.  The federal
government maintains an extensive prison system under the direction of
a bureau of prisons, an elaborate organization for the detention of
criminals and for their release and supervision on parole.

Juvenile courts: One of the developments of law relating to the
administration of criminal justice is that which has created the
juvenile court and a new procedure for dealing with juvenile
delinquents.  The theory of these laws is that a child who commits an
act that if committed by an adult would constitute a crime, is not
criminal, and requires not punishment, but the training and direction
that should have been given by the parent.  In the juvenile court, the
usual rules of procedure, pleading, and evidence are dispensed with and
instead an informal administrative procedure is used.  Under some
circumstances, despite the existence of juvenile-court machinery, a
child may be tried as an adult.  In such cases, the writer is
encouraged to enlist the aid of someone familiar with current juvenile
law in the state in which the crime has been committed.

Special procedures for crime prevention: A number of special procedures
have been created by law for checking crime.  These include the
abatement of nuisances, such as houses of prostitution, gambling
resorts, and buildings used for the manufacture or sale of intoxicating
liquor unless so legally provided for by the laws of that state.  The
confiscation of stills, automobiles, and ships used for the manufacture
and transportation of illegal liquor and other agencies used to commit
crimes is accomplished by similar procedures.

Classification of crimes: Crimes at common law are divided into
treason, felonies, and misdemeanors.  Some jurisdictions have a fourth
classification, minor or petty offenses.

Merger of offenses: As a rule, where a person by the same act commits
two crimes, one a felony and the other a misdemeanor, the misde meanor
merges into the felony; but if the crimes are of the same degree, both
felonies or both misdemeanors, there is no merger.  In some states,
this doctrine has not been recognized, while in most states, it has
been abolished by statutes allowing conviction of a lesser offense than
is charged in the indictment if it is included in the offense charged.

Mental element in crime: Criminal intent.  Every common-law consists of
two elements: the criminal act or omission, and the mental element,
commonly called criminal intent.

Motive is not intent: Motive is not an essential element of crime.  A
bad motive will not make an act a crime, nor will a good motive prevent
an act from being a crime.  Motive may, however, tend to show that an
act was willful and done with criminal intent.

General intent - intent presumed from act: Where an act is prohibited
on pain of punishment, intention on the part of one capable of intent
and acting without justification or excuse constituteS criminal intent.

In such a case, the existence of the intent is presumed from commission
of the act, on the grounds that a person is presumed to intend his
voluntary act and its probable consequences.  Criminal intent exists
when a person intends to do that which the law says is a crime.

Specific intent: When a crime consists not merely of commission but in
an act accompanied by a specific intent, the existence of that intent
is an essential element.  In such cases the existence of criminal
intent is not presumed from the commission of the act, but the specific
intent must be proved.

Constructive intent: Where a person engages in the commission of a
crime that is unintended by him or her, then the intent to commit the
crime is carried over to the act committed and supplies the intent
necessary to make the act a crime.  The intent in such a case is called
constructive intent.

Intent in cases of negligence: In crimes that consist of neglect to
observe proper care in performing an act, or in culpable failure to
perform a duty, criminal intent consists in the state of mind that
necessarily accompanies the negligent act or culpable omission, e.g.,
slaughter, nuisance, escape.

Concurrence of act and intent: To constitute a crime, act and intent
must concur.  Not only must there be both an act and an intent to
constitute a crime, but the act and intent must concur in point of
time.  An intent to do a prohibited act, abandoned before the act is
done, is not punishable.

Conditions of criminality: To render a person criminally responsible
for the commission of a common-law crime, four conditions of
criminality must exist.  The person must: (1) be of sufficient age; (2)
have sufficient mental capacity; (3) act voluntarily; and (4) have
criminal intent.

Criminal capacity: Since every crime consists of two elements, the act
itself and the mental element (commonly called criminal intent), no
person can be guilty of a crime unless he or she has a certain degree
of mental capacity.  Mental incapacity, which criminal law recognizes,
exists to a greater or lesser extent in four classes of persons:
infants, lunatics or insane persons, drunken persons, and corporations.

Infancy: At common law, a child under the age of seven years is
conclusively presumed incapable of entertaining criminal intent and
cannot commit a crime.  Between the ages of seven and fourteen, a child
is presumed to be incapable, but the presumption may be rebutted.

After the age of fourteen, he or she is presumed to have sufficient
capacity.  In some states, the age of incapacity has been raised by
statute, and in others, the age at which presumption of capacity begins
has been lowered.

Insanity: In its legal sense, insanity is any defect or disease of the
mind that renders a person incapable of entertaining a criminal intent.

Since criminal intent is an essential element of every crime, no person
who is so insane that he or she cannot entertain it is criminally
responsible for his acts.  Defect of the mind, as in the case of
idiocy, or disease of the mind, as in the case of lunacy, may have the
following effects:
(1) It may render a person incapable of determining between right and
wrong, and in such cases no criminal responsibility attaches.

(2) It may render a person partially insane, or subject to insane
delusions as to existing facts, but not in other respects insane, in
which case the individual would be in the same situation as to
responsibility as if the facts in respect to which the insane delusion
exists were real.

(3) It may deprive a person of freedom of will, as in a case of
irresistible impulse, in which case some courts hold that the person is
not responsible, while other courts hold the contrary.

Moral and emotional insanity, as distinguished from mental, does not
exempt one from responsibility.  Insanity is in no case an excuse,
unless the act was the direct result of the insanity.  Even if a person
was sane when committing an act, that person cannot be tried if he or
she is insane, as he or she is deemed incapable of conducting a
defense; nor can an insane person be sentenced and punished, even after
conviction.

Drunkenness: Voluntary drunkenness furnishes no ground of exemption
from criminal responsibility, except: (1) Where the act is committed
while laboring under settled insanity, or delirium tremens, resulting
from intoxication; (2) Where a specific intent is essential to
constitute the crime, the fact of intoxication may negate its
existence; (3) The fact of intoxication may be material, where
provocation for the act is shown; (4) No criminal responsibility
attaches for acts committed while in a state of involuntary
drunkenness, destroying the reason and will.

Ignorance of law: Ignorance on the part of the wrongdoer of the law
that makes an act criminal is no excuse.  If a specific intent iS
essential to a crime, and ignorance of the law negates such intent,
such ignorance preventS the crime from being consummated.

Accident or misfortune: A person is not criminally liable for an
accident happening in the performance of a lawful act with due care.

Justification: The law, on the ground of public policy, imposes the
duty or allows the doing of certain acts, under certain circumstances,
although individuals are injured thereby.  In such cases, the acts are
not criminal, but are justifiable.  Such are certain acts done: (1)
Under public authority; (2) Under parental authority; (3) In prevention
of a crime; (4) In suppressing a riot, or (5) In making an arrest or
preventing an escape.

Justification - duress: The concurrence of the will is, in general,
necessary to make an act criminal.  Therefore, when one is forced to do
an act against his or her will, that person is, in general, not
responsible for it, and therefore, on prosecution for any crime except
murder, if the accused committed the act only because compelled to do
so by threats of immediate death or serious bodily harm, he or she is
excused.

Coercion - married women: If a married woman, in the presence of her
husband, commits an act that would be a crime under other
circumstances, she is presumed to have acted under her husband's
coercion, and such coercion excuses her act.  But this presumption may
be rebutted if the circumstances show that in fact she was not coerced.

Provocation: Provocation is no ground for exempting one absolutely from
criminal responsibility for his or her acts.  However, grounds for
mitigating circumstances may reduce the degree of the crime and the
punishment.

Effect of joining in criminal purpose: When one or more persons join in
the execution of a common, criminal purpose, each is criminally liable
for every act done in the execution of that criminal act, whether done
by oneself or by one's confederate.

Principal and accessories: Those involved in the commission of felonies
are either principals or accessories, depending upon whether they are
present or absent when the crime is committed.  Principals are either:
(1) Principals in the first degree, or (2) Principals in the second
degree.

Accessories are either: (1) Before the fact, or (2) After the fact.

Principal in the first degree: The person who actually perpetrates the
deed, either by his or her own hand or through an innocent agent.

Principal in the second degree: One who is actually present, aiding
and abetting another in the commission of the deed.  Accordingly: (1)
The person must be present, actually or constructively; (2) The person
must aid or abet the commission of the act; (3) There must be community
of unlawful purpose at the time the act is committed; (4) Such purpose
must be real on the part of the principal in the first degree.

Accessories before the fact: One who was absent when the act was
committed, but who procured, counseled, ordered, or abetted the
principal or actual perpetrator of the criminal act.

Accessories after the fact: One who receives, comforts, or assists
another, knowing that the other person has committed a felony.  Three
things are necessary: (1) the felony must have been completed; (2) the
person charged as accessory must have committed assistance to the felon
personally; and (3) the person must have known when assisting the felon
that he or she had committed a felony.

"Aider and abettor" and accomplice: The term aider and abettor applies
to principals in the second degree.  The term accomplice applies to all
who take part in the commission of a crime, whether they are principals
or accessories.

Principal's liability for acts of agents: As a rule, no person is
criminally liable for the act of another unless he or she has
previously authorized or agreed to it; and consequently a principal is
not liable for acts of his or her agents or servants that the principal
did not authorize or agree to, even if the crime is committed in the
course of the employment.  Exceptions: (1) In the cases of libel, the
principal is liable, under certain circumstances, for the acts of his
or her agents upon the ground of negligence in failing to exercise
proper control of them; and (2) Under some statutes, the principal is
liable for prohibited acts, regardless that they are committed by his
or her agents without authority or instructions.

Agent's liability for own acts: An agent of sufficient mental capacity,
is criminally liable for his or her own acts, though they are ordered
by a principal and in the course of the principal's business.

Overt act: An open act; a physical act, as distinguished from an act of
the mind; an act done pursuant to a formed intent.  To constitute
assault, there must be an overt act or an attempt.  In homicide cases,
an overt act is an open act, indicating a present purpose to do
immediate, great bodily harm.

Necessity for overt act: The law does not punish mere intention but
requires some overt act in an attempt to carry the intention into
execution.  Exception: There is an exception to this rule in the case
of conspiracy, unless the conspiring may be regarded as an overt act.

Attempts: An act done with intent to commit that crime but failing in
the commission of the act.  (1) The act must be connected with the
completed crime; (2) There must be a possibility to commit the crime in
the manner proposed; (3) There must be specific intent to commit the
crime at the time of the act.  Attempts to commit a crime, whether a
felony or a misdemeanor, and whether at common law or by statute, are
misdemeanors.  Exceptions: (1) In some states, attempts are entirely
regulated by statute.  (2) In most states, some attempts are felonies
by statute.  (3) Attempts to commit certain classes of statutory
misdemeanors are not indictable.

Preliminary examination: An investigation by a magistrate of a person
who has been charged with a crime and arrested, or of the facts and
circumstances alleged to have attended the crime and to fasten
suspicion upon the party so charged, in order to ascertain whether
there is sufficient ground to hold the person to bail for trial by the
proper court.

Cruel-and-unusual punishment: Such punishment as would amount to
torture or barbarity, and any cruel and degrading punishment not known
to the common law.

Negligence and recklessness: Neglect in the discharge of a duty, or
indifference to consequences, is in many cases equivalent to a criminal
intent.  Upon the ground that everyone is presumed to contemplate the
natural consequences of his or her acts, neglect and reckless conduct
may be evidence of malicious intent, and negligent performance of a
duty imposed by law or assumed by contract or by wrongful act may
render the person guilty of such negligence criminally liable, except
in cases in which a specific intent is essential to constitute the
crime charged.

Act and intent must co-exist: The criminal intent or negligence must
unite with the overt act, and they must concur in point of time.

Marshals: Officers belonging to the executive department of the federal
government, who with their deputies have the same powers of executing
the laws of the United States, in each state, as the sheriffs.

Provost marshal: An officer of an army whose duties correspond to those
of a chief of police.

Probation officer: An officer whose duty it is to investigate and
report to the court upon an application for probation and to supervise
persons placed on probation by a court.

Sheriff: The chief executive and administrative officer of a county,
being chosen by popular election.  The sheriffs principal duties
involve aiding the criminal courts and civil courts of record, such as
serving process, summoning juries, executing judgments, holding
judicial sales, and the like.  This officer also serves as the chief
conservator of the peace within a territorial jurisdiction.

Deputy: A person duly authorized by an officer to exercise some or all
of the functions pertaining to the office, in the place and stead of
the latter.

Deputy sheriff: One appointed to act in the place and stead of the
sheriff in the official business of the latter's office.  An
undersheriff, by virtue of appointment, has the authority to execute
all the ordinary duties of the office of sheriff.  A special deputy,
who is an officer appointed for one particular occasion or a special
service (such as to serve a writ or assist in keeping the peace when a
riot is expected or in progress), acts under a specific authority.

CRIME
METHODS OF ESCAPE
Tunneling
Shooting way out
Taking hostage
Commandeering vehicle
Distraction
Use of ladder
Use of rope
Hiding or stowing away
Scaling
Underwater
Leaping
Driving
Running
Using explosives
Sawing
Kicking down
Fighting
Airshaft and sewer crawling
Forged papers
Helicopter drop--rope or ladder
Impersonation
Key theft
Overland hiking and hiding
Sudden dash
Suspension from height
Swimming
MEANS OF EXECUTION
Axing
Suffocation
Beating
Burying alive
Arson
Drowning
Cremation
Throwing from height
Shooting
Garroting
Electrocuting
Overdosing
drug
Hit and run
Poisoning
Gassing
Hanging
Impaling
Exposing to wild animal
Exposing to extreme cold or heat
Stoning
Starving
Throwing acid
Frightening
Bombing
Stabbing
Exposing to disease
Crashing (auto)
UNUSUAL MEANS OF DISPOSING OF BODY
Incinerator--cremated
At sea
Fed to animal or fish
Compactor
Auto crusher
Down well
Sealed in wall
Buried under floor
Acid
Cut into small pieces and disposed of in different places
Placed in existing, marked grave
Dropped in quicksand
Disposed of in trash (bagged)
Buried in woods
Dropped from plane
ACTS OF VIOLENCE, TORTURE, CRUELTY
Bone breaking
Bone crushing
Acid throwing
Binding
Kicking
Beating
Blackjacking
Branding
Burning
Chaining
Arm twisting
Bleeding
Burying alive
Cigarette burning
Disfiguring
Dragging
Pressing with weights
Impaling alive
Mutilating
Needles under fingernails
Pistol whipping
Hair extraction
Hook hanging
Electric shock
Freezing
Flogging
Blinding
Decapitating
Boiling oil
Flesh-eating ants
Exposing to wild animal
Snakebite
Powerful light in eyes
Dripping water on head
Bread-and-water diet
Genital crushing
Genital electrical shocking
Head twisting
Leg twisting
Stretching
Forced marching
Forced perversion
Castration
Amputation
Crucifixion
Depriving of sleep
Fingernail pulling
Whipping
Frightening
Incarcerating in tight quarters
Skull crushing
Suspending by thumbs On the rack
Incarcerated in room with rats
Rubber-hose beating
Salting wound
Starving
Thumb twisting
Teeth pulling
Eye gouging
Stoning
Tar-and-feathering
Chain beating
Hanging upside down
Standing in confinement
Rib cracking
Lead-pipe beating
Spreading apart
Shattering kneecap
Running over by auto
Shooting
Strangling
Garroting
Knifing
Slow poisoning
Drowning
Slow drowning
Immersion in hot water
Setting afire
Scalping
Gang-banging
Forcible rape
Sodomy
Forcing to view an atrocity
Thrown to man-eating fish
Thrown to man-eating animal
Thrown from high place
Hanging
Axing
Deafening by sound (high decibel)
Tearing of flesh
Burning by steam
Bombing
Gassing
Mugging
Poison darts
Cat o'nine-tail lashing
Burning at stake
Thumbscrew
Hot wax
Kidnapping
Sandbagging
Slave labor
OFFICE OF THE DISTRICT ATTORNEY
The size of the staff and the extent of the responsibilities of the
district attorney may vary depending upon the location.  The Los
Angeles District Attorney's Office, which has nearly 2,000 support
personnel, is the largest such office in the United States and has been
chosen to best illustrate the full capacity of such an office.

The Los Angeles District Attorney's Office is primarily responsible for
prosecuting felonies under state law, although it also prosecutes
misdemeanors in Los Angeles County and for cities in the county that do
not wish to retain their own city attorney.  The administration of the
district attorney's office is composed of the district attorney, his
chief deputy, and the assistant district attorney.  Reporting directly
to the Administrative Section are two Deputy DA's, one in charge of
Organized Crime and the second in charge of Special Investigations,
primarily the investigations of public officials.

Reporting to the administrative command is the Director of Central
Operations, which oversees Career Criminals, Special Trials, and
Central Trials; the Director of Special Operations, which oversees
major frauds, hard-core gangs, consumer protection, environment, and
COPOS (crimes against police officers), the Special Crimes Division,
Special Legal, and the Juvenile Division; the Director of Branch and
Area, which supervises the large number of Deputy District Attorneys in
the district attorney's office.

A Family Support Section has its own deputy, called the deputy in
charge, along with its own director and support staff.  Its mission is
investigation and prosecution with regard to family violence, child
abuse, and related situations.

The Bureau of Investigation is the investigative arm of the District
Attorney's Office, and its personnel are assigned to the various
sections and divisions as required.

OFFICE OF THE CITY ATTORNEY
The Los Angeles City Attorney's Office is the largest municipal law
office in the nation, divided among the Civil Branch, the Criminal
Branch, and the Special Operations Branch.  The city attorney is the
legal advisor to all city departments and agencies, including the
office of the mayor, city council, police and fire departments, city
commissions, and other city departments.

Under the direction of the city attorney, attorneys from this office
appear in all courts of the state, the federal courts, and the U.S.

Supreme Court, as well as before a large number of state and federal
regulatory and administrative agencies.

The Special Operations Branch of the City Attorney's Office deals with
the Consumer Protection Section, the Environmental Protection Section,
and the Housing Enforcement Section.

The Criminal Branch, headed by the senior assistant attorney, handles
all infraction and misdemeanor cases within the city, including
consumer fraud, labor law violations, battery, theft, burglary, assault
with a deadly weapon, vice, drunk driving, election compliance, and air
pollution violations.  A special section of the Criminal Branch is the
Gangs Unit (COPE), dealing with youth-gang problems.

The Civil Branch is headed by a senior counsel and handles everything
from land use, contracts, personal injury, and zoning, to the Harbor
and Airports departments and the Department of Water and Power.

DEFENSE CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIVE SERVICE (U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE -
INSPECTOR GENERAL'S OFFICE)
The Defense Criminal Investigative Service (DCIS) is directly under the
Department of Defense and the Office of The Inspector General and is
responsible for criminal investigations.  Working in conjunction with
the military's CID, 051, and HIS, this service is involved in combating
and prosecuting fraudulent acts perpetrated against the U.S. Department
of Defense, i.e., product substitution, overcharging, false charges,
etc.  Investigators working for DCIS are called special agents and are
under the supervision of the Director of DCIS, who is also the
Assistant Inspector General for Investigations.

DEFENSE INVESTIGATIVE SERVICE (DIS) (U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE)
Headquartered in Washington, D.C., and supervised by the Director of
DIS, the DIS and its Special Agents are responsible for investigating
personnel for security clearances, investigating the unauthorized
disclosure of classified government information, and administering
industrial security programs for the Department of Defense and for
eighteen other government agencies.

Other Federal Law-Enforcement Agencies that conduct investigations:
Fish and Game Commission
Securities and Exchange Commission
Defense Logistics Agency
Central Intelligence Agency
National Parks Service
General Accounting Office
Office of the Special Prosecutor (appointed by the president)
Federal Reserve Board
Maritime Commission
Office of the Inspector General
BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT (U.S. DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR)
The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) is the caretaker of more than 300
million miles of public land and is charged by law to manage and
protect these vast resources, including timber, minerals, livestock,
forage, historic artifacts, and wild horses, and others associated with
them.  BLM has highly trained special agents and uniformed rangers to
enforce applicable laws on federal land and to work closely with
federal and state agencies and the Sheriff's Departments.

BLM special agents are responsible for enforcing federal laws and
regulations relating to public lands and resources; they conduct
criminal investigations and arrest violators.  BLM special agents
investigate numerous cases of archaeological thefts of cultural
artifacts, pottery, ornaments, and even bones of American Indians who
once inhabited the great West.  Treating free-roaming or adopted wild
horses and burros in an inhumane manner or selling them to
slaughterhouses or other misuse is a federal violation investigated by
BLM special agents, as are destruction, vandalism, or pollution of
streams and lakes; starting fires, and growing marijuana.

Rangers are a law-enforcement arm of BLM who drive clearly marked
patrol vehicles.  Preventing law violations, rangers enforce laws,
conduct search-and-rescue operations, eliminate hazards, and
investigate accidents.

THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
Headed by the attorney general of the United States, the Department of
Justice exists to provide legal advice to the president, representation
of the executive branch in court, investigation of federal crimes,
enforcement of federal laws, operation of federal prisons, and
provision of law-enforcement assistance to states and local communities.

Organizations of the U.S. Department of Justice
Office of the Attorney General
Office of the Deputy Attorney General
Office of the Associate Attorney General
Office of the Solicitor General
Antitrust Division
Bureau of Prisons
Civil Division
Civil Rights Division
Community Relations Service
Criminal Division
Drug Enforcement Administration
Executive Office for Immigration
Review Executive Office for U.S. Attorneys
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Federal Prison Industries
Immigration and Naturalization Service
International Criminal Police Organization-United States
National Central Bureau
Foreign Claims Settlement Commission
Justice Management Division
Land and Natural Resources Division
Office of Intelligence Policy and Review
Office of Justice Programs
Office of Legal Counsel
Office of Legal Policy
Office of Legislative Affairs
Office of Liaison Services
Office of Professional Responsibility
Office of Public Affairs
Office of Pardon Attorney Tax Division
United States Attorney's Office
United States Marshal's Service
United States Parole Commission
United States Trustee's Offices
The Attorney General supervises and directs the administration and
operations of the boards, divisions, and bureaus of the Department of
Justice.

The Deputy Attorney General advises and assists the attorney general.

The Associate Attorney General advises and assists the attorney general
and the assistant attorney general.

The Solicitor General is responsible for conducting and supervising all
aspects of government litigation in the U.S. Supreme Court.  The Office
of Legal Counsel assists the attorney general.  The Office of
Legislative Affairs helps formulate and coordinate legislative policy
among organizations within the department and maintains the
department's liaison with the Congress.

The Office of Liaison Services is an outreach service to governors,
state legislators, and the law-enforcement community.

The Office of Legal Policy is a strategic legal "think tank" serving
the Attorney General's policy development staff.

The Office of Professional Responsibility reviews, and where
appropriate, investigates allegations of misconduct against the
department's employees.

The Justice Management Division controls and oversees department
management issues and the department's liaison on budgetary matters; it
includes such staffs as Procurement, Audit, Security, Equal
Opportunity, General Counsel, Policy and Planning, Comptroller, Budget,
Information Technology, Computer Technology and Telecommunications,
Information Systems, Library, Litigation Systems, Personnel and
Administration, and General Services.

The Office of Intelligence Policy and Review helps ensure that the
national security-related activities of the United States are
consistent with relevant law.

The U.S. Parole Commission is an independent agency in the department
whose primary function is to administer a parole system for federal
prisoners.  It is responsible for developing a federal parole policy
and is authorized to grant or deny parole to eligible federal prisoners.

The Office of Pardon Attorney: Although the president exercises the
pardon power, the pardon attorney receives and reviews all petitions
for executive clemency, initiates investigations, and prepares
recommendations to the attorney general.

Federal Bureau of Investigation: See FBI
Drug Enforcement Administration: See DEA
The Criminal Division establishes federal criminal law-enforcement
policies and facilitates their implementation.  It is responsible for
the general supervision of all federal criminal laws except for those
assigned specifically to Antitrust, Civil Rights, Land and Natural
Resources, or Tax Division.  Operating as part of the Criminal Division
is the Organized Crime and Racketeering Section, which develops and
coordinates nationwide enforcement programs to reduce the influence of
organized crime groups in the U.S., working primarily through
twenty-six Strike Forces and field offices throughout the nation.

The Public Integrity Section is responsible for independent counsel
matters, investigations and prosecution of federal judges, major
federal corruption and misconduct investigations, election and campaign
financing crimes, and significant state and local corruption cases.

The Office of Policy Management Analysis studies and recommends
positions on policy and management issues of concern to both the
division and the department.  The Fraud Section deals primarily with
economic crime, especially in the areas of waste, fraud, and abuse in
government programs and contracts.  The General Litigation and Legal
Advice Section develops and implements enforcement programs in key
statutory areas, including terrorism, pornography, intellectual
property, and nuclear safety.

The Appellate Section handles cases and renders advice to the U.S.

Attorney's offices, especially with regard to the Comprehensive Crime
Control Act of 1984.

The Internal Security Section is responsible for enforcing criminal
statutes affecting national security and foreign relations.  It also
administers and enforces the Foreign Agents Registration Act,
supervising investigations and prosecution of offenses involving
espionage, sabotage, treason, violations of the Atomic Energy Act,
neutrality statutes, Trading With the Enemy Act, Arms Export Control
Act, and Export Administration.

The Office of Internal Affairs is responsible for formulating,
supervising, and executing international, criminaljusticeenforcement
policies and procedures, including the following: negotiating
international agreements and treaties related to criminal law
enforcement (extradition and prisoner transfers); preparing and
litigating requests for international extradition, obtaining evidence
for foreign jurisdictions, and coordinating requests to and from
foreign countries to obtain evidence in connection with investigations
and prosecutions in the United States and abroad.

The mission of the Office of Special Investigations is to investigate
and take legal action against anyone in the United States who incites,
participates, or assists in the persecution of persons based on race,
religion, or political beliefs.

The Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs Section's activities are primarily to
prosecute and convict major drug traffickers involved in the
importation, manufacturing, shipment, and distribution of illicit drugs
and narcotics.

The Office of Legislation is responsible for developing and supporting
the Criminal Division's legislative program.

The Office of Administration provides the Division's administrative
services through its Personnel Unit; Fiscal Unit; Mail, File and
Records Unit; Procurement, Security, Safety, and Space Unit; and the
Information Systems Unit.

The Office of Enforcement Operations uses the most sensitive
investigative tools at the Department's disposal; electronic
surveillance, hypnosis in the interrogation of witnesses, etc.  It is
also responsible for the authorization of witness immunity and witness
relocation.  This office supervises all aspects of the Witness Security
Program for the Criminal Division and oversees all electronic and
consensual monitoring efforts pursued within the federal justice system.

The Asset Forfeiture Office reduces criminal activity by depriving
criminals of the profits obtained by their illegal acts.

The Executive Office for U.S. Attorneys provides general executive
assistance and nonlitigative oversight to the ninety-four offices of
the U.S. Attorneys.  Under this office function the Office of
Administration and Review, the Office of Legal Education, the Office of
Legal Services, the Office of Management Information Systems and
Support, the Law Enforcement Coordinating Committee Staff, and the U.S.

Attorneys, who are the chief law-enforcement representatives of the
Attorney General.

The Executive Office for U.S. Trustees supervises the administration of
all cases filed under chapters 7, 11, and 13 of Title I of the
Bankruptcy Reform Act.

The Bureau of Prisons has forty-seven institutions and is responsible
for the operation of federal correctional facilities and their inmates.

The U.S. Marshal's Service.  See U.S. Marshal
The Office of Justice Programs works to improve the treatment of
victims of crime and family violence and administers the Crime
VictimsFund.

The Bureau of Justice Assistance administers state and local justice
assistance programs to improve justice-system operations.  The Bureau
of Justice Statistics collects, analyzes, publishes, and disseminates
statistical information on crime, victims, and criminal offenders as
well as on the operations of justice systems at all levels of
government.

The National Institute of Justice is the primary federal sponsor of
research on crime and justice.

The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention develops and
implements programs to respond to the mandate of the 1984 Missing
Children's Assistance Act.

The Executive Office for Immigration Review is responsible for the
ongoing improvement of the immigration adjudication process and is
independent of the INS (Immigration and Naturalization Service), which
is responsible for the enforcement of immigration laws.  This office
contains the Board of Immigration Appeals and the Office of the Chief
Immigration Judge.

The Antitrust Division investigates, detects, and prosecutes price
fixing and related restraints of trade.

The Civil Division has four basic missions: to defend or assert
programs and initiatives of the federal government, including the
President's foreign and domestic policies; to bring suit and collect
monies owed the United States by delinquent debtors and to recover sums
lost to government by waste, fraud, and corruption; to defend
government, officers, and employees seeking damages from the U.S.

Treasury or from its employees, personally; and to enforce federal
consumer-protection laws, the nation's immigration laws, and other
program initiatives.

The Civil Rights Division enforces eight major civil rights sections
prohibiting discrimination in education, employment, credit, housing,
public accommodations and facilities, voting, and certain federally
funded and conducted programs, along with identifying and eliminating
sexual discrimination.

The Tax Division is responsible for representing the United States and
its officers in all litigation arising under the internal revenue laws
other than proceedings in the U.S. Tax Court.  This division is
involved in both civil and criminal proceedings at the trial and
appellate levels.  Its principal client is the Internal Revenue
Service, but it also represents other federal departments and agencies
in matters involving immunity from state and local taxes.

The Land and Natural Resources Division represents the United States,
its agencies, and its officers in matters relating to environmental
quality, natural resources, public lands, Indian lands and native
claims, and wildlife and fishery resources.  Its clients include the
departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Defense, Energy, Interior, and
Transportation, and the Environmental Protection Agency.

The Immigration and Naturalization Service carries out federal laws,
regulations, and policies governing immigration, naturalization,
refugees, and asylum.  It is responsible for all activities related to
the temporary or permanent admission of people into the United States
and for the exclusion of illegal entries and residents.  Its
Enforcement Division is primarily its Border Patrol, whose agents
patrol U.S. borders, detain and deport illegal aliens.  This office
also is heavily involved in marriage frauds, smuggling, narcotics, and
black-marketbaby operations from foreign countries.  The INS also
maintains an Intelligence Office, which is heavily involved in American
and Asian organized crime and Mexico's illegal migration; a data base
on potential and alien terrorists; a data base on smugglers,
perpetrators of fraud, and other immigration violators.  In addition,
it cooperates with other agencies involved in national anti-drug
efforts.

INTERPOL - United States National Central Bureau.  USNCB is
the U.S. liaison to 142 nation members and to the General Secretariat
of the International Criminal Police Organization, headquartered in
Paris, France.  The goal of USNCB and INTERPOL is the mutual assistance
between international law-enforcement authorities in the prevention and
suppression of international crime.  INTERPOL's constitution prohibits
intervention and investigation by its members of matters concerning any
military, religious, racial, or political character.

BUREAU OF ALCOHOL, TOBACCO, AND FIREARMS (U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE
TREASURY)
The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, known as the ATF, is
headquartered in Washington, D.C. The ATF has a multimission
responsibility to enforce federal laws on firearms, explosives, arson,
alcohol, and cigarette smuggling.  With the alarming rise in criminal
activities, terrorism, and international conflicts, arms smuggling has
become an ATF priority.  In addition to these responsibilities, the ATF
is charged with regulating the alcohol, tobacco, firearms, and
explosives industries.  Special Agents of the ATF undergo eight weeks
of training at the Criminal Investigative School in general law
enforcement and investigative techniques at the Federal Law Enforcement
Training Center in Glynco, Georgia.

Investigative ATF agents are involved in surveillance, participate in
raids, interview suspects and witnesses, obtain search warrants seeking
physical evidence, and make arrests.  Team composition and support in
criminal bombings or arson incidents call for four teams, each composed
of ten special agents, a forensic chemist, and an explosives expert
from ATF's Explosives Technology Branch.  Supported by technical,
scientific, legal, and intelligence sources, they conduct the
investigation, seek explosive tracings, perform lab analysis and case
link analysis, provide legal counsel, and work in device reconstruction
and classification.

U.S. CUSTOMS SPECIAL INVESTIGATIVE DIVISION (U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE
TREASURY)
Of the many missions it is responsible for, the U.S. Customs Service is
empowered to prevent frauds and smuggling, to intercept illegal
high-technology exports to Soviet-bloc nations, to cooperate with other
federal agencies in suppressing illegal narcotics and pornography, and
enforcing some 400 provisions of the law on behalf of 40 federal
agencies.  This division is the principal border-enforcement agency of
the United States.  Among its many units, the U.S. Customs maintains:
an Organized Crime Strike Force; a National Patrimony Unit to protect
national antiquities; a Steroid Investigative Unit; a Child Pornography
and Protection Unit; currency investigations primarily with respect to
the laundering of currency; Operation Exodus, which tightens controls
on illegal exports; Technology Investigations and an Extraterritorial
Investigative Group.

The U.S. Customs Service also conducts Tactical Operations involved in
the smuggling of narcotics and maintains the Customs Office of Aviation
Operations, an airborne detection unit.  Its Enforcement Support
section includes Communications Security, a Research and Development
Division for electronic surveillance and detection equipment, boat
detection systems, and border surveillance systems.  The U.S. Customs
Service Intelligence Program supports all major operational,
inspection, and enforcement priorities for collection, analysis, and
dissemination.

LANGUAGE
"Language" used by those involved in the criminal world and in the drug
culture is seldom, if ever, chiseled in stone.  It changes constantly.

The language collected and listed on the following pages has been
compiled over a period of years, and although the author has attempted
to update the wordage, by the time this book has gone to press, much of
the present wordage will have changed again.

It is respectfully suggested that you check with local authorities for
the most recent slang term to determine if the one listed is still in
use.  Also, you may suggest that the writer coin your own slang term
when you desire to, as there are no hard-and-fast rules when it comes
to language in the criminal and drug worlds.

UNDERWORLD SLANG WITH EMPHASIS ON DRUG CULTURE
This incomplete list represents jargon heard or used from 1970 to 1973
in California; an asterisk indicates rarely used terms or localized
terms.

*Abbot: Nembutal (barbiturate)
*Acapulco Gold: High grade of marijuana from Mexico with a gold tint
*Ace: Marijuana cigarette
Acid: LSD
*Acid freak: Habitual user of LSD who displays bizarre behavior
*Acid head: User of LSD
Acid rock: Psychedelic music
*Afro: Natural hair style for blacks (naturally curly state)
*Agates: Nembutal
Alice B. Toklas: Brownie with marijuana baked in it
Angel grass (dust): Parsley saturated with PCP
Antsy: Nervous, restless; typical feeling from using amphetamines
Atneba weed: Parsley saturated with PCP
AInped-out: Fatigue after being under the influence of methamphetamine
*Apples (red apples): Secobarbital
*Artillery: Injection paraphernalia
At ("where it's at"): Where everything is occurring
Bad: Tough, downer, wrong
*Bad scene: Unpleasant experience
*Bad trip: Panic reaction or unpleasant experience from hallucinogen
Bag: Quantity of drugs packaged in various containers, such as paper,
balloons, plastic bags, etc.

Bale: 75 to 500 pounds of marijuana compressed into a bale similar to
hay
Balloon: Quantity of drugs, usually heroin, packaged in toy balloons
Barbs: Barbiturates
Barrel: 100,000 pills or specific type of LSD based on shape of tablet
Base: Free basing or smoking cocaine
B.C.: Birth-control pills
Bean: Pill, commonly referring to benzedrine tablets or capsules
Beautiful: All-purpose term of approval
Behind stuff: Using heroin
Bennies: Benzedrine tablets
*Bernice: Cocaine
Bindle: Quantity of drugs packaged in various containers; same as bag
Black beauty: Bi-phetamine capsules (methedrine capsule)
Black stuff: Smoking opium
Blacktar: Distilled, concentrated heroin
Black wings: Symbol worn on white motorcycle gang jacket indicating
having had sex relations with a black person
Blast: To smoke a marijuana cigarette; fun
*Block: Quantity of compressed hashish
Blow: To smoke a marijuana cigarette; to inhale cocaine; cocaine; get
lost
*Blue dot: Type of LSD wherein a blue dot of LSD is placed on a small
piece of paper
Blues: Sodium amytal
Body trip: To be under the influence of a drug that affects the
physical condition of a person, such as heroin, as opposed to a mind
trip (as with LSD)
Bomber: Unusually large marijuana cigarette
Bottle: 100 pills
Bowl: Pipe used for smoking hash
Boy: Heroin
Bread: Money
Brick: 2.2 pounds of a drug, commonly used for marijuana that is
packaged in a brick shape
Broad: Female
Brother: Male Negro or members of the same group
Brown stuff: Heroin from Mexico with brown coloration
Brownie: Traffic cop
Bubble gum: Anything that appeals to young adolescents
Bubble gummer: A young adolescent
Bug: To annoy; itching sensation; sensation due to cocaine poisoning
Bullet: One-year sentence to county jail
Bummer: Bad, unpleasant
*Bum trip: Bad experience
Bunk: Poor-quality drugs
Burn: Substance sold in lieu of narcotics; to cheat or steal
Burned: User has received bad or weak drugs
Burned out: Mentally incapable as a result of drug use
Bush: Marijuana
Butch: Female homosexual who plays male role
Buy: To purchase narcotics
Buzz: Immediate feeling after use of a drug
C: Cocaine
*C&H: Cocaine and heroin
*C&M: Cocaine and morphine
Can: Ounce of marijuana
Cap: Capsule
Cap up: Transfer drug in bulk form into capsules
Carga: Heroin (Spanish term)
Carry: To be in possession of a drug
*Cartwheel: Benzedrine tablets
Case: To have a criminal complaint against one
Cavalry: Police reinforcements
*Cecil: Cocaine
Changes: Adjustments
Chemicals: Synthetic drugs
Cherry: Novice
China white: Asian heroin, white in color
Chippy: Irregular habit; occasional user
Chiva: Heroin
Citizen: Outsider; nonuser; square
Clean: Not in possession of drugs; not engaged in illegal activities;
refined marijuana
Clean up: To stop using drugs
*Coca-cola: Cocaine
Cocaine blues: Depression from discontinuing the use of cocaine
Coin: Money
Coke: Cocaine
Coke out: Excessive use of cocaine to the point of incoherency
Coke spoon: Specially made, tiny spoon for inhaling cocaine
*Cokie: Cocaine user
Cold turkey: Refers to stopping use of heroin suddenly with no
assistance from other medicine
Come down: To begin to come off the influence of drugs
Connect: To make contact
Connection: Person who sells drugs; a source
Contact high: Being under the influence of a drug through contact and
not actual use
Cooker: Any type of container used to hold the drug while it is being
heated; a chemist in an illicit drug lab
Cook, cook up: To prepare a drug for injection by heating it in water
to dissolve
Cool: O.K.; good
Cop: To purchase drugs; steal; to obtain
*Copilot: Benzedrine
Cop out: To admit something or plead guilty
Cotton: Small piece of cotton with drug residue from using the cotton
as a filter when preparing the drug for injection
Cotton mouth: Hard, dry feeling in the mouth after smoking marijuana
Crack: Crystallized cocaine
Crank: Methamphetamine
Crash: To sleep or come down from being under the influence of a
stimulant; a stupor
Crash pad: Place to sleep
*Crate: A large quantity of pills, usually 50,000
Crib: One's home or residence
*Crink: Methamphetamine
Croaker: Doctor
Cross-tops: Benzedrine tablets
Cruise: Homosexual looking for a partner
Crutch: Device used to hold a marijuana cigarette
Crystal: Methamphetamine
*Cube: Sugar cube containing LSD
Cut: To adulterate drugs to obtain a larger quantity
Cut loose: To release
D.E.A.: Drug Enforcement Agency
Deal: To sell drugs
Dealer: Anyone who sells drugs
*Deck: Packet of heroin
Dexies: Amphetamine tablets (dexedrine)
*Diamonds: Amphetamine tablets
Dig: To understand; to like (circa 19505)
Dime: Ten; ten dollars
Dime bag: Ten dollars' worth of drugs
Dirty: To possess drugs or be under the influence
*Dolly: Methadone
Dome: Form of LSD usually in capsule
Dope: Any narcotic or dangerous drugs, usually heroin
Do it: To go or leave
Do up: To inject
Down, get down: To inject a drug.  Went down: oral copulation
Downer: Drug with a depressant effect; low mood
Drag: Something or someone who is boring; to smoke a marijuana
cigarette; street
Dresser, full dresser: Stock motorcycle
Dried out: Detoxified, withdrawn from a drug
Dripper: Syringe
*Drivers: Benzedrine
Dropped: Taking drugs through the mouth
Dropper: Syringe
Dude: Male
Duke in: To introduce
Dump on: To unload
Dust: Money
Dyke: Lesbian
Dynamite: Unusually strong or pure drug; terrific
Eat: To swallow drugs or narcotics; to engage in oral-genital sex
Eight ball: Method of packing one ounce, related to cocaine
Elbow: Method of packaging one pound of cocaine
Emma, Miss: Morphine
Engine: Outfit for smoking opium
Eye opener: First drug used during the day
Factory: Location where illicit drugs are manufactured
Fifty cents: Fifty dollars' worth of drugs
*Fin: Five dollars
Finger lid: Measure amount of marijuana in plastic bag by using
fingers, for example, three-fingered lid
Fit: Injection paraphernalia
Five cents: Five dollars' worth of a drug
Fix: To inject a drug
Flake: Cocaine
Flaky: Unstable
Flash: Euphoria following the taking of a drug; sudden thought; to
vomit after taking drugs
Flash powder: Methamphetamine
Flashback: Recurring experience from effects of LSD
Flat: Table of LSD
Flipped out: Crazy
Fluff: To run a powdered drug through a sifter or nylon stocking to
give it a soft, light texture
For sure: Exactly, right
Fox: Attractive female
Freak: Heavy user of a drug; scared
Freak out: Bad experience
Free base: To smoke cocaine
Freeze: The numbness caused by using cocaine
Fried: Nonfunctional mind due to drugs, often amphetamines
Front: To give in advance of receiving
Funky: Can mean good or bad, depending on how used, but most commonly
meaning bad
Fuzz: Police
*Gage: Marijuana
Garbage: Bad or poor-quality drugs
Gay: Homosexual
Gee: Gasket between needle and syringe
Geeze: To inject a drug
Get back: Stay calm
Get down: To use a drug
Get it on: To begin or start something
Get off: To use drugs
Get rocks off: Enjoying yourself or sexual climax
Gig: Job; means of obtaining money
*Gimmicks: Injection paraphernalia
Girl: Cocaine; Negro female
Going down: Happening; process of oral copulation
*Gold: Acapulco gold marijuana
Goods: Merchandise; drugs
Gopher: Errand boy
Goofball: Barbiturate
*Gow: Narcotics; opium-pipe cleaner
Grass: Marijuana
*Greta: Marijuana
*Griefo: Marijuana
Grider: Motorcycle front end with single spring
Groove, groovie: Very good; to enjoy
Guide: Experienced LSD user who supervises another's LSD trip
*Gum: Opium
*Gun: Injection paraphernalia
H: Heroin
Habit: Need for a drug; addiction
Hang tough: Take it easy
Hang it up: To abstain from something or delay; mental block
Happening: Event; action (circa 19505, 1960s)
Hard stuff: Heroin, cocaine, morphine
Harry: Heroin
Hash: Hashish
Hassle: Trouble with someone
*Hay: Marijuana
Hear you: Understand
Head: Drug user
*Hearts: Amphetamine (dexedrine)
Heavy: Bad or violent person; extreme
Heeled: Having money
*Hemp: Marijuana
Hep or hip: To be aware of (circa 19505)
*Her: Cocaine
Hink: To make paranoid
*Him: Heroin
Hit: To inject a drug; to borrow or attempt to borrow a drag of
marijuana cigarette
High: Under the influence
Hog: Person who uses any drugs available; stock motorcycle
Hold or holding: To be in possession of drugs
*Holster: Needle holder of any sort
Honky: Derogatory term for a white person
Hooked: Addicted
Hop: Opium
Horn: To inhale drugs through the nose
Hot shot: A fatal dose of narcotics, usually heroin
Hype: One who uses hypodermic needle to inject drug
In pocket: To possess drugs
Jam: Cocaine
Jelly: Cocaine
Job, Do a: Physically hurt someone
Joint: Marijuana cigarette; state prison; penis
Jolt: Injection of drug; feeling after injecting a drug
Joy pop: Irregular use of narcotics
Jug: 1,000 pills
Juice: Influence; methadone in orange juice; liquor
*Juju: Marijuana
Junk: Heroin
Junkie: Heroin addict
Kee, kilo, key: 2.2 pounds of a drug, usually marijuana or heroin
*Keep the faith: Expression said upon departure
Keg: 50,000 pills
Keister plant: Drugs hidden in rectum
Key: Method of packaging one kilo (2.2 pounds)
Kick: To stop; to stop taking a particular drug, especially heroin
King's habit: Use of cocaine
Kinky: Very strange, unusual
Kit: Injection paraphernalia
Knock off: To stop; to murder
Lab: Equipment used to manufacture drugs illegally
Later: To see or talk to a person at a later time
Lay: Sexual intercourse; to give something
Laying paper: Passing bad checks
L.B.: Pound
*Leaf: Opium
Lid: One ounce of marijuana
Lieutenant: Right-hand man of a large drug dealer
Lighten up: To take it easy or stop
Lightweight: Something or somebody of no consequence
Like: Expression used for emphasis or to gain attention
Line: Cocaine poured out in a thin line on a table, book, album, etc.,
for inhaling into the nose with a straw
Lit up: Under the influence of a drug
Loaded: Under the influence of a drug
*Loaf 2.2 pounds of marijuana
Looking: Seeking to purchase drugs
Lose your cool: To lose control of oneself
Low rider: Down-and-out addict.

Low riders: group distinguished by their vehicles built low to the
ground
Ludes: Quaaludes
*M: Morphine
M&Ms: Seconal tablets shaped like M&M's
candy Machine: Motorcycle
Machinery: Injection paraphernalia
Mainline: To inject a drug directly into the vein
Maintain: To remain calm
Make a buy, make a meet: To purchase drugs
Make it: To leave
Mamma: Negro female; girlfriend of all of one group who is willing to
have sex with any member at request
Man: Police officer; dealer of drugs
Manicure: To clean stems and seeds from marijuana
Mark: Victim
*Mary Jane, Mary: Marijuana
Matchbox: Old term for container of marijuana (penny matchbox)
Menita: Baby laxative used for cutting cocaine
Meth: Methamphetamine
Merchandise: Narcotics or drugs
Merck: Pharmaceutical cocaine
Mexican brown: Mexican heroin
Mic (Mike): Micrograms; average dose of LSD is 250 mics
Mickey Finn: Chloral hydrate in a drink used to knock out a victim
*Microdots: Type of LSD
Mind game: Psychological game of wits
Mind trip: Drugs causing psychological changes
Minibeans: Small benzedrine tablets
Morning shot: First injection of the day
Mouth habit: Oral drug habit
*Mud: Opium
Muggles: Marijuana
Mule: Go-between from the dealer to the buyer (transports dope)
Munchies: Sensation of hunger caused by smoking marijuana
*Nail: Hypodermic needle; one marijuana cigarette
Narc, nark, narco: Narcotics officer
Natural: Natural hair style of blacks
Needle freak: One who injects drugs into the vein or skin
*Nemmies: Nembutal
Nickel: Five dollars
Nigra: High-grade, dark-colored marijuana
Nineteen: Nineteenth letter of alphabet, S for speed
Nod: Dozing as a result of drugs, usually heroin (after injecting
heroin, Hype "goes on the nod")
No way: No chance
Number: Marijuana
O.D.: Overdose of a drug, many times fatal
Off: To get rid of
Off the wall: Sudden change of mood
*Oil-burning habit: A big habit
One and one: Two measured lines of cocaine, one per nostril
*Orange sunshine: Type of LSD
*Orange wedges: Type of LSD
Outfit: Injection paraphernalia
Out front: Open, honest (to put money out front: to advance money prior
to delivery of drugs)
Out of it: Not in touch; removed
Overamped: Refers to someone who has injected too much methamphetamine
Overdose: Too much of a drug; to take too much of a drug
Overstock: Front-end extension on a motorcycle
*Owsley: High-quality LSD
O.Z.: Ounce
Ozer: Packaging one ounce
Pad: User's residence
Panama red: High-grade marijuana grown in Panama
Panic: Scarcity of drugs
Paper: Quantity of narcotics contained in a small, folded piece of
paper; cigarette paper
Paper acid: LSD on a small piece of paper
Paper hanger: Forger
Paquete: Packaging for twelve balloons of heroin
Peace pill: PCP
Peaking: Reaching the highest point of being under the influence
Peddler: One who sells (illicit) drugs
People: Mixture of a drug and another substance; family, relatives
Pep pill: amphetamine
Piece: One ounce of a narcotic, usually heroin; gun; sexual intercourse
Pill freak: User of any type of pill
Pillow: 25,000 amphetamine tablets, usually packaged in a black plastic
bag
Pinch: Small sample of a drug
*Pink lady: Secobarbital capsule
Plant: To set someone up by placing drugs in his or her possession
without the person's knowledge
Plunger: Syringe
Point: Needle
Pop: To take a drug by injection or orally
Popped: Arrested
Pot: Marijuana
*Power sign: Fist salute (bikers use left hand)
Prop: Phenyl-2-propanone (chemical used to manufacture methamphetamine)
Psychedelic: Mind changing
P-2-P: Phenyl-2-propanone (chemical used to manufacture methamphetamine)
Punk out: To pass out
Push: To sell drugs
Pusher: Person who sells drugs
Quarter: Twenty-five dollars; twenty-five-dollar balloon of heroin
Quarter piece: One-fourth ounce of a certain drug (usually heroin)
Rabbit: To run away; person buyer uses to test dope
Rack: Numerous (three to ten) capsules taped together
*Rainbows: Tuinal
Rank: Crude; impolite
R.D.'s: Secobarbital
Reds: Secobarbital
Redneck: Ultraconservative individual; sometimes referred to as "Oakie"
*Reefer: Marijuana cigarette
Register: Show of blood in syringe during an injection to indicate that
the vein was punctured
Ride: Car
Rig: Injection paraphernalia
Roach: Partially smoked marijuana cigarette
Roach Clip: Holder for a marijuana cigarette
Rock: Crystallized cocaine (same as crack)
Rock house: Residence to sell drugs, usually crystallized cocaine
Roll: Ten pills in a roll (usually tinfoil)
Run-it-down: Go-between from dealer to buyer; someone who does all the
leg work for another
Rush: First exciting euphoria from taking a drug
Scab: Abscess caused by injection of a drug; ugly female
*Scag: Heroin
Scam: Occurrence of interest; con game
Scarf: To swallow a drug
Scene: Place or environment
*Schmeck: Heroin
Score: To purchase drugs; to have sexual intercourse
Script: Drug prescription
Shit: Heroin
Shoot (up): To inject a drug
Shooting gallery: Place used by users to inject drugs
Short: Vehicle; smaller-than-expected amount of a certain drug
Shot: House or room
Shot (up): Having injected drugs
Sick: Withdrawal experienced by a user; condition of needing a drug to
remain normal
Sissy bar: Chrome upward extension for the back of a motorcycle seat
Skag: Heroin
Skid lid: Motorcycle helmet
Skin pop: To inject a drug under the skin rather than into the vein
Smack: Heroin
Snort: To sniff a drug through the nose
Snow: Cocaine
Snowbird: Cocaine user
Spaced (out): In a daze
Speed: Methamphetamine
*Speedball: Mixture of heroin and a stimulant drug such as cocaine or
amphetamine
Spike: Needle
Spoon: Quantity of a drug, approximately one-half gram of heroin
*Sporting: Using cocaine
Square: Nonuser
Squirrely: Refers to a strange person
Stash: Total amount of a drug one possesses, often hidden
Step on: To adulterate drugs to obtain a larger quantity
Stick: Marijuana cigarette
Stone: To emphasize something, e.g., stone fox (sexy female)
Stoned: Under the influence
Straight: Square; not a drug user
Street people: Persons who use drugs or are related to drug users in
the underground culture; homeless persons
Strung out: Addicted
Stuff: Heroin
Sugar (milk) habit: Addict's desire for sweets caused by a large amount
of milk sugar mixed with everyday heroin
Super: Really good
Swing man: Supplier; connection
Tabs: Tablets
Taco: A Mexican
*Tar: Opium
Taste: Small ration of a drug
*Tea: Marijuana
Ten-cent bag: Ten-dollar bag
Tie off: To prepare for injection by placing a tourniquet around the
limb to be used
Tie rag: Homemade or makeshift tourniquet used during the injection of
drugs
*Tin: One ounce of marijuana
T.J.: Tijuana, Mexico
Toke up: To light a marijuana cigarette
Tools: Injection paraphernalia
Too much: Utmost
Tough, tuff: Good
Tracks: Supravenous scars from injection of drugs
Trick: Date or customer of a prostitute; victim; foolish person
Troll: To be looking to sell
Trip: To be under the influence of a drug; to travel to score
Trucking: Moving
Turkey: Bad narcotics or substance in lieu of narcotics
Turn on: To take drugs.  Turn someone on; to give someone drugs
Turtle: LSD or PCP tablet shaped like a turtle shell
Uncut: Pure form of a drug
Upper: Amphetamine
Up-tight: Upset
User: Drug addict
U.S.P.: Pharmaceutical methamphetamine
Water: Methamphetamine
Wasted: Unconscious or almost unconscious from being under the
influence of a drug
Way out: Extreme
Weed: Marijuana
Weekend habit: Small, irregular habit
Wedge: Type of LSD, usually a tablet
Whites: Benzedrine
White stuff: Heroin, usually Chinese
Windowpane: Type of LSD
Wired: Under the influence
Withdraw: To stop using narcotics
Works: Injection paraphernalia
Wrong: Bad or untrustworthy
Yellows: Nembutal
Zee: One ounce of a drug; sleep
Zig-Zag man: The man shown on Zig-Zag brand cigarette papers, which are
commonly used to roll marijuana cigarettes
Zonked, zonked out: Loaded or O.D.'d on drugs
EVIDENCE
Evidence: Any type of proof legally presented at trial, by the act of
partieS and through testimony of witnesses, presentation of records,
documents, concrete objects, etc., for the purpose of inducing belief
in the minds of the court or jury as to their contention.

Classification: Evidence is either judiciary or extrajudicial.

Judicial evidence is the lawful means of ascertaining, in a judicial
proceeding, the truth respecting a question of fact.  Extrajudicial
evidence is that which is used to satisfy persons as to facts requiring
proof.

Primary Evidence: Evidence that, under every circumstance, affords the
greatest certainty of the fact in question.  A written instrument is
itself the best possible evidence of its existence and contents;
original or firsthand evidence.  The best evidence that is required in
the first instance, and that must fail before secondary evidence can be
admitted.

Secondary Evidence: That which is inferior to primary evidence; thus, a
copy of an instrument, or oral evidence relating to the instrument, is
secondary evidence of the instrument and its contents.

Direct Evidence: Direct evidence is that means of proof which tends to
show the existence of a fact without the intervention of proof of any
other fact, and is distinguished from circumstantial evidence, which is
often called indirect evidence.

Indirect or Circumstantial Evidence: That which tends to establish the
issue by proof of various facts, sustaining by their consistency the
hypothesis claimed.  Indirect evidence consists of both inferences and
presumptions.

Intrinsic Evidence: That which iS derived from a document without
anything to explain it.

Extrinsic Evidence: External evidence, or that which is not contained
in the body of an agreement, contract, or the like.

Adminicular Evidence: Auxiliary or supplementary evidence, such as is
presented for the purpose of explaining and completing other evidence.

Circumstantial Evidence: Evidence directed to the attending
circumstances: evidence that is inferential by establishing a condition
of surrounding and limited circumstanceS, a premiSe from which the
existence of the principal fact may be concluded by reasoning.  When
the existence of the principal fact is only inferred from one or more
circumstances, the evidence is circumstantial.  All presumptive
evidence is circumstantial because it is derived from or made up of
circumstances.  All circumstantial evidence, however, is not
presumptive, as it leads to necessary conclusions instead of probable
ones.

Competent Evidence: That which the law considers admissible.

Conclusive Evidence: That which is so strong and convincing that the
law considers it beyond contradiction; that which establishes beyond
any doubt.

Corroborative Evidence: Strengthening or confirming evidence.

Additional evidence of a different character in support of the same
fact or proposition.

Cumulative Evidence: Additional or corroborative evidence to the same
point, used to prove what has already been established by other
evidence.

Documentary Evidence: That which is supplied by writings and documents
of every kind.

Evidence Aliunde: Evidence from outside, from another source.  In
certain cases, a written instrument may be explained by evidence
aliunde, the testimony of a witness to conversations, admissions, or
preliminary negotiations.

Expert Evidence: Testimony given in relation to some scientific,
technical, or professional matter by experts, i.e., persons qualified
to speak authoritatively by reason of their special training, skill, or
familiarity with the subject.

Extraneous Evidence: Refers to a contract, deed, will, or any writing.

Extraneous evidence is not furnished by the document itself, but from
outside sources, the same as evidence aliunde.

Fair Preponderance of Evidence: Evidence weighed against that which is
offered to oppose it and is found more convincing in the minds of the
jury.

Hearsay Evidence: Evidence not proceeding from the personal knowledge
of the witness, but from the mere repetition of what the witness has
heard others say.  The very nature of the evidence shows its weakness,
and it is seldom admitted as evidence or accepted by the court.

Incompetent Evidence: That which is not admissible under the
established rules of evidence; that which the law does not permit to be
presented because of lack of originality or of some defect in the
witness, the document, or the nature of the evidence itself.

Inculpatory Evidence: Evidence that without a specific or particular
fact cannot be proved.

Legal Evidence: A broad, general term meaning all admissible evidence,
including oral and documentary, but with a further implication that it
must be of such character as to reasonably and substantially prove the
point, not merely raise a suspicion or conjecture.

Material Evidence: That which is relevant and goes to the substantial
matters in dispute.  Evidence that has a legitimate and effective
influence or bearing on the decision of the case.

Mathematical Evidence: Demonstrative evidence, such as establishes its
conclusions with absolute necessity and certainty.  It is used in
contradistinction to moral evidence.

Moral Evidence: As opposed to Mathematical or Demonstrative evidence,
it denotes that kind of evidence that, without developing a necessary
certainty, generates a high degree of probability, founded upon analogy
or induction, experience of the ordinary course of nature or the
sequence of events, and the testimony of human beings.

Newly Discovered Evidence: Evidence of a new and material fact, or new
evidence related to a fact in issue, discovered by a party to a cause
after the rendition of a verdict or judgment.

Opinion Evidence: Evidence of what the witness thinks, believes, or
infers, rather than personal knowledge of the facts themselves.  Not
admissible except (under certain limitations) in the case of experts.

Oral Evidence: Evidence given by word of mouth.

Original Evidence: An original document, writing, or other material
object introduced in evidence, as distinguished from a copy.

Parol Evidence: Oral or verbal evidence given by word or mouth.

Partial Evidence: That which goes to establish a detached fact, in
series tending to the fact in dispute.  It may be received, subject to
be rejected as incompetent, unless connected with the fact in dispute
by proof of other facts.

Positive Evidence: Direct proof of the point in issue; evidence that,
if believed, establishes the truth or falsehood of an issue, and does
not arise from any presumption.

Preponderance of Evidence: Greater weight of evidence, or evidence that
is more credible and convincing to the mind.  In criminal cases, guilt
must be established in the minds of the jury, based on the evidence
presented to them, beyond any reasonable doubt and to a moral certainty
(and the jury must be unanimous in its decision), whereas civil cases
are decided on the basis of a preponderance, or weight, of the evidence
presented, to a reasonable degree of certainty (and only a majority,
usually two-thirds, of the jury must agree).

Presumptive Evidence: This term has several meanings in law: (1) Any
evidence that is not direct and positive: the proof of minor or other
facts incidental to or usually connected with the fact sought to be
proved, which, when taken together, inferentially establish or prove
the fact in question to a reasonable degree of certainty.  (2) Evidence
that must be received and treated as true and sufficient until rebutted
by other testimony; as where a statute provides that certain facts
shall be presumptive evidence of guilt of title.  (3) Evidence that
admits of explanation or contradiction by other evidence, as
distinguished from conclusive evidence.

Prima Facie Evidence: That which is good and sufficient on its face;
such evidence as, in the judgment of the law, is sufficient to
establish a given fact, or the group or chain of facts constituting the
party's claim or defense, and which if not rebutted or contradicted
will remain sufficient.

Prima Facie Case: One in which the evidence in favor of a proposition
is sufficient to Support a finding in its favor, if all the eVidence to
the contrary be disregarded.

Probable Evidence: Presumptive evidence, based on its foundation in
probability.

Proper Evidence: Such evidence as may be presented under the rules
established by law and recognized by the courts.

Real Evidence: That which is furnished by things themselves, on view or
inspection, as distinguished from a description of them by word of a
witness, e.g., the physical appearance revealed to the jury of marks,
scars, wounds, fingerprints; weapons or implements used in the
commission of a crime; the place or scene of the crime or accident.

Rebutting Evidence: Evidence given to explain, repel, counteract, or
disprove facts given in evidence by the opposing side.

Relevant Evidence: That which relates to, or bears directly upon, the
point in issue, or conduces to prove a pertinent theory in a case.

Satisfactory Evidence: Satisfactory proof; credible evidence in respect
to its amount or weight, sufficient to justify the court or jury in
adopting a conclusion.

Scintilla of Evidence: Any material evidence that, if true, would tend
to establish the issue in the mind of a reasonable jury.

Secondhand Evidence: Hearsay evidence.

State's Evidence: A term for testimony given by an accomplice or joint
participant in the commission of a crime, tending to criminate or
convict the others; usually given under actual or implied promise of
immunity.

Substantive Evidence: Evidence used to prove a fact, as opposed to
evidence given for the purpose of discrediting a witness.

Substitutionary Evidence: That which is admitted as a substitute for
what would be the original or primary instrument of evidence, as where
a witness is permitted to testify to the contents of a lost document.

Sufficient Evidence: Adequate evidence in character, weight, or amount,
as will legally justify the judicial or official action demanded.  It
may be prima facie or satisfactory evidence, according to the
definitions of those termS given above.

Traditionary Evidence: Evidence derived from tradition, reputation, or
statement formerly made by persons since deceased, regarding pedigree,
boundaries, etc., where no living witnesses having knowledge of the
facts can be produced.

Weight of Evidence: The preponderance of credible evidence, offered in
trial to support one side of the issue.

Evident: Clear to the understanding and satisfactory to the judgment;
manifest; plain; obvious; conclusive.

Ex Facie: "From the face"; apparently; evidently.  A term applied to
what appears on the face of a writing.

ADMISSIBILITY OF EVIDENCE IN CRIMINAL CASES
Facts in Issue: Facts in issue include all facts that are in dispute or
that tend to establish the guilt or innocence of the accused, or tend
to support or disprove any special defense, such as former jeopardy or
legal capacity of the accused to commit the crime charged.

Facts Relevant to the Facts in Issue: Evidence of any fact that, though
not itself in issue, has a bearing upon any fact in issue, is
admissible.

Facts Necessary to Explain or Introduce
Relevant Facts: Facts are admissible: (1) If necessary to be known to
explain or introduce a fact in issue, or relevant to the issue.  (2) If
they support or rebut an inference suggested by any such fact.  (3) If
they tend to establish or disprove the identity of any thing or person
whose identity is an issue or is relevant to the issue.  (4) If they
fix the time or place at which any such fact happened.  (5) If they
show the relation of the parties by whom any such fact was transacted.

(6) If they afforded an opportunity for its occurrence or transaction.

(7) If they are necessary to be known in order to show the relevancy of
other facts.

Motive: Any fact that shows a motive or lack of motive to commit the
crime charged is admissible.

Preparation for Act: Any fact or evidence tending to show preparations
by the defendant to commit the act charged is admissible.

Subsequent Conduct or Condition of Defendant: Any conduct or condition
of the defendant, subsequent to the act charged, that influenced the
act, and any act done in consequence of it by or by the authority of
the defendant, may be shown.  But self-serving statements or acts
cannot be shown by the defendant.

Statements Accompanying Acts: Statements accompanying and explaining an
act made by or to the person doing it may be proved if they are
necessary to understanding the act.

Statements in the Presence of Defendant: When the defendant's conduct
is in issue or is relevant, statements made in his or her presence by
which his or her conduct can be affected are admissible when the
defendant makes no denial.

Conduct and Complaint by Person Injured: In prosecutions for rape, the
conduct of the victim, and particularly the fact that he or she made
complaint after the crime was committed, may be shown, but the
particulars of the complaint are not admissible.

Other Crimes: During the time a person iS being tried for one crime,
the state cannot prove the commission by that person of another crime
that is not connected with the crime charged.  If, however, the other
crime was committed as part of the same transaction, and tends to
explain or qualify the fact in issue, it may be shown.  When the
existence of intention, knowledge, malice, or other state of mind is in
issue, and the commission of another crime tends to prove its
existence, the other crime may be shown.  The evidence is admitted for
this purpose only, and not to show that the defendant was likely to
commit the crime in question.

Acts and Declarations of Conspirators: When two or more persons
conspire to commit any offense, everything said, done, or written by
one of them in the execution or furtherance of their common purpose is
admissible as against each of them.

Hearsay: Hearsay evidence is the testimony given by a witness who
relates, not what the witness knows personally, but what others have
told him or her; it is admissible only in exceptional cases.

Declarations by Persons Other Than Defendant: Declarations by persons
other than the defendant cannot be proved unless: (1) they are part of
the resgestae; (2) they are admissible as dying declarations; (3) they
are admissible as declarations by authority of the defendant; or (4)
they are admissible as evidence given in a former proceeding.

Dying Declarations: In prosecutions for homicide, a statement made on
behalf of the deceased as to the cause of death, and as to the
circumstances which resulted in death, is admissible if it appears to
the judge that when the statement was made, the person had given up all
hope of recovery.  The deceased must have been competent as a witness,
and the facts stated must be such that he or she could have testified
to them.  To be competent to testify to dying declarations, a witness
must be able to state the substance as it was made, though the witness
need not state it verbatim.

Admissions and Declarations by Defendant: Declarations made by the
defendant, or by a third person by the defendant's authority, if
relevant, are admissible against him or her, but they are not
admissible in the defendant's favor.

Confessions: A confession is an admission made at any time by a person
charged with a crime, and is admissible against him or her if
voluntary.  No confession is deemed voluntary if it was caused by any
inducement, threat, or promise from a person in authority and if it
made reference to the charge against the accused.

Silence When Accused of a Crime: The silence of a defendant when
accused of a crime may be shown as an implied admission of guilt.

Against Whom Confessions are Admissible: A confession is admissible
only against the person who made it.  A confession by one defendant is
not competent evidence against that person's codefendant.

Evidence Given in a Former Proceeding: Any evidence given in a former
proceeding is admissible for the purpose of proving the matter stated
in a later stage of the same proceeding, under the following
circumstances: (1) When the witness is dead; (2) When the witness is
insane; (3) When the witness is out of the jurisdiction; (4) When the
witness cannot be found within the jurisdiction; (5) Provided the
person against whom the evidence is to be given had the right and the
opportunity to cross-examine the witness during the former proceeding.

Opinion Evidence: This evidence is admissible only in exceptional
cases.  A witness must testify to facts, not state a personal opinion
or conclusion.

Expert Testimony: Testimony with respect to science or art may be given
by persons specially skilled in any such matter.  The words science or
art in the above rule include all subjects on which a course of special
study or experience is necessary.  Where a witness possesses knowledge,
not of the facts of the case but of a trade or science art beyond that
of the average person, he or she may give an opinion based upon such
special knowledge so that the jury may have this knowledge in arriving
at a verdict.

Character Evidence: Evidence of the character of a person is admissible
in the following cases: (1) The fact that the defendant of the crime
charged has a good character may be shown, but the state cannot show
that he or she has a bad character, unless the individual's character
is at issue, or unless evidence has been given that he or she has a
good character, in which case evidence disputing that testimony is
admissible; (2) In prosecutions for homicide, the character of the
victim as a violent and dangerous person may be shown when addressing
the question of whether the defendant acted in self-defense; (3) A
witness may be impeached by proof of his or her bad character for truth
and veracity; (4) In crimes where character is an element - for
example, in some sex crimes - the prosecution must prove that the
female was of previous chaste character.

Evidence Wrongfully Obtained: Where no objection is made at the trial
to the introduction of evidence wrongfully or illegally obtained, error
cannot be claimed for the first time on appeal.  And where the record
is silent as to whether the officers had a search warrant or warrant of
arrest, the seizure is presumed to be lawful.

Presumption of Innocence: The defendant is presumed to be innocent, and
the burden is on the state to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt and
to a moral certainty.

Competency of Witnesses: There is little difference between civil and
criminal cases as regards the competency of witnesses and the mode of
examining them.  All persons are deemed competent to testify except
those types described below.  If, in the opinion of the judge, the
witness is prevented by extreme youth, disease affecting the mind, or
any other cause of the same kind, from: (1) recollecting the matter on
which he or she is to testify; (2) understanding the questions put to
him or her; (3) giving rational answers to those questions; or (4)
knowing that he or she ought to speak the truth, the individual is
deemed to be incompetent to testify.  A witness unable to speak or hear
is not incompetent, but may give evidence by writing or by signs, or in
any other manner in which he or she can make it intelligible, but such
writing must be written and such signs must be made in open court.

Evidence so given is deemed to be oral evidence.

Generally a husband or a wife cannot be a witness against his or her
spouse, except for a crime committed against him or her by that spouse,
but the laws on this subject vary in the different states.  In most
states by statute, the accused is now allowed to testify in his or her
own behalf, but he or she cannot be compelled to testify.

Privileged Communications: (1) No husband is compelled to disclose any
communication made to him by his wife during the marriage, and no wife
is compelled similarly.  (2) No one can be compelled to give evidence
relating to any affairs of state, as to official communications between
public officers upon public affairs, except with the permiSsion of the
officer at the head of the department concerned.  (3) In cases in which
the government is immediately concerned, no witness can be compelled to
answer any question, the answer to which would tend to disclose the
names of persons by or to whom information was given as to the
commission of offenses.  (4) No legal advisor is permitted, whether
during or after the termination of employment as such, unless with his
or her client's expressed consent, to disclose any communication, oral
or documentary, made to him or her as such legal advisor.  The
expression legal advisor includes lawyers, their clerks, and
interpreters between them and their clients.

Self-Incrimination: Under the constitutions and at common law, no one
is bound to answer any question if the answer would have a tendency to
expose the witness to any criminal charge, or to any penalty or
forfeiture that the judge regards as reasonably likely to be preferred
or sued for.  However, no one is excused from answering any question
only because the answer may establish, or tend to establish, that the
person owes a debt or is otherwise liable to any civil suit.  If a
defendant offers to be a witness, he or she cannot refuse to answer
proper questions on cross-examination.

When Corroboration is Required: In some states, a conviction cannot be
had in a criminal case on the testimony of an accomplice unless
corroborated by other evidence.  In some states, in prosecutions for
abortion, seduction, rape, and similar crimes, there can be no
conviction on the uncorroborated testimony of the woman.

Number of Witnesses Necessary: In trials for treason, no one can be
convicted unless he or she pleads guilty except upon the oath of two
lawful witnesses to the overt act.  If, upon a trial for perjury, the
only evidence against the defendant is the oath of one witness
contradicting the oath on which perjury is assigned, and if no
circumstances are proved that corroborate such witness, the defendant
is entitled to be acquitted.

Examination, Cross-Examination: Witnesses examined in open court must
be first examined in chief.  They may then be cross examined and
subsequently re-examined.  The examination and cross-examination must
relate to facts in issue or relevant thereto; and in most states, the
cross-examination must be confined to the facts to which the witness
testified on his or her examination in chief.  Re-examination must be
directed to the explanation of matters referred to in
cross-examination, and if new matter is, by permission of the court,
introduced in re-examination, the adverse party may further
cross-examine upon the matter.

Leading Questions: These are questions put or framed in such a form as
to suggest the answers that are sought to be obtained by the person
interrogating.  Questions are leading that suggest to the witness a
desired answer, or that embody a material fact and may be answered by a
mere negative or affirmative, or that involve an answer bearing
immediately upon the merits of the cause.

Questions Lawful in Cross-Examination: When a witness is crossexamined,
he or she may be asked any questions that tend: (1) to test accuracy,
veracity, or credibility; or (2) shake the witness's credit by injuring
his or her character.  However, the court has a right to exercise its
discretion and to refuse to compel such questions to be answered when,
in the opinion of the court, it would not affect the credibility of the
witness as to the matter to which he or she is required to testify.

Exclusion of Evidence to Contradict Answers to Questions Testing
Veracity: When a witness under cross-examination has been asked and has
answered any question that is relevant to the inquiry only so far as it
tends to shake the witness's credit by injuring his or her character,
evidence can be given to contradict the witness in the following cases:
(1) If a witness is asked whether he or she has been previously
convicted of any felony or misdemeanor, and denies it or does not admit
it, or refuses to answer, evidence may be given of a previous
conviction.  (2) If a witness is asked any question tending to show
that he or she is not impartial, and answers it by denying the facts
suggested, he or she may be contradicted.

Statement Inconsistent with Present Testimony: Every witness under
cross-examination in any proceeding, civil or criminal, may be asked
whether he or she has made any former statement, relative to the matter
of the action, that is inconsistent with the present testimony.

Impeaching the Credit of a Witness: A witness may be questioned on
cross-examination as to bias, motive, and interest in the case.  His or
her credit may be impeached by the adverse party by the evidence of
persons who are able to swear that they know the general reputation of
the witness for truth and veracity.  In some states, the inquiry may be
made to the witness's general moral character, but in all states, the
inquiry is confined to general reputation.  Specific acts by the
witness sought to be impeached cannot be shown.

Offenses Against Women: When a man is prosecuted for rape, in some
jurisdictions, it may be shown that the woman against whom the offense
was committed was of a general immoral character, although she is not
cross-examined on the subject.  In some states, the woman may be asked
if she has had sexual relations with other men, but her answer cannot
be contradicted.  She may also be asked whether she has had sexual
relations on other occasions with the accused, and if she denies it,
she (probably) may be contradicted.  In a prosecution for seduction,
the unchastity of the woman may be shown.

THE FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION (U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE)
The primary function of the FBI is to investigate violations of certain
federal statutes and to collect evidence in cases in which the United
States may be an interested party.  The FBI also performs other duties
specifically imposed by law or presidential directive and conducts a
number of service activities for other law-enforcement agencies.  In
the field of organized crime, the FBI seeks to eradicate largescale
intrastate gambling, loansharking, gangland infiltration of legitimate
business, and interstate travel in aid of racketeering.  Other statutes
often applied are those dealing with pornography, arson-for-hire,
extortion, thefts from interstate shipments, and labor racketeering.

It costs approximately $1 billion to operate the FBI and its fiftyeight
field offices throughout the United States and Puerto Rico in a given
year.  The office employs more than 21,000 employees, 9,000 of whom are
Special Agents.  Although the FBI has authority to operate only in the
United States and its possessions, by certain grants of Congress, the
FBI does on occasion have jurisdiction on the high seas.  The FBI also
has foreign counterintelligence responsibilities inside the United
States and its possessions.  In addition to working with other
law-enforcement agencies both local and federal, the FBI maintains a
master fingerprint identification center and the Criminalistics
Laboratory Information System (CLIS), a communications network for
local, state, and federal agencies to use, allowing them access to
scientific reference information contained on the CLIS data base.  The
CLIS is currently composed of a General Rifling Characteristics file
that is used to identify the manufacturer and type of weapon that may
have been used to fire a bullet or cartridge.

The FBI has jurisdiction in crimes against U.S. citizens in foreign
countries.  For example, if a terrorist murders a U.S. citizen
elsewhere in the world, the FBI may investigate and bring the defendant
to trial in the United States.

The FBI also maintains at its headquarters in Washington, D.C., other
types of files, primarily of a technical nature, that are helpful in
criminal investigations by city, state, and federal agencies such as:
The Anonymous Letters File
Bank Robbery Note File
National Fraudulent Check File
The National Automotive Paint File
The Hair and Fiber Reference File
The National Automotive Altered Number File
The National Stolen Property File
These files contain copies of or records about evidence as well as
reference samples for comparison purposes.

Fingerprint and Index Files
The subject matter and names of individuals and organizations are
indexed at FBI headquarters in alphabetical order, and at the end of
1986 there were more than 178 million fingerprints on file.  Ninety-two
million contain criminal history data, and 84 million civil print
identifications covering federal employees, alien registration,
military personnel, and individuals requesting their prints be on file
for identification purposes.

The fingerprint section is broken down into three divisions:
identification of arrests and applications, posting of wanted and
parole/ probation notices, and examination of physical evidence of
latent prints for court testimony.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation maintains records of missing
persons and handles identification of amnesia victims and deceased
persons.

In addition to the FBI's automated data processing for accounting,
statistical, administrative, and investigative control operations, in
1967 a fully automated system, Automated Identification Division System
(AIDS) was instituted and today the advanced phase three of that
system, which can process the required information within twenty-four
hours, is in full operation.  Although computer data systems do most of
the work, the final identification is made by an analyst within the FBI.

FBI Case Classifications
Admiralty Matters
Alien Property
Custodian Matters
Antiracketeering
Antitrust
Applications for Executive Clemency and for Pardon After Completion of
Sentence
Ascertaining Financial Ability
Assaulting or Killing a Federal Officer
Assaulting the President of the United States
Automobile Information Disclosure Act
Bank Robbery, Burglary, and Larceny
Bills of Lading Act
Bond Default
Bribery and Conflict of Interest
Civil Rights
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Contempt of Court
Contract Settlement Act
Copyright Matters
Court of Claims
Crime Aboard Aircraft
Crimes on the High Seas
Desertion, Harboring Deserter, Enticing to Desert
Destruction of Aircraft
Election Laws
Escaped Federal Prisoners, Parole, Probation and Conditional Release
Violations
Extortion
False Entries in the Records of Interstate Carriers
Falsely Claiming Citizenship
Federal Housing Administration Matters
Federal Lending and Insurance Agencies
Federal Tort Claims Act
Federal Train Wreck Statute
Foreign Police Cooperation
Fraud Against the Government
Government and Indian Reservation Matters
Harboring Fugitives
Hydraulic Brake Fluid Act
Illegal Wearing of Uniform and Related Statutes
Illegal Use of Railroad Pass
Impersonation
Interstate Transmission of Wagering Information
Interstate Transportation in Aid of Racketeering
Interstate Transportation of Fireworks
Interstate Transportation of Gambling Devices
Interstate Transportation of Lottery Tickets
Interstate Transportation of Obscene Matter
Interstate Transportation of Stolen Cattle
Interstate Transportation of Stolen Motor Vehicles or Aircraft
Interstate Transportation of Stolen Property
Interstate Transportation of Strikebreakers
Interstate Transportation of Unsafe Refrigerators
Interstate Transportation of Wagering Paraphernalia
Irregularities in Federal Penal Institutions
Kickback Racket Act
Kidnapping
Labor-Management Relations Act
Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959
Mail Fraud
Migratory Bird Act
Motor Vehicle Seat Belt Act
Narcotics
National and Federal Firearms Acts
National Bank and Federal Reserve Acts--Banks
National Bank and Federal Reserve Acts--Federal Credit Union
National Bank and Federal Reserve Acts--Savings and Loan
National Bankruptcy Act
Obstruction of Justice
Passports and Visas
Perjury
Railway Labor Act
Red Cross Act
Renegotiation Act
Selective Service Act of 1948
Sports Bribery
Switchblade Knife Act
Theft, Embezzlement, or Illegal Possession of Government Property
Theft From Interstate Shipment
Unauthorized Publication or Use of Communications
Unlawful Flight to Avoid Prosecution, Confinement, or the Giving
of Testimony
Veterans Administration Matters
Welfare and Pension Plans Disclosure Act
UNITED STATES MARSHAL'S SERVICE (U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE)
The U.S. Marshal's Service (USMS) is the nation's oldest federal
law-enforcement agency.  The U.S. Marshal is a presidentially appointed
agent of the Department of Justice whose activities are supervised and
coordinated by the Director of the U.S. Marshal's Service under the
authority of the Attorney General.  Almost every federal lawenforcement
initiative involves the USMS, including the custody, care, and
transportation of federal offenders and the tracking and apprehension
of federal criminals who jump bail, violate parole, and escape prison.

USMS is also responsible for the protection of the courts, judges,
attorneys, and witnesses, through the Federal Witness Protection and
Relocation program, enforcement of court orders, management of assets
seized or forfeited as a result of their acquisition from profits of
certain criminal activities.  Also included in the USMS's duties are
the receipt and processing of federal prisoners, the custody of
unsentenced federal prisoners, and the apprehension of fugitives wanted
by foreign nations believed to be in the United States.  This service
accepts custody and escorts extradited or expulsed prisoners from
foreign nations to the United States.  USMS provides security
assistance to the Department of Defense and the Air Force during the
movement of missiles between military facilities.  The Missile Escort
program is part of USMS's Special Operations Group (SOG), which also
includes the USMS Air Operations Branch.  This branch responds to
emergency situations, such as civil disturbances, terrorist incidents,
or hostage situations where there is a violation of federal law or
where federal property is endangered.

THE IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE (INS), INVESTIGATIONS
DIVISION (U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE)
Special Agents of the INS plan and conduct investigations of persons
and events subject to the administrative and criminal provisions of the
Immigration and Nationality Act and other statutes under the United
States Code.  These officers carry firearms, make arrests, prepare
investigative reports, present cases to the U.S. Attorney for
prosecution, and give testimony in judicial and administrative
proceedings.  Special Agents' missions are diverse, ranging from
background studies to determine an alien's eligibility for benefits
under the Immigration and Nationality Act to investigations of
large-scale international organizations that smuggle aliens or
perpetrate other fraudulent or criminal actions against the United
States.  The INS, located in Washington, D.C., is under the supervision
of the Commissioner of the Immigration and Naturalization Service and
is its chief executive officer.  The Commissioner is assisted by a
Deputy Commissioner; an Executive Assistant; General Counsel; and
Associate Commissioners for Enforcement, Examinations, Management and
Operations Support; the Assistant Commissioners; and other staff
members.

Field Service
The Field Service comprises four regions; within each region are
district offices headed by district directors.  Border Patrol functions
are administered by Border Patrol Sectors within each region,
supervised by Chief Patrol Agents.  Each district is divided into
sections to facilitate operations.  The Investigations Section
investigates aliens and citizens whose actions fall within the
jurisdiction of the INS and make arrests in the enforcement of the act
and other laws related to the immigration and naturalization of aliens.

The Examinations Section adjudicates various petitions submitted for
alien benefits and inspects aliens seeking entry into this country.

The Detention and Deportation section controls the movements of aliens
after they have been placed under Service proceedings.

Investigations Program - Central Office
Under the direction of the Deputy Commissioner and the Associate
Commissioner, the Assistant Commissioner for Investigations is
responsible for the guidance, management, and direction of the
investigations Program.  Service investigative activities not under the
Assistant Commissioner for Investigations are the Anti-Smuggling Unit
and the Employer and Labor Relations Unit.  Anti-Smuggling is under the
direction of the Associate Commissioner for Enforcement implemented by
Border Patrol Sectors.  The Assistant Commissioner for Employer and
Labor Relations is charged with education of employer sanctions
provisions of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 and the
administration of the Systematic Alien Verification Entitlement
Program.  Special Agents of the INS are trained at the Federal Law
Enforcement Training Center (FLETC) and at the Immigration Officer
Academy for basic training, both at Glynco, Georgia.

DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION (DEA) (U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE)
The primary mission of the DEA is to enforce the drug laws and
regulations of the United States.  It is charged with investigating
those organizations involved in the illegal growing, manufacturing, and
distribution of controlled substances in the United States, along with
regulating those individuals and companies who are legitimate handlers
or manufacturers of controlled substances.  The DEA is divided into
enforcement and regulatory operations.  Criminal investigations are
handled by Special Agents (GS-1811) empowered to make arrests, perform
search-and-seizures, and carry firearms.  Regulatory matters are
handled by Division Investigators (GS-1810).

DEA Special Agents (GS-1811) conduct criminal investigations, conduct
criminal surveillance, infiltrate, identify, confiscate, and arrest
violators in criminal drug activities.  They prepare evidence, write
reports, testify, and cooperate with municipal, state, and federal
lawenforcement organizations.  The DEA maintains its own training
academy, sharing facilities on the FBI's training grounds in Quantico,
Virginia.

FORENSIC AND POLICE SCIENCES
Modern forensic and police sciences in major cities throughout our
country cover all areas dealing with the commission of a crime through
their lab, forensic, and behavioral sciences departments.  The
deductive process of Sherlock Holmes days is long gone.  It has been
replaced with highly skilled technicians and criminalists, many of whom
are civilians working for law-enforcement agencies.

Police sciences include a number of sections, such as toxicology,
identification, serology, blood-alcohol testing, narcotics, physical
evidence, firearms, questioned documents, polygraph, behavioral
sciences, and photographic sciences.

Firearms deals with bullet comparisons, tool mark examinations, gun
makes, and serial numbers restoration.  Questioned Documents deals with
the analysis of written documents or those from a dubious source,
including bad checks, forgeries, typewriter and computer analysis, and
indented writings.

Identification is involved in fingerprint comparison and field work,
including the collection of latent prints on various surfaces using
chemical and mechanical means.  Physical Evidence works on comparison
of hair and fiber evidence, shoe prints, tire prints, physical matches,
arson and explosives, and gunshot-residue analysis.  Serology deals
with identification and subsequent grouping of blood and other body
fluids such as semen and saliva in major crimes, primarily homicide and
sexual assault.

Narcotics analyzes bulk narcotics evidence.  Toxicology analyzes drugs
and their metabolites in blood and urine.

Blood Alcohol Testing Section analyzes blood-alcohol levels in blood
and urine for testimony of at what level of alcohol in an individual's
blood has impaired the driving of a vehicle.

Polygraph handles administration and interpretation of the polygraph
test.

Behavioral Science Section is usually separate from the crime
laboratory.  Most agencies, except the FBI, don't have a formal
behavioral science unit.  More often, police officers assigned to
detective functions will have had specialized training in this area.

Photographic produces crime-scene photography, microphotography,
infrared and ultraviolet photography.

toxicology for the purpose of determining poisoning, etc.  is done by
the coroner's office.

New Equipment and Technology in Forensic and Police Sciences We've come
a long way since the days of Sherlock Holmes and his brilliant
deductive processes, as evidenced by the application of a wide variety
of computer sciences that have been adapted by police sciences and
crime investigation technology.  The following equipment and technology
are among the latest available to law enforcement:
Laser: Laser is used to better visualize fingerprints, fibers, semen
evidence, and other trace material in the field and in the lab.

EIectrostatic Detection Apparatus (ESDA): This instrument allows
sensitive analysis of indented writing, sometimes as deep as fifteen to
twenty sheets in a pad of paper.

CAL ID is a computer system that has all criminal fingerprints on file
from the state of California.  A check of other major sheriffs and
police departments will determine if a similar computer system exists
in their state.  This system enables a possible match of a single
latent print of an individual from a data base of all convicted
criminals.  The generic for CAL ID is AFlS: Automated Fingerprint
Identification System, which is operational in many states.

High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): This specific separation
technique can positively identify drugs and other organic compounds for
toxicology or narcotic examinations.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GCMS): This separation technique
can positively identify a substance (narcotic, poison, etc.) and
compare the spectra of its mass against a computer library for a
comparison to a standard.  Liver Temperature Reading: Used by the
coroner or medical examiner at the scene of the murder by making an
incision in the abdomen and inserting a probe with a thermometer into
the victim's liver, one can almost pinpoint the time of death.

DNA Identification: The various techniques and probes work on the same
essential theory: that the unique genetic factors in our chromosomes
(DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid) can be identified from body fluids
(blood, semen) and hair, and can be compared to known standards
(samples from a suspect or victim) to make a positive identification.

This genetically based form of identification was at first widely
applauded on the presumption that it was 100 percent accurate, with no
meaningful possibility of mistake, since no two individuals can have
exactly the same genetic makeup, with the possible exception of
identical twins.  However, there seems to be more overlap and common
factors than was originally thought, and experts differ on how reliable
DNA identification can be assumed to be.  Therefore, DNA identification
is no longer universally accepted as sufficiently foolproof to meet
court standards for reliable evidence.  Further refinement of the
procedures, though, may again restore the high credibility of such
evidence.  As with all rapidly changing technologies, check on the
current status of this procedure before making it a crucial element in
a story.

Currently, only a few agencies have DNA typing capability.  Most
contract such work out to private labs or send evidence to the FBI lab.

STREET-GANG LANGUAGE
The following list contains terms and phrases that are, as of this
writing, used by street gangs, primarily the Los Angeles Blood and Crip
gangs.  As these terms and phrases change frequently, it is best, for
writing purposes, to contact your local law-enforcement agency for
recent updates and changes.

Ace kool: Best friend, back-up
Base head: Person hooked on cocaine
Beemer: BMW vehicle
Benzo: Mercedes Benz
Blob: Grips' nickname for Grip gang member
Blood: Piru, non-Grip
Bo: Marijuana
Boned out: Quit, chickened out, left
Book: Run, get away, leave
Break: Run, get away
Break-down: Shotgun
Bucket: Old, raggedy car
Bud: Marijuana
Bullet: One year in custody
Bumping titties: Fighting
Busted: Shot at someone
Buster: Young guy trying to be a gang member; fake gang member
Check it out: Listen to what I have to say
Chill out: Stop it, don't do that
Colum: Colombian marijuana
Crab: Bloods' nickname for Crip gang member
Cragared down: Low-rider-type car
Cuzz: Grip
Do a ghost: To leave, leave the scene
Double-deuce: .22-caliber gun
Down for mine: Ability to protect self
Drag: Ability to sweet-talk girls
Draped: Wearing a lot of gold jewelry
Drop a dime: Snitch on someone
Deuce and a quarter: Buick 225 vehicle
Durag: Handkerchief wrapped around head
Dusted: Under the influence of PCP
Eastly: Very ugly person
Eight-track: Two-and-a-half grams of cocaine
Esseys: Mexicans
Everything is everything: It's all right
Four-five: .45-caliber gun
Freak: Good-looking girl
Fresh: Good looking, clean
G-ride: Gangster ride; stolen car
Gang-banging: Involved in gang activity
Get down: Fight
Gig: Gathering
Glass house: '77 or '78 Chevy
Head hunter: Female who does sexual acts for cocaine
High roller: Successful drug dealer
Holding down: Controlling turf or area
Homey: Fellow gang member
Home boy: Fellow gang member
Hood: Neighborhood
Hook: Phony, imitation
Hoopty: Car
Hustler: Not into gangs, strictly out to make money
Illing: Making mental mistake
Jacked-up: Beat up or assaulted
Jammed: Confronted
Jim Jones: Marijuana joint laced with cocaine and dipped in PCP
Juiced: Vehicle with hydraulics to raise and lower car
Kibbles & Bits: Crumbs of cocaine
Kicking back: Relaxing, killing time
Kool: It's all right
Laces: Chrome, spoke rims
Lady: Girlfriend
Let's bail: Let's leave
Lifts: Hydraulics to raise and lower car
Liquid juice: PCP
Lit up: Shot at
Lizard butt: Ugly girl
Mack: Ability to sweet-talk girls
Main man: Best friend, back-up
Making bank: Making money, usually illegally
Man: Cop, policeman
Mark: Want-to-be gang member
Mobile: Proper, nice looking
Molded: Embarrassed
Monte C: Monte Carlo vehicle
Mud duck: Ugly girl
O/G: Original gangster
On the pipe: Free basing cocaine
Packing: Gang member has gun in his possession
Player: Not into gangs, strictly out to make money
Popped a cap: Shot at someone
Primo: Marijuana joint laced with cocaine
Rag: Color of gang; handkerchief
Raise: Leave
Recruiting: Looking for good-looking girls
Red eye: Hard stare
Ride: Car
Ride on, rode on: To go to a rival neighborhood in vehicles to attack
other gangs
Righteous: True or affirmative answer
Rock: Crystallized cocaine
Roo-rah: Loud talking
Ru: Piru
Rush: To sweet-talk girls
Scandalous: Deadbeat person, bad person
Scratch: Embarrassed
Set: Neighborhood
Sherm: PCP
Slob: Crips' nickname for Blood gang member
Snaps: Money
Sprung: Addicted to cocaine
Squab: Fight, argue
Stall it out: Stop doing what you're doing
Strawberry: Female who does sexual acts for cocaine
Talking head: Argue; wanting to fight
Talking smack: Aggressive talking
Trey-eight:.38-caliber gun
Trick: Phony sissy
Trip: Too much, something else
Turkish: Heavy, ornamental gold necklace, earrings
Up on it: Have knowledge of drug scene; successful in dealing drugs
Wack: PCP
Wave: Short, close-cropped haircut
What it "b" like: Blood greeting
What it be like: Crip greeting
What's up: What's going on
Questions or information (about the Bloods and Crips Los Angeles gangs)
should be directed to the Los Angeles County District Attorney's
Office, (213) 725-5081, or California Department of Justice BOCCI, P.O.

Box 903357, Sacramento, CA 94203-3570; (916) 7395715.

HOMICIDE
homicide iS the killing of a human being, and the circumstances of the
homicide determine whether or not the taking of that life is criminal
or innocent.

A criminal homicide is neither excusable nor justifiable and falls into
two categories: murder and manslaughter.  In order to charge murder, it
must be proven that there was premeditation, that the person or persons
accused of the murder intended to commit bodily harm or kill, or that
the person or persons accused were engaged in a dangerous act and had
shown wanton disregard for human life, or that the accused was engaged
in a felony such as a robbery, burglary, rape, or aggravated arson.

And in order to prove a murder was indeed committed, it must be proven
that the victim is dead, that the death was at the hands of the
accused, and that the act was a result of premeditation to kill or
inflict bodily harm, or that the accused was perpetrating a crime such
as rape, robbery, burglary, or aggravated arson.

The charge of manslaughter indicates neither murder nor an innocent
homicide took place, indicating it was the unlawful taking of a human
life without premeditation or malice aforethought.  The terms
"voluntary" and "involuntary" demonstrate whether or not the killing
was intended.  Taking a human life during the heat of passion, even
though there was an intent to kill, is considered voluntary
manslaughter.  The taking of a life without the intent to kill is
considered involuntary manslaughter.

MOTIVES FOR HOMICIDE
Revenge
Sadism
Self-defense
Gain
Employed for the purpose
Mental deficiency
Rage
Mercy
Sex
Cover another crime
Jealousy
Blackmail
Fear
Debt
Love
To frame another
Feud
Ambition
Rivalry
Thrill
Protecting something or someone
TYPES OF HOMICIDES
Shooting
Knifing
Suffocation
Poisoning or gassing
Beating to death
Vehicular
Strangulation
Hanging
Electrical shock
Burning
INVESTIGATOR'S ARRIVAL ON SCEEN
(1) Determine identity of perpetrator or possible suspect(s)
(2) Note time of arrival
(3) Prevent anyone touching body or disturbing scene pending arrival of
Medical Examiner and Crime Lab.  Prevent unauthorized people from
entering the crime scene and anyone that is present from leaving
(4) Locate and preserve weapon and check for prints
(5) Take names of all present and description of any possible suspect(s)
(6) Separate witnesses to prevent any conversation between them
(7) Note position of the body, clothing.  Position of body marked
(8) Check for bullet holes, shell casings, bloodstains
(9) Search for clues
(10) Preserve evidence discovered
(11) Check with Medical Examiner for time of death, cause, wounds, if
death occurred at location where body was discovered.  Await pathology
report for toxicology
(12) Have Crime Lab photograph scene
(13) Have sketch made of location, body position
(14) Take statements of any witnesses
(15) Attempt to learn motive
(16) Run make on victim to see if prior record exists
(17) Have Crime Lab dust for prints, look for fibers, blood samples
(18) Check for datebooks, diary, letters, addresses, and phone numbers
belonging to victim
(19) Learn identity of friends, relatives, enemies, etc.

(20) Escape route of perpetrator.

FUNDIMENTALS OF INVESTIGATION
An investigator's lot calls for much more than merely solving the
crime.  He must satisfy all of the needs of the local, state, or
federal prosecutor and of the court.  Discovering the identity of the
criminal and apprehending that criminal is not sufficient in order to
achieve a conviction.  The investigator must provide the prosecutor
with sufficient and conclusive evidence, opportunity, and motive; also,
if possible, the investigator should present a witness or witnesses who
can help substantiate any or all of the aforementioned items.

The three objectives of any investigator are:
Identifying the criminal.

Tracing and locating the criminal.

Proving the criminal's guilt in a court of law.

IDENTIFYING AND LOCATING THE CRIMINAL: Naturally, before an
investigator can trace, locate, and prove a criminal's guilt in court,
he or she must first ascertain the identity of the criminal.  This can
be accomplished by: Admission or confession by a suspect.  although it
is often necessary to support that admission or confession by
corroborative evidence and/or an eyewitness, and, in the case of a
homicide, a corpus delicti.  Otherwise the admission or confession may
be denied in court, the defense counsel charging the prosecution with
obtaining the admission or confession by duress or coercion.

In the event a crime has been committed and no one freely admits or
confesses to the crime, the investigator must then attempt to ascertain
a possible suspect or suspects.  Identification of a suspect involves
seeking: Circumstantial evidence, such as motive, opportunity, and
associative evidence, consisting of physical clues, personal property,
a witness, and/or a pattern of the type of crime (modus operandi).  A
good investigator can often and easily determine if the crime was
committed by a professional criminal or a novice.

Should the investigator elect to believe the suspect is a professional,
he or she will then often turn to records of those possessing his or
her M.O. (modus operandi) and the last known whereabouts of those with
that M.O. in order to determine if any of those suspects had the
opportunity to commit the crime.  If both the M.O. and the opportunity
exist, then that suspect or suspects will be brought in for questioning.

If the suspect or suspects are known to possess the M.O. of the crime,
had opportunity, and subsequent to the commission of the crime have
departed the city, then an All Points Bulletin (A.P.B.) would be issued
to bring the suspect in for questioning.

In the event the investigator concludes that the perpetrator is an
amateur, it is usually believed that the crime was committed because of
opportunity, and sudden flight could quickly betray guilt.  Here it
would also behoove the investigator to look for a suspect who had
motive, such as anger, profit, revenge, etc.  (See section on motives.)
TIPOFFS, INFORMERS, ASSOCIATES OF A SUSPECT
Tipoffs, paid informers, and associates of a possible suspect can be of
invaluable help to an investigator, and whenever possible, the
investigator will seek out those who for one reason or another might
Corpus delicti--Legal term for tangible evidence proving a crime has
been committed--provide him or her with a lead or some piece of
physical evidence that will eventually be used against the suspect
should that suspect turn out to be the culprit.

Proving the Criminal's Guilt in a Court of Law: Once a professional
investigator has a possible suspect under investigation, it is up to
the investigator to determine what physical means and what scientific
means are available to use in seeking more evidence linking the suspect
to the crime.  The investigator might proceed by using stakeouts and
various normal and electronic surveillance equipment.

The alleged act and the suspect accused, along with a positive
connection to the crime, must be firmly established.  This means that
the investigator must be able to prove motive, opportunity associative
evidence, a corpus delicti (or evidence that a crime has been
committed), the elements of the offense, intent, and evidence of the
frame of mind of the accused.  The investigator, and subsequently the
prosecuting attorney, must prove that the accused knew what he or she
was doing.  In crimes where violence has taken place, the element of
malice must be introduced, showing the intent to do injury to another.

Legal malice is the state of mind of the person committing the crime
and doesn't imply there was animosity or hate involved in the
commission of the criminal act.  Thus the motive for the crime and
intent must be separately considered, as motive may be the underlying
reason for committing the crime, while intent is the actual
accomplishment.

THE FIRST TWENTY-FOUR HOURS
The first twenty-four hours are the most important hours following a
crime, for it is within that period of time that clues and evidence
have less chance to be disturbed and that witnesses' minds are still
fresh and uncluttered with what they witnessed or overheard.  In
addition, should there be a description of a suspect given the
investigator or clues found that implicate a possible suspect, the
trail of the suspect is still fresh, and should a suspect intend to
flee, it is still possible to pick up a trail before the suspect can
completely vanish.  Roadblocks can be set and airports, train stations,
and bus depots can be watched for any sign of a possible suspect
attempting to flee.  The sooner a suspect has been described or
identified, the sooner contacts can be made with any known associates,
family members, or friends of the suspect; such contacts could lead to
the whereabouts of the suspect or any plans to escape the suspect may
have had.

THE SCENE OF THE CRIME
It is within the boundaries of the crime scene that the investigator
finds the best opportunity to determine the means with which the crime
was committed, clues and evidence that can point to a possible motive
and to a possible suspect or suspects who may have perpetrated the
crime.  It is here that clues and much of the evidence and information
pertaining to the crime can be found, protected, and interpreted.

The first officer arriving on the scene should note the time as well as
observe and note as many of the elements pertaining to the crime scene
as possible without physically touching, moving, or removing anything
at the scene.  In addition, the officer should note and record any
sounds or odors present, the amount of light present, open or shut
doors and windows, witnesses present; above all, he or she should make
sure nothing is changed or altered when arriving on the scene.  Efforts
should be made immediately to cordon off the area and to keep family,
friends, and curiosity seekers away from the scene.  Depending on the
crime, the first officer on the scene should make immediate radio
contact with the section of the department (robbery, burglary,
homicide, etc.). In the event of a homicide, he should not only inform
Homicide immediately but also contact the coroner or the medical
examiner.

If a suspect is discovered when the first officer arrives on the scene,
the officer should attempt first and foremost to apprehend the suspect
or take the suspect into custody, and then the other steps should be
followed.  While awaiting superiors or the investigator who will take
charge of the case, the first officer on the scene must also get the
names of any and all witnesses, keep witnesses separated until they are
questioned, and protect the crime scene from any disturbance.

The six most important questions the officer in charge of the
investigation must try to answer are: who, what, where, when, why, and
how.  The primary reason for visiting a crime scene is to: (1) attempt
to reconstruct exactly what happened; (2) establish a motive for the
crime; (3) attempt to discover a primary suspect; (4) discover clues
that can lead to the identification of both the victim and the suspect;
and (5) find evidence, legally obtained, that can be used in a court of
law to substantiate the finding of the investigator and to aid the
prosecution in obtaining a guilty verdict against the person or persons
responsible for the crime.  To help accomplish these goals, the
investigator must always be concerned that the crime scene is as it was
discovered.

Once something has been moved or touched, it can never be as it was
again.  The investigator should enter the crime scene with great
caution, bearing in mind that there can be trace or impression evidence
all around the scene.  If the victim has been shot, knifed, or beaten
to death, the investigator needs to pay attention to the mist or blood
spatterings.  Murder weapons as well as physical and trace evidence
should never be bagged in plastic bags, as moisture gathering in the
bag could have an effect on the evidence collected.  Those on the scene
should always bag evidence in a paper bag.  Nothing at the scene, no
matter how minute it is, should be overlooked, and the investigator
should always take copious notes.  In the event of a homicide or
officer-involved shooting, no one should move the body until the
medical examiner gives permission.  Criminalists arriving on the scene
are responsible for collecting and transporting trace evidence and
imprint evidence to the police lab for further tests.  Crime-scene
photographs should be taken and sketches made of the victim and of the
scene.

Witnesses must be questioned separately.  Newspaper or TV reporters
must not be given all information pertaining to the crime so as not to
inform the responsible party or copycat criminals from knowing all that
was discovered at the crime scene.  Those important to the onscene
investigation, depending on the crime committed, might include any
number of the following:
police
technicians
medical or special personnel
Homicide investigators
Criminalist
Medical examiner
Crime-scene artist
Crime-scene still photographer
Videotaping specialist
Print people
District attorney
Forensic specialists
Arson investigators
Forensic psychologists or behavioral scientists
Measurements are essential in the processing of a crime-scene
investigation, as is videotaping of the scene.  Outdoor crime scenes
require special care, as impression prints could easily be destroyed.

Brush and twigs might contain blood samples, hair, and fibers.  In the
event of a homicide, it is essential to determine whether the remains
have been touched by animals or insects.  As at all crime scenes, the
investigators should look carefully for any marks, scratches, traces,
stains, possible lethal weapons, or objects that could have been used
as such.

Determining the time of death is very important as it can affect a
suspect's alibi.  The medical examiner can now more easily determine
time of death by taking the victim's liver temperature.

When the crime scene is a vehicle, both the inside and the outside of
the vehicle must be carefully scrutinized, along with the surrounding
area, for possible clues or evidence.

Checklist
The scene of the crime
Time of day
Condition of location where crime was committed
Signs of a fight
Documents, letters, notebooks, address books, will, insurance policy,
photographs, mementos, reading material, news clips
Telephone calls made
Wounds on the victim
Position of victim
Condition of clothing of victim
Check of closets, drawers, furniture
Background on victim
Known family, associates, friends of victim
Blood spatterings
Weapon used in commission of crime
Physical, trace, and impression evidence gathered
Interrogation of witnesses
Possible suspects
Motive
INFORMATIONAL SOURCES TO INVESTIGATE
In writing a detective novel, screenplay, or teleplay, your
investigator can't have clues just dropping into his or her lap out of
the clear blue sky.  Some clues or leads are usually discovered at the
scene of the crime, but the writer must make his or her investigator
work for more clues and leads in order to unseat the culprit and solve
the crime.  How does your investigator go about it?  Well, there's
always a possible witness or tipster, of course, but that's very
convenient.  Best to make the investigator work a little.  Listed below
are some of the people your investigator might talk to and some of the
places and things he or she might sift through to pick up some valuable
information needed to advance the plot and fill in some of the empty
spaces.

People to Talk to About the Suspect, Victim, or Witness
Cab driver
Doorman
Switchboard operator
Secretary
Co-worker
Family members
Former spouse or lover
Street informants
Friends of victim or suspect
Banker
Bookie
Maid
Poolman
Gardener
Auto mechanic
Waiter or waitress
Former schoolmate
Teacher or college professor
Stock broker
Religious leader
Attorney
Travel agent
Country club, yacht club, private club
Bartender
Places to Check Out for Information About Suspect, Victim, or Witness
School class
book
Newspaper
morgue
Police records
Home
Office
Airlines
Hotels
Bank accounts
Bank vaults
Home safe
Mail
Old letters
Diary
Old shopping lists
Bills, paid and unpaid
Personal effects
Storage
Vehicle
Telephone and address book
Clothing, labels, cleaning marks
Appointment pad
Discarded papers in wastebasket
Files and records
Old and new photographs
Memoirs
Business cards
collected Awards, plaques
Legal papers (bankruptcy, divorce, change of name, etc.)
Stock certificates, bonds
Checkbook
I.O.U.'s
Unfinished correspondence
Unopened packages
Article that is apparently missing from normal place
Luggage (stickers, tags)
Passport (where traveled last)
Possible hiding places
Article moved from usual position
Garage
Lockers (gym, club)
Key ring for unusual key
Membership cards
Signet ring, medallions, religious medals
Strange markings, symbols
Medications
Mismatches (something that doesn't belong)
Threatening letters
Telephone answering service or recorder
Telephone bill (long-distance calls)
Receipts
Parking tickets (police, parking lots)
Cigarette butts, cigar butts, pipe tobacco
Signs of a visitor
Recent repair made
LOS ANGELES POLICE DEPARTMENT Organization and Functions
The organization and functions of the investigative branches of the
LAPD are presented so as to provide a more definitive example of the
operation of a major city's police force.  It should be noted that all
police department organizations do not necessarily function exactly the
same way nor do they all separate their departments and
responsibilities in the same mannner.  When writing about a particular
city, be sure to verify the organizational and functional procedures of
that specific city's police department.

The Detective Support Division is responsible for investigating
suspected conspiracies directed toward educational institutions;
investigating specified bomb-related crimes; investigating, arresting,
and processing certain felony fugitive and out-of-state misdemeanor
fugitive suspects; monitoring gang-related activities and gang-related
crimes; maintaining surveillance of known criminals engaged in unlawful
activities; and responding to subpoenas and legal processes directed to
sections of the Detective Support Division.

The Criminal Conspiracy Section is responsible for investigating
criminal conspiracies directed toward the various educational
institutions in the city; all bombings, attempted bombings and bomb
threats; extortion or threats of extortion not investigated by
Robbery-Homicide Divisions involving adult and juvenile victims or
suspects when extortion elements involve or imply an explosive device
or nuclear material; investigating all written and verbal threats
against the mayor, City Council members, city attorney, City
Comptroller, and persons designated by the Commanding Officer,
Detective Services, Headquarters Bureau, along with maintaining records
of all incidents motivated by hatred or prejudice in the city.

The Fugitive Section investigates, arrests, and processes felony
fugitives, out-of-state misdemeanor fugitive suspects, and out-of-state
juveniles wanted on criminal charges.

The Gang Activities Section is responsible for investigative patrols
monitoring gang-related activities, including those who are gang
members, as well as photos of and vehicles of gang members.

The Special Investigations Section maintains a mobile force of
investigators to assist other divisions in locating and maintaining
surveillance of active, known criminals and to effect arrests.

Bunco-Forgery is responsible for investigating auto repair frauds;
offers of bribes; consumer frauds; Corporate Securities Act violations;
any crime committed through use of computer-stored information or
sabotage of same; manufacturing, distribution, or wholesaling of
pirated recordings; capping; fraudulently printed checks; counterfeit
currency; forged airline tickets; burglaries and thefts of blank checks
and checkwriting equipment; fraud by worthless checks or credit cards,
or forgery; and forged prescriptions.  Bunco-Forgery also maintains a
Pickpocket Detail.

Headquarters Detective Services Group, Robbery/homicide Division is
composed of a Robbery Special Section, Bank Robbery, Hijack-Cargo Theft
Section, Homicide Special Section, Rape and Domestic Violence Section,
Major Crimes Section, and Officer-Involved Shooting Section.

The Robbery Special Section is responsible for investigating extortions
or threats of extortion when a prolonged investigation is required,
when the extortion does not involve a juvenile as a victim or suspect,
and when the suspect has threatened to do unlawful injury to the person
or property.  This section investigates selected kidnappings that are
for the purpose of robbery.

The Bank Robbery, Hijack-Cargo Theft Section investigates robberies of
banks, bank employees and messengers, insured credit unions, savings
and loans, and armored cars; thefts of commercial vehicles transporting
merchandise when cargo is the object of attack; and extortions by any
means, including explosives when directed against a bank, employee, etc.

Homicide Special Section is responsible for investigating abortions,
certain major homicide cases, attending coroner's autopsies involving
homicide or suspected homicide victims, and reviewing all deaths,
arrests, and crime reports pertaining to homicides.

Major Crimes Investigation Section is responsible for investigating
major selected crimes at the direction of the commanding officer and
for providing personnel to accompany VIP's visiting the city.

Officer-Involved Shooting Section is responsible for investigations
when an officer has discharged a firearm causing a gunshot wound to be
inflicted on any person; when an officer received a gunshot wound; when
a staff or command officer is involved in a shooting in which no
gunshot wound was inflicted on any person; when death or serious injury
results from an officer-related incident (except those involving
traffic officers); and in incidents involving the death of a person in
department custody.

Rape and Domestic Violence Section is responsible for investigating
selected sex crimes and insuring proper collection of evidence in
sexual assault cases.

The Burglary/Auto Theft Division is responsible for investigating all
vault and safe burglaries except where the safe has been removed from
the premises or lacks evidence of forced entry; burglaries where
business machines are the primary object and reported loss is in excess
of $20,000; all burglaries or thefts where fine art is the objective;
hotel-room thefts and burglaries in major hotels; telephone-booth
burglars; shop lifters; and major receivers of stolen property.

Commercial Auto Theft Section investigates stolen trucks (in excess of
five tons); theft of commercial trailers, tractors, heavy-duty
equipment; secondhand auto-parts dealers; car, truck, and motorcycle
thieves.

Pawn Shop Section investigates and ensures compliance with laws, rules,
and permits pertaining to antique dealers, junk collectors and dealers,
pawnbrokers, secondhand stores, and swap meets.

Headquarters, Detective Services Group, Juvenile Division is composed
of a Commanding Officer, Administrative Section, Operations Section,
Juvenile Narcotics Section, and Child Protection Section.  It provides
information, training, and evaluations of juvenile policies and
procedures; implements modifications of same; ensures that departmental
policies are being followed; audits and processes all juvenile arrest
dispositions; conducts follow-up investigations of cases in which a
parent, stepparent, legal guardian, or common-law spouse appears
responsible for depriving a child of the necessities of life to the
extent of physical impairment; physical or sexual abuse of a child;
homicide when the victim is under eleven years of age.

This division conducts any child-abuse case directed by the Commanding
Officer of the Juvenile Division; investigates violations of state and
federal laws pertaining to sexual or commercial exploitation of
children when under sixteen years of age (e.g. child prostitution
rings); assists fire department in processing of juvenile arson cases;
investigates narcotics cases when suspect or victim is a juvenile;
conducts counseling and provides dispositions for juvenile narcotics
violators; conducts undercover juvenile narcotics investigations; and
maintains liaison with the Juvenile Justice System's
ProbationDepartment, Youth Authority, Juvenile Court, District
Attorney, and Public Defender in the processing of juvenile cases.

Organization and Functions of the Office of Operations
The Office of Operations is responsible for stimulating mutual
understanding between the police and the community in order to prevent
crime; patrolling the streets to deter crime; identifying, arresting,
and cooperating in the prosecution of criminal offenders; recovering
lost or stolen property to its lawful owner; enforcing traffic laws;
and advising the public in emergency situations.

The Commanding Officer, Operations Headquarters Bureau, under the
Director, Office of Operations, exercises command over operations of
OperationszHeadquarters, coordinating matters concerning uniformed and
investigative services.  The Commanding Officer, Air Support Division,
under the Commanding Officer, Headquarters Uniformed Services Group,
exercises command over the operation of the Air Support Division.

Organization and Functions of the Office of Special Services
The OSS is under the direction of the Director, Office of Special
Services, under the direction of the Chief of Police, and exercises
line command over the OSS.  The OSS is composed of (1) The Internal
Affairs Division; (2) Organized Crime Intelligence Division; (3) Bureau
of Special Investigations; (4) Narcotics Division; and (5)
Administrative Vice Division.  Responsibilities include:
Recording and investigating complaints against department employees and
processing disciplinary cases.

Collecting and disseminating intelligence information relative to
organized crime.

Monitoring narcotic and vice enforcement efforts and investigating
major occurrences involving narcotics and dangerous drugs and drugs
illegally manufactured, supplied, or distributed.

Monitoring labor disputes and investigating selected related crimes.

Maintaining the Undesirable Informant File.

Issuing consular identification cards.

Maintaining records of aggravated incidents involving consular officers
and members of their families.

The Administrative Office - Special Duties prepares correspondence;
conducts research and surveys; makes required recommendations; reviews
information or material of official position of the department that
will disclose procedures, case events, or other confidential matters.

It conducts background investigations of persons applying for
employment with the city and maintains and monitors a master file of
all narcotics reports.  The Internal Affairs Division is responsible
for investigating personnel complaints involving staff and command
officers except as directed by the chief of police.  It records and
investigates selected complaints against other department personnel.

In serious disciplinary matters, it reports findings and makes
recommendations to concerned commanding officers, the Chief of Police,
and the Director, Special Services.  It represents the department in
disciplinary cases.

The Organized Crime Intelligence Division is responsible for gathering,
recording, and investigating information concerning individuals and
organizations whose backgrounds, activities, or associates identify
them with or are characteristic of organized crime.  The division also
provides information concerning organized crime to con cerned units of
the department and to other law-enforcement agencies.  It maintains a
detail at the airport for the purpose of observing and reporting
arrivals and departures of persons known to be associated with
organized crime, a master index file containing data and information
concerning persons investigated by the division, press clippings
concerning racketeers and criminals indexed to the master file, a file
of telephone numbers checked by the division in connection with
investigations, a record of telephone toll bill search-and-warrant
information, and a file of arson involving organized crime.

Organization and Functions of the Bureau of Special Investigations
The responsibilities of the Bureau of Special Investigations include
monitoring narcotic and vice enforcement; investigating major
occurrences involving narcotics and dangerous drugs that are illegally
manufactured, supplied, or distributed; and monitoring labor disputes
and related crimes and those duties that are the responsibility of the
Public Affairs Section.  The Bureau is composed of (1) the Narcotics
Division; (2) the Administrative Vice Division; (3) the Labor Relations
Division; (4) the Public Affairs Section; and (5) the Drug Abuse
Resistance Education (DARE) Division.

The Narcotics Division is responsible for the enforcement of narcotics
laws when the violations are committed by adults.  It obtains,
exchanges, and coordinates information concerning narcotics suspects
and drug traffic.  It develops narcotics statistics, including
department enforcement efforts and the availability of drugs.  It
investigates major suppliers and distributors of narcotics and
dangerous drugs who engaged in illegal activities on an organized
commercial basis.  These duties include evaluating the circumstances of
each case to determine the advisability of seizing a conveyance and
initiating formal forfeiture proceedings, and providing advice on
geographic location of storage and maintenance of vehicles, boats, and
airplanes seized.  Directing and preparing necessary documents for
presentation to the district attorney for completion of a petition for
forfeiture.

It disposes of any seized asset related to controlled substance
trafficking, and when appropriate, conducts investigations on a state
university campus.  It exchanges and coordinates information concerning
narcotics suspects and drug traffic with Narcotics Information Network,
(N.I.N.), and other agencies concerned with control of drug abuse.  It
obtains, records, and coordinates use of information concerning
suspects and drug traffic.  It administers the activities of the
department's Undercover Buy Program.  It reviews and coordinates all
requests for pretrial destruction of excessive quantities of controlled
substances and maintaining such files.  It maintains the following
files: narcotics information inquiries, N.I.N. investigations,
department undercover buy locations, narcotic expertise certification
card files, narcotics arrest and seizure statistics, narcotics resource
materials, narcotics arrests and dispositions, narcotics suspects
moniker information, border crossings of suspects.  It maintains
liaison with the state's tax board for possible state tax violations by
narcotics suspects and the undercover and narcotics sting operations.

The Administrative Vice Division is composed of (1) an Administrative
Section; (2) Gaming Section; (3) Pornography Section; and (4)
Prostitution Section.  The responsibilities of this division include
monitoring and auditing geographic vice units' enforcement efforts to
ensure uniformity and effectiveness; investigating vice activities of
an organized nature; assisting geographic vice units, upon request,
with operations exceeding their own resources or geographic
jurisdictions; correlating and maintaining intelligence information
related to organized vice activities; and coordinating, procuring,
returning, and maintaining a file of undercover driver's licenses on a
departmentwide basis.

This Division's Administrative Vice Section is specifically responsible
for securing complaints from the District Attorney's Office on all
felony vice arrests and crime reports made in the metropolitan area;
researching proposed and new legislation and developing procedures to
assist maintaining effective vice control; storing, maintaining, and
disseminating the division's electronic equipment; maintaining
intelligence information related to organized vice activities;
conducting electronic investigations and ensuring that standard
procedures and policies are adhered to; identifying problem
establishments suitable for abatement proceedings and providing
assistance and functional supervision to vice/narcotic personnel in
abatement proceedings; and maintaining files on bookmaking arrestees,
mugs of all vice arrestees suspected of being connected with organized
crime, and pimping arrestees.

The Gaming Section is responsible for investigating violations of
gambling and bookmaking laws when violations are of an organized
nature; maintaining liaison with Department of Animal Regulations
regarding dog and cock fighting; maintaining liaison with Bingo
Division of Social Services Department for investigation of licenses
and with the State Lottery for lottery-related crimes within the city.

The Prostitution Section investigates violations of pimping, pandering,
prostitution, and prostitution-related crimes; violations of Alcoholic
Beverage Control laws when violations are of an organized nature; and
monitors live stage acts when performance is generally of a sexually
related nature.

The Pornography Section is responsible for investigating violations of
pornography and obscenity.

The Labor Relations Division is responsible for maintaining liaisons
with labor and management groups and monitoring labor disputes; and
investigating crimes arising from labor disputes except homicides;
bombings, kidnappings, and bomb threats.

The Public Affairs Section is responsible for providing news releases
and public service announcements to the news media; establishing
guidelines for public relations material by the department; preparing
the department's magazine and annual report; answering requests for
information; preparing Department Commendations and arranging for the
formal presentation of all department awards to employees; preparing
Police Commission Citations for private citizens, Certificates of
Appreciation and Recognition; handling arrangements for visiting VIP's
and law-enforcement personnel; maintaining the department's archives;
conducting tours; and processing requests for speaking engagements.

The Anti-Terrorist Division operates solely under the direction of the
chief of police and is responsible for gathering intelligence, as well
as investigating and maintaining records and information on terrorists
and terrorist organizations known to be in the city while maintaining
liaison with other local, state, and federal agencies involved in
antiterrorist activities.

LARCENY
Anyone who steals, or wrongfully obtains by any means, any possession
or article of value of another person, and who has no intention of ever
returning same to that other person, is guilty of larceny.

The investigator must prove that the accused or suspect has wrongfully
obtained and withheld the property specified by the party issuing the
complaint, and that said property was indeed the property of the
complainant.  In addition, the alleged value of the property and the
intent to permanently withhold it must be confirmed.

AUTO THEFT
When a vehicle is stolen, used, and then abandoned, the motive is
temporary use, and the term for the charge is temporary appropriation.

In most instances, temporary appropriation is caused by juveniles, joy
riders, and professional criminals seeking to use a vehicle in the
commission of a crime so that their own vehicle would not be identified
in the getaway should there be a witness.

The real auto thief steals to profit from the vehicle he or she has
stolen, either reselling the vehicle or stripping it and selling the
parts.  Although some thieves jump the ignition, most professionals
resort to master keys, a punch device called a code cutter that makes
blank keys based on the ignition code number.  Another device used is
referred to as a slapper.  This device pulls out the ignition cylinder,
allowing the thief to insert a replacement that is already equipped
with the proper ignition key.

Included under larceny are:
Pickpockets
Lush workers (those who prey on drunks)
Bag stealers or muggers
Baggage thieves
Shoplifters
Hotel thieves
Credit-card thieves
Embezzlers
Those receiving stolen goods
Loan sharks
Computer theft and fraud
Confidence games
Art frauds
Securities frauds
CONFIDENCE GAMES
Con men have such a wide variety of swindles that it would be
impossible to describe them all, particularly because new cons are
being thought up every day.  And since many cons might also easily fall
under the category of fraud, stock manipulation, embezzlement, and
other larcenous crimes, we will offer a small sampling of out-andout
cons that have been around for some time.

One of the oldest cons is known as the moneymaking machine.  The con
shows his victim a machine that has come into his possession, a machine
that, as he demonstrates, actually produces dollar bills.  The machine
is sold to the victim, or the victim is asked to invest in the
production of more machines like it.

The inheritance is a scam in which the victim is told he or she has
come into an inheritance of some famous person or some extremely
well-known millionaire, but that money is needed for litigation and
proving the victim's right to his or her portion of the estate.

In a con involving hot merchandise, the victim is approached to buy
something of great value: a fur, jewels, etc., the victim being led to
believe that the merchandise has been stolen.  In reality, the
merchandise is inferior, and if the victim calls the police, all the
perpetrator can be accused of is peddling without a license.

The just-a-few-dollars-more scam is usually performed by a scam artist
who is content with picking up some small change, even though he or she
can usually garner between a hundred and two hundred dollars a day.

Appearing well groomed, friendly, and keenly intent on the merchandise
he or she selects in a small but expensive retail shop, the perpetrator
offers to pay for the merchandise by personal check and have it
delivered to an address, after, of course, the check has cleared.  As
the salesperson happily writes up the order, the perp, about to write
the check, suddenly realizes he left his cash at home and needs at
least twenty or thirty dollars to get through the day.  Could he write
the check out for just a little more than the amount of the sale?
Since the sale garners a sizable figure (as does the commission), and
since the merchandise won't be shipped until the check clears, the
customer is usually granted his or her wish.  The perp leaves the store
with the extra cash, never planning to receive the merchandise anyway,
as the shipping address is a phony.

Phony airline tickets produce hundreds of millions of dollars in losses
to many major carriers, and hundreds of millions in profits to the
counterfeiters of airline tickets, who easily dispose of the bogus
tickets to greedy travelers who think they're buying a discounted
legitimate ticket.

The pyramid is one of those get-rich-quick scams that is motivated by
greed by people who are promised big gains by investing in a shortterm
investment.  The scam artist develops a reputation for delivering when
the first customer gets his or her money plus a substantial profit
back, thus becoming a walking advertisement for the scam artist's plot.

Once the chain begins, the new investors begin getting back less and
less, as the scam artist pockets the difference from the investors
without actually investing a dime, until the pyramid eventually comes
tumbling down.  The Pyramid scam was conceived by a master of the game,
Charles Ponzi, in the 1920s and is sometimes referred to as the
PonziScam.

Computer scams are becoming more and more common.  As computers become
more sophisticated, so do computer crooks, who steal everythiartfrom
invaluable software programs to billions of dollars in stocks and bonds
to company and government secrets, and who alter credit-card billings,
switch bank accounts, transfer funds illegally, al ter records, produce
false billings, and authorize false loans and payments.

Film piracy, record piracy, and piracy of home videos are also on the
upswing, with major studios, independent producers, record companies,
as home video tapes are being pirated and sold at huge discounts.

Usually those involved in these piracies are employees who have access
to the original print or master and see an opportunity to pick up some
hefty extra cash by making deals with organized crime, who are capable
of mass distribution of the pirated films and tapes.

Some of the largest money-producing scams are the many offers made
through mail-order ads placed in the backs of magazines and those sent
through the mail.  Some of these mail-order scams offer products or
services that are either not worth the money they're being offered for
or are nonexistent.  Among the most predominant and successful mail
frauds are notifications that "you have been selected to appear in a
new edition of 'Who's Who' in somethiag--or some place or other for a
minimal insertion fee, or a notice that a subscription or service you
had subscribed to (one you can't recall subscribing to) is now about to
run out and you now have just thirty days to renew before the offer is
withdrawn.

One of the slickest scams is to prey upon those who have just lost a
wife, husband, son, or daughter by notifying the bereaved relative by
mail or in person that the deceased party had, prior to his or her
demise, ordered a Bible or some article that had been personalized or
monogrammed and that it is now ready for delivery.  Naturally, having
no way of checking with the deceased about the order, and believing the
obligation should be fulfilled, the bereaved accepts the article and
usually pays a pretty sum for the merchandise, which had never been
ordered.

Hundreds of scams, some old and some new, are perpetrated on the public
every day.  These are just a few samples of the work of con men and
bunco artists.  A telephone call or a visit to the Bunco Squad of your
local police department or further selected research reading should
provide you with a host of other larcenous scams.

ROBERY
One of the leading forms of major crime is robbery, and many of the
criminals involved in robberies specialize in robbing persons, stores,
or premises.  Although the following list offers some of the types of
robberies committed, the list is by no means intended to be complete,
as the variety of types are too vast to be encompassed in this chapter.

TYPES
Banks
Bank messengers
Stores (liquor, grocery, restaurants)
Gas stations
Gambling games
Casual strollers
Payroll clerks
Truck drivers
Cab drivers
Residences
Armored cars
Restaurants
TYPES OF WEAPONS USED IN ARMED ROBBERY
Revolver
Automatic
Machine gun
Shotgun
Blackjack
Knife
METHODS
Threats
Assault
Binding
Drugging
Beating
OBJECTS
Money
Jewelry
Merchandise
Credit cards
Articles of clothing (furs, etc.)
CRIMES COMMITTED IN ADDITION TO ROBBERY
Rape
Murder
Law Inforcement
Law enforcement must be broken down to the jurisdictional area they are
involved in, and the writer must determine the jurisdiction of the
crime that has been committed and whether or not the perpetrator has
left the scene, thus entering another law enforcement agency's
jurisdiction, i.e., leaving a city or town and entering another city or
state.  Should the criminal move from one state to another, it is
possible in some types of crimes that it then becomes a federal crime,
as it has become interstate.

Each law-enforcement agency, whether local or city police, a sheriffs
department, state police, military, or one of the many federal
law-enforcement agencies, has its own table of organization,
jurisdiction, and operating procedures.  The writer should check out
the law-enforcement agency he or she intends to employ in his or her
story for information dealing specifically with that law-enforcement
organization, as well as the laws governing that crime in that
particular jurisdiction, as the laws relating to certain crimes vary
from city to city and state to state.  As diverse as these various
law-enforcement agencies are with respect to their jurisdictions and
organizations, so are the weapons, equipment, and scientific
technologies available to them; even so, most of these law enforcement
agencies cooperate with one another whenever possible.  It should be
noted, however, that there are times when these organizations for
various reasons do not alert one another as to their own particular
ongoing investigations, as many of these investigations are covert
operations.

When developing the process of an investigation, it is imperative that
the writer be as authentic as possible as to the type of lawenforcement
agency employed; to the officers involved in the investigation; and the
methods, equipment, weapons, and scientific technologies that are
available to them.

Should the writer wish a law-enforcement officer to "not go by the
book" or to go "above the law" in attempting to investigate and
apprehend the guilty party, the writer must know what "the book" and
"the law" are that the law-enforcement character is breaking so as to
establish conflict with those working by the book or within the law.

It is also important for the writer always to remember that
lawenforcement officers, regardless of what agency or department they
are employed by, are human beings.  They have their own personal
problems; there are good ones and bad ones; they may become frustrated
and disillusioned; they live in a world all of their own, much of their
lives spent with fellow officers and their families.  Furthermore, they
have spent most of their days and nights with the dregs of society and
have a much different outlook on life and on crime and society than
those not involved in day-to-day law enforcement.  More often than not,
police work is oversimplified by the writer, who will justify a
superficial presentation by claiming he or she has just so much time to
set the stage, begin the investigation, quickly ascertain enough clues
to put the investigator on the trail of the culprit, get into a hot
chase, and catch the perpetrator or kill the guilty party in an
action-packed shootout.  Unfortunately, the writer seldom allows for a
true insight into the criminal investigator's problems, for there is
much more to determining the identity of the perpetrator and catching
the criminal.  Catching the criminal who committed a crime and seeing
that criminal convicted is another story.  All law-enforcement
officers, whether local police, small-town sheriffs, or federal
officers, must contend with the law in order to gain a conviction, and
that means they must not only apprehend the criminal responsible for
the crime, but also be able to prove legally and conclusively the case
against the perpetrator.  The letter of the law must be adhered to for
the professional police officer to protect an individual's
constitutional rights.  One mistake a technicality found by the defense
forcing the court to declare a mistrial or even dismissing the accused
altogether - and the law can suddenly work against the innocent or in
favor of the criminal, thus frustrating those law-enforcement people
who see their quarry go free because of a legal technicality.  It is
essential to be aware of what the law-enforcement officer must contend
with in order to bring about a satisfactory conclusion, should that be
your aim.

Many times the drama can be heightened by making these problems work
for you.  Use your creativity and ingenuity to help that investigator
accomplish his goal by using the law rather than going around or above
it.

Almost every law-enforcement agency has a public affairs or public
relations section, and you will find them most cooperative in answering
questions related to their agency and in aiding you to lend
authenticity to your work.  Many times they will put you in direct
touch with an officer or an agent in the specific area of law
enforcement that you're interested in, and it is advisable that you
develop a list of such contacts for further use.  It might be wise to
send a letter to the officer or agent who assisted you, expressing your
appreciation for his or her help.  It will be remembered the next time
you call for assistance.  Remember that law-enforcement jargon and
acronyms vary from one area to another, as do criminal code numbers.

In the movie Robocop, for instance, the script used California codes
over the police radio for Detroit, Michigan, police.

LOCAL LAW ENFORCEMENT Overview
For the purpose of identifying local law enforcement, let us refer to
all city, county, and state police law-enforcement agencies as "local"
as opposed to the federal law-enforcement agencies, which operate under
one government, taking into consideration that these federal agencies
still have their own separate jurisdictions and areas of responsibility.

Because laws and law-enforcement agencies vary from city to city,
county to county, and state to state, it is quite impossible to provide
you with information regarding each and every local law-enforcement
agency in the United States.  The local agencies presented in this book
are described primarily for the purpose of illustrating local law
enforcement.  It is recommended that you contact the local
law-enforcement agency in the location that you are writing about to
confirm or to further research the specifics of the local agency
involved in your particular story.

The Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) and the New York Police
Department (NYPD) are two of the largest local police departments in
the nation.  Although both of them undoubtedly share the same areas of
responsibility in their respective communities, the breakdown of the
organizational structures differs in numerous areas.  For example,
inasmuch as both police departments function under police commissioners
with a chief of police in charge of the force operating out of police
headquarters, the further breakdown of their bureaus and departments,
as well as the nomenclature of special units, personnel, etc., may
differ in many respects.  Whereas LAPD operates out of what they refer
to as divisions, NYPD operates out of station houses often referred to
as Precincts.  Neither LAPD nor NYPD has a police title such as
lieutenant colonel, though the Cincinnati, Ohio, Police Department
does.  These are only two examples of learning to use the proper
identification when you are writing about a particular city's
law-enforcement agency, so before you write about a particular city,
county, or state law-enforcement agency, check it out!
Note that the various divisions of local, state, federal, and military
law enforcement may be (and often are) in conflict with one another
over which has jurisdiction and that any may be critical or at odds
with another over the handling of a given case.  Individuals within or
among these agencies may also have personal or professional
differences, dislikes, and grudges.  Therefore, it would be a mistake
to assume that all these agencies, dedicated alike to law enforcement,
operate at all harmoniously in daily practice.  Opportunities for
conflictand dramatic storylines-are virtually unlimited.LEGAL
TERMINOLOGY
The records of federal and state courts contain considerable
information of value to the federal investigator.  To accurately check
court records, it is essential to understand the terminology.  On the
following pages are selected terms from a glossary prepared by the
Institute of Judicial Administration.

Abandonment: The relinquishment of a claim or privilege.  In marine
law, the relinquishment by the insured to the underwriters of what may
remain of the property insured.

Abandonment of Wife: Desertion of his wife by a husband without
reasonable cause, or negligence in providing for her support.

Abate: To terminate; to decrease; to quash, beat down, or destroy.

Abduction: Unlawfully taking a female or child by fraud or violence.

Abductor: One who carries away a child or female by fraud, persuasion,
or open violence.

Abet: To knowingly and with criminal intent, aid, encourage, or advise
another to commit a crime.

Abettor: One who aids, abets, or instigates.

Abeyance: A state of suspension; being undermined.  In expectation.

Ab Inconvenienti: A forced and sometimes specious argument arising out
of the difficulty of the case.

Ab lnitio: From the beginning.

Abjure: To renounce or abandon by or upon oath.

Abortion: The act of misCarrying or producing young before the natural
time.

Abscond: To avoid the process of the court by hiding or leaving the
jurisdiction.

Abuse: To treat improperly or ill use; to injure.

Abut: To border on; to reach or touch with an end.

Accessory After the Fact: Every person who, after a felony has been
committed, harbors, conceals, or aids a principal in such felony, with
the intent that said principal may avoid or escape arrest, trial,
conviction, or punishment, having knowledge that said principal
committed or was charged with such felony.  One who, knowing a felony
to have been committed, receives, relieves, comforts, or assists the
felon.

Accessory Before the Fact: One who, though absent at the time of the
crime committed, procures, counsels, advises, encourages, or commands
another to commit it.

Action In Personam: An action against the person, founded on a personal
liability.

Action In Rem: An action for a thing; an action for the recovery of a
thing possessed by another.

Administrative Offices of the State Courts: The business offices of
state courts, established in several states; they supply information on
judicial business and court personnel to the highest court or its chief
justice.  The powers and duties of these offices are not uniform.

Advisory of Opinion: An opinion rendered by a court to a lower court,
or in some cases, to the legislative or executive branch of government,
which is neither binding nor decisive of a controversy.

Amicus Curiae: A friend of the court; one who volunteers information
upon some matter of law.

Arraign: In criminal practice, to bring a prisoner to the bar of the
court to answer to a criminal charge.

At Issue: Whenever the parties to a suit come to a point in the
pleadings that is affirmed on one side and denied on the other, they
are said to be at issue.

Bail: A guaranty that a person arrested on criminal charges will appear
for trial or examination when required if he or she is temporarily
released.  The guaranty may take the form of a bond, a deposit of
money, or a deed to property, which is forfeited if the accused does
not appear when required.

Calendar: A list of cases to be heard by a court during the court term.

Case: A suit in law or equity.  In appellate procedure, the trial
record made in the lower court, including the papers and the testimony.

Cases and Controversies: Word appearing in Section 2, Article III of
the United States Constitution, limiting the exercise of judicial power
by the federal courts to actual cases between parties with adverse
interests, as compared to hypothetical or friendly disputes.

Certification: The submission of questions of law arising in a
particular case by a lower court to a higher court.

Certiorari: A writ issued by a higher court requiring the record of a
case in the court below to be sent up to itself for redetermination.

Challenge to the Array: Questioning the qualifications of an entire
jury panel, usually on the grounds of a partiality or some fault in the
process of summoning the panel.

Chancellor: Chief advisor of the king of England.  By issuing writs,
the office eventually became the Court of the Chancery in the
fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.  In some states, the chancellor is
the chief judge of the equity courts.

Change of Venue: The removal of a suit that is in progress from one
county or district to another for trial, or from one court to another
in the same county or district.

Chief Judge or Justice: The presiding judge of a court.  In addition to
judicial functions, this judge may have administrative tasks.

Circuit: A division or territory for judicial business.

Civil Action: An action that seeks the establishment, recovery, or
redress of private and/or civil rights.  Civil suits relate to and
affect only individual rights, whereas criminal prosecutions involve
public wrongs.

Common-Law Pleading: A system of pleading and procedure in force in
England until 1852, and until 1848 in most of the United States.

Opposition to its extreme rigidity and technicality led to the adoption
of code pleading in most American jurisdictions, fashioned after the
Field Code adopted in New York in 1848.

Concurrent Jurisdiction: Occurs when two courts have the power to
determine the same issues.

Constitutional Court: In the federal system, a federal court
established by Congress pursuant to Article III of the Constitution of
the United States.  Judges of constitutional courts serve during good
behavior and cannot have their compensation reduced while in office.

The United States Supreme Court, the United States Courts of Appeal,
and the United States District Courts are constitutional courts.  In
the states, a court provided for under the Constitution.

Corporation Court: A court of limited civil jurisdiction, usually
exercising its authority in a city or borough.  In some American
colonies, the corporation court also heard criminal cases.  These
courts still are in existence in some states.

Court-Martial: A court convened to hear an offense committed by a
person in the military.  Under the 1950 Uniform Code of Military
Justice (UCMJ), court-martial courts have jurisdiction to try any
military person or civilian serving with the armed forces for an
offense against military law.  There is no jury.

Court of Appeal: A court in which appeals from a lower court are heard.

Courts of Equity: Courts that administer remedial justice according to
the system of equity, as distinguished from courts of common law.

Equity courts are sometimes called courts of chancery.

Court of First Instance: A court in which a case must originally be
brought.  Usually a trial court.

Court of General Jurisdiction: The largest jurisdiction a court of
first instance can have in a given political unit (i.e., state,
federal, district, circuit, county).

Court of General Sessions: Criminal courts of general jurisdiction
existing in some American cities (e.g., New York).

Court of Intermediate Appeal: A court of appeal established in several
states to lessen the workload of the highest reviewing tribunal.

Ultimate review can still be had in the highest court by its
permission, or, in limited cases, as a matter of right.

Court of Jail Delivery: A colonial court trying all persons accused of
crime and held in jail until the court's arrival, and having the power
to deliver, i.e., discharge those who are acquitted.  The name is still
retained for criminal courts in some states.

Court of King's Bench: Formerly the highest English common-law court,
now a department of the High Court of Justice.  It is also referred to
as the "King's Bench," or the "Queen's Bench" when the Queen is the
highest royal authority.

Court of Last Resort: A court from which no appeal lies to a higher
court in the same jurisdiction.  This may sometimeS not be the highest
court in the jurisdiction.

Court of Record: A court whose proceedings are permanently recorded,
and that has the power to fine or imprison for contempt.  Courts not of
record are those of lesser authority whose proceedings are not
permanently recorded.

Court of Special Sessions: A court of limited jurisdiction in criminal
cases in some states, e.g., New York.

Court Session: The time during which a court sits and may exercise its
judicial power.

Court Term: A division of the year during which the court holds its
session.

Defendant: A person who is being sued in a civil action, or is
prosecuted in a criminal action.

Direct Appeal: An appeal from a lower court to an appellate court.

Discovery: A proceeding whereby one party to an action may be informed
as to facts known by other parties or witnesses.

Dismissal Without Prejudice: Permits the complainant to sue again on
the same cause of action.  Dismissal with prejudice bars the right to
bring or maintain an action on the same claim or cause.

Dissenting Opinion: An opinion by a judge of an appellate court
indicating his reason for disagreeing with the result reached by the
majority.

Double Jeopardy: Charging an accused with a crime for which he or she
has already been tried.

En Banc: A judicial bench.  The term is usually applied to a court of
appeal when all of its judges sit together and jointly issue a decision
or opinion.

Ex Post Facto: After the fact; an act or fact occurring after some
previous act or fact, and relating thereto.

Exhibit: A paper, document, or other article produced and exhibited to
a court during a trial or hearing.

Felony: A more serious crime, usually carrying with it a sentence in
the state penitentiary.

General Court: A common term for a colonial legislature that acted as
court.

Good Behavior: An office held during good behavior is one from which
the incumbent may not be removed except on proved charges of misconduct.

Grand Jury: A body of persons, the number of whom varies in different
jurisdictions, sworn to inquire into crimes within the jurisdiction of
the county or district.

Habeas Corpus: Literally, "You have the body."  A writ that requires an
officer having custody of a prisoner to bring that prisoner before the
court or judge for the purpose of determining if the prisoner is being
unlawfully detained.

Impeachment Trial: The hearing of charges of misconduct against a
public official, conducted by a legislative body.

In Camera: In the judge's chambers; in private.

Indictment: A formal accusation made by a grand jury charging a person
with having committed a crime.

Inquest: Judicial inquiry.

In Forma Pauperis: A proceeding whereby a court may absolve a poor
person of certain legal costs upon appropriate application.  These
proceedings constitute a large number of the cases filed in the United
States Supreme Court.

Information: A formal accusation made by an official prosecutor,
without presentment to a grand jury, charging a person with committing
a crime.

Inns of Court: Societies of barristers in England.

Injunction: Writ by a court forbidding a person to perform a certain
act.

Instruction: A direction given by a judge to the jury concerning the
law of the case.

Judgment: Official determination by a court.

Judicial Administration: The organization and procedures of the
judicial branch of the government.

Judiciary: The branch of government that has judicial power.  Also, the
name for all the courts of a jurisdiction taken collectively.

Jurisdiction: The authority of a court to exercise its judicial power
in a specific case.

Justice of the Peace: A public official with minor civil and criminal
jurisdiction.  In more serious crimes, this person may be authorized to
conduct preliminary hearings and hold the accused for trial by a higher
court.

Legislative Court: A court created by Congress pursuant to a
constitutional power other than Article III of the United States
Constitution.  Judges of legislative courts, as contrasted to those of
constitutional courts, are not automatically appointed for good
behavior, nor are their salaries automatically subject to nonreduction
during their appointment.  The legislative courts are the United States
Court of Claims, the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals,
the United States Emergency Court of Appeals, the United States Customs
Court, the territorial courts, and the local courts for the District of
Columbia.

Local Court: A court whose jurisdiction is limited as to a specific
place.

Magistrate: Title of a judge of an inferior court with limited
criminal, and sometimes limited civil, jurisdiction.

Majority Decision: A decision by an appellate court by more than
one-half of those judges hearing a case.

Mayor's Court: An inferior court whose jurisdiction is limited to a
city or town.

Misdemeanor: A crime less than the grade of felony.

Mistrial: An erroneous or invalid trial; a trial that cannot stand in
law because of lack of jurisdiction, wrong drawing of jurors, or
disregard of some other fundamental requisite.

Municipal Courts: In the judicial organization of some states, courts
whose territorial authority is confined to the city or community.

Nisi Prius: Courts for the initial trial of issueS of fact, as
distinguished from appellate courts.

Nolle Prosequi: A declaration by the plaintiff in a civil suit, or the
prosecuting officer in a criminal case, that states that he or she
"will no further prosecute" the case.

Nolo Contendere: A pleading, usually used by defendants in criminal
cases, which literally means, "I will not contest it"; a plea similar
to "Guilty."
Notary Public: A public officer whose function it is to administer
oaths; to attest and certify by his or her hand and official seal,
certain classes of documents in order to give them credit and
authenticity in foreign jurisdictions; to take acknowledgments of deeds
and other conveyances, and certify the same; and to perform certain
official acts chiefly in commercial matters, such as the protesting of
notes and bills, the noting of foreign drafts, and marine protests in
cases of loss or damage.

Official Report: A report of decided case, generally in courts of
appellate jurisdiction, containing statements of the facts, judgments,
and opinions published by a government body.  Several states publish
such reports officially for selected trial courts.

Per Curiam: An opinion rendered by the court as a whole, rather than by
one judge with whom others concur.

Petit Jury: A body usually of twelve or fewer persons selected to hear
and find the facts in a trial at law, so called to distinguish from the
grand jury.

Plaintiff: A person who brings suit.

Pleadings: Statement by litigants that specify the allegations upon
which they base their own claims or challenge the claims of their
opponents.

Police Court: A court for the trial of minor criminal offenses, and
which controls the adoption and guardianship of minors; a surrogate
court.

Recorder: A county officer in charge of public records.  In sometowns,
recorder iS the name of a local court with limited civil jurisdiction.

Rule of Court: An order made by a court having competent jurisdiction.

Stare Decisis: The doctrine that, when a court has once laid down a
principle of law as applicable to a certain set of facts, it will
adhere to that principle and apply it to future cases where the facts
are substantially the same.

Supersedeas: A writ containing a command to stay proceedings at law,
such as the enforcement of a judgment pending an appeal.

Surrogate: A judge or judicial officer who has administration of
probate matters.

Trial De Novo: A new trial or retrial held in an appellate court, in
which the whole case is gone into as if no trial had been held in a
lower court.

Venue: The place designated for trial.

Voir Dire: "To speak the truth."  The phrase denotes the preliminary
examination the court may make of one presented as a witness, or a
prospective juror, as to hiS or her qualifications.

Writ: An order issued by a court or judge directing a public officer or
private person to do a specific act.

MILITARY JUSTICE SYSTEM
UNITED STATES ARMY COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF COLLEGE STUDENT TEXT 27-1
(EXCERPT)
CHAPTER 1
THE MILITARY JUSTICE SYSTEM
1.1 Introduction.

We often think of the law as being fixed and eternal, but in reality,
the law is man-made, fallible, and ever-changing.  Today's rules may
become of historical interest only by tomorrow's court decision.

Today's commanders and staff officers cannot rely on past knowledge of
the military justice system.  Today's officers must be aware of the
current system and use it fairly and intelligently.  Recent changes to
the Uniform Code of Military Justice and the Manual for Courts-Martial
have greatly improved the ability of commanders to effectively use
disciplinary measures.  This book will assist you to understand the
current system and use it effectively.

This book is not intended to make you an expert in military justice.

Rather, it is to provide an awareness of the major requirements of
military justice.  This book is not intended to replace the basic
sources of military law.  It is, however, an aid to effective decision
making in the military justice arena.  The most important thing to take
away from this material is the ability to recognize a military justice
problem so as to know when to contact your "expert" in the area-the
staff judge advocate.

1.2 Background and Development.

An understanding of the legal basis for the military justice system
must rest on an understanding of the history and tradition which shaped
its development.  Among the concepts that emerged from the American
Revolution were the fear of excessive military power and the desire to
keep the military strictly subservient to civilian control.  These
notions were embodied in the Constitution.  That document is the basic
source for the military justice system.

Our system of military justice had its inception in the American
Revolution.  The Uniform Code of Military Justice that we currently use
can be traced back through the Articles of War used during the American
Revolution to the British Articles of War.  The first Articles of War
were adopted by the Second Continental Congress on 30 June 1775, just
three days before George Washington, who was on the committee appointed
to prepare the rules and regulations for the newlycreated Continental
Army, took command of it.

Our separate system of military justice differs from that of many other
countries.  A servicemember can be tried by court-martial for what is
essentially a civilian offense as well as for uniquely military ones
such as absence without leave, disobedience, disrespect, and
misbehavior before the enemy.  In many countries, civil courts handle
all offenses committed by servicemembers which are not uniquely
military.  The reason for this expansive jurisdictional reach is the
need to maintain discipline in order to have an effective fighting
force.  Because of force deployment, the military requires a justice
system which is literally worldwide in its criminal prohibitions and
its jurisdictional reach--unlike civilian criminal processes which are
usually localized.  Finally, it is doubtful that the civilian justice
system could appreciate and meet all the varied concerns of military
discipline.

1.3 The Purpose of Military Law.

The 1984 Manual for Courts-Martial probably states the purpose of
Military Law best:
The purpose of military law is to promote justice, to assist in
maintaining good order and discipline in the armed forces, to promote
efficiency and effectiveness in the military establishment, and thereby
to strengthen the national security of the United States.  Preamble,
MCM, 1984,3.

1.4 The Ever-Changing Military Law.

As is the case with most of our laws, military law has been
reconsidered and revised in the light of new knowledge and experience.

Among the major revisions were:
The Uniform Code of Military Justice, 1950.  This Act of Congress
combined the separate laws formerly governing the Army, Navy, and Air
Force into one uniform code which governs all of the armed forces of
the United States.

The Military Justice Act of 1968.  A major revision of the Uniform Code
occurred with this act.  This act first gave servicemembers the right
to a qualified lawyer at special courts-martial and established the
military judiciary.  Since the 1968 Act, Congress has amended the
Uniform Code several times in order to increase the efficiency of our
military criminal law system: In November 1979, Public Law 96-197
amended Article 2, UCMJ, to authorize court-martial jurisdiction over
servicemembers entering the armed forces as a result of recruiter
misconduct.

The Military Justice Amendments of 1981 eliminated the right of the
accused to be represented by more than one military lawyer and
permitted a commander or convening authority to direct excess leave for
servicemembers who have been convicted by court-martial and are
awaiting appellate review.  Previously, the accused could only be
placed on excess leave upon the approval of his or her request.

The Military Justice Act of 1983.  On 6 December, 1983, the President
signed this act, Public Law No.  98-209,97 Stat.  1393.  The effective
date is 1 August, 1984.  A new Manual for Courts-Martial has also been
written.  It includes provisions to implement the legislation.  Its
effective date is also 1 August, 1984.  This revision is intended to
streamline the military justice system and make it more responsive to
commanders while retaining the fundamental rights of servicemembers.

Among its provisions are a lessening of the commander's
responsibilities to review courts-martial for legal sufficiency;
streamlining procedures for detailing and excusing courts-martial
personnel; and permitting appeal of final courts-martial to the U.S.

Supreme Court.

1.5 Sources of Military Law.

Article I, section 8, of our Constitution provides that "The Congress
shall have Power... To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of
the land and naval Forces This language is what gives the Congress the
authority to enact the federal law called the Uniform Code of Military
Justice.

Article II, section 2, states that "The President shall be Commander in
Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States.

In Article 36 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice, the Congress
authorized the President, as Commander in Chief, to issue procedural
rules to implement the military justice system.  This is the authority
the President has used to issue the Presidential Proclamation called
the Manual for Courts-Martial.  It contains a detailed set of
regulations supplementing and explaining the Uniform Code.  It also
contains maximum punishments.

Article 36 of the UCMJ gave the President the power to establish
punishments.  This power was recently used to change the maximum
sentences for drug offenses by Executive Order on 23 December, 1982.

These Executive Orders have the force of law, although in the case of a
conflict, the Constitution, then the UCMJ, have precedence.

The services can publish regulations to further implement the
provisions of the above sources of military law.  One example is Army
Regulation 27-10, Military Justice.  This regulation contains
procedures that must be followed for such matters as administering
nonjudicial punishment, reviewing the legality of pretrial confinement,
etc.

Court decisions from military and civilian appellate courts must also
be considered as sources of military law.  For example, the United
States Supreme Court's decision that counsel were not required at
summary courts-martial is an example of court-made, as opposed to
statutory or regulatory, law.

All of the foregoing, the Constitution, the UCMJ, the MCM, regulations,
and the decisions of the appellate courts, are sources of military law.

(Note: If your story turns on a precise point of military law or
military judicial procedure, consult the appropriate regulation(s), as
then amended, in the reference section of any large public library.

The public information divisions of the various armed services may also
be able to provide helpful materials for further research.)
1.6 Military Justice Personnel.

The Staff Judge Advocate is the legal adviser to the command.  He will
normally be a senior lieutenant colonel when assigned to a division,
and a colonel for higher commanders and major installations.  The UCMJ
authorizes the SJA direct access to the convening authority.  Besides
supervising military justice, the SJA has functions in the
administrative law, claims, and legal assistance areas.

Trial court personnel include military judges, trial counsel
(prosecutor), and defense counsel.

Military judges belong to the U.S. Army Trial Judiciary.  They are
appointed by the Judge Advocate General from JAGC officers who have
extensive trial experience and satisfactorily complete the judge's
course.  Special court-martial judges are usually majors.  General
courtmartial judges are lieutenant colonels or colonels.  Judges are
assigned to the Trial Judiciary, which is independent of any local
command, so they are rated by other judges, not commanders.  This helps
to preserve their independence and avoid command influence.

Defense counsel belong to a similar organization, the Trial Defense
Service.  It comes under the same parent organization as the trial
judiciary, the U.S. Army Legal Services Agency.  Thus, defense counsel
are not assigned to local commands and owe their undivided loyalty to
their clients.  Defense counsel are rated by senior defense attorneys.

A regional defense counsel supervises the defense counsel within a
geographical region, and is who the commander can go to if he has a
problem involving a defense counsel.

The canons of ethics of the American Bar Association are applicable to
all military lawyers.  The canon that requires counsel to represent
their clients zealously within the bounds of the law is especially
important to defense counsel.

The trial counsel works for the command, and presents the case for the
government (prosecution).  His ethical duty is to see justice done.

The trial counsel works for the Chief of Criminal Law (sometimes called
Chief of Justice), under the Staff Judge Advocate.

1.7 Commander's Role.

One of the major differences between the military and the civilian
justice systems is that the latter has no counterpart to the commander.

Both systems have judges, prosecutors, and defense attorneys.  The
commander in our system has powers substantially equivalent to those of
civilian judges and prosecutors.  For example: a commander can issue a
search authorization which is the military counterpart to the search
warrants issued by civilian judges.  Also, in the military, the
commander decides who is to be prosecuted.  a decision made by district
attorneys or prosecutors in the civilian sector.

It should be noted that it is the commander in our system who makes
many of these decisions - whether to prosecute or not, whether to
approve a pretrial agreement (plea bargain)--not the military lawyers.

Of course, the commander should seek the advice of his staff judge
advocate before making these decisions.

Because the commander has so much power--unlike that of any civilians
except judges--he or she must exercise that power wisely and fairly.

The civilian sector has always watched carefully for abuses of the
military justice system.  In order that the people, acting through
Congress, continue to permit commanders to exercise these broad powers.

commanders' military justice actions must not only be fair, but be
perceived to be fair.  It should also be remembered that the military
justice system is a "tool" of discipline--and not the only one--not a
substitute for good leadership.

UNITED STATES MILITARY AND NAVAL LAW INFORCEMENT
UNITED STATES ARMY CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIVE COMMAND (USACIDC)
Often referred to as the CID or Criminal Investigation Division (CID),
this section of the Army is an investigative, fact-finding agency.

Although CID has arrest powers, it does not prosecute, but instead
turns its suspects and investigation reports over to the proper branch
of service for prosecution.

Trained by the army at the FBI Academy in Quantico and often at Great
Britain's Scotland Yard, the CID and its agents exist to conduct
criminal investigations on military bases involving both military
personnel and those civilians employed by the army or Department of
Defense.  Additional responsibilities include conducting
crimeprevention surveys and providing protective services to the
Secretary of Defense; Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff; Secretary of the
Army; Chief of Staff, Army; and other dignitaries as directed.  CID
also plays an important role in terrorism counteraction, hostage
negotiations, supplying protective services, security vulnerability
assessments, criminal information collection, hostage negotiation, and
narcotics investigations.

CID operates three crime laboratories and the Army Crime Records Center
and maintains liaison with other police and investigative agencies.

CID agents, who almost always operate in civilian clothes, consist of
noncommissioned officers, the highest-ranking of whom is a Chief
Warrant Officer.

UNITED STATES NAVAL INVESTIGATIVE SERVICE (NIS)
Working in civilian clothes, HIS Special Agents conduct criminal,
narcotics, and complex fraud investigations; counterintelligence and
undercover operations; and hostage negotiations.  They also provide
protective services and investigate infractions of military law
governing naval personnel and civilians contracted or employed by the
navy or the marine corps.  HIS is part of the Naval Security and
Investigative Command (HSIC), headquartered in Washington D.C., and
commanded by a rear admiral, who reports directly to the secretary of
the navy and the chief of naval operations.

UNITED STATES AIR FORCE OFFICE OF SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS (OSI)
The OSI operates very much like the NIS in that it, unlike the CID,
conducts counterintelligence operations.  OSI Special Agents work in
mufti and are trained at the OSI's Academy at BoIling Field AFB.  Like
its sister agencies NIS and CID, OSI conducts criminal investigations
and serves as a fact-finding arm that turns over apprehended military
and Defense Department civilian employee suspects to the Judge
Advocate's Office for prosecution.  Like CID, OSI maintains its own
forensic police-science laboratories and criminal-records center.

MILITARY POLICE (MP)
The Department of the Army Officer Branch Code 31 is for commissioned
officers in the Military Police Corps, which is responsible for the
army's law enforcement in both war and peace.  In combat operations,
the military police are the tactical commander's primary response force
against terrorists and saboteurs; they carry on their regular military
duties as well.  Military police provide area security operations,
oversee and evacuate enemy prisoners of war, and provide security for
special ammunition.  In peace and in war, military police officers,
trained in methods and techniques of management and police sciences,
advise and assist army commanders to establish discipline, enforce
laws, and prevent crimes.

MP officers plan for the security of VIP's, military banks and
hospitals, material storage areas, airfields, ports, harbors, inland
waterways, railroads, and petroleum pipelines.  When normal processes
of government are disrupted, military police may be called upon to help
restore order.  Military police conduct criminal investigations and are
responsible for the humane treatment of prisoners, be they army
personnel or POWs.  The major training site for MP officers is Fort
McClellen, Alabama.

MISSING PERSONS
A missing person is not to be confused with a wanted person, although
the police department is concerned with the location and identification
of both.  A wanted person is someone being sought by the police in
connection with a crime, whereas a person considered missing is:
Someone missing for more than twenty-four hours
Someone missing less than twenty-four hours who is under the age of
eighteen
Someone who has disappeared without any apparent reason
Someone who is mentally deficient or not in full possession of all his
or her faculties
An unidentified body
Although the police department's Missing Persons Bureau will attempt to
do all in its power to locate a juvenile runaway who is reported as
missing, their primary concern with a missing juvenile is whether or
not the subject has involuntarily disappeared.  The same applies to
adults, except those who are reported missing and are not considered to
be in full possession of their faculties.  Determining the identity of
a Jane Doe or a John Doe, which are the names given to unidentified
female and male corpses, is also a responsibility of the Missing
Persons Bureau.

Crimes usually associated with missing persons are:
Kidnapping
Homicide
Suicide
Those involved in attempting to locate a missing person should learn
all they can about the following:
The physical description of the missing person
Hobbies, interests, personal habits
Educational background
Romantic involvements
Addictions
Sexual habits
Medical history
Family history
Personal relationships
Business and professional abilities or associations
Access to funds
STEPS IN ATTEMPTING TO IDENTIFY A JANE DOE OR A JOHN DOE
Check Missing Persons records
Check fingerprints locally and send to state identification bureau and
FBI
Take photographs and distribute to TV and newspapers
Identify clothing markings, labels, etc
Examine remains for birthmarks, tattoos, scars caused by surgery or
accident
Make impressions of teeth for possible dental identification
Take X-rays to determine presence of any illness or broken bones, or
evidence of surgery
Perform chemical analysis to determine whether drugs are present, to
find information about last food ingested, and to check for evidence of
poisons
NARCOTICS AND DRUG ADDICTION
Narcotics (the selling, use, and addiction of drugs) is probably the
number-one area of crime in the United States today.  It is a
multimillion-dollar business, international in scope and activity, and
is unquestionably the most destructive element in society throughout
this country and the entire globe.  The production and sale of drugs
has in actuality become, in some instances, the national product of
some foreign countries who, believe it or not, are so reliant on the
income it produces that they are considering the legalization of their
number-one export.  As the problems associated with drugs are now so
well known, it requires no further elaboration as to their effect on
society and crime.

DRUG ADDICTION
Addiction is the state of utter dependency on drugs, in which they are
necessary in order to function physically and mentally.  When deprived
of the substance, the addict has a physical craving manifested by
symptoms of withdrawal, which cause severe mental and physical distress.

NARCOTICS
Narcotics are drugs of addiction (see list).

SYNTHETIC ANALGESICS
Synthetics are drugs that carry the effect of a narcotic but that have
been synthesized and are therefore less expensive.  Many of these are
listed as narcotics by federal and state regulatory agencies.

TOLERANCE AND DEPENDENCY
With habitual use of a drug, the tolerance to that drug is increased,
and the user requires progressively increasing dosages in order to
properly function.  As tolerance takes place, the span of time usually
decreases between the taking of the drug.  If the addict becomes
deprived of the drug, he or she becomes physically and mentally ill to
the extent that the addict will resort to crime in order to service the
habit.

USE AND EFFECT
Each drug has its own properties and effects, and the means of
administering the drug varies with the type of drug the user is taking.

Some narcotics can be taken in more than one way.  e.g., ingestion,
sniffing, or injecting, which may require the use of a hypodermic
needle, medicine dropper, bent spoon, and some means of tying off the
limb so as to make the veins more accesible.

DRUG TRAFFICKING
Trafficking in drugs means the transporting or smuggling of illegal
narcotics for eventual sale.  As most illegal narcotics are produced
outside of the United States, those dealing in the trafficking of drugs
employ many creative means of smuggling and moving their contraband
into the United States.  In most instances, the drugs are brought in
already refined, and all that is necessary is for the drug to be cut
before it is ready for sale on the street.  Some of the means employed
are boat, cargo vessels where the drugs can be hidden or disguised with
the cargo, airplanes landing in remote, deserted areas, and body
carriers, sometimes referred to as mules.

POINTS OF ORIGIN
Cocaine is a white, crystalline powder from the coca shrub, a plant
that was cultivated by the Andean Indians prior to the Spanish
occupation.

Narcotics Table
Chemical or How Typical Duration Initial Risks of Physical
Drug Trade Name Description Taken Dose of Effect Signs Abuse Dependence
NARCOTICS
Opium: Papaver somni- Dried milk of opium- Smoked or Varies 6 hrs.

Euphoria Loss of appetite Yes ryz
feruo poppy pod swallowed Drowsiness Painful withdrawal 151 symptoms 0
Morphine Morphine sulphate Derivative of opium Injected 15 mg 6 hrs.

Euphoria Loss of appetite Yes 0 Drowsiness Painful withdrawal Impaired
breathing
Heroin Diacetylmorphine Derivative of morphine Injected Varies 4 hrs.

Euphoria Loss of appetite Yes Drowsiness Painful withdrawal Constipation
Methadone Dolophine Synthetic analgesic Swallowed or 10 mg 4-6 hrs.

Less acute than Loss of appetite Yes Amidone injected opiates Painful
with'drawal Constipation
DEPRESSANTS
Barbiturates
Phenobarbital Barbituric acid deriva tive Swallowed SO loo mg 4-12 hrs.

Drowsiness Incoherence Possible
Seconal Muscle relaxation Depression
Nembutal Withdrawal difficulty
Meprohromate Miltown Non-barbiturate Swallowed Varies 4 hrs.

Drowsiness Incoherence No
Equanil sedative Muscle relaxation Depression Withdrawal difficulty
Mcthaqualone Sopor Quaalude Non-barbiturate Swallowed 75-lOO mg 4 hrs.

Drowsiness Delirium No sedative Muscle relaxation Coma
STIMULANTS
Cocaine Methyl ester of Isolated alkaloid of coca Sniffed or Varies
Varies Excitation Loss of appetite No
henzoylecganine leaf injected Talkativeness Irritability Tremors
Insomnia
Alnphetamines
Benzedrine Synthetic central- Swallowed 2.5-5 mg 4 hrs.  Alertness
irritability No
Dexedrine nervous system Talkativeness Confusion
Methedrine stimulant Activity Agressiveness
HIALLUCINOGENS
Marijuana Cannabis sativa Flowering resinous top of female hemp plant
Smoked 1 or 2 cigarets 4 bra.  Relaxation Altered perception No
Euphoria Impaired judgment Vagueness
Peyote 3,4, 5-trimethoxy- Dried cactus buttons Swallowed 350 mcg 12
bra.  Exhilaration Visual hallucinations No
phenethylamine containing mescaline Anxiety Paranoia Castric distress
Possible psychosis
LSD d-lysergic acid Synthetic compound Swallowed 100 mcg 10 bra.

laxcitation Visual and audiry No
diethylamide 400 times more powerful than mescaline Exhilaration
hallucinations 0Vagueness Possible psychosis
DMT Dimethyltryptamine Synthetic compound Injected I mg 4-6 bra.

Excitation Possible psychotic No similar to mushroom Exhilaration
reaction
alkaloid psilocybin
Some Substances Not Used For Medical Purposes
Pharmacologic
Substance Common or Slang Names Active Ingredient Source Classification
Medical Use
Alcohol Booze, Juice, Sauce, Brew, Vino Ethanol, Ethyl Alcohol Natural
(from fruits, grains, CNS depressant Solvent antiseptic, sedative 151
vegetables)
Marijuana Pot, Grass, Dope, Weed, Homegrown, Tetrahydrocannabinols
Cannabis sativa CNS depressant, Experimental research only
Sinsemilla Maui-wowie, Thaisticks, (THCj hallucinogen Joints, Roaches,
lndica: Concentrated Z resin called Hash or Hashish
Amphetamines Ups, Uppers, Speed, Crank, IDf Diet Amphetamine Synthetic
CNS stimulant Control appetite.  Narcolepsy- tl1l
Pills Dextroamphetamine some childhood behavioral disorders 0
Methamphetamine relieve depression 0
(Desoxyephedrine)
Amphetamine Legal stimulants, Ups, Uppers, AMS, May contain caffeine,
Syothetitrnatural CNS stimulant, None
Look-alikes AXS, RJS Ephedrine, Pseudoe- decongestant,
phedrine,Phenylpro- appetite depressant
panglamine
Cocaine Coke, Rock, Toot, Blow, Snow, Pearl Cocaine Natural Local or
topical Local or topical anesthesia
Flake Hydrochloride (from coca leaves) anesthesia
Benzoylmethylecgonine
Cocaine Base Cocaine base Natural (prepared from Local or topical
Topical anesthetic ointments
Frecbase Freebase Cocaine Hydrochloride) anesthesia
Barbiturates Barbs, Bluebirds, Blues, Tooies, Phenobarbita) Synthetic
Sedative Sedation, Yellow Jackets Pentobarbital Hypnotic Epilepsy
Secobarbital
Amobarbital
Methaqualone Ludcs, 7145, Sopor Methaqualone Synthetic Sedative
hypnotic Sedation
Heroin H, Horse, Junk, Smack, Stuff, Brown Diacetyl Semi-synthetic
Narcotic analgesic None legally
Sugar morphine (from morphine)
Morphine White Stuff, M, More Morphine Natural (from Opium) Narcotic
analgesic Pain relief Su)phate
Codeine Schoolboy Methy)morphine Natural (from Opium) Narcotic
analgesic Ease pain & coughing semi-synthetic (from morphine)
Oxycodone 14-Hydroxydihydro- Semi-synthetic Narcotic analgesic Pain
relief Codeinone (Morphine-like)
Meperidine Meperidine Synthetic Narcotic analgesic Pain relief, prevent
Hydrochloride withdrawal, discomfort
Methsdone Dolly Methadone Synthetic Narcotic analgesic Pain relief,
prevent Hydrochloride withdrawal, discomfort
Inhalants
Solvents, Glue, Transmission fluid, O~anic solvents Synthetic None None
Toluene
Nitrous Oxide Laughing Gas, Gas, Whippitts, Nitrous Oxide Synthetic
Inhalation anesthetic Anesthesia
Nitrous, Blue Bottle
Butyl Nitrite Liquid Incense, Room Deodorizer, Butyl Nitrite Synthetic
Vasodilator None (Amyl nitrite used in Rush, Locker Room, Locker Popper
Angina Pectoris)
LSD Acid, LSD-25, Blotter Acid, Window- D-Lysergic Acid Semi-synthetic
(from Ergot Hallucinogen Experimental research only
pane, named after pictures on paper, Diethylamide Alkaloids) Z
Mesc Mescaline Mesc, Peyote, Peyote Buttons Mescaline Natural (from
Peyote Cactus) Hallucinogen None i-l (PeyoteCactusj 0
MDA, MMDA, Love Drvg, Ecstasy, XTC 34'Methylenedioxy- Synthetic
Amphetamine-based NoneMDM amphetamine hallucinogen ru
Analogs of MDA
DOM Straserenity 2.5-Dimethoxy-4- Synthetic Amphetamine-based None
Tranquility, Peace methyl- hallucinogen
amphetamine a
Psilocybin Magic Mushrooms, Shrooms Psilocybin Natural (from Psilocybe
Fun- Hallucinogen None C~
PCP Crystal, Tea, THC, Angel Dust Phencyclidine Synthetic Dissociative
Once used as a Anesthetic veterinary anesthetic a
Coffee, Tea, Colas Espresso, Cafe, Natural Stimulant, Caffeine Natural
CNS stimulant Mild stimulant a
Guarana, Guaranine
Tobacco Cigs, Smokes, Butts, Cancer Sticks, Nicotine Natural (from
Nicotina CNS Toxin Emetic Z Coffin Nails Tabacum) _____
Physical Psychological
Abuse Dependence Dependence
Liquid Form and How Used Effects Sought Long Term Possible Effects
Potential Potential
Taken orally, applied topically Intoxication, Sense Alteration, Toxic
Psychosis, addiction, neurologic Yes Yes
(rubbing alcohol) Anxiety reduction damage Plant Particles (dark Smoked
or eaten Euphoria, relaxation, increased Bronchitis, Conjunctivitis,
possible birth Possible Possible
grecn or brown) perception defects
Tablets, Capsules, Taken orally or injected Alertness, activeness Loss
of appetite, delusions, hallucinations, Possible Yes 151
Liquid, Powder toxic psychosis 00
0
(white) 0
Capsules or Tablets Taken orally Alertness, activeness, weight loss
Hypertension, stroke, heart problems Possible Yes
Powder (white) or Snorted or injected Stimulation, excitation, euphoria
Loss of appetite, depression, convulsions, No Yes
Liquid (subtle) nasal passage injury
White Crystal Smoked, injected Intensified Cocaine effects Weight loss,
depression, hypertension, hal- Yes Yes
lucinations, psychosis
Tablcts or Capsulcs Taken orally or injected Anxiety reduction,
euphoria Severe withdrawal symptoms, possible con- Yes Yes
volsions, toxic psychosis
Tablets Taken orally or snorted Euphoria, aphrodisiac Coma, convulsions
Yes Yes
Powder (white, Injected, snorted or smoked Euphoria Addiction,
constipation, loss of appetite Yes Yes
grey,brown)
Powder (white), Taken orally or injected Euphoria Addiction,
constipation, loss of appetite Yes Yes
Tablets or Liquid
Tablets or liquid (in Taken orally or injected Euphoria Addiction,
constipation, loss of appetite Yes Yes
cough syrup)
Tablets Taken orally or injected Euphoria Addiction, constipation, loss
of appetite Yes Yes
Tablets or Liquid Taken orally or injected Euphoria Addiction,
constipation, loss of appetite Yes Yes
Tahlcts or Liquid Taken orally or injected Euphoria Addiction,
constipation, loss of appetite Yes Yes
Various Inhaled or huffed (poured on a Intoxication Impaired
perception, coordination, judg- No Yes
rag or towel and inhaled by ment; toxicity from solvent impurities
mouth)
Gas in Pressurized Inhaled Euphoria, relaxation Kidney or liver damage,
peripheral neurop- No Possible
Container athy, spontaneous abortion
Liquid Inhaled Exhilaration Damage to heart and blood vessels, may ag-
No Yes
gravate heart problems
Tablets, Capsules, Taken orally Insight, distortion of senses, ex- May
intensify existing psychosis, panic re- No Possible
Liquid, or Paper hilaration, mysticallreligious ex- actions
Squares perience
Tablets, Capsules, Taken orally Same as LSD Milder than LSD No Possible
Raw Drug (Buttons)
Tahlcts or Capsules Taken orally Same as LSD Milder than LSD No Possible
Tablets, Capsules or Taken orally Stronger than LSD effects Same as LSD
No Possible
Liquid
Mushrooms, rarely Taken orally Same as LSD Milder than LSD No Possible Z
as Tablets or
Capsules
a
Tablets, Powder in Smoked, snorted or taken orally Distortion of senses
Psychotic behavior, violent acts, psychosis No Possible 0
Smoking Mixtures 'I
a
Beverage Taken orally Alertness May aggravate heart problems Possible
Yes cry
Snuff, Pipe Cut Par- Smoked, snorted or chewed Relaxation Loss of
appetite.  habituation, lung cancer Possible Yes
ticles, Cigars or
Cigarettes
Cocaine production is a major occupation in the Southern Hemisphere.

The major producing countries are Colombia, Chile, Peru, and Bolivia,
although other countries are also producing the drug in inCreaSing
amounts.

Crack, also known as rock COCaine, is the result of changing the
structure of CoCaine hydrochloride from the salt to the free base.  By
this method of (heating the salt form in the presence of alkali), the
CoCaine is changed into a form that can be smoked.  Smoking allows the
CoCaine to go directly to the lungs, as opposed to being inhaled
through the nose, as with ordinary cocaine.  Inhalation does not
provide the rush that crack users experience.

Opium is derived from the oriental poppy plant, grown mainly in Asia,
although the poppy has now been cultivated in other countries such as
Mexico, Cuba, and the Balkans.  The major producers and suppliers of
opium are India, Turkey, Thailand, Pakistan, Laos, Mexico, and
Afghanistan.  Although opium was once primarily smoked, it has produced
such derivatives as morphine and heroin, which are injected.

Marijuana is one of the most widely used of the illicit drugs, and
comes from the hemp plant, which grows wild or can be cultivated.

Primary sources are Mexico, Cuba, Turkey, Greece, India, Syria, Africa,
the United States, and Brazil.

Mescaline or Peyote can be found in northern Mexico and the
southwestern part of the United States, and is derived from the peyote
cactus.

Psilocybin is a hallucinogen extracted from a form of mushroom found in
Mexico.

Barbiturates are probably the most abused type of drugs available to
the addict.  They are readily obtainable from a physician, hospital, or
local pharmacist if the user has the right connections.

A list of most known drugs can be found on the following pages, along
with a dictionary of drug "language" used by those trafficking,
selling, and addicted to narcotics.

POSSESSION
Possession of a narcotic or illicit drug is a crime, as it constitutes
the probability of use or sale.  It is very conceivable that a user
might also be dealing in drugs in order to support his or her habit.

SELLING
Selling or dealing in drugs is a much more serious offense than
possession.  Criminal trafficking or dealing in drugs is, in most
cases, the domain of the professional criminal, and in most instances,
it is connected with a large ring and/or organized crime.  Those at the
top of the ladder in drug trafficking and dealing usually have
expertise in evading the law and escaping detection and proSecution,
despite the valiant attempts of law enforcement to discover and
prosecute them to the fullest extent of the law.

Needless to say, drug traffickers and dealers are powerful people with
a great many connections and an enormous financial empire with which to
bribe and pay off those government officials and police who can be
corrupted.  Like most big businesses, those dealing and trafficking in
drugs build and operate no differently than any other large business.

Those at the very top are usually well insulated from those who work
beneath them.  Their business has many levels of sale and distribution,
ranging from the grower or producer to wholesalers, mules, pushers, and
peddlers.  A mule, pusher, or peddler could be a member of organized
crime, neighborhood street gangs, users, pimps, prostitutes, students
or even an ordinary citizen who sees an opportunity to make a quick
buck.

NARCOTICS - PACKAGING AND DISTRIBUTION
For the purpose of smuggling large quantities of cocaine (cocaine
hydrochloride), and for distributing smaller amounts, the following
methods are used to package the drugs:
MULTI-KILO
1. Duct tape
2. Heat-seal plastic
3. Fiberglas
4. Casting material
5. Brown tape
6. Trash bags
WHOLESALE-Multi-ounce
Large, plastic Ziploc bags
STREET DISTRIBUTION
1. Bindles (pharmaceutical fold)
2. 2"x2" Ziploc bags
3. Sno-seals (basically same as bindles)
CRACK OR ROCK COCAINE DISTRIBUTION
Usually sold in 2" x 2" plastic bags.

TAR HEROIN - SMUGGLING Multi-kilo
1. Clear plastic wrap
2. Ziplocbags
3. Various tapes
POWDERED HEROIN SMUGGLING - Multi-kilo
1. Blocks (compressed)
2. Plastic wraps
3. Casting materials
TAR HEROIN - Wholesale distribution
1. Ounce balls wrapped in plastic wrap
POWDERED HEROIN - Wholesale distribution
1. Film canisters
2. Plastic
TAR AND POWDERED HEROIN - Street distribution
1. Balloons
2. Bindles
3. Candy twists (tar only)
PHENCYCLIDlNE (PCP) -Wholesale distribution
Gallon bottles-apple juice, cider
DEALER QUANTITY- distribution (one pint or one liter)
Grape juice, root beer, Listerine bottles
STREET SALES - distribution
1. Vanilla extract bottles, one-ounce bottles
2. Cigarettes (tinfoil bindles)
MARIJUANA SMUGGLING - Multi-kilo
1. Trash bags
2. Bales, plastic encased
POUND QUANTITY DISTRIBUTION
1. Ziploc bags (storage size)
2. Kilos, tape wrapped
Alcohol
Amanita muscaria
Amphetamines (pep pills)
Amyl nitrite
Atropine
Awa
Ayahuasca
Barbiturates (goof balls)
Belladonna
Benzedrine
Betel nut
Bufotenine
Caffeine (via coffee)
Cannabis indica
Charas
Chicropon natrium
Chloral hydrate
Cocaine
Codeine Cough syrup
Crack (rock cocaine)
Dagga
Dexedrine
DMT
Epena
Ether
Fly agaric
Ganga
Glue
Goof balls (barbiturates)
Hallucinogens or psychedelics (LSD, DMT, mescaline, peyote, etc.)
Hanu
Hashish
Hemp
Heroin
Hydrangea
IT-290
Jimson weed
Kat (Khat)
Kava Kief
Laudanum
Lotus flower (mythical odyssey)
LAD
LSD (acid)
Mandrake
Marijuana (pot)
Mescaline
Methamphetamine
Methedrine
Mexico's magic
mushrooms
Morning glory seeds
Morphine
Nalline
Nembutal
Nicotine
Oblivion (happiness pill)
Opium
Paregoric Parica
Pep pills (amphetamines)
Percodan
Peyote (mescaline)
Philopon/Secobarbital
Psilocybin
Reefers (marijuana cigarettes)
Rock cocaine (crack)
Sedatives
Sleeping tablets
Snuff
Speed (methedrine) PCP
Tea
Tobacco
Also wine, whiskey, champagne, gin, cognac, brandy, absinthe, rum,
sherry, tequila, mescal, vodka, etc.

THE NATIONAL CRIME INFORMATION CENTER
The National Crime Information Center (NCIC) is a nationwide
criminal-justice information teleprocessing network that provides
documented criminal-justice information to the entire criminaljustice
community.  NCIC contains records on stolen property, i.e., vehicles,
license plates, guns, securities, boats, and serialized articles;
wanted persons for whom arrest warrants are outstanding; unidentified
persons; and missing persons meeting specific entry criteria; as well
as criminal histories on persons arrested for serious offenses.  An
NCIC Advisory Policy Board made up of federal, state, and local justice
officials furnishes advice to the FBI Director on policy matters
concerning NCIC operations and thereby allows the users a voice in
overall management of the system.

Users of NCIC include the fifty states, all federal law-enforcement
agencies, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the Police of the
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and the United States Virgin Islands - all
on a cost-free basis.

MISSING-CHILDREN FILE
The juvenile category of the NCIC Missing-Person File responds to
inquiries within seconds.  A missing-child record may be entered simply
by a parent, legal guardian, or next of kin filing a missingpersons
report with any local or state law-enforcement agency.  The record
should contain all available descriptive and identifying data, such as
nicknames, birthplace and date, height, weight, scars, marks, blood
type, dental information, etc.  When a positive identification is made,
the record of the child is promptly removed from the system.

FOREIGN-FUGITIVE FILE
Implemented in 1987, this file contains both Canadian warrants and new
wanted-persons records for foreign fugitives entered by the United
States Central Bureau of the International Police Organization
(INTERPOL).

Organized Crime
The term organized crime applies primarily to criminal gangs that are
structured either in local, state, federal, or international criminal
activities such as but not limited to South American organizations,
Mexican networks, Sicilian Mafia, national outlaw motorcycle gangs, and
Oriental organized crime groups who are involved in corruption of
public officials, illegal infiltration of legitimate businesses,
gambling, loan sharking, laundering of illicit funds, gangland
slayings, labor racketeering, extortion, counterfeiting, prostitution,
and drug trafficking.

THE MAFIA
The Mafia is probably the singularly most familiar name associated with
the term organized crime.  Sometimes dubbed "the Mob" or "La Cosa
Nostra" ("Our Thing") it is believed to have had its roots in Palermo,
Italy, in 1282, when Sicilian Vespers revolted against the French
Angevins, who were then ruling Sicily.

Although today's Mafia is unquestionably one of the strongest groups
identified with organized crime, it actually began as a secret society,
originally formed to protect the poor, oppressed, and mistreated
Sicilians from their invading rulers.  Once freed of the French
domination, however, the secret Mafia began to increase both in number
and in the power it wielded.  In 1417, however, the Italian states once
again found themselves under foreign domination, this time by the
Bourbons, who had spawned the birth of another secret organization in
Seville.  Called "The Camorra," this organization began with no
altruistic ideals.  It was composed of out-and-out criminals.

Transported to Sicily and neighboring states by the Bourbons, the
Camorra and the Mafia soon began to merge, the Mafia's once altruistic
aims now giving way to more profitable ventures: that of gaining
control of all criminal activities.  The Camorra maintained
headquarters in Naples, the Mafia, in Sicily.  The Mafia reached the
pinnacle of its power around the turn of the nineteenth century, and it
was then that both the Mafia and the Camorra began their migration to
the United States to prey upon the Italian population who had emigrated
to America.

Once here, however, bad blood often led to feuds between the Camorra
and the Mafia.  Although the bonds were often sealed between the two,
feuds continued to plague both organizations.  Wars erupted frequently
as the two competed for the total supremacy of criminal power in the
new land.  In the years that came to pass, the Mafia grew stronger and
became the dominant force in the United States.  Although the Camorra
still exists to some small extent in this country, the Camorra
N'Drangatta still reigns in Naples, while some remnants of the old
Mafia still preside in Sicily.

The New Mafia
Sworn to obedience to their chief, known simply as "The Boss" (see
organizational chart), members of the Mafia have no appeal to legal law
enforcement, but only to those powers within their own organization,
for justice.  It is an unwritten law that any offense commited against
one is to be considered against all.  Members are bound by "Omerta,"
the code of silence.  It is simply a way of saying, "If you talk-you
die!"
The Mafia in the United States is dedicated to subverting and
infiltrating all branches of the government so as to corrupt and bribe
those who would benefit their purpose.  Its aim is to control every
profitable and productive area of crime and to convert legitimate
enterprises so they are controlled and dominated by organized crime.

Members are committed to murder and all forms of mayhem against any
member or outsider who informs on them or is in any way a threat to
their existence and their goals.  It is essential that they show
respect and complete obedience to those of greater authority within
their organization.  Should there be a disagreement or dispute, those
involved may request a sit-down, where decisions are made by a council
as to who is right and who is wrong and how peace may be achieved
between the opposing parties.

When the Mafia first settled in the United States, they were often
referred to as "The Black Hand," their hands often stained with the
black tar that came from the tarpaper in which they wrapped the remains
of those who opposed them so as to prevent blood spillage.

As time passed, the machine-gun activities of the Mafia became more and
more muffled.  The Families of the Mafia began to spread out, each
Family given its own territory in which to operate.  Soon, the Mafia
had ensconced itself in almost every major city in the United States.

In time, another transition was to take place--one that would transform
the "Mob" and the "Mustache Petes" from pinstriped-suited racketeers
and gangsters into black-mohair and gray-flannel-suited "businessmen"
who could disguise much of their criminal activities behind the guise
of legitimate business enterprises and labor unions.  Their profile
lowered; they had learned how to further increase their profit taking
from a criminal genius by the name of Meyer Lansky.

In the early years of the Mafia in the United States, competition arose
not only from the Camorra but also from those of non-Italian
extraction, namely the Irish, German, and Jewish gangs who nibbled at
the heels of the Mob.  As the Mafia refused to permit the merging of
outsiders into their Italian organization, Lansky proposed a mutual
working agreement that would not only put an end to gang wars, but that
would also greatly increase the coffers of organized crime.  It was to
become what is now known as the Syndicate.

The Syndicate stood to gain greater strength in unity as well as
greater profits if it expanded its control over prostitution, gambling,
and a variety of other criminal activities.  Syndicate members
concealed much crime under the guise of legitimate enterprises, but
also engaged in and sought the means to put their combined wealth and
power to use in infiltrating the labor movement and a host of many
"legitimate" enterprises that could launder their illegal gains; much
of their profits were stashed away in foreign banks and invested in the
political powers of foreign government officials and in real estate
both here and abroad.  Of course, this was during the days when drugs
were but a small part of organized crime's empire.  This situation
would soon change, and so would the meaning of the term organized
crime.  It took the Korean and Vietnam conflicts to introduce drugs as
probably the most profitable activity known to organized crime.

Unfortunately for the Mafia as well as for law enforcement in the
United States, little attention had been paid to other organized crime
enterprises outside of our own borders.  However, the effect was soon
felt, as the Triad, spawned from ancient Chinese Tongs, began to expand
into the world marketplace along with the Japanese underworld known as
the Yakuza, Colombia's Medellin and Cali Cartels, and the Jamaican
Posses.  Although the Mafia still holds a substantial position in drug
trafficking, it no longer holds the distinct title as leader in this
worldwide drug epidemic.

An Organized Crime Family
Boss
Consigliere (Counselor)
Underboss
Caporegime (Lieutenant)
Soldiers (Members grouped under Lieutenants)
Legitimate Industry Illegal Activities
Food Products Gambling (numbers, policy, dice, Realty booking)
Restaurants Narcotics
Garbage Disposal Loan Sharking
Produce Labor Racketeering
Garment Manufacturing Extortion
liars and Taverns Alcohol Waterfront Others
Securities Labor Unions Vending Machines Others
THE TRIADS
One of the fastest rising criminal organizations in the United States
are the Chinese Triads.  Much like the Sicilian Mafia, Triad societies
were first founded as patriotic secret societies, one of whom was The
Eight Trigrams Sect of Fists of Harmony and Justice, later referred to
as Boxers when leading the Boxer Rebellion against the European "White
Devils."  Represented by an equilateral triangle, each side signifying
one of the three basic Chinese concepts, Earth, Man, and Heaven, most
Triads have long since abandoned their original purpose in favor of
lucrative criminal endeavors, including murdering-for-hire,
prostitution, extortion, and drug trafficking.

The Chinese organizations control most of the world's supply of heroin
from the Golden Triangle, which covers parts of Burma, Thailand, and
Laos, earning more in one year than the total of U.S. currency now in
circulation.  The actual size or numbers of Triads and members is not
known.  However, Hong Kong's 14K Triad is only one of fifty separate
Triads in the British colony, and 14K supposedly has fifty subgroups of
its own.  Hong Kong alone boasts some 300,000 Triad members, as opposed
to only 2,000 known members of the American Mafia.  You can see the
enormity of the Triads on a worldwide basis.  The United States is said
to contain five major Chinese Tongs, the largest of which is New York's
"On Leong Tong," followed by San Francisco's "Hip Sing."  The "Ying On
Tong" covers Los Angeles and the southwestern portion of the United
States.  The "Hop Sing" and "Suey Sing" Tongs operate on the Pacific
Coast but also have locations on the East Coast as well.  Although many
Tong members in the United States are basically law-abiding citizens,
the influence of the Triads and their manipulation of some of the Tongs
have given the Triads a deep cover.

Due primarily to the staggering profits of their drug trade, the Triads
have been able, like the Mafia, to infiltrate the legitimate business
community, permitting themselves to launder the rewards of their
criminal activities, and to reap even greater profits, power, and
control over society.  As opposed to their Asian counterparts, Chinese
street gangs in the United States are almost always members of a Triad
subgroup, such as the Wah Ching, which is supposedly one of the largest
Chinese youth gangs on the West Coast; only San Francisco's Hip Sing
rivals it in size.  In New York, the On Leong use the youth gang known
as the Ghost Shadows for their street muscle, while the Flying Dragons
provide the necessary violence for the Hip Sing Tong.

Supposedly, the Triads' national syndicate inside the United States is
run to some extent much like the Mafia: it has a council of its own
based in New York.  While the Colombians are little concerned with
their notoriety, the Triads, much like their Sicilian counterparts,
have learned, if not inaugurated, a policy of maintaining as low a
profile as possible while continuing to expand their criminal horizons.

However, following the Vietnamese conflict, law enforcement has
discovered a new dimension to the already complex Asian crime problem
arising in the United States: Tongs now employ newly formed Vietnamese
gangs whom they call upon to do their violent and deadly work.

Amongst these new additions to the Triads are former South Vietnamese
Special Forces soldiers called the Frogmen, who are specially trained
in the use of explosives and assassination.  Because Hong Kong is soon
to be taken over by Mainland China, U.S. law enforcement expects to see
an even greater rise in Triad members migrating from Hong Kong to the
already crime-infested United States.

STREET GANGS
The term street gang once referred to neighborhood toughs who banded
together to protect their neighborhood turf from members of bordering
neighborhood gangs.  Although these gangs committed criminal acts such
as stealing hubcaps, tires, mugging, and occasionally stealing a parked
vehicle, most of their time was spent warring with rival gangs.  But
today, the term street gang has taken on a much more sinister meaning
primarily due to the tremendous increase in drugs.  Whereas a set of
stolen hubcaps might bring a few dollars, the infiltration of many
street gangs by organized crime and Colombian, Mexican, and Jamaican
drug kingpins have taught these gangs that trafficking in drugs is a
much more profitable business.

With that came competition, as in any business, and street gangs now
battle over who sells the drugs and where.  Whereas the street gangs of
bygone days were once made up primarily of teenagers, today's
street-gang members range from age ten on up into their thirties and
forties.  Whereas street gangs once went to war armed with chains,
bats, knives, and zip guns, today's weaponry, which includes automatic
weapons, machine pistols, shotguns, high-powered rifles, bazookas, and
even hand grenades, compares almost to that of the armed forces; quite
often their firepower exceeds that of law enforcement.

Although street gangs do not necessarily qualify as organized crime,
having no political clout or corrupt connections as with the more
sophisticated criminal organizations, street gangs do have their
leaders and lieutenants, however, and follow their orders.  Gangs such
as California's Crips and Bloods have grown into such mighty numbers,
reports indicate they have sent cadres out into other cities thus
awarding them the dubious description "organized."
To distinguish themselves from rival gangs, most street gangs have
adopted either colors such as the Grips (Blue) and the Bloods (Red),
while others set themselves apart by the type of clothing their gang
wears or the manner in which they wear it.  Many gangs have devised
their own secret codes, handshakes, language, and signals to ensure
their individuality.  What was once a neighborhood nuisance has now
become a national menace, and with the ever-increasing flow of aliens
into this country come more gangs and secret criminal societies.  Many
of these alien gangs begin by preying solely on their own ethnic
groups.  But as the profitability of drug trafficking continues to
increase, more and more of these gangs seek the opportunity to break
out of their own turf looking for greener pastures.

MOTORCYCLE GANGS (BIKERS)
Although most motorcycle or biker gangs are to some extent organized,
they, like their street gang counterparts lack discipline, leadership,
political, and corrupt connections.  Most bikers travel in smaller
packs compared to the members of the street gang, although some larger
biker gangs have chapters all across the United States, such as the
famed notorious Hell's Angels, who wear their insignia on leather
jackets or tattoed on their arms or chests.

Unlike street gangs, the motorcycle gangs don't usually carry armament
and automatic weapons, nor do bikers usually lay down any specific
barriers as their turf.  Bikers lay claim to their turf wherever they
are at the time.  Bikers are also known to carry their women with them,
and in most cases their women are treated practically as slaves, quite
often being passed around from one biker to another.  Most illegal
motorcycle gangs are involved in drug trafficking and dealing, although
some have resorted to mayhem, robberies, rapes, murder, and an
assortment of other crimes.  Bikers operate clandestine drug labs,
favoring the illicit manufacture of methamphetamine (speed).

PAROLE
WHAT IS PAROLE?
Parole is a period of supervision in the community beginning after an
inmate's prison term reaches the legal maximum.  This conditional
release provides supervision and control over offenders after they
return to society.

Parole is a critical period.  Through the application of controls and
provision of services, the parole agent creates favorable conditions
for the parolee's successful adjustment.  A law-enforcement
professional, the agent has broad discretion over the life and
street-level experience of a parolee.  Both community protection and
the parolees' transition are of paramount concern.

HOW LONG DOES PAROLE LAST?
The duration of parole is based on law.  Most convicted criminals are
sentenced under the Determinate Sentencing Law, which defines the
prison terms for all but life sentences.  Nonlife inmates are subject
to three years on parole but can be discharged from parole supervision
after one year when no parole violations have been detected.

Offenders convicted of life sentences who have been released on parole
are subject to five years under supervision; however, they can be
discharged after three years if no parole violations have been detected
during that time.

WHEN ARE INMATES RELEASED TO PAROLE?
Nonlifers: Under determinate sentencing, inmates are released when they
serve the term imposed by the court.  An inmate can reduce this
sentence by satisfactory performance in prison work, training, or
education programs.  By law, an inmate will be awarded a six-month
reduction in his or her sentence for every six months of full-time
performance in a qualifying program.

Corrections is required to provide all eligible inmates an opportunity
to participate in the work/training program.  It is believed that
participation in this program will instill good work habits, teach some
skills, and improve reintegration into society.

Being involved in the work/training program is a privilege, not a
right.  An inmate can lose work-time credit by inappropriate behavior.

However, a percentage of these lost work credits can be restored by
subsequent good behavior.

Lifers: The Board of Prison Terms (BPT), an independent agency that
works with Corrections, is responsible for setting parole dates for
inmates serving life sentences.  The BPT determines if and when these
inmates are suitable for reentry into society.

Life sentences are for crimes of murder, attempted murder, kidnapping
for robbery or ransom, aggravated assault by a life prisoner, train
wrecking, sabotage, and exploding destructive devices causing mayhem.

Inmates who have been convicted of an offense that involved the
infliction of great bodily injury (including habitual sex offenders)
and who have two or more prior terms for specified offenses also
receive life sentences as habitual offenders.

All life sentences, except life without possibility of parole, have
minimum-eligible-parole dates.  The first parole-consideration hearing
for a life prisoner is held approximately one year before the inmate's
first parole eligibility date.  For lifers, release to parole is not
automatic.  The BPT annually denies parole to about 93 percent of those
who have hearings.  No single factor indicates an inmate's suitability
or unsuitability for parole.  The BPT reviews all facts of the case at
the hearing, then, using its discretion and experience, makes the
determination whether to grant or deny parole.

WHAT HAPPENS ON PAROLE?
Each parolee is supervised by a parole agent, who follows the parolee's
activities.  To determine the appropriate level of supervision, the
agent conducts a needs-and-risks assessment for each parolee.

Predictive indicators, such as latest commitment offense, criminal
behavior patterns, and undesirable associations, are considered when
assessing the possible risk to the community.

Based on the assessment, a parolee falls into one of four major
categories:
High control: Has the potential for assaultive behavior or a history as
a large-scale drug dealer.

High services: Requires support to meet psychological, physical, or
employment needs.

Control/Services: Medium-risk; requires moderate amounts of both
control and services.

Minimum: Low-risk with minimal support needs.

Parolees are provided services according to their identified needs.

The parole agent is expected to make sure that each parolees identified
needs are met.  In attempting to assist the parolee to make a
successful parole adjustment, the agent uses various community
programs, employment referrals, and emergency food and shelter.

Most parole-unit offices have a services specialist responsible for
obtaining services for parolees.  Paroles provide direct, cash
assistance for indigent parolees and operates two
psychiatric-outpatient clinics for treatment of parolees with serious
mental problems.  Service agents and individual parole agents often
work with other agencies to obtain services for parolees in need.

WHAT ARE CONDITIONS OF PAROLE?
Each parolee agrees in writing to abide by the following four
conditions:
Parole Agent Instructions: Must obey all instructions given by the
parole agent.

Release, Reporting, and Travel: Must report immediately upon release;
notify change in residences; report when instructed.

No Criminal Conduct.

Weapons: Cannot own, use, have access to, or have under control, any
type of weapon or ammunition.

In addition, special conditions of parole may be imposed individually
for cause, including antinarcotic testing, treatment at a
parole-outpatient clinic (for psychiatric monitoring), abstinence from
alcohol, or prohibition against residing in a given location or
associating with specific individuals.

Parolees are subject to search without a warrant by parole agents and
law-enforcement officers.

WHERE IS THE PAROLEE PLACED?
Current law requires that parolees shall be returned to the county from
which they were committed.  CDC may release a parolee in a county other
than the county of commitment if the placement would be in the best
interests of the public and of the parolee.  Placement to another
county may be based upon the following factors:
The need to protect the life or safety of a victim, a witness, or any
other person.

Theverified existence of a unique work offer or an educational or
vocational training program.

The last legal residence of the inmate.

The existence of family with whom the inmate has maintained strong ties
and whose support would increase the chance of a successful parole.

The lack of necessary mental-health-treatment programs for outpatients
in the county of commitment.

Public concern that would reduce the chance that the inmate's parole
would be successfully completed.

Local chiefs of police or sheriffs are notified regarding persons
paroled within their jurisdiction.  Each month, detailed information on
parolees and reentry inmates is provided to more than 200 California
law-enforcement agencies.  About 80 percent of all parolees are
returned to the county of commitment.

CAN PAROLE BE REVOKED?
If a parolee violates the law or the conditions of parole, the agent in
most cases will place the parolee in custody.  The BPT then conducts a
revocation hearing to determine if, in fact, a parole violation has
occurred.  If good cause is found, the BPT examines the facts of the
case, the type of offense, and the parolee's adjustment on parole and
determines if the parolee must return to prison.  Violators may be
returned to custody for up to twelve months.  The BPT returns more than
90 percent of parole violators to prison.

If a parolee engages in misconduct while in custody, the revocation may
be extended for up to twelve months.

REENTRY PROGRAMS
As a result of the dramatic increase in prison population, the use of
community programs is expanding.  Community reentry programs provide
the opportunity for transition from close confinement to less
restrictive living for selected inmates within 180 days of parole.

Work Furlough
Work furlough centers are operated by the Department of Corrections,
private profit and nonprofit organizations, and county Sheriffs
Departments.  This program provides housing, food, and supervision to
selected male and female inmates 90-120 days prior to their release.

Inmates leave the facility during the day to work at a variety of jobs.

Prisoner Mother
Community prisoner-mother programs are operated by private profit and
nonprofit organizations.  By reuniting mothers with their children, the
program hopes to alleviate the harm caused to children by the
separation from their mothers during incarceration.  Also available to
participants are drug- and alcohol-abuse counseling, parenting classes,
vocational and educational training, and the opportunity to reintegrate
into society.

Return to Custody
Return-to-custody facilities (RTCs) are operated by private
organizations and by city and county law-enforcement agencies.  RTCs
offer carefully selected, low-risk male and female parole violators the
opportunity to remain closer to their families during their
parole-revocation period.  These facilities also reduce the impact of
the high-parole violator population on prison overcrowding.

All inmates must meet the RTC screening criteria to be eligible for
this reentry program.  Violent offenders and those with sex crimes are
ineligible.

Substance-Abuse Treatment
The Department of Corrections, in conjunction with the
return-to-custody program, is developing a specialized program for
substance-abuse treatment centers.  For violators with drug- and/or
alcohol-dependency problemS, the program provides intensive
substance-abuse counseling.  It will consist of three thirty-day
phases: phase one includes intake, program orientation, and treatment;
phase two focuses on program participation and job development; and
phase three is devoted to job placement and work furlough.

Restitution
Correction's first community restitution center was opened in early
1988.  Its purpose is to provide a means for felons to repay their
victims' financial losses.  Restitution fees are ordered by the
sentencing court or agreed upon by the defendant and victims.

The offender will be incarcerated at a community-based facility.

He or she will be allowed to leave the center during specific hours for
work only.  At all other times, he or she must remain at the center.

When the offender receives a paycheck, work expenses will be deducted.

The balance of the check will be divided into thirds: onethird paid to
the department for operating expenses, one-third paid to the victim,
and the final third given to the inmate.  This facility also serves as
an alternative to imprisonment and will help lessen prison overcrowding.

House Arrest-An Innovation
Paroles runs a pilot "house arrest" system in Ontario and Indio.

Low-risk parolees who normally would be returned to custody for drug
use while on parole instead will be detained under arrest within their
own homes.

Each parolee assigned to the project will wear an electronic monitoring
device.  The parolee in the Ontario portion of the project leaves the
house for certain purposes, such as work, during specified time periods
but must be at his or her residence all other times.  When the
telephone rings at undisclosed times of the day and night, he or she
must be there to answer the call.

The Indio area project does not permit the parolee to leave home.  The
electronic device transmits an alarm to a computer that will notify the
parole agent if the parolee attempts to leave the home area.

Parole officials estimate that keeping 150 parolees on house arrest
will save the state more than $2.5 million per year.

Parolees under house arrest must meet the following screening criteria:
no serious crimes; no sex offenses; and no history of violence,
large-scale drug dealing, or involvement with weapons.

PAROLE OFFICERS
The California Department of Corrections has authorized more than 1,000
parole agents.  Located at seventy-one field offices throughout the
state, these agents currently supervise more than 38,000 parolees.

This translates to an average case load of about fifty-three parolees
per agent.  Supervision for each parolee costs about $1,200 per year.

For more information concerning parole, please contact one of the
following offices:
State Headquarters:
Parole & Community Services Division Corporate Center
501 J Street, Room 330
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916)445-6200
Region I--Covers the entire Central Valley from Bakersfield to the
Oregon border:
1631 Alhambra Boulevard
Sacramento, CA 95816
(916) 739-2860
Region II--Covers the San Francisco Bay Area:
Ferry Building, Room 2040
San Francisco, CA 94111
(415) 557-2861
Region III--Covers Los Angeles and the San Fernando Valley:
107 South Broadway, Room 3003
Los Angeles, CA 90012
(213)620-2404
Region IV--Covers San Diego area, extending into Orange County:
1840 East 17th Street, Room 240
Santa Ana, CA 92701
(714) 558-4131
POLICE CODES
The role of police communications as the backbone of police tactics has
never been more essential than today, when radio and television are
being used so effectively in crime prevention and detection.  To
facilitate more rapid communication, codes have been devised by which
one or two words can tell the whole story.  It is worth noting that the
codes are used principally for saving air time and not for security
reasons.

Two basic codes are used with many variations.  They are usually called
the Nine Code and the Ten Code.  In recent years, the latter code has
been gaining favor.  The Association of Police Communications Officers
has for some time been urging the universal adoption of the Ten Code in
order to standardize the code system.  Note that codes differ from one
area to another.  Consult the police department of the locale where
your story is set to determine the equivalents of these LAPD codes.

TEN CODE
Code 1: Your convenience
Code 2: Urgent, no red light and siren
Code 3: Emergency, use red light and siren
Code 4: No further assistance needed
Code 5: Stakeout
Code 6m: Misdeameanor want
Code 6F: Felony want
Code 6AD: Felony want, armed and dangerous
Code 7: Mealtime
Code 8: Box alarm
Code 10: Bomb threat
Code 20: Assist officer, urgent
Code 30: Officer needs help, emergency
Code 33: Emergency in progress, do not transmit
187: Murder
207 :Kidnapping
211: Robbery
245: ADW (assault with deadly weapon)
261: Rape
288: L & L conduct (lewd & lascivious)
311: Indecent exposure
415: Disturbance
415F: Family disturbance
460: Burglary
480: Felony hit-and-run
481: Misdemeanor hit-and-run
487: Grand theft
488: Petty theft
502: Drunk driver
503: Stolen vehicle
505: Reckless driving
510: Vehicle speeding
647: Vagrant
647A: Child molest
10-1: Receiving poorly
10-2: Receiving O.K.

10-4: Message received O.K.

10-5: Relay to
--10-7A: Out of service at -10-7B: Out of service, personal
10-70D: Off duty
10-8: In service
10-8X: In service with female.  Mileage:
10-9: Repeat
10-10: Out of service at home
10-12: Visitors or officials present
10-13: Weather and road conditions
10-14: Escort
10-14F Funeral detail
10-15: Have prisoner in custody
10-16: Pick up
10-19: Return to/enroute station
10-20: Location
10-21: Phone your office, or:
10-21A: Phone home my ETA is -10-21B: Phone your home
10-21R: Phone radio
10-22: Cancel
10-23: Standby
10-25: Do you have contact with -10-28: Registration
10-29: Check for wanted
10-32: Drowning
10-33: Alarm sounding
10-34: Open door
10-35: Open window
10-39: Status of -10-40: Is -- available for phone call
10-45: Ambulance, injured
10-46: Ambulance, sick
10-49: Proceed to -10-50: Obtain a report
10-51: Drunk
10-52: Resuscitator
10-53: Man down
10-54: Possible dead body
10-55: Coroner's case
10-56: Suicide
10-56A: Attempted suicide
10-57: Firearms discharged
10-58: Garbage complaint
10-59: Malicious mischief
10-62: Meet the citizen
10-65: Missing person
10-66: Suspicious person
10-67: Person calling for help
10-70: Prowler
10-71: Shooting
10-72: Knifing
10-73: How do you receive
10-80: Explosion
10-86: Any traffic for -10-87: Meet officer
10-91: Stray animal
10-91A: Vicious animal
10-91B: Noisy animal
10-91C: Injured animal
10-91D: Dead animal
10-91F: Animal bite
10-91H: Stray horse
10-97: Arrived at the scene
10-98: Finished with last assignment
11-24: Abandoned vehicle
11-26: Abandoned bicycle
11-54: Suspicious vehicle
11-79: Accident, ambulance enroute
11-80: Accident, major injury
11-81: Accident, minor injury
11-82: Accident, property damage
11-83: Accident, no detail
11-84: Traffic control
11-96: Leaving the vehicle to investigate an auto.  If not heard from
in ten minutes, dispatch cover.  (Give license and location.)
POLICE CODES AND TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS
001: Operating after permit refused, canceled, or suspended
002: Driving under the influence of liquor or drugs
003: Minor law
004: Failure to stop; accident resulting in death or personal injury
005: Perjury, false affidavit or statement under oath
006: Turning off lights to avoid identification
007: Manslaughter or negligent homicide
008: Any felony in the commission of which a motor vehicle is used
009: Legally adjudicated insane
010: Minor
012: Violation while transporting explosives
201: Loaning or altering a permit
202: Operating after permit revoked
203: Displaying canceled, revoked, suspended, fictitious, or
fraudulently altered license
204: Smoke screen
301: Leaving after colliding, no personal injury
302: Failure to give information and render aid, personal injury
401: Failure to report an accident
501: Permitting unlicensed operator to drive
601: Reckless driving
602: Speeding (exceeding posted speed limits by ten miles or more)
603: Violation contributing to an accident
604: Failure to grant right of way
605: Failure to grant pedestrians right of way
606: Failure to grant blind pedestrian right of way
701: Speeding
702: Improper passing
703: Automatic signal
704: Stop sign
705: Failure to keep right of center
706: Crossing center line
707: School bus
708: Following too closely
709: Operating without a license
710: Operating on expired license
711: Failure to dim headlights
712: Improper license
713: Driving too slowly
714: Racing or speed contest
715: Wrong way, one-way street
716: Improper turn
717: Failure to give hand signal
718: Failure to stop for emergency vehicle
719: Operating unregistered motor vehicle
720: Failure to obtain special chauffeur's license
721: License restriction
722: Operating on instruction license unaccompanied
723: Inadequate brakes
724: Failing to obey officer's signal
725: Operating emergency vehicle unsafely
726: Failing to obey traffic-control device
727: Failing to obey flashing signal lights
728: Failure to make required stop
729: Failure to leave car tracks
730: Coasting down grade
731: Operating motorcycle or motor bicycle contrary to law
732: Driver of emergency vehicle failing to exercise care
733: Failure to stop at RIR crossing
734: Driver's view obstructed
735: Following fire apparatus too closely
736: Operating unfit vehicle
737: Displaying license of another
738: Failing to stop at through highway
739: Unlawful taking of motor vehicle
740: No headlights
741: Crossing over fire hose
742: Improper truck loading
743: Improper lights
744: Restricted use of television
745: Improper equipment
746: Motor vehicle height, weight, width, and length requirements
747: Improper loading
748: Failure to obtain chauffeur's license
801: No license in possession
802: No registration card in possession
803: Failing to change address
804: Inadequate muffler
805: False evidence of title or registration
806: Improper registration
807: Failing to obtain license andlor license tags within thirty days
808: Tampering with motor vehicle
809: Damage to highways
810: Unlawful use of license
811: Failure to display warning device on disabled vehicle
812: Failure to deliver certificate of title
813: Unnecessary use of horn
PRISON LANGUAGE
Better people: High-grade or more intelligent prisoners
Blues: Regular prisoners
Block: Cell-block area
B.O.P.: Bureau of Prisons
Booty bandit: Bully who rapes young convicts under guise of protecting
them from other cons
Bull: Prison guard
Bull ring: Exercise yard
Bus therapy: Punishment wherein convict is taken from cell during the
night, given cigarettes and jacket, and put aboard a bus to another
facility.  Can continue for months from joint to joint with no
commissary money and no other clothes or personal effects.  Only
immediate family can be made aware of whereabouts.  Guise is to protect
prisoner from other cons.

Bad time: In trouble; quarrelsome; depressed
Crib: Prison cell
Country club: Minimum security facility
Dime: Ten-year sentence
Fag (she): Effeminate prisoner
Feather bed: Padded cell
Fish: New prisoner
Good time: Getting along well
Hard time: Maximum security; tough work assignment
Hole: Solitary confinement
Joint: Prison
Joint handles: Nicknames given to cons by other cons, usually connected
to or related to crime new con committed.  If no joint handle is given,
new con is generally not trusted by others.

Khakis: Newly arrived cons
Lockdown: When prisoners are placed back in cells
Mainline: Dining room
Nickel: Five-year sentence
Piano: Prison workbench
Population: Inmates of prison
Prune juice: Homemade wine
Rat: Informer, to inform
Screw: Prison guard
Shadow box: Visitors' room
Standup guy: Respected by other inmates
Stinger: Special wire plugged into light socket to melt chocolate bar
for cocoa or instant coffee.  Illegal but done.

Stash: Any illegal substance that is hidden
"Stranger in the Night": Tune whistled by inmates to alert other cons
that guard is within hearing distance
Yard: Exercise yard
Yard bull: Guard in exercise yard
Warden's office: Toilet
Waste: To kill another prisoner
Working for Jesus: Religious prisoner with ulterior motive
Works: Prison laundry
POLICE LANGUAGE
A.C.U.: Anti-Crime Unit
A.D.A.: Assistant district attorney
Apache: Signal given that Internal Affairs is around
A.T.F.: Alcohol, Tobacco & Firearms Agency
Bag 'em: Have corpse placed in body bag; insert clue for weapon in
plastic bag for prints, evidence
Banker: Street term for person receiving or holding cash paid out for
drugs
Blade man: Criminal known to consistently use a knife as a weapon
Book, The: Official rules and regulations
Book: Bookmaking operation
Busboy: Prisoner or suspect being shifted around
By the book: To go by the rules and regulations
C of D: Chief of Detectives
C of O: Chief of Operations
Caper: Crime
Caseload: Active cases pending
Catching: Officer on duty or assignment
Chicken hawk: Child molester
Choke: Choke hold on victim; also fiend
Chop shop: Place where stolen cars are stripped down by car thieves to
be sold later
Collar: Arrest
Crew: YoungSters who come together to engage in crime
C.S.U.: Crime Scene Unit
Cuff: Handcuff
D.B.: Dead body
D.D.: Dying declaration
Dirty: Officer who is corrupt
D.O.A.: Dead on Arrival
Do-rag: Street term for tight head scarf
Drop gun: Nonofficial weapon carried by officer
Floater: Dead body recovered from water
Frisk: Examine for weapon or contraband
Garden room: The morgue
Heist: Robbery
Hit man: Contracted killer
Holding pen: Cell where prisoner awaits booking
Hose job: Street slang for oral sex
Hot: Refers to stolen merchandise
IAD.: Internal Affairs Division
In-and-out book: Record of officers transferred from place to place
Jakes: Uniformed police officers
Jane Doe: Unidentified female (usually a corpse)
John: Male customer for a prostitute
John Doe: Unidentified male (usually a corpse)
Job: The job; being on the police force
Jumper: Bail jumper; someone who leaps from a building, bridge, etc.

Keeper: Prisoner held on formal charges
Latent: Refers to an invisible (finger- or hand-) print created by
natural oils, found on polished surfaces
Lead: Clue, direction to be followed
Leg irons: Sometimes used while transporting prisoner
Major crimes: Police section handling only major crimes
Make: Identity
Mark: Victim
M.E.: Medical Examiner
M.O.: Modus operandi, or method of operating
Mouthpiece: Criminal's attorney
Narc: Narcotics officer
No further: No other units need respond
On the take: Officer accepting illegal goods or money
Outside too long: Working the street for too long a period
Pat down: Frisk
P.B.A.: Police Benevolent Association
P.C.: Police Commissioner
P.D.: Public Defender
Pen: Holding pen for prisoners
Perp: Perpetrator of a crime
Pervert: Distorted, debased, as in sexual perversion
Piece: Gun
Pimp: Procurer for prostitutes
Plant: A stakeout; to place a misleading piece of evidence
Pocket man: Same as banker
Prossie: Prostitute
Rabbi: A protector, usually someone in higher office
Rap sheet: Record of arrests, convictions of a suspect
Rights: Miranda Law, requiring that anyone arrested must be informed of
his or her legal rights
R.K.C.: Resident Known Criminal file
R.M.P.: Rapid Mobilization Plan
R.P.C.: Released Prisoner Cases
Shadow: To follow a suspect
Shitcan: Homicide unlikely to be solved
Shoofly: Officer working for Internal Affairs Division
Snitch: Informer
S.O.P.: Standard Operating Procedure
Spike: Drug user's needle
Stakeout: Observation of a suspect or location where a suspect is to
appear or a crime is to take place
Suit: Young, educated officer likely to advance to headquarters
Tap: Wire or telephone tap
Ten card: Officer's force record card
Throwaway: Gun or clothes worn and discarded by mugger to avoid pursuit
Tin: Officer's badge
T.O.: Table of Organization, a chart that illustrates the chain of
command
TRIO: Time, place, and occurrence
Two-way radio: Informer
Watering hole: Officers' hangout
Whip: Officer in charge
Wired: Carrying recording device; location having a recording device
Zapped: Shot
ON-THE-ROAD LANGUAGE
This list constitutes a partial reference to the slang used by truckers
and other radio-equipped vehicles with respect to law-enforcement
agencies.

Badge on a beaver: Female officer
Batman and Robin: Two officers in a patrol car
Big hats: State police only
Black-and-white: Police patrol car
Blueboy: Local or state police
Charlie's Angel: Female officer
D.C.'s: Federal officers
Eye in the sky: Police chopper
Hound dog: Local or state police
Mama bear: Female officer
Mister Do-right: Local or state police
Mounty: Local or state police
Pig on a wheel: Motorcycle officer
Pink Panther: Local or state police
Prez-Fuzz: Federal officers
Rent-a-cop: Private security
Smoke for rent: Private security
Smoke in the sky: Police chopper
Smokey: Local or state police
Spy in the sky: Police chopper
Two-wheel smokey: Motorcycle officer
White knight: Local or state police
FEDERAL BUREAU OF PRISONS
The Bureau of Prisons, which is part of the United States Department of
Justice, has its headquarters, or Central Office, in Washington, D.C.

(telephone (202) 724-3198).  The staff of the Central Office are
responsible for the control and coordination of all the activities of
the agency.  Major functions include planning, policy development,
management of manpower and other resources, budget development,
monitoring the quality of programs and services, and coordinating the
activities of the regional offices and institutions.

In addition to these management functions, Central Office staff have
primary responsibility for public information activities, legal and
legislative affairs, and relations with the Congress and policy-making
administrators in other government agencies, as well as in private
organizations.

Central Office staff also carry out such functions as adjudicating
appeals for inmates and employees, directing research and evaluation
projects, designing automated information systems, managing
environmental health and safety programs, and conducting
management-employee relations with the sole bargaining agent for Bureau
employees, the American Federation of Government Employees (AFL-CIO)
Council of Prison Locals.

NEW FACILITIES
Marianna, FL--Federal Correctional Institution
Capacity-- 750 beds, including 150-bed satellite camp
Medium Security
Activation: Camp, March 1988 Main Institution, May 1988
Los Angeles, CA--Metropolitan Detention Center
Capacity-- 588 pretrial detainees
Activation: October 1988
Shendan, OR--Federal Correctional Institution
Capacity-- 550 beds, with adjacent 250-bed satellite camp
Medium Security
Activation: May 1989
Bradford, PA--Federal Correctional Institution
Capacity-- 550 beds, with adjacent 150-bed satellite camp
Medium Security
Activation: June 1989
Fairton, Nj--Federal Correctional Institution
Capacity-- 550 beds
Medium Security
Activation: October 1989
jesup, GA--Federal Correctional Institution
Capacity-- 666 beds
Activation: October 1989
Many other small construction or renovation projects are underway to
increase the capacities of existing Bureau facilities.

THE PRIVATE INVESTIGATOR
Contrary to the writer's and the public's concept of a private
investigator (P.I.) or private eye, most private investigators seldom
work on a murder case or one that involves acts of violence as they
often appear in novels and on the screen.  Most P.I.'s are employed by
industry and in family and marital disputes.  However, the fictional
image of the private eye has and will continue to be highly successful
in crime and murder stories.

If one were to adhere to the actual work done by private investigators
(most of whom do not carry weapons), the private eye as we know him and
her would vanish from all literary and screen works.  (Perish the
thought!) However, one thing the writer must be aware of to bring some
semblance of honesty and logic to his or her works should be the fact
that almost no law-enforcement agency takes kindly to private
investigators who interfere with official investigations, with the
possible exception of those private investigators working for insurance
companies affected by the crime.

As to presenting fictional private investigators, there are no special
rules to adhere to except to be aware of the attitude taken by
lawenforcement agencies.  With that in mind, remember that the P.I.

must have a legal permit for carrying a concealed weapon, and that in
chases, he or she is vulnerable to arrest for driving at excessive
speeds, breaking and entering, assault, harassment, firing a weapon
when not using it to defend his or her own life or the lives of other
innocent people, for trespassing, and for generally breaking or
interfering with any and all laws governing all other people not
bearing the credentials of a law-enforcement officer in pursuit of his
duty.  It should also be noted that whenever a P.I. does investigate a
case and does apprehend the guilty party, the same rules of evidence
apply, and they must be just as conclusive as those adhered to by
officers of the law in order to make an arrest and gain a conviction in
a court of law.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
Criminal Procedure: The method fixed by law for the apprehension and
prosecution of a person who is supposed to have committed a crime, and
for that person's punishment if convicted.  The term includes pleading,
evidence, and practice.

Jurisdiction: The authority by which the court acts, and the territory
over which its authority extends.  Unless extended by statute, a state
has jurisdiction over only those crimes committed within its
territorial limits and crimes committed by its own citizens abroad.  A
crime must be prosecuted in the county in which it was committed
(unless a change of venue is ordered by the court by virtue of evidence
to show that a fair trial cannot be obtained within the venue in which
it was committed).

Where a blow is struck in one county and death ensues in another, the
offense is generally held to have been committed in the latter.  When a
person in one county commits a crime in another by means of an innocent
agent, such as the U.S. Postal Service, the latter county has
jurisdiction.  Several states have special statutes governing the
subject of jurisdiction, such as provisions for prosecuting homicides
in the county where the body is found (even though the homicide took
place in another county); giving jurisdiction to either county when the
crime is committed partly in one county and partly in another, or to
either state when the crime is committed partly in one state and partly
in another.

State courts: The courts in the various states are created, and their
jurisdiction iS conferred and defined, by statutes.  In some states,
crimes committed on public conveyances may be prosecuted in any county
through which the conveyance passed on the trip during which the crime
was committed.

Change of venue: Changing the place of trial from one county to another
in the same state, or from one local jurisdiction to another similar
jurisdiction within the same county.  In exceptional cases, the place
of trial may be changed from one state to another if the nature of the
crime being charged, or reportage of the circumstances surrounding the
offense, are so inflammatory as to provoke intense public sentiment
across the state, thus rendering a fair trial within that state
improbable.

Federal courts: Federal courts of criminal jurisdiction include the
U.S. Commissioners Courts, U.S. District Courts, U.S. Circuit Courts of
Appeal, and the U.S. Supreme Court.  The jurisdiction of the federal
courts arises solely out of the Constitution and the acts of Congress.

United States Commissioners are charged generally with such functions
in the federal government as devolve upon justices of the peace in
state government.  They are appointed and removable by the district
courts.  The U.S. District Courts have jurisdiction exclusive of the
state courts of all offenses against the United States committed within
their respective districts or on the high seas.

The circuit courts of appeal have appellate jurisdiction of crimes on
writ of error to the District Courts.

The U.S. Supreme, Court has appellate jurisdiction in the following
caseS: (1) to review a decision of the circuit court of appeals in a
case certified to it by the latter, or caused by the Supreme Court to
be certified; (2) where the judges of a district court certify the case
to the Supreme Court; (3) on writ of error to the state court of
highest resort in certain cases; and (4) by writ of habeas corpus,
aided by writs of certiorari, where a person is, without authority,
detained in custody under color of the authority of the United States.

Locality of crime against the United States: The Constitution and the
acts of Congress provide the right to be tried where the offense was
committed.  A trial shall be held in the state where said crime was
committed.  Should the crime not be committed within any state, the
trial shall be at such place or places as Congress may, by law, have
directed; those accused of a crime shall have the right to trial by a
jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been
commited.  There are various provisions by act of Congress of crimes
committed on the high seas, or elsewhere out of the jurisdiction of any
particular state or district, to be tried in the district where the
offender is first found, or into which the offender is first brought.

ARREST
Arrest: The taking of a person into custody in a manner provided by law
for the purpose of holding or detaining him or her to answer a criminal
charge or civil demand.  It may be made: (1) by virtue of a warrant
issued by a competent authority; or (2) under some circumstances,
without a warrant.

What constitutes an arrest: The restraint of the person arrested, or
submission to the custody of the officer or arresting person.

Duty after arrest: After making an arrest, the officer must, without
unnecessary delay, take the prisoner before a magistrate for
examination.  A private person has the option of delivering the
prisoner to an officer instead of the magistrate.

Authorized arrest in unauthorized manner: The fact that an authorized
arrest is made in an unauthorized manner may render the officer or
arresting person liable but will not affect the state's right to detain
the accused if lawful cause exists.

Rights and liabilities of parties (lawful arrest): If an arreSt is
authorized and is attempted or made in a proper manner, the person
making it, whether an officer or a private person, merely performs a
duty, and that person incurs no liability, as the law throws itS
protection around him or her.

If the person sought to be arrested resists, he or she is criminally
liable for the resistance.  If the resist involves force, the person is
civilly and criminally liable for assault and battery.  If the
individual, or someone assisting him or her in resisting, kills the
person making the arrest, the homicide is murder.

If a person unlawfully departs from custody after having been legally
arrested, he or she is guilty of a misdemeanor known as escape.  If the
person breaks from or forcibly escapes from the place of imprisonment,
he or she is guilty of prison breach, which is either a misdemeanor or
a felony, depending on circumstances.

If third persons interfere in aid of the person sought to be arrested,
the bare interference constitutes a misdemeanor or a felony, and if
they use force, they are also guilty of assault and battery.  If the
force used results in the killing of the person attempting to make the
arrest, they are guilty of murder.  If they procure the escape of the
person after his or her arrest, they are guilty of rescue, which can be
either a misdemeanor or a felony.

Rights and liabilities of parties (unlawful arrest): If an arrest or
attempt to arrest is illegal, either because there is no authority to
arrest at all or because the arrest is made in an unlawful manner (as
for instance, by the use of unnecessary violence), the person
arresting, whether he or she is an officer or a private person, and
whether the arrest or attempt to arrest was made with or without a
warrant, is guilty of false imprisonment or of assault and battery or
both (as the case may be), and is both civilly and criminally liable
therefor.  An unlawful attempt to arrest or a false imprisonment may be
lawfully resisted by any necessary force short of taking life or
inflicting grievous bodily harm.  Even when life is taken in resisting
an unlawful arrest, the attempt to arrest or the false imprisonment is
generally deemed sufficient provocation to reduce the homicide to
manslaughter.  Within certain limits, third persons, particularly
relatives, may interfere to prevent an unlawful arrest or imprisonment.

Arrest by officer without warrant, when lawful: A peace officer may,
without a warrant, arrest a person when: (1) the person to be arrested
has committed a felony or misdemeanor in the officer's presence.  In
the case of such arrest for a misdemeanor, the arrest shall be made
immediately or on fresh pursuit; (2) the person to be arrested has
committed a felony, although not in the presence of the officer; (3) a
felony has in fact been committed and the officer has reasonable
grounds to believe that the person to be arrested has committed it; or
(4) the officer has reasonable grounds to believe that the person to be
arrested has committed or is committing a felony.

Arrest by private person, when lawful: A private person may make an
arrest when the person to be arrested has, in his or her presence,
committed a misdemeanor amounting to a breach of the peace or a felony,
or when a felony has been committed and there are reasonable grounds to
believe that the person to be arrested has committed it.

Method of arrest by officer by virtue of a warrant: When making an
arrest by virtue of a warrant, the officer shall inform the person to
be arrested of the cause of the arrest and that a warrant has been
issued for his or her arrest, except when the subject to be arrested
flees or forcibly resists before the officer has opportunity to so
inform him.  The officer need not have the warrant in his or her
possession at the time of the arrest, but after the arrest the warrant
I shall be produced as soon as possible.

Method of arrest by officer without a warrant: When making an arrest
without a warrant, the officer shall inform the person to be arrested
of his or her authority and the cause of the arrest, unless the person
to be arrested is then engaged in the commission of an offense, or is
pursued after its commission or after an escape, or forcibly resists
before the officer has opportunity to so inform him or her.

Method of arrest by private person: A private person, when making an
arrest, shall inform the person to be arrested of the intention to
arrest and the cause of the arrest, unless the person to be arrested is
then engaged in the commission of an offense, or is pursued after its
commission or after an escape, or forcibly resists before the person
making the arrest has opportunity to so inform him or her.

Reasonable cause, probable cause: Reasonable cause or probable cause,
or good reason to believe, have been believed to exist when: (1) the
person resembles the one accused and fails to identify himself or
herself as a person who did not commit the felony; (2) the person's
movements or actions are similar to those of the suspect; (3) it
becomes known that the person to be arrested committed a felony or was
in the company of the perpetrator before or after commission of same;
or (4) the person to be arrested has some of the proceeds of the felony
in his or her possession or has been seen leaving the place where the
felony was committed.

Arrest by warrant: A warrant is a writ issued by an authorized
magistrate to an officer, requiring the officer to arrest the offender
or suspect therein named, and bring him or her before a proper
magistrate to be dealt with according to law.

Issuance of a warrant: To authorize the issuance of a warrant before
indictment, there must be made before a magistrate a proper complaint
showing that a crime has been committed and that there is probable
cause to suspect the accused.  After indictment, the usual practice is
to issue a bench warrant.  An arrest under an insufficient warrant, or
without any warrant if a warrant is necessary, is illegal.

Complaint: A charge, proferred before a magistrate having jurisdiction,
that a person named (or an unknown person) has committed a specified
offense, in order that a prosecution may be instituted.  To enable a
magistrate to issue a warrant, it is necessary that a proper complaint
under oath be brought before the magistrate in order that he or she may
determine that a crime has been committed and that there is probable
cause to suspect the accused.

Admissions: In cases where conspiracy is charged, the admission of one
of the accused may become, by reason of the other proof in the case,
admissible against the other.  By themselves and without other proof,
however, such admissions are not admissible against the other.  But if
the proof shows the existence of the conspiracy, statements made by one
of the parties as to details of the crime charged become admissible
against the other.  In cases of joint crime, such as fornication or
adultery, which cannot be committed except by the concurrent act of two
parties, the rule is the same as in cases of conspiracy.

There is no distinction between civil and criminal cases in respect to
the use of admissions.  The rules of evidence are the same.

Confessions: Where a confession is used against an accused person, the
whole confession must be introduced.  A confession, like an admission,
is always open to explanation by the person against whom it is used.

Confession under the influence of intoxicating substances: Confessions
made by the accused when under the influence of any intoxicating
substance are thereby rendered inadmissible.  Any condition of mind
that renders a person temporarily incompetent while in such condition
thereby renders his or her statements valueless.

Credibility and weight of the testimony of police officers, private
detectives, and experts: Even though it may be in the interests of
certain witnesses to procure a conviction against the accused, there is
no rule of law that their testimony is to be weighed by any other
method than that employed in the case of other witnesses.  It has been
held improper for the court as invading the province of the jury to
instruct that the testimony of police officers who labored to bring the
accused to justice should be received with caution or with distrust,
although the jury may take into consideration the fact of the interest
of such witnesses in securing a conviction.  Similarly, the fact that a
witness was paid for gathering evidence againSt the accused or for
testifying as an expert against the accused does not necessarily
invalidate his or her testimony.

Footprint and fingerprint evidence: Footprint evidence is admissible,
but no one can lawfully compel another, against the person's consent,
to place a foot in a shoe track for the purpose of using the evidence
obtained thereby against him or her.  The condition upon which
footprint testimony is admissible is that, so far as the defendant is
concerned, he or she shall not have involuntarily contributed to its
production, so as to cause him or her in legal effect to serve as a
witness against his or her will to furnish testimony to convict himself
or herself.

Records of fingerprints taken at penal institutions or by police
departments are admissible in evidence for the purpose of proving
former convictions or for proving identity, under such circumstances
that the evidence would be admissible of itself.  Such records should
not be admitted, however, where they will show, or expose to the jury,
memoranda or other information placed upon the record, unless such
memoranda or information is removed or covered so as to keep it from
the view and inspection of the jury.

SEX OFFENSES
Sex offenses include rape, molestation, child molestation, carnal
knowledge, marital rape, sodomy, and other perverted sexual acts by
either sex.

Rape is the act of having sexual intercourse without the consent and
voluntary permission of the other party.  The act of having sexual
intercourse with a juvenile under circumstances wherein consent is
implied is called carnal knowledge or statutory rape.

An individual may be found guilty of rape, assault with intent to
commit rape, or attempt to commit rape if that individual aided,
encouraged, or incited another to commit rape, or if that individual
shared the intent, regardless of not having had intercourse with the
victim.

ATTEMPT TO COMMIT RAPE
To charge the accused with an attempt to commit rape, one must prove
the occurrence of an overt act wherein the offender proceeded far
enough to demonstrate that the act of rape would have taken place if
not for some intervention.

ASSAULT WITH INTENT TO COMMIT RAPE
Assault with intent to commit rape is a lesser charge than attempt, in
that no overt act other than a threat took place.  However, even if no
physical force was employed but a weapon was present, the weapon could
be considered to be a threat and/or a means of force.

CHECKLIST FOR THE INVESTIGATOR
Age of victim
Marital status
Employment
Location of offense
Places victim visited prior to rape
Persons seen prior to offense
Physical force used
Weapon employed
Resistance offered by victim
Description of assailant(s)
Previous assaults on victim, if any
Medical examination of victim and report on same
SMUGGLING
The smuggling of illegal and dangerous drugs, weapons, aliens, works of
art, currency, jewels, industrial products, antiques, national
treasures, stolen or unauthorized documents, food, plants, animals, and
unauthorized medications into or out of the United States is a serious
criminal problem that threatens the health, economy, wellbeing, and
safety of this nation and its citizens.

CONCEALMENT OF OBJECTS
In most cases, those involved in smuggling are extremely creative in
their means of hiding and transporting whatever or whomever it is they
are smuggling.  The following list includes possible hiding places,
depending, of course, on the size, shape, and the person or object
being smuggled.  Those involved in the smuggling of objects use false
or concealed compartments in:
Luggage
Crates
Barrels
Books
Building materials
Film canisters
Cameras
Clothing
Kitchen equipment
Picture frames
Hearing aids
Industrial machinery
Musical instruments
Airplanes
Automobiles (doors, fenders, bumpers, truck, undercarriage, etc.)
Trucks, vans, campers (same as above)
Shipping containers
Merchandise such as TV sets, recorders, furniture, bottles, jars,
vases, furniture, household appliances, etc.

Imported or exported art objects, vehicles, machine parts, canned or
boxed food products
Coffins
Cremation urns
Religious artifacts or objects
Paintings (as part of same)
Dead bodies
Crevices of an individual's anatomy
Wheelchairs, canes, crutches, casts, bandaged areas
Small children, the elderly, or the disabled
CONCEALMENT OF INDIVIDUALS
The smuggling of individuals or groups of individuals is usually done
with the aid of private airplanes, boats, ships, yachts, trucks,
campers, vans, automobiles (trunks), in barrels, shipping containers,
and by whatever other means individuals can be transported.

Occasionally, more creative devices have been employed, such as flying
aliens in with false passports and visas.

SUSPICIOUS PERSONS
Suspected smugglers, as creative and as professional as they may be,
often give customs agents a reason to suspect their activities, such as:
Exhibiting a lifestyle inconsistent with a claimed occupation
A passenger acting on behalf of someone who has paid cash for airfare
supposedly being used for business
An international carrier employee (ground crew, baggage handler, cargo
handler, freight forwarder) who seldom takes time off or insists on
working the same shift coinciding with a particular flight
Persons who constantly purchase small quantities of gasoline for
vehicles as their vehicles might possibly have a modified gas tank used
to transport contraband
Persons depositing unusually large sums of cash in banks
Persons requesting hotel or motel rooms with a view of the customs lane
Persons who appear to be too much in a hurry
Persons who have a difficult time looking an agent in the eye
Individuals with children who tell their children to go on board ahead
Persons paying cash for rental vehicles
The purchasing of large amounts of masking (or similar) tape or plastic
bags
Suspicious vehicles visiting or frequenting a residence at all hours of
day and night
Persons doing excessive travel in and out of the United States when
they have no visible means of support
Persons doing business strictly on a cash basis requiring no receipts
Persons having modifications or special compartments in their vehicles
Private aircraft owners making frequent trips out of the country for
recreational purposes or for no apparent reason
Persons receiving large amounts of mail from outside the United States,
especially from Colombia, Peru, Thailand, Brazil, and Pakistan
Persons operating currency exchanges from private residences or
personal vehicles
AMONG AIRCRAFT AND AT AIRFIELDS
Passenger seats missing from plane
Windows of aircraft curtained or covered
Numerous boxes, duffle bags, plastic bags, other containers inside
aircraft
Aircraft flying or landing after dark without lights
Trucks, campers, vans, often equipped with radios for use in contacting
aircraft, waiting at or near area suitable for aircraft landings
Landing at provisional runways in desolate area lit by vehicle
headlights, signal fires, or lanterns
Refueling from fifty-five-gallon drums or from back of pickup truck
Paint chips, muddy wheels, dusty aircraft, or other evidence of
operating from dirt strips
Strong or unusual odors emanating from aircraft that might be used to
cover scent of marijuana
Aircraft with new paint, added doors, extra fuel tanks, or false or
altered registration numbers
Pilot or passengers reluctant to leave aircraft when being fueled or
serviced
Pilot or passengers displaying large amounts of cash for making
servicing payment
AT MARINAS OR ON THE WATER
Boats purchased with large cash payments
Demands for electronic equipment or repairs without regard to cost
Purchase of heavy-duty trailers that have load capacities far in excess
of weight of boat
Boats specifically designed as sport fishers that have no sign of
fishing gear
Boats with changes in internal configuration such as raised deck, no
access to bilges, added or modified fuel tanks, concealed compartments,
or modified bulkheads
Boats with false water line
Improper or false registration
Boats riding low in the water
Boats running at night without lights
Observing transfer of cargo from one boat to another at sea
Communications between boat and short vehicle by unusual means, such as
lights flashing, flags, etc.

AT CHECKPOINTS
Baggage with special or concealed compartments.

Bulky clothing
Secreted somewhere on person (belt, undergarment, in anal passageway,
in false teeth, inside pen, pencil, wristwatch, ring, hatband, radio,
cassette player, pocket recorder)
On or in deceased person or in secreted coffin compartment
Attached to pet
Inside pet cage or pen
Sewn into garment or in lining
Carried by infant or minor.

SURVEILLANCE
One of the most important elements of police work is surveillance, the
act of shadowing, tailing, photographing, or listening in on a suspect,
accomplice, or possible witness to observe and obtain information.

Police officers and investigators conduct surveillance in order to:
Detect possible criminal activity
Prevent or obtain evidence of a crime
Discover or obtain information relating to possible accomplices,
witnesses, location of evidence, to the crime.

TAILING OR SHADOWING
There are basically three types of shadowing or tailing techniques.

One is employed generally to learn the habits, contacts, and associates
of the suspect.  Another is where the suspect must be followed despite
the fact that the suspect may be aware of his "shadow," or where a
witness is covered in order to protect the witness from harm.

Tailing or shadowing might be done by one individual or by teams
alternating at various points so that the suspect does not become aware
of one individual or one particular vehicle constantly present.

Tailing or shadowing is done on foot, by a vehicle or a number of
different vehicles, airplane or helicopter, and by various forms of
electronic surveillance.

TELEPHONE TAPS
Telephone tapping is probably the easiest form of electronic
eavesdropping, as it takes no special skill and can be accomplished
with common sense and a dime-store screwdriver.  A court order is
required to authorize a tap.

Following are the three means of telephone tapping:
A pick-up device that is not connected to the telephone.

A direct tap that is installed inside the instrument itself or between
the instrument and the main telephone exchange.

A wireless FM or VHF radio receiver.

All of these means can be fed into a simple tape recorder.  The range
of a tap that is wired into the instrument is naturally limited to the
length of the connecting wires and can usually be detected by a
physical search of the premises.

A wireless tap has an approximate range, depending on the transmitter,
of one hundred yards to three miles.  It is a simple device to install
and can be detected by a radio-signal aid.

A bug wired into the room is also limited to the length of the wire;
its microphone is connected to the recorder by wire.  This method
requires a bit more skill to put in place; however, the sound that is
reproduced is of a much better quality.

A wireless bug is simple to conceal, and depending on the strength of
the transmitter, has an excellent range of a hundred yards to a mile.

A roaming wired bug is quite sensitive and can easily be concealed upon
one's person.  It is usually difficult to detect.  A roaming wireless
bug is very similar to the aforementioned one.

The last type of device is a combined telephone tap and room bug.  Its
range is determined by the distance of the telephone service in use.

What is unique about this setup is that the telephone number can be
dialed from anywhere to pick up the conversation on the phone and in
the room as well.  Only a physical search can reveal it, and it must be
switched on to be able to be detected.

Bugs vary in size, some being as small as a microchip.

ELECTRONIC SURVEILLANCE EQUIPMENT
Jammer
Scrambler Decoder
Tap detectors
Recorder
Shotgun or rifle microphones
Receivers
Monitor Transmitter
Phone tap
Attache recorders
Bumper beepers
Pocket bug
Room bug
Wall listeners
Parabolic reflectors
Electronic stethoscope
Snake
electronic keyhole listener
OTHER FORMS OF SURVEILLANCE
Stakeouts
Tailing
Photographic
Undercover
Telescopic
Nightscope
Videotaping
POLICE VEHICLES
Marked patrol cars
Unmarked patrol cars
Photographic unit Patrol wagon
Motorcycles
Electronic surveillance vehicles
POLICE TECHNICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SERVICES IDENTIFICATION SECTION
Fingerprint investigation
Plaster casting
Crime-scene photography
Evidence pickup and delivery
Identi-Kit
Crime-scene video recording
Crime-scene investigations
PHOTOGRAPHIC LABORATORY
Rush mug pictures
Technical photography
Evidence photography
CRIMINALISTICS LABORATORY
Trace evidence serology
Polygraph examinations
Firearm identification
Questioned-documents examinations
Breathalyzer calibration and repair service
Toxicology
Narcotics and dangerous drugs
The Criminal
What makes an individual commit criminal acts is something far better
left to those dealing in criminal psychology--especially when such a
criminal habitually continues to live outside the law with total
disregard for the lives, safety, and possessions of others--than for
the author to attempt such a complicated explanation.

When dealing with an individual who willfully commits a crime, there
are no hard-and-fast rules as to what brought that individual to that
point.  The basis could be purely psychological, going far back into
the individual's childhood.  Then again, the criminal act could be
brought about at the spur of the moment.  It is also conceivable that
the perpetrators believe in their own minds that the acts they are
committing are totally justified, or with respect to certain crimes,
are unaware that what they are doing is unlawful.

One thing is certain, however, that links the professional and
nonprofessional criminal together and that is motive.  People do not
commit a crime without a motive, even the individual who bears no
grudge against society or another individual, or was not committing a
crime out of passion or for personal gain or profit.  Committing a
crime just for the sheer thrill of it is in itself a motive.  Crimes
are committed for a reason, and the writer must firmly and foremost
decide that reason before beginning the development of the plot, even
though the writer may choose not to reveal the criminal's true motive
until the very end of the story.  (See section on motives to aid you in
selection.)
In helping you determine the motive for the individual who is to commit
a criminal act or series of such acts, it is important that you develop
an association with that individual, motive and the background of that
character to help justify some underlying basis for the eventual
act(s).  (See section on character development, jobs and professions,
education, hobbies, family origin, etc.) The professional writer
already knows that all characters are important and should be fleshed
out as much as possible; accordingly, it is essential that the writer
thoroughly provide the victim with a well-fleshed-out background, not
only to help explain the perpetrator's motive, but also to provide
something deep enough for the police to delve into during their
investigation.  Although real-life criminal investigators usually go
through long, laborious, and often tedious days, weeks, and even months
before turning up a decent lead, to heighten the drama, the more the
police officer's personal as well as professional backgrounds are
brought into play, the more interesting those in pursuit of the culprit
will become.

In an open story, that which immediately identifies the criminal and
possibly reveals exactly how, when, and where the crime took place,
there is little need for those red herrings, or other possible suspects
that must be investigated before the real perpetrator is revealed.  In
a closed story, however, the red herrings become extremely important,
and the writer must painstakingly develop those red herrings so they
are not easily dismissed by the reader or the viewer or by those
characters involved in unraveling the crime and identifying the
criminal responsible for the crime.

These red herrings must not only be well-developed characters, but each
should have an excellent motive, in addition to opportunity, for having
committed the crime.

THE PROFESSIONAL CRIMINAL
The professional criminal, as the term professional implies, is one who
derives his living by performing criminal acts primarily for gain.

I say "primarily" because, although the professional criminal does seek
to gain and profit from criminal enterprises, there are many criminals
who also enjoy living a life of crime.  Some derive great satisfaction
by attempting to outwit the police and to prey upon innocent victims.

Others are sadistic in their nature and enjoy the pain, terror, and
injuries they inflict upon their victims.  Similarly, some criminals
enjoy the fear they impose upon others and the momentary power they
wield over their victims, and many times, their underling associates.

Then there are the professionals who, because of a lack of formal
education or some means of employable training, turn to crime as a
profession because they do not believe they can succeed in the world
any other way.  And lastly there are those who consider themselves
maladjusted to or rejected by society at large and thus turn to crime
as a profession.  Most professional criminals have records or "rap
sheets," although some professionals have managed to escape prosecution
for lack of evidence or because of mistrials.

THE AMATEUR
Amateur criminals fall into three categories.  One is the criminal who
is mentally and legally ill and is unaware of the crime he or she is
committing.  The second is one judged as temporarily insane.  And the
third is one who commits a crime for the thrill of it or for any of the
reasons listed under "motives," which include revenge, jealousy,
ambition, profit, mercy, etc.  Opposed to most professional criminals
who have an M.O. (modus operandi), when dealing with the amateur, the
police have no M.O. to refer to, and unless they have some clue,
identity, or motive for the crime, the investigative procedure can be
difficult.  On the other hand, crimes committed by amateurs can often
be sloppy and reveal the perpetrator's identity much more readily than
that of the professional criminal.  This is by no means meant to
minimize the cleverness and planning that some nonprofessionals bring
to their criminal acts.

SERIAL KILLERS
According to recent studies about serial killers, most cases do not
indicate that the serial killer suffers from a medical problem but more
from cultural and sociological problems.  According to a substantial
number of researchers, serial killers usually seek celebrity status,
venting their aggression and hostile feelings in order to gain
admission to the higher levels of society because of their cultural
obstacles and total frustration.  Serial killers usually act sane, and
in many, but not all, cases, are not considered to be psychiatric
freaks, but are generally sociopaths or those suffering from
personality disorders.  Studies reveal that most serial killers are
white males between twenty-five and thirty-five and are usually
products of working- or lower-middle-class families.  Except for
sociopaths, serial killers usually seek victims from upper-middle-class
backgrounds.  Although it is not a hard-and-fast rule, a large number
of serial killers supposedly have charm; are innately selfish,
impulsive, and ambitious; seek to gain admission into
upper-middle-class lifestyles; and many come from broken homes or homes
where they had been abused.  Most serial killers have suffered
rejection, which causes them to experience frustration and
psychological emasculation.  Few serial killers express any feelings of
guilt or remorse for their crimes.

Most serial killers, using some ruse to gain control of their victims,
target upper-middle-class females.  Their patterns usually call for
sexual contact followed or proceeded by murder and mutilation to help
the killer achieve that desired and much-needed celebrity status.  One
violent act makes it easier for the serial killer to continue seeking,
murdering, and mutilating successive victims.  Criminological
motivations have been broken down by researchers into four major
categories.

The first and the only one that could be considered mentally insane is
called the visionary vype, who claims to have heard voices belonging to
demons or God ordering him to kill.  The sociopath is one with a goal,
usually the elimination of certain people existing within our society.

This type believes that he is helping society by purging it of those he
believes to be destructive to that society.

Another serial killer-type is one whose only gratification comes from
exercising power over his victim, more often than not, having sex with
his victim, the control of the victim bringing greater satisfaction
than the sexual act itself.

Last is the pleasure-seeKing Killer, whose thrill comes from performing
a knowingly perverted act, which is his gratification.  In all, most
serial killers are sexually motivated even if the act itself is not the
ultimate gratification.  In a majority of cases, the serial killer's
primary mission is to a secret fantasy of sorts, and the killings carry
with them any one or a combination of the following: cannibalism,
torture, mutilation, dismemberment, and in some cases, necrophilia.

Although behavioral sciences have yet to completely identify what
episodic aggressive behavior would mark a person as a serial killer in
the making, such behavior still is a common factor among people who
later become serial killers.  Following are examples of episodic
aggressive behavior:
Deviant sexual behavior
The inability to tell the truth
Chronic drug or alcohol abuse
Extreme cruelty to animals, pets
Feelings of inadequacy, rejection, being misunderstood Being the victim
of parental abuse in childhood
Arson
Being the result of an unwanted pregnancy
Compulsiveness
Suicide attempts
Chemical imbalance
Physical or neurological impairment
Feelings of persecution
Disrupted thought patterns
Drastic changes in moods
Hyper- or hyposexuality
Religiously obsessive
Prolonged or continued sequences of depression
Hallucinations
Egocentricities or feelings of grandiosity
Desire to be a loner; isolation
Withdrawal from friends, parents, society
Chronic insecurity
WHITE-COLLAR CRIMINALS
One of the fastest rising areas of crime today is that which is taking
place within corporate America, various banking institutions and
brokerage houses dealing in stocks, bonds, and commodities.  Much of
the white-collar crime fighting is being done by the Federal Bureau of
Investigation, the U.S. Attorney's Office, the Internal Revenue
Service, the Federal Trade Commission, the Postal Inspector's Office,
the Securities and Exchange Commission, and the DCIS, the Defense
Criminal Investigating Service, created in 1982 by the U.S. Department
of Defense to investigate corporate corruption in the defense industry.

White-Collar Crimes
Bank frauds
Insider trading
Fraudulent billing in defense contracts
Manufacturing or distributing faulty parts
Fraudulent loans
Fraudulent bankruptcy
Stock manipulations
Overcharging for auto repairs
False or misleading advertising
Short changing in retail stores
Overcharging on government contracts
Product substitution on government contracts
Kickbacks
Bribery
Bank misappropriation of funds
Boiler-room investment scams
Tax and anti-trust violations
Computer thefts
Embezzlement
Arson-related insurance frauds
Medicare and medical insurance frauds
Staged accident insurance fraud
Excessive interest charges
Fraudulent billings
Corporate-raider manipulations
Political- or business-related improprieties
Tax-shelter frauds
Inferior merchandise
THE COMPUTER CRIMINAL
With the advent of the computer, a new brand of criminal has come upon
the scene to take advantage of modern technology's latest means of
recording transactions, developing plans and systems, transferring
funds, and communicating and disseminating all sorts of valuable
information which offer staggering rewards from the electronic
revolution.

Today's computer criminal can use a computer to embezzle funds,
transfer bank accounts, create a means of diverting funds, payments,
obtain credit, eavesdrop on confidential data being transmitted, bill
for nonexisting merchandise, steal programs, commit sabotage, erase
existing programs, etc.  Offenders commit computer crimes for various
reasons: the thrill of pulling it off, greed, theft for profit,
industrial or military spying, extortion, blackmail, etc.  Computer
criminals have even been known to hold a stolen program or one that
they are capable of destroying for hostage, demanding a substantial
ransom for the program's release or return.

Computer criminals work in a variety of ways.  Some gain access to
correct codes simply by experimentation, while others may scrounge
through office trash baskets or discarded printouts, or merely observe
an authorized computer operator at work and note the access code to a
program.  Computer crime investigators often require expert consultants
to assist investigators in addition to the investigator's having a good
working knowledge of computers and an awareness of the various schemes
used by computer criminals.

INTERNAL CRIMES BY EMPLOYEES
Not all thefts are committed by professional criminals or those
addicted to drugs.  Many crimes in the home or at a place of business
are committed by employees for a multiplicity of motives.  In many
cases, the employee feels justified for the criminal act he or she
commits, unlike the criminal who commits his or her act purely out of
greed.  At times, however, crimes are committed in the home or office
by nonprofessionals for the same motive as that of the common criminal.

Crimes Committed Against an Employer at Home or Office
Theft of cash
Theft of personal possessions
Theft of company checks
Theft of company books, records, or documents
False doctoring of company books or records
Theft of equipment or office supplies
Theft of company products or merchandise
Falsifying signatures on checks, documents, letters, etc.

Theft of company's plans, research, technical information
Theft of computer programs
Arson, flooding, or otherwise destroying company property or records
Trading on inside information
Blackmail
Physically attacking an employer, supervisor, company employee
Sabotaging company's plant, factory, office, plans, equipment
Selling company secrets
Misappropriating company funds
Assisting professional criminal in committing a criminal act against an
employer's home or place of business
Using company equipment for personal gain
Padding or falsifying expense accounts
Diverting company funds to self
Forging signatures
Motives for Internal Crimes Against Home or Place of Business
Employee feels grossly underpaid
Employee believes he or she has been unfairly treated
Revenge against employer, supervisor, other employee for firing,
treatment, being passed over for promotion or raise
Employee sees opportunity to blackmail company for profit or revenge
Employee has been offered substantial gain for selling company secrets,
destroying or sabotaging company
Employee is addicted to drugs or alcohol
Employee is deeply in debt
Employee seeks better lifestyle
Jealousy or envy
Personal dislike of employer
Personal greed
Disagreement with social or political ideals
Bigoted or prejudiced against employer
To draw attention to a specific issue
Labor disagreement
To gain control over employer or company
Disagreement with company policy
WEAPONS USED IN COMMISSION OF A CRIME
Pistol
Automatic
Revolver
Rifle
Knife
Poison
Garrote
Bayonet
Bola
Bomb
Brass knuckles
Zip gun
Shotgun
Sawed-off shotgun
Six-shooter
Bow and arrow
Dart
Poison dart
Slingshot
Rock or hard object
Fire
Sword
Chain
Rope
Gas
Gasoline
Flame thrower
Grenade
Molotov cocktail
Machine gun
Acid
Drug o.d.

Billy club
Cutlass
Air gun
Ax
Tomahawk
Ice pick
Hammer
Gaff
Hook
Blackjack
Bazooka
Javelin
Broadsword
Vehicle
Nipple
time bomb
Incendiary bomb
Magnifying-glass bomb
Alarm-clock bomb
Booby trap
Bangalore torpedo
Nitroglycerin
T.N.T.

Plastique
Blasting gelatin
Dynamite
For detailed information regarding lethal weapons and the quantities
constructed, read The Anarchist Cookbook, published by Lyle Stuart, New
York, 1971.

Firearms and Manufacturers
Although there are literally thousands of types, calibers, and
manufacturers of handguns and shoulder weapons available, in most
instances, law-enforcement agencies and criminals rely primarily on
handguns (nonautomatic) and automatic weapons, which include handguns,
machine pistols, machine guns, and automatic rifles.

The nonautomatic handgun can either be a single-shot type, which is
manually loaded, fired, and reloaded, or a revolver, which has a
rotating cylinder that could contain anywhere from four to twelve
cartridges and can fire as many shots as the cylinder contains
cartridges without having to reload.  In revolver and single-shot
handguns, the cartridge casing usually remains in the weapon after it
has been fired, as opposed to the semi- or fully automatic weapons, in
which case the cartridge casing is automatically ejected.

Automatic weapons, as implied, fire in succession for as long a time as
the trigger is depressed and there are cartridges in the ammo clip.

The semi-automatic (and many automatics can also be fired on
semiautomatic) only fires one shot each time the trigger is pulled.

Almost all small arms, automatic, and semi-automatic firearms are
rifled weapons, meaning that the rifling in the barrel of the weapon
has spiraled grooves that are cut into the barrel, giving the bullet a
stable trajectory when fired.  Most shotguns are smooth bored, having
no spiraled grooves in the barrel of the weapon.

Rimfire and centerfire ammunition
In rimfiring ammo, the primer is positioned in the rim of the base of
the cartridge (in most cases in.22 calibers), while centerfire ammo has
the primer positioned in the center of the base of the cartridge.  Most
small arms use centerfire ammunition.

Whereas most law-enforcement agencies use standard weapons issued to
their department or agency, criminals use whatever type of weapon they
personally prefer.  Should the reader be planning to describe the
weapons used by a particular law-enforcement agency, the author
suggests the reader confer with that law-enforcement agency to see what
weapons are issued to them and under what circumstances.

As stated earlier, there are literally thousands of types of firearms,
models, and manufacturers, making it impossible to list each make and
model.  The following list is just a sampling of weapons available:
HANDGUNS-REVOLVERS
Ruger Bearcat.22
Ruger GP 1O0-.357
Smith & Wesson.44 Russian
Smith & Wesson.44 Magnum
Smith & Wesson.25
Colt 1917 GI
Smith & Wesson Brazillian NAA (North American Arms).22
LR Springfield
Springfield (army)
Smith & Wesson N-Frame.44
Special Smith & Wesson Police.686
Smith & Wesson.38/44
Dan Wesson.44 Magnum
Dan Wesson.22 Magnum
Dan Wesson.41 Magnum
Mathieu
Mauser
J. C. Higgins
Browning
HANDGUNS-AUTOMATIC AND SEMIAUTOMATIC
Charter-.38 undercover
Colt-Police.45
Lugar 7.65, 9mm
Parabellum 357 Magnum (various)
Walther GSP
Webley (British)
Remington
Singer
U.S. General Officers M15 - Rock Island Arsenal Beretta
Pistola Automatica- 9mm Beretta (short) - 9mm
Beretta Pistola Automatica Brevetto - 7.65mm
Walther.38
Walther PP
Walther PPK
Mauser-Werke HSc 7.65
Mauser C96
Heckler & Koch 9mm Parabellum and 7.65 Parabellum SauerP38
Browning 1910 Police 7.65mm auto, 9mm short
Makarov Coonan SIG-Sauer
MACHINE GUNS-AUTOMATIC AND SEMIAUTOMATIC
Calico 100 Plainfield Universal Uzi
AK47
Colt AR-IS
Ruger Mini 14 Barrett
British Lanchester
British Sterling
Sten
Pistola Mitragliatrice OVP (Villa Perosa)
H&K .91,MPs,MPK5
Harrison & Richards Thompson
RIFLES, CARBINES, AND SHOTGUNS
Browning rifle, auto-rifle
Calico Enfield
F.A.L.N. (assault rifle)
Harrison & Richards (bolt action, carbine, ultra-auto)
J. C. Higgins
Martin
Mauser
Plainfield
Remington (rifle, carbine)
Universal (autoload carbine)
Winchester (rifle, carbine)
Gewehr98/40
Armlite (carbine)
Savage (shotgun, rifle)
Weatherby
Fibermark (rifle)
Ruger
Sauer
Shiloh
TERMS USED IN FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION
Accuracy: The accuracy of firearms varies, depending on contributing
conditions.  The barrel must be as near perfect as possible.  It must
be of uniform size of bore its entire length, and the grooves of the
rifling must be of uniform width and depth throughout without any
defects.  The fit of the bullet is of utmost importance.  The bullet
must be of correct size (diameter), hardness, density, and lubrication.

The powder charge must be exactly the same for any cartridge.  The
primers also must have a uniform amount of priming composition.

Bluing: The colored finish of the metal parts of guns--in various parts
of guns in various shades: black, blue, and brown.

Bolt: The part of the breech-loading rifle that pushes the cartridge
into position and locks the mechanism to prevent its opening on
discharge.

Breech: Rear part of a firearm, behind the bore.

Breech Block: The part of the breech-loading mechanism that closes the
breech and receives the backward pressure of the explosion.

Buck and Ball: A cartridge with a round ball and three buckshot.

Buckshot: Lead shot, often used for riot control.

Bullet Shell: An explosive bullet with a bursting charge in a tube.

Bullets, Cannelured: An elongated bullet with grooves around it.  These
grooves are used for holding the lubricant or for crimping purposes.

Bullet, Elongated: Longer than it is wide; the opposite of the round
bullet.

Bullet, Flat-point: A bullet with a flat nose.

Bullet, Hollow-point: One with a hollow point for the purpose of
increasing the mushrooming effect upon impact.

Bullet Metal-case: A bullet with a jacket of metal that completely
encases the nose.

Bullet, Metal-point: A bullet having lead-bearing and metal tip.

Bullet, Soft-point: A metal-cased bullet with a tip of lead, which
enables it to mushroom on impact, thereby increasing the striking
energy.

Bullet, Wad-cutter: A bullet that is almost cylindrical in shape with a
flat top.  Specially adapted to target shooting, as it cuts a
cleanedged hole.

Bull's Eye: The center of the target or a shot that hits the center.

Butt: The rear portion of the gunstock, which is placed against the
shoulder in firing.

Caliber: Diameter of the hole in the barrel, and in rifled arms,
diameter of this hole before rifling, expressed in decimal fractions of
an inch.

Cannon: Ordnance or artillery.

Carbine: A short-barreled rifle.

Cartridge: The container for an explosive charge, which may or may not
include the bullet.  The modern cartridge is placed in the gun, ready
to fire.  Early cartridges were broken, the contents emptied into the
chamber or barrel.

Cartridge Case: A metal container for the explosive charge.

Catch: A part of the mechanism for holding another part in a desired
position, as the bayonet catch, safety catch, locking catch, etc.

Center-Fire Cartridge: One in which the priming composition is in a cap
in the center of the base of the case.

Centimeter: The 1/100 part of a meter, or 0.3937 of an inch.  An inch
is the equivalent of 2.540 centimeters.

Chamber: The rear end of the barrel; this end receives the shell or
cartridge.

Clip: A device for holding several cartridges together so that they may
be loaded simultaneously in the gun.

Cock: (1) The movable portions of the firing mechanism, corresponding
to the hammer on modern guns.  (2) To place the cock in position ready
to fire.

Combustion: Burning of the powder in the barrel.

Corrosion: The deterioration of the inside of the barrel case by the
chemical action of the products of combustion after firing, usually due
to neglect.

Crimping: A mechanical operation used in loading metallic cartridges;
done by compressing the mouth of the metallic shell or case to hold the
bullet in place.  Applied also to shot shells.

Cylinder: The chambered, breech part of a gun that revolves around an
axis to expose the cartridges successively for firing.

Double-Action: A term that refers to a revolver that is cocked and
fired when the trigger is pressed.

Drift: A term that denotes the lateral deviation of the flight of the
bullet from its vertical plane with the axis of the bore from which the
bullet is fired.

Ejector: A device that throws out the fixed cartridge case, or a
firearm equipped with such a device.

Firearms Identification: Deals with the characteristic features of
various arms and ammunition by which units may be identified.  It is a
branch of forensic science/criminalistics often employed in criminal
cases involving the use of firearms.  Every firearm has individual
characteristics.  These are transmitted to or imprinted on the bullets
and shells.  Characteristics can be definitely established by
comparison with a test bullet or shell fired from the particular weapon
using special instruments, such as the comparison microscope.

Firing Pin: That part of the firing mechanism that strikes the cap or
primer to explode the powder charge.

Flare Pistol: A large pistol used to fire flares for illumination or
signaling.

Fulminate: An explosive substance or compound that ignites when struck,
such as fulminate of mercury.

Gauge: The diameter of the bore of a gun, expressed in the number of
balls of that diameter required to make a pound.  Thus, a "12 gauge"
gun is one with a diameter of such size that twelve balls of lead, each
fitting the bore, weigh one pound.  This is sometimes called "12 bore."
Usually used in regard to shotguns.

Grooves: The cavities inside a rifle barrel, usually spiral, by which a
bullet, when expanded and forced forward, receives a spinning motion,
giving it an accurate flight.

Hair Trigger: A trigger requiring only a light touch for firing.

Hammer: The part of the mechanism that strikes the primer directly, or
strikes the firing pin.  In flintlock days, the frizzen was sometimes
called a hammer.

Handgun: A hand-held firearm such as a pistol, automatic, or revolver.

High-Power: Military and sporting rifles using small caliber bullets
driven by a large charge of smokeless powder.

Ignition: The setting on fire of the powder.

Impact: A blow.  The force of a bullet striking an object.

Jacket: A covering for a bullet.

Lock: (1) The firing mechanism.  (2) To set the safety to prevent
firing.

Machine Gun: An automatic gun firing small-arms ammunition.  In the
American military sense, it refers to weapons fired from a mount, such
as a bipod or a tripod; but Europeans tend to include automatic rifles
under this classification.

Magazine: That part of a repeating firearm that holds cartridges to be
fed into the gun.

Millimeter: Measurement used to designate caliber.

Muzzle: The mouth, or forward end, of a gun.

Muzzle Velocity: The velocity of a bullet at the muzzle.

Oval-Bore Rifling: A bore that is oval shaped, the oval being twisted
to give the bullet a spinning motion.  This was developed to take the
place of lands and grooves.  Most rifles with this feature were made by
Lancaster of London around 1850.

Patch: A metal jacket for the bullet, or a small cleaning cloth.

Penetration: That which a bullet will pass through when fired from a
specified length of barrel.  Often expressed in inches.

Percentage of Pattern: Number of pellet marks in a thirty-inch circle
over a forty-yard range, divided by the number of pellets in the load.

Percussion Cap: A small metal cup holding fulminate placed on the tube
or nipple of a percussion gun.  When struck, the sparks enter the
barrel through a hole and fire the charge.

Pins: Pieces of iron or steel used to hold the barrel and stock
together.

Pistol: Of a single-shot type, where the cartridge is inserted in the
chamber at the near end of the barrel; or of the automatic type, where
the cartridges are inserted in a clip in the butt or handle, and fired
from one hand.

Pistol Carbine: A pistol that has a detachable shoulder stock so that
it can be fired either from the hand or from the shoulder.

Powders: The powders used in loading are: black, semismokeless, and
smokeless.  Smokeless powders are divided into two types: the first is
known as bulk, meaning that its charge corresponds, or nearly so' in
bulk to the charge of black powder; the second is the dense type, which
means that it is denser and of much less bulk.

Pressure: The force exerted in the cartridge chamber and bore of the
barrel by the powder gasses.  Usually described in pounds per square
inch.

Primer: The percussion "cap" used to ignite the powder charge.

Priming Powder: The gunpowder in the pan used to set off the main
charge.

Pump Gun: A repeating rifle, especially one with a lever suggestive of
a pump handle.

Range: The distance to the target; the maximum distance a bullet will
travel.

Recoil: The backward motion of a gun when fired, commonly called kick.

Repeater: A gun that can be fired several times without reloading;
usually applied to rifles and carbines.

Rest: Any support to steady the gun during aiming and firing.

Revolver: (1) A firearm, usually a pistol, with cylinder of several
chambers arranged to revolve on an axis and discharge the shots in
succession.  (2) A firearm with several barrels revolving about a
common axis.

Rifle: A shoulder firearm having spiral grooves cut in its bore to give
the bullet a spinning motion and thus, greater accuracy.  It differs
from a carbine in having greater length and weight.

Self-Loading: Semi-automatic; the fired cartridge is extracted and
ejected, and a live cartridge is placed in position ready to fire.

Shell: The case for holding the charge for breech-loaders.

Shocking Power: The force delivered to the projectile on impact, the
result brought about through combination of striking energy and
penetration.

Shot: (1) A projectile.  (2) Small pellets.  (3) The number of bullets
that can be fired without reloading.

Shotgun: A firearm intended for the use of a number of small pellets
rather than a single bullet.

Sight: An aiming device on a gun, such as telescopic sight, open sight,
etc.

Slide Action: The mechanism of a repeating rifle, operated by the
manual movement of a slide under and parallel to the barrel.

Spherical Bullet: One that is a round ball.

Spiral Rifling: Cutting spiral grooves in the surface of the bore of
the barrel of a gun.

Stock: The wooden part of a firearm; that portion that fits against the
shoulder in firing.

Striker: A hammer or firing pin.

Stud: A projection on a gun for holding another part, such as the
bayonet stud or the sight stud.

Swivel Gun: One fired from a swivel mount.

Take-Down Rifle: A firearm, the barrel of which can be readily taken
from the action; employed for securing compactness in carrying the gun.

Trajectory: As applied to a bullet, the path of the bullet through the
air.

Trigger: The part of the lock pulled by the finger to release the cock
or hammer and fire the piece.

Trigger Guard: A metal loop or rectangle protecting the trigger.

Trigger Plate: The portion of the mechanism through which the trigger
enters.

Trigger Pull: The amount of pressure necessary to release the trigger.

Riflemen refer to this as a one-pound pull or a two-pound pull, i.e.,
requiring a pressure of one pound or two pounds to release the trigger.

A hair-trigger pull is a very light pull; other terms are creeping
pull, dragging pull, still pull, hard pull, smooth pull, fine pull.

Velocity: The speed of a projectile in its flight, designated in feet
per second.  The velocity of bullets fired from pistol and revolver
barrels varies.  The velocity of a bullet has an important relation to
its trajectory, energy, range, stopping power, etc.

Wad: A yielding substance, usually of felt, placed over the powder of a
shot shell for the purpose of controlling the gas blast.

Windage: The allowance made for drift of a bullet.

Wobble: The unsteady rotation or spin of a bullet; usually caused by
insufficient twist in the rifle barrel.

Bibliography
Alison, N.C.

Personal Identification
Boston: Holbrook Press, 1973
Blum, Richard H.

Deceivers & Deceived: Observations on Confidence Men & Their Victims,
Informants & Their Quarry Political & Industrial Spies & Ordinary
Citizens
Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1972
Chapman, Robert L., ed.

New Dictionary of American Slang
New York: Harper & Row, 1986.

Guttmacher, Manfred S.

The Mind of the Murderer
Salem, New Hampshire: Ayer Co.  Pubs., 1960
Hall, I.

Inside the Crime Lab
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1974
Hendrickson, R.

Ripoffs
New York: Viking Press, 1976
Hilton, O. Scienuhc
Examination of Questioned Documents
New York: Elsevier Science Publishing, 1984.Kahaner, Larry
Cults that Kill: Probing the Underworld of Occult Crime
New York: Warner Books, 1988
Kotter, J.C.

Criminal Evidence, 4th ed.

Cincinnati: Anderson Pub., 1987
Lewin, Esther and Arthur
The Thesaurus of Slang
New York: Facts on File, 1988.

O'Hara, Charles
Fundamentals of Investigation
Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1962.

Reinhardt
The Psychology of Strange Killers
Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1962.

Roland, Desmond and Bailey, James
The Law Enforcement Handbook
New York: Facts on File, 1985.

Rubenstein, Jonathan
Cia??hce
New York: Farrar, Strains, and Giroux, 1973
Saperstein, R.

Forensic Science Handbook, Vol.  I.

Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1982.

Forensic Science Handbook, vol.  II.

Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1988.

Svensson, A., and B.A. Fisher
Techniques of Crime Scene Investigation, 4th ed.

New York: Elsevier Science Publishing, 1986.

Thorwald, I.

Crime and Science
New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967.

The Writer's Complete Crime Reference Book
By: Martin Roth
Copyright: 1990
ARSON INVESTIGATION
Arson is the malicious and willful burning of a private home, farm, or
business structure.  If it endangers the lives of persons as well as
the property itself, most states provide for separate punishment under
their laws pertaining to arson.  The term burning need not imply the
total destruction of the structure, but merely the ignition of the
structure.

It is important to note that if the structure is used as a dwelling, it
is classified as inhabited, although it is not necessary that a person
be occupying the structure at the time the arson is committed.  It is
essential that malice or criminal intent be shown to conclude that
arson has been committed.

In an investigation where arson is suspected, the investigator must
establish evidence that the act of arson has been committed, physical
evidence of a burning, criminal design such as an incendiary device, by
the unexplained reason for the presence of inflammables or by an
eyewitness.  To this the investigator would attempt to add any other
evidence to support the act of arson, such as any articles associated
with arson and the suspect, linking the suspect to the scene, and
evidence showing intent.  Motives such as revenge, economic gain, and
insurance fraud, as well as pyromania, would be investigated.

Pyromania types vary, but among those considered pyromaniacs are sexual
deviants who derive sexual stimulation by starting a fire and abnormal
or mentally disturbed people who seek some sort of hero status by
setting the fire and alerting the fire department.  Many of these
individuals harbor secret desires to be firemen and then attempt a
daring and dramatic rescue.

Following are liquid agents with incendiary properties:
Alcohol
Benzol
Gasoline
Ether
Kerosene
Solids with incendiary properties include:
Coal dust
Grain
These substances burn quickly when mixed with air and ignited.

Substances that burn upon contact with water are:
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium carbide
Oxidizing agents that when decomposing aid combustion include:
Nitric acid
Potassium permanganate in contact with glycerine
Quicklime mixed with water
Chlorates
Metallic peroxides
These are just a few among the many oxidizing agents that cause
combustion.  It is virtually impossible to list all contributors to a
fire, for one would have to include electrical shorts of various kinds,
causing a stove or flue to become a hazard, igniting oil-soaked rags,
etc.  This list could fill a book of its own.

MOTIVES FOR ARSON
To conceal a previous crime
To destroy company books or records
Revenge
To defraud an insurance company
Intimidation
Sabotage
Business rivalry
Thrill
Murder
Extortion
For additional information on arson, contact the arson squad of your
local police or fire department.

INVESTIGATION OF A BURGLARY
Burglary is the entering of a premises for the purpose of committing a
theft and is considered the most common form of theft.  Remember that
some jurisdictions distinguish between entering a dwelling at night and
housebreaking so the definition of burglary varies in different states.

Housebreaking is simply the unlawful entering of a building with intent
to commit a crime.  To consider a housebreaking a burglary, the
following elements must be established:
Breaking and entering occurred
The act took place at night
The dwelling belonged to another person
The offender's intent was to commit a crime therein
TYPES OF BURGLARIES
SAFE:
Pip Job: Using an electric drill and crowbar, a hole is made in upper-
or lower-left corner.  A bar is placed in the hole and the door is
jimmied open.

Punch Job: Using a sledge and center punch, the dial is knocked off
with a hammer, and the punch is held against the spindle and hit
sharply.  If the safe has tumblers at the end of the spindle, then the
small sockets are broken when the spindle is forced back and the lock
is released.  Some safes are punchproof when the tumblers are off
spindle.

Chopping: The safe is turned upside down to expose the bottom, the
weakest section.  A hole is made and a jimmy applied to permit access.

Carry Out: The safe is merely physically removed.

Click Job: Using a stethoscope and listening for the clicks as the
combination falls into place.

BlowJob: Blowing the safe by using an explosive charge, usually a
plastique.

Loft: Specialize in stealing from lofts.

Store: Late evening.  Some, window smashers.

Residence and Private Dwelling: Day: Operates during daylight hours.

Night: After dark.

Supper: As named, often while residents are having dinner.

Commuter: Usually from city, operates in suburbs.

Delivery Truck: Stealing from a van making a delivery.

Miscellaneous: Bellhops Maids Elevator operators
CINCINNATI POLICE DIVISION
The Cincinnati, Ohio, Police Division consists of four bureaus:
Operations Bureau, Investigative Bureau, Technical Services Bureau, and
Personnel Resources Bureau.  The Operations Bureau consists of five
police districts and the Operational Support Section.  These five
districts are charged with the responsibility of patrol covering
general criminal activities along with community relations.

The Operational Support Section as part of the Operations Bureau is
responsible for the SWAT Coordination Unit, the Crime Prevention Unit,
the Traffic Unit, Youth Aid, and a new unit called the Alarm
Enforcement Unit, which is charged with reducing the number of false
alarms requiring police response.

The Investigations Bureau (lB.) is charged with the responsibility for
drug, vice, and criminal investigation and enforcement; it comprises
the Criminal Investigation Section (C.I.S.), Central Vice Control
Section, Intelligence Section, and Narcotics Liaison.

Under the C.I.S., the Youth Squad is assigned the function of
investigating child abuse, child neglect, custody, and missing persons.

The Homicide Squad is responsible for investigating all homicides,
questionable deaths, aggravated assaults where death may occur, rape
and sex-motivated offenses where the victim is eighteen or older, all
police interventions in shootings or death, kidnapping and abductions,
and patient-abuse offenses.

Also under the lB.  is the Robbery Unit; the Major Offender Project,
which coordinates cases involving serious and repeat career criminal
offenders; The Criminalistics Squad, which responds to the crime scene.

There, they assist the district investigators in handling the
identification of suspects through fingerprint comparison, utilizing
photography and video recording, and in handling the collection of
crime-scene material and evidence.  All this is then routed by the
squad to various laboratories, such as the Hamilton County Coroner's
Office, the Ohio Bureau of Identification, and the Federal Bureau of
Investigation for processing.

Also operating under the Investigations Bureau are Burglary and Auto
Theft, the Pawn Shop Unit, the Polygraph Unit, and the Fraud Unit.

The Central Vice Control Section is charged with enforcing laws and
controlling criminal conduct in the areas of drugs, prostitution,
gambling, liquor law enforcement, and pornography.

The Intelligence Section develops information and initiates
investigations into cults, gangs, and terrorists, and conducts
in-service training for division personnel.

The Narcotics Liaison Section provides investigative and supervisory
personnel to the Regional Enforcement Narcotics Unit (RENU).  In 1988,
personnel in this unit were assigned to the newly formed DEA Cincinnati
Task Force, a multi-agency drug enforcement unit composed of Cincinnati
police, DEA Agents, and Hamilton County Sheriff's officers.

The Technical Services Bureau comprises three sections: the Police
Communications Section; the Equipment Management Section, which
includes the Impoundment Unit, responsible for all vehicles in custody,
the Transportation Unit, which oversees the division's motor fleet, and
the Supply Unit, which fields all supplies and equipment requests; and
the Court/Records Services Section, the last of which operates four
units; Court Administration, County Property, Warrantl Identification,
and Records.

Personnel Resources Bureau comprises the Personnel Section, the Police
Academy, the Inspection Section, and the Internal Investigations
Section.  These sections provide Recruit Training, Maintenance of
Personnel Records, Investigation of Citizens' Complaints, Processing of
Employment Records, and liaison with organizations represented in the
Police Division.

The Office of Coordination, Planning, and Budget provides
administrative assistance and staff to the police chief by reviewing
and expediting official business, budgeting, planning, conducting
research, and generally developing the department.

COUNTY SHERIFF'S DEPARTMENT
The sheriff is the chief law enforcement officer of the county and, as
such, is responsible for general law enforcement in all unincorporated
areas of the county and in those cities that contract for the services
of the Sheriffs Department to avoid the cost of outfitting their own
departments, equipment, personnel, and investigative expertise.

Duties and Responsibilities
The California Government Code and the California Penal Code authorize
the sheriff of a county to perform certain duties and assign him the
responsibility for certain actions within his county.  They include:
Preserve the peace.

Arrest all persons attempting or committing public offenses.

Prevent and suppress affrays and investigate public offenses.

Attend superior courts and obey all lawful orders and directions of all
courts within the county.

Take charge of and keep the county jail and the prisoners in it.

Release attachments or garnishments of property.

Endorse receipts of process and issue certificates of delivery.

Serve all processes and notices.

Act in attendance upon court as the crier thereof.

The Sheriff may supply ambulance service; enforce the Vehicle Code;
search for and rescue persons who are lost or are in danger of their
lives within the county; command the aid of all adult male inhabitants
in the county to accomplish his duties.

Hold ex-officio the Office of County Director of Emergency Services and
carry out the duties thereof.

Transport and deliver prisoners committed to state prisons.

Transport prisoners to hospitals or to the custody of an officer of
another jurisdiction.

Upon request of the court, may have responsibility for care and custody
of minors charged with or convicted of felonies.

Execute writs and transport persons who are narcotics addicts and
sexual psychopaths to places of confinement.

Execute search warrants and arrest warrants.

Sit as a member of the Board of Parole Commissioners.

Take possession of, appraise, and keep safely found or wrecked property.

May be directed to remove intruders from waste or ungranted lands of
the state.

May serve all writs, notices, or other processes issued by superior,
municipal, or justice courts, and lawful orders of the state government.

May be required to serve processes or warrants issued by any
court-martial officer, labor commissioner, or insurance commissioner to
a person within the county.

Administrative Organization
The Sheriff of Los Angeles County is elected to a four-year term of
office and is responsible to the electorate.  He is subject to fiscal
control by the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors.

The sheriffs department is a quasi-military organization.  All sworn
personnel are deputy sheriffs, regardless of rank, and are subordinate
in order of rank to the sheriff.  The rank structure is as follows:
Sheriff
Undersheriff
Assistant Sheriff
Chief
Commander
Captain
Lieutenant
Sergeant
Deputy
The undersheriff, an appointed position, is second in command and
subordinate only to the sheriff.  He commands the department in the
sheriff's absence and otherwise conducts the affairs of the department
as directed by the sheriff.

The third level of command is that of assistant sheriff.  This
department has two assistant sheriffs, each with separate areas of
responsibility.  In the absence of the sheriff and the undersheriff,
the designated assistant sheriff assumes full command of the department.

Other major staff executives are the eight division chiefs, who command
the activities of their respective divisions in accordance with the
policies of the sheriff.

Departmental Organization
The sheriffs department is composed of eight divisions, each of which
is commanded by a chief.  These divisions operate on a twenty-four hour
schedule to provide full services whenever needed.  The divisions are:
Administrative
Court Services
Custody
Detective
Field Operations Region I
Field Operations Region II
Field Operations Region III
Technical Services
Administrative Division: This division functions as the major
coordinating unit for the department's overall operations.  It is
responsible for providing administrative staff services to the entire
department.  These services include recruiting, training, coordinating
retirements, maintaining personnel and payroll records, conducting
pre-employment background investigations, researching problem areas,
and analyzing legislation.  Through its Internal Investigations Bureau,
this division investigates citizen complaints and other cases involving
departmental personnel.

Court Services Division: This division is responsible for carrying out
part of the mandated duties of the sheriff as set forth in the
Government Code.  Primary among these is the requirement to act as the
Chief Ministerial Officer of the Los Angeles County Superior Court.

The Court Services Division serves and enforces civil and criminal
processes submitted by the court, attorneys, and litigants, and
provides bailiffs to the superior and justice courts.  This division is
also responsible for transporting prisoners to and from court and
between custodial facilities.

Custody Division: This division is responsible for the operation of the
sheriff's custody system, which includes incarceration of all sentenced
and pretrial inmates detained in sheriffs facilities.  Medical services
are also provided for the approximately 17,500 inmates housed in
custody facilities.

Detective Division: This division has the responsibility for
investigating, among others, the major crimes of arson, forgery, fraud,
robbery, flight from prosecution, and homicide.  Specialized bureaus
within this division have responsibility for the investigation of
narcotics and vice operations.  The Hazardous Materials Team is also
part of the Detective Division.

Field Operations Regions: Three Field Operations Regions provide
general law enforcement, patrol, and investigative services to
unincorporated areas of the county.  In addition to these services,
contract cities are also provided with traffic law enforcement.  When
major or specialized crimes occur, follow-up investigations are
conducted by the Detective Division.  The department's jurisdiction
extends to inland waters.

To supplement and improve the effectiveness of field operations,
specialized units have been established as separate bureaus within the
Field Operations Regions.  These include Aero, Emergency Operations,
Special Enforcement, and Juvenile Operations Bureaus.

Technical Services Division: This division is responsible for providing
the specialized technical services necessary for the efficient
operation of the department's line units and for maintaining the
official activity records of the department.  Other services include
maintaining the department's vehicles, operating the telecommunications
system, operating the criminalistics and photographic laboratories, and
preparing the department's statistical reports on jail population and
criminal activity.  This division is also responsible for operating the
department's Communications Center and coordinating the Justice Data
System (JDS).

Specialized Investigations
Two highly specialized bureaus, Special Investigations and Inspectional
Services, operating from the office of the undersheriff, conduct
sensitive staff-support functions.

The Inspectional Services Bureau was established in 1975.  This bureau
conducts specialized inspections on a department-wide basis to ensure
uniformity of procedures, to maximize efficiency, to project future
problems, and to recommend solutions to identified problems.

The Special Investigations Bureau was organized to investigate known or
suspected organized crime, prison gang activity, and individuals or
groups involved in terrorist-type conduct.

Emergency-Services Detail
The Emergency Services Detail is recognized as one of the finest
emergency-services groups in the nation.

Deputies from this detail were the first lawmen in the country to earn
the title paramedic.  To achieve this distinction, deputies completed a
rigorous 1,000-hour training course at the University of Southern
California Medical Center.  Once certified, and acting under the
supervision of a licensed medical doctor, these deputy-paramedics are
able to provide immediate medical aid in the field.  This extra care
for the injured has saved many lives.  In addition to paramedic
training, these deputies are trained extensively in search-and-rescue
techniques, mountain rescue, helicopter evacuation of the injured, and
underwater search and recovery.

Technological Advances
To adequately serve an area the size of Los Angeles County, the
sheriffs department must have a fast, accurate, and dependable
communications system.  This system uses decentralized command and
control with centralized dispatching.  There are twenty patrol stations
located throughout the vast 4,083-square-mile county, and each station
operates as a self-contained law-enforcement unit.  The key element in
the communications system is the centralized radio center, which
coordinates all two-way radio communications with mobile units.  These
include patrol and investigative vehicles, helicopters, airplanes,
buses, trucks, jeeps, boats, and assorted mobile support equipment.

To provide countywide coverage, the communications system utilizes
transmission and reception sites on fourteen mountain-top and nineteen
local sites connected to the centralized dispatching center by a
county-owned microwave system, which is one of the largest private
microwave systems in the world.  The system uses 55 frequencies
operating through one or more of the 116 base transmitters, 344
receivers, and more than 1,000 mobiles.  Over 61 million transmissions
are generated within a single year.

In 1975, the Sheriff's Radio Communications Center computerized its
capabilities.  This highly flexible communications computer maintains a
bookkeeping operation of the workload and distributes incoming traffic
equally among all the radio-dispatching positions.

The computer senses an incoming digital message from a station, assigns
a console within fifty milliseconds, and activates a bank of relays
that provides the dispatching console with all of the transmitters,
receivers, telephone lines, and status signals necessary to handle the
transmission.  The relays, located in a central equipment room, can be
accessed by all consoles; thus, every console in the facility can be
considered a master console, able to handle any frequency at any
transmitter/receiver location.

The computer also monitors and records the status of on-duty units, the
calls assigned to them, and whether or not the call has been handled
within a preset time.  When the mobile unit finishes an assignment,
clearance for the call is manually entered into the computer, which is
programmed to print out a complete log of each original call and its
clearance, as well as various other reports.

A primary part of the communication system is the Justice Data System
(JDS).  This system was developed to handle the booking and court
information on all persons who enter the criminal justice system.

Pertinent information on identification, charges, and court appearances
on adults and juveniles detained in police custody for more than one
hour is entered into this system.  JDS now includes sixteen other
police agencies, including the Los Angeles Police Department.  Future
plans are to include all law-enforcement agencies in Los Angeles County
and to become the data base for information on persons going through
the criminal justice system.

Justice Data System also serves as a central information source for all
criminal justice agencies within the county area.  Information is
processed into the Automated Index, which itself is organized into two
groups of information-the Personal History Index and the Event Index.

The Personal History Index provides data to attain a positive
identification of each individual as well as his arrest and conviction
recap.  The Event Index provides information relevant to a particular
criminal offense.  The two indexes retain enough information to satisfy
approximately 90 percent of all inquiries from the various justice
agencies.

One of the many advantages of JDS is the ability of each sheriffs
station to obtain complete criminal information immediately.  In cases
where there is limited information regarding an individual under
investigation, the Event Index enables the recall of information
contained in reports by a number of criteria, such as
victim's/witness's name, vehicle license, and other identifiers.

In addition, the department will be able to perform special searches on
partial fingerprint classifications.  These searches will fulfill
information needs on types of arrest, names under investigation, name
of officer, date of occurrence, and report status.

Using computerized systems pioneered and developed by this department,
they have achieved a truly innovative, efficient, and reliable
communications network.  An important phase of this network is the
Justice Data Interface Controller (JDIC).  This system replaced the
FAST (Fully Automatic Switching Teletype) system formerly used by most
law-enforcement agencies in the county to gain access to lawenforcement
agencies and criminal-justice-system data banks.

Aero Bureau
The use of aircraft, with its unprecedented degree of flexibility and
mobility, has added an entirely new dimension to law-enforcement patrol.

Originally started in 1929 by volunteers, it was not until 1966 that
modern airborne law enforcement came into its own, with the
establishment of the Sky Knight program.

The department's Aero Bureau fleet has been increased with the most
modern and varied equipment available.  Currently, the rotary fleet
consists of five Hughes 300's, five Hughes 500's, three Bell 47G3B's,
one Bell 20 GL, one Sikorsky 5-58, and three Sikorsky CH38 helicopters.

Fixed wing aircraft include two Cessna 210's.

Based at Long Beach Airport, Aero Bureau provides services for over
3,100 square miles of Los Angeles County, including many of the
incorporated cities, which contract with the sheriffs department for
police services.  Within this jurisdiction, there is a great variety of
terrain: high mountains, rugged wild canyons, vast desert areas, large
ocean stretches, and offshore islands.  Because of this, Aero Bureau
also maintains helicopters at strategic locations throughout the county
to minimize response times and increase efficiency.  The Aero Bureau
flies numerous medical evacuation missions, surveillance missions,
prisoner transfers, hazardous materials investigations, photo flights,
and investigator transportation flights.

Search and Rescue is another facet of the Aero Bureau.  There were 718
rescue missions flown during fiscal year 1984-85.  Search-and-rescue
teams from various sheriff's stations are frequently assisted by
paramedic-equipped helicopters able to reach areas inaccessible by
ground crews.  In addition to the paramedic crews, who are available
twenty-four hours a day, medical doctors from the Sheriffs Department's
Reserve Forces volunteer their services to the citizens of Los Angeles
County.  Aero Bureau assigns rescue helicopters staffed with these
doctors and paramedics primarily on weekends in strategic areas, where
their lifesaving services are frequently needed.

Aero Bureau employs one Hughes 500, chiefly to locate illegal hazardous
materials disposal sites, as well as to conduct surveillances of
suspected unlawful disposals.  Aero Bureau also investigates aircraft
accidents and thefts of aircraft parts, and it performs any mission
requiring the use of aircraft as directed and approved by the sheriff.

Harbor Patrol
Since its construction in 1962, Marina del Rey has become the world's
largest small-craft harbor.  Anticipated population growth in the
Marina del Rey community, as well as plans to increase the number of
channels and slips, led to the establishment of the twentieth station
facility there in 1984.  That same year, the Los Angeles County Harbor
Patrol merged with the sheriff's department, resulting in more
streamlined law-enforcement service to the citizens in the marina.

The Sheriff's Harbor Patrol enforces both California State Statutes and
Los Angeles County Codes, placing an emphasis on boating and marine
laws.  It also performs search-and-rescue missions, as well as provides
services to boaters in the marina.

The many years of nautical experience accumulated by former harbor
patrolmen still benefit the citizens of Los Angeles County, as each of
them are now deputy sheriffs.  Each deputy sheriff assigned to the
Sheriff's Harbor Patrol has received 895 hours of specialized training
in addition to the standard Sheriffs Academy curriculum.  This training
includes instruction in marine firefighting, navigation, diving, and
search and rescue.  All Harbor Patrol Deputies have also received 120
hours of emergency medical technician training.

The Sheriff's Harbor Patrol maintains a fleet of six specialized boats.

Facilities include several hundred feet of dock, a boat maintenance
center, and a haul-out yard.

The sheriff's department also has a contingent of harbor patrol
deputies.  Their mission is the same as that of deputies - enforcing of
boating laws and ensuring the safety of the water-faring public.

CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS
Cities, states, and the Federal government each have their own penal
systems that are clearly defined by law as to their operation.

However, it is the type of crime and jurisdiction in which the crime
was committed that determines whether the criminal shall be tried by a
city court, a state court, or a federal court.  Criminals convicted in
a city court, state court, or federal court will be sentenced and
committed to one of that city's, state's, or federal penal
institutions.  As it would practically require a book in itself to
include all the city, state, and federal penal institutions, I have
selected the penal institutions in the state of California to serve as
a broad example of the various types of penal institutions across the
nation.  I have also reprinted the document "Visiting Instructions"
used at the U.S. Penitentiary at Lampoc, California, as an example of
what is required when visiting an inmate at a federal institution.  I
heartily recommend that you research the particular penal institution
you may wish to write about for further information on location, type
of facility, inmate population, operation, etc.

CALIFORNIA'S CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS
The Program
The California Department of Corrections administers 16 major
institutions, 34 secure conservation camps, two community correctional
centers and more than 66 local parole offices.

The department is responsible for the control and programming of more
than 67,000 persons in institutions and about 38,000 in the community
under supervision of parole agents.

Institutions are classified as Security Levels I-IV.  Level I is
minimum, Level IV iS maximum, and Levels II and III are medium security
confinement.

The following information is designed to give a capsule summary of the
institutions and camps which the department operates.  For additional
information, write to:
Department of Corrections
Communications Office
630 "K" Street, Room 211
P.O. Box 942883
Sacramento, CA 94283-0001
October, 1987
The Institutions
SAN QUENTIN STATE PRISON (SQ)
Address: San Quentin State Prison, San Quentin, CA 94964
Warden: Dan Vasquez
Population: 3,000
Opened: 1852
San Quentin, California's first and best known penal institution, is
located on the north shore of San Francisco Bay in Marin County.  San
Quentin dates its origin to the prison ship "Wabau," which was anchored
off Point Quentin in 1852 with 92 prisoners aboard.  Construction of
the prison on 20 acres of nearby land began in the same year.

Today, the prison occupies 432 acres and houses 3,000 inmates, a third
of whom require the department's highest level of security.  The prison
complex includes four large old-style cell blocks, a modern maximum
security unit, minimum security work crew quarters, a medium security
compound with modular dormitories, an industries complex, maintenance
and vocational shops, and a medical facility.  The state's only gas
chamber is located in San Quentin and all male inmates under sentence
of death are housed at San Quentin.

San Quentin has traditionally housed the state's most notorious
prisoners.  During the last decade, San Quentin has shared duty with
Folsom Prison and Tehachapi (Southern Max) as Level IV or Maximum
Security.  Level IV is the security designation for the most
disruptive, or violent inmates, or those who present the greatest risk
of escape.  San Quentin also houses Level I (Minimum Custody), and
Level II (Medium Custody).  After 135 years of providing maximum
security housing for the state's roughest inmates, San Quentin is
undergoing a transition to a Level II facility.

An aggressive prison construction program is providing California with
state-of-the-art, high-tech Maximum Security prisons that will carry
the mission so long fulfilled by San Quentin.  The new construction and
extensive renovation of San Quentin will allow a shift from a Level IV
mission to a Level II mission.  San Quentin will continue to house
Levels I, II and IV, but Level II will be predominant.

CORRECTIONAL TRAINING FACILITY (CTF)
Address: P.O. Box 686, Soledad, CA 93960-0686
Superintendent: Eddie Myers
Population: 5,511
Opened: 1947
The Correctional Training Facility is actually a complex which consists
of three separate facilities.  The oldest part of CTF dates from 1946
when a camp center administered by San Quentin was opened on the site.

In 1947, this became an institution in its own right.  When the Central
Facility was opened in 1951 as a medium security institution, the
former camp center became known as South Facility.  In 1958, the North
Facility opened and the three-facility complex was officially
christened the "Correctional Training Facility."
The CTF complex is located on a 965-acre site in the Salinas Valley
about 20 miles south of Salinas.

CTF-Central is an armed perimeter, cell-type institution for medium
security inmates.  It also contains two high security protective
housing units.

North Facility is also an armed perimeter, cell-type facility for
medium security inmates, most of whom are involved in some type of
educational/vocational program.

CTF-South is a Level I facility and houses most of the inmates who
perform work outside the security perimeter.

A comprehensive program of industrial and educational activities is
available to CTF inmates.  Emphasis is on basic training for employment
in a recognized trade.  The CTF's educational program meets the needs
of inmates by offering classes on elementary and secondary levels as
well as a two-year and four-year college degree program.  Various
vocational programs are also available.

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTION FOR WOMEN (CIW)
Address: P.O. Box 6000, Corona, CA 91718
Superintendent: Annie M. Alexander
Population: 2,243
Opened: 1952
Until 1933, women prisoners in California were housed in a segregated
building on the grounds at San Quentin.  In 1929, legislation
established an independent facility for women at Tehachapi which became
operational in 1933.  The present 120-acre site in San Bernardino
County was acquired and a new women's institution was established in
1952.

CIW is one of two facilities designated by the Penal Code exclusively
for female felons.  All female felons committed to the Department of
Corrections are received at CIW.  Buildings at CIW provide
double-bunked rooms and dormitories, in addition to general population
housing units and the reception center.  CIW is rated as a Level III/IV
institution and houses inmates integrated by custody Level I through IV
in its general population.

Approximately 35 percent of the inmate population is involved in an
education program.  CIW is designated as the camp training center for
female inmates who are administratively assigned to Sierra Conservation
Center and transferred to Camos Rainbow, Mailbu, Puerta La Cruz, or
McCain Valley.  CIW provides two inmate crews, under the direction of
CalTrans, to work on state highway roadside beautification.

The Prison Industry Authority (PIA) work program at CIW consists of a
textile factory involved in the manufacturing of shirts, jackets, and
men's underwear.  PIA is also training inmates in a joint venture with
vocational education in furniture upholstery and is contracting with
local state agencies to reupholster worn furniture.

FOLSOM STATE PRISON (FOL)
Address: P.O. Box W, Represa, CA 95671
Warden: R.G. Borg
Population: 6,344
Opened: 1880
California State Prison at Folsom, first opened in 1880, is the state's
second oldest correctional facility.  Folsom is considered a high
maximum security institution.  Among its inmates are those serving long
sentences, habitual criminals, hard-to-manage persons, and individuals
who present a risk to the safety of others.

At Folsom, a walled perimeter encompasses three general population cell
blocks and two maximum security housing units.  Outside the main
facility, Folsom's minimum facility serves as a 410-bed dormitory unit.

Program features for minimum security inmates include outside work crew
assignments and community re-entry resources for inmates nearing
release.

Recently, three maximum security housing units with a design capacity
of 1,536 and minimum security housing for 200 were completed.  These
are now fully occupied.

One of the state's best-known prison industries, the metal stamping and
fabricating program which produces the license plates for California
motor vehicles, is located at Folsom.

Academic classes from first grade through the college level are offered
at Folsom, as are a variety of vocational training programs.  Group
counseling, organized recreation, and a number of inmate activity
groups are also available to inmates.  The handicraft program at Folsom
includes the operation of a hobbycraft shop located at the prison's
main gate which is open daily to the public.  Through this shop and an
art show held each year, many inmates are able to display and sell art
and craft products.  The Folsom Art Show receives considerable local
news media attention and is widely attended.

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTION FOR MEN (CIM)
Address: P.O. Box 128, Chino, CA 91710
Superintendent: Otis Thurman
Population: 6,676
Opened: 1941
The California Institution for Men is situated on more than 2,500 acres
in the city of Chino.  CIM consists of four physically separate
facilities.

When it was opened as California's third correctional institution in
1941, CIM was unique in the field of penology because it was known as
the "prison without walls."  CIM-Minimum is the minimum security
facility and houses the largest number of inmates.

In 1951, an addition to the original facility was completed.  This unit
is now known as Reception Center-Central.  It is one of two reception
centers for newly sentenced male felons from Southern California
counties.  The reception centers are delegated the arduous task of
ensuring the inmate is transferred to the appropriate prison.

The second reception center, Reception Center-West, a dormitory
facility, processes pre-sentenced diagnostic cases for the courts, and
houses overflow from the central reception center.

The fourth addition to CIM was in 1974 with the acquisition of a former
state facility orginally built for the Youth Authority.  Currently,
this facility, CIM-East, serves as a parole violator processing unit.

All custody levels from minimum through maximum security are provided
at CIM.

Vocational training provided at CIM ranges from animal grooming and
television repair to commercial deep-sea diving.  A full array of
academic programs is also available.  Work ethic values are taught in
all vocational educational and work incentive programs.  CIM provides a
viable setting for those wishing to redirect their lives while
emphasizing security and commitment to public safety.

DEUEL VOCATIONAL INSTITUTION (DVI)
Address: P.O. Box 400, Tracy, CA 95378-0004
Superintendent: Midge Carroll
Population: 2,626
Opened: 1953
Deuel Vocational Institution is a medium security institution located
near Tracy in the San Joaquin Valley.

The institution proper is encircled by two chain link fences forming a
security perimeter with eight gun towers.  The design capacity is
1,506.  Within the general population area of the prison, there are ten
cell blocks and two inmate-worker dormitories.  There is also one
specialized administrative segregation unit.  In addition to these
units located within the armed perimeter, a 278-bed dormitory style
facility, located on institution property, houses minimum custody
inmates assigned to critical work projects outside the armed perimeter,
including community work crews.  The institution's primary emphasis is
on work/training incentive, whereby inmates who work or who are
involved in the academic vocational programs can earn time off their
sentences.

Academic courses are provided for inmates from basic nonreaders through
college.  Twenty-two vocational training programs are available to
inmates.  An extensive on-the-job training program involving vocational
education, maintenance, and industries allows inmates to apply skills
learned in vocational education to real work situations.

Prison Industries operates a furniture factory, mattress factory,
textile assembly factory, trucking distribution center, farm and dairy
where inmates are paid on the basis of skills, production, and hours
worked.

Part of Deuel Vocational Institution will serve as a Reception Center
in the future.

CALIFORNIA MEN'S COLONY (CMC)
Address: P.O. Box 8101, San Luis Obispo, CA 93409
Warden: Wayne Estelle
Population: 6,898
Opened: 1954
The East Facility, completed in 1961, was originally designed to house
2,400 inmateS but has been modified to house 4,300.  The security
perimeter consists of two chain link fences controlled by security wire
and eight armed-guard towers.

The facility is divided into four units or quadrangles with a gate
control tower located in the center.  Each quad has its own dining
room, elementary classrooms, athletic fields and contains two
threestory buildings to house inmates.  A well-equipped 65-bed hospital
and clinic staffed by physicians, dentists, and other medical personnel
is also available to serve the CMC population.

The primary mission of the California Men's Colony is to implement the
department's goals of providing psychiatric treatment and evaluation
for the CMC population who require such treatment.  A team of
psychiatrists, psychologists, and neurological consultants offers a
comprehensive program of psychiatric evaluation and treatment.  In
addition, the East Facility offers both academic and vocational
education classes through the college level.  Prison Industries also
operates several industrial programs at the institution which offers
paid work experience.

The minimum-security West Facility was established in 1954 to house
1,400 inmates, but has recently been modified and renovated to house
2,400.

The West Facility offers academic education and vocational
trainingclasses.

Unit III, which is enclosed by a single non-towered fence line,
includes inmate maintenance crews assigned to the National Guard Unit
at Camp San Luis and inmates working outside the security perimeter
fence at both CMC facilities.

A work/fire camp (Camp Cuesta), operated jointly by the Department of
Corrections and the Department of Forestry, is located on Unit III's
grounds.

CALIFORNIA CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION (CCI)
Address: P.O. Box 1031, Tehachapi, CA 93561
Superintendent: B.J. Bunnell
Population: 4,551
Opened: 1955
The California Correctional Institution is located approximately 50
miles east of Bakersfield in a valley among the Tehachapi Mountains.

Legislation passed in 1929 authorizing the construction of the
Tehachapi facility to provide living quarters for women felons.

Previously, all female felons had been housed at San Quentin Prison.

The institution was completed in 1932 and occupied by women beginning
in 1933.  In 1952, an earthquake forced evacuation of the buildings.

The women were moved to a new facility which had been under
construction near Corona.

The Tehachapi facility was reopened as a branch of the California
Institution for Men in 1955, and it was declared a separate facility in
1964.  Construction of a medium security addition was completed in
1967.  Construction of two 500-man maximum security units was completed
and the units were occupied in October, 1985.  Construction of a
500-cell Level III unit was recently completed.

CCI acts as a program institution for the confinement of Level I
through IV inmates who are willing to work and participate fully in
available programs.  Academic education from nonreader through high
school is available with special programs for non-English speaking
inmates.  Vocational programs have 15 trade sections, and the Prison
Industries program produces inmate apparel, flags, drapes, decals and
office furniture.  The religious program is one of the most active in
CDC.

CALIFORNIA MEDICAL FACILITY (CMF)
Address: P.O. Box 2000, I"aca~e, CA 95696-2000
Superintendent: Eddie Ylst
Population: 7,920
Opened: 1955
The California Medical Facility was established by the Legislature in
1948 and originally opened at Terminal Island in 1950.  The facility
moved to its present location in 1955.

Originally designed to house 1,487 inmates, the capacity of CMF has
been increased to house 1,854 with the addition of an outside
dormitory.  In 1956, the Northern Reception Center complex was added to
process adult male felons from the Northern California counties, with a
capacity of 472.  The reception center also prepares presentence
diagnostic evaluations for northern countieS.

The main complex serves as a medical and psychiatric treatment facility
for adult male felons.  Programs include the treatment of chronic
psychotics, group therapy, a 90-day observation program for evaluation
of management cases, and medical treatment for inmates requiring
surgery or long-term medical care.  CMF also houses a work force of
medium security inmates to support institutional operations.

CMF-South is the newest addition to the CMF complex.  It stands within
a separate fenced perimeter and is designed to provide housing for
2,404 Level II and III inmates, bringing the total capacity of the
institution to 4,730.  Although the name, CMF-South, implies a medical
function, the specific focus of CMF-South is vocational training and
prison industries production.  Inmates at CMF may participate in a
variety of vocational and educational courses at the elementary, high
school, and college level.  CMF has a large selection of self-help and
religious programs which are available.  The institution also has an
extensive arts and crafts program which includes public exhibitions and
sales of inmate handicrafts.

CALIFORNIA REHABILITATION CENTER (CRC)
Address: P.O. Box 1841, Norco, CA 91760
Superintendent: loren Chastain
Population: 4,712
Opened: 1962
Originally a private resort, then a hotel and later a U.S. Naval
hospital, the property on which the California Rehabilitation Center is
located was acquired in 1962 for the purpose of establishing a program
for the treatment and control of narcotic addicts.

The institution now functions as a Level II facility for both male and
female felons, as well as civil commitments with a history of drug
abuse.  CRC is located in Norco in Riverside County about 50 miles east
of Los Angeles.  Buildings within the 93-acre complex include the
original resort facility.  Once occupied by Navy nurses and hospital
wards, the buildings have been converted to dormitories.  The facility
houses a population of approximately 1,000 women and 3,700 men in
separate areas of the institution.

Program opportunities include academic education (elementary through
high school and some college), vocational training classes (some coed),
various work programs including a conservation camp (Camp Norco), a
pre-release program to assist individuals with their re-entry needs,
prison industries, and outside work crews.  These crews work in the
local community and under contract for CalTrans.

Inmates are also encouraged to participate in a variety of religious
programs and self-help groups.  Some groups are heavily involved in
community programs concerning problems of alcohol or drug abuse, while
others learn participatory management through councils established to
meet with staff and help solve problems which arise within the
institution.  All physically capable inmates must participate in work
or education programs.

CALIFORNIA CORRECTIONAL CENTER (CCC)
Address: P.O. Box 790, Susanne, CA 96130
Superintendent: William Merle
Population: 5,098 (Including Camps)
Opened: 1963
The California Correctional Center is located 80 miles north of Reno,
Nevada, near the Lassen County city of Susanville.

The institution was originally opened as California Conservation Center
in 1963 and served as the hub facility for Northern California
conservation camps.  However, the mission of the facility was changed
in 1975 from a camp center to a facility to house medium security
inmates.  The name of the facility was changed at that time to its
present title, California Correctional Center, to reflect its new
mission.  In July, 1982, the center was once more designated as the hub
facility for the northern conservation camps.  These ten camps have the
capacity to house more than one thousand inmates.  Five additional
camps are being planned with a capacity to house an additional 500
inmates.

Although the primary mission is to service the camp system, there are
several hundred inmates housed within the center who are not eligible
to go to camp.  Academic and vocational programs available to these
inmates include repairs and modifications of wood, metal, automotive,
clothing products, and shoes for state agencies.  Cleaning and repair
of clothing for schools and fire departments, local road cleanup and
minor repair, park maintenance, and canvas modification and repair for
the Department of Forestry are among other programs offered.

The inmates housed inside the center are also assigned to support
services.  Support assignments include culinary, clerical, maintenance,
and other duties needed to run the institution.

A new 500-bed unit was recently finished for medium security inmates.

This consistS of five buildings, each containing 100 cells.

SIERRA CONSERVATION CENTER (SCC)
Address: P.O. Box 497, Jamestown, CA 95327
Superintendent: R.E. Doran
Population: 5,592 (including camps)
Opened: 1965
Opened in 1965, the Sierra Conservation Center's primary purpose is to
train inmates for placement in the state's central and southern campS,
which are jointly operated by the Department of Corrections, Department
of Forestry, and the Los Angeles County Fire Department.  The camps are
located throughout Central and Southern California, from Sacramento
County to San Diego County.

SCC is located near Jamestown in the state's historic gold rush
country.  The facility is divided into two housing units - one
providing light security controls, the other medium.  Both units
utilize dormitory living.

Inmates are selected for SCC either directly from the department's
reception centers or from other institutions.

Staff under contract from the Department of Forestry instruct inmates
in fire fighting, reforestation, cutting fuel breaks, and flood
control.  In addition, a special program of physical conditioning
prepares inmates for hard work in rugged terrain and on forest
firelines prior to their camp assignment.

Vocational training programs include mill and cabinet work, masonry,
welding, auto mechanics, body and fender work, and upholstery.  While
they are undergoing forestry and physical fitness training at SCC,
inmates may take part in recreation, religious, self-help, and work
programs.

The SCC main facility is designated as a Level I and II institution.  A
5-building, 500-inmate Level III addition to the existing facility was
recently occupied.

CALIFORNIA STATE PRISON, AVENAL
Address: P.O. Box 8, Avenal, CA 93204
Superintendent: Al Gomez
Design Capacity: 3,034
Opened: 1987
The CSP-Kings County at Avenal is located roughly one and one half
miles southeast of Avenal, about 75 miles southwest of Fresno, on a
640-acre site.  The groundbreaking ceremony was conducted on December
18, 1985, and the first busload of inmates was received on January 28,
1987.

CSP Avenal is a program institution for the confinement of Level II
inmates who are willing to work and participate fully in available
programs.  Academic education as well as a variety of vocational
training programs will be available upon completion of construction.

The Prison Industries Board has also approved a variety of industries
for this facility.

MULE CREEK STATE PRISON
Address: P.O. Box 409099, lone, CA 95640
Superintendent: Roger C. Schaufel
Design Capacity: 1,700
Opened: 1987
Mule Creek State Prison is located just west of the town of lone and
about forty miles south of Sacramento.  Upon completion of
construction, each of three facilities will contain five housing units
for a total of fifteen.  One housing unit is a 100cell short-term
Administrative Segregation unit, and the remaining housing units are
100 cells each, suited for general population.

On June 10, 1987, Facility C was activated and received inmates.

Mule Creek State Prison is a program institution for the confinement of
Level I and III inmates who are willing to work and fully participate
in available programs.  Academic and vocational programs will be
available upon completion of construction.  The Prison Industry
Authority has developed and approved a variety of industries for this
facility.

RICHARD J. DONOVAN CORRECTIONAL FACILITY (RJD)
Address: P.O. Box 73200, San Ysidro, CA 92073-9200
Superintendent: J.M. Ratelle
Design Capacity: 2,200
Opened: 1987
The Richard J. Donovan Correctional Facility at Rock Mountain is on a
774-acre site, southeast of the city of San Diego, approximately 12
miles inland from the Pacific Ocean and two miles north of the Mexican
Border.  The "Rock," as it is affectionately known, opened July 27,
1987.  The facility will add 2,000 medium security (Level III) and 200
minimum security (Level I) beds to the California state prison system.

The prison has four 55-bed medium security facilities and one 200-bed
minimum security facility.

The primary mission of the Richard J. Donovan Correctional Facility,
Level III, is to provide housing and supervision for inmates requiring
medium security.  This Level III facility is primarily designed as a
training and work-oriented facility which will provide comprehensive
vocational, academic, and industrial programs.  The facility provides
work opportunities for 100 percent of the inmates.

The Prison Industry Authority Enterprises, approved for this prison,
include a textile mill, key data entry service, vehicle refurbishing
and repair, regional bakery, license plate factory, optical laboratory,
and regional laundry.  Vocational programs include, baking,
meatcutting, landscape gardening, lens grinding, airframe mechanics,
aircraft power plant mechanics, mill and cabinetry work, small engine
repair, office machine repair, graphic arts and printing, machine shop
practices, autobody painting, auto mechanics, dry cleaning, and
building and janitorial maintenance.

The Richard J. Donovan Correctional Facility is designated as the
department's Southern Deportation Unit and provides 200 beds for the
utilization of this program.  The facility also is a Southern
Processing Unit for parole violators, returned to custody (PV-RTC) for
San Diego and Imperial counties.  This unit will provide 200 beds for
the processing of these cases.

The Richard J. Donovan Correctional Facility assists in fulfilling the
department's goal to distribute inmates to geographic areas from which
they were committed.

NORTHERN CALIFORNIA WOMEN'S FACILITY (NCWF)
Address: P.O. Box 213006, Stockton, CA 95213-9006
Superintendent: Teena Farmon
Design Capacity: 400
Opened: 1987
The Northern California Women's Facility is located in San Joaquin
County, just south of Stockton, adjacent to the Northern California
Youth Center.  The first women's prison located in northern California,
NCWF is a medium security facility, consisting of four 100-cell housing
units.

The first inmates were received July 27, 1987, and design capacity was
reached on August 12,1987.  NCWF is a program institution for the
confinement of inmates who are willing to work and participate fully in
available programs.  Basic adult education and vocational programs
(electronics and data processing) are available for those inmates who
are interested.

Prison Industries programs include Key Data Entry and Laundry
Operations.

Conservation Camps
The conservation camp program has evolved from the system of road camps
which was inaugurated in 1915.  Known successively as Highway Camps,
Harvest Camps, and Honor Camps, the camps were devised to relieve
overcrowded prison conditions and create useful employment for inmates
who could achieve minimum security status.

Today, the Department of Corrections, the Department of Forestry and
other cooperating agencies jointly administer 34 conservation Camps.

Corrections is responsible for camp management, housekeeping and the
supervision of inmates.  Cooperating agency staff supervise the work of
inmate crews and are responsible for custody of inmates on daily
project duties.

The typical camp has from 80 to 120 inmates.  Eight to ten correctional
personnel and seven to eleven cooperating agency staff are assigned to
each camp.

Inmates are assigned to camps after completion of training at SCC or
CCC.  Most inmates spend an average of one year in a camp assignment
and are paid a small daily wage while assigned.

During an average fiscal year, camp crews spend more than one half
million man hours in fire suppression.  Crews may be dispatched from
camps hundreds of miles away from the scene of a major fire and
sometimes spend a week or more at a fire camp location.

In addition to fire fighting, inmate crews undertake fire hazard
reduction, fire and truck trail construction, reforestation, work
related to the preservation and conservation of natural resources, and
other projects for state, county, or local agencies.

While assigned to a camp program, inmates may enroll in academic
classes and, at some camps, vocational training courses are also
available.  Most camps now have family visiting units for inmate use.

VISITING INSTRUCTIONS
Families and friends of the men at USP, Lompoc (3901 Klein Blvd.,
Lompoc, CA 93436), are their primary contact with the community.

Visiting, therefore, becomes much more important during the time a man
iS confined.  Because of the special nature of the institution and our
concern for the security and well being of the men here, we have
developed the following instructions and regulations, which we ask you
to follow.

Normally members of the immediate family (parents, brothers, sisters,
wife, and children) are automatically placed on the inmate's approved
visiting list.  Persons who are not immediate family members and yet
would like to be on the approved list should request so to the inmate's
assigned unit management staff.  After a person's name is placed on the
approved list, it is not necessary to obtain permission in advance of a
visit.  All other persons must obtain permission in advance to visit,
This may be done by writing to the inmate's assigned unit staff, USP,
Lompoc, California 93436, at least four weeks before the visit is
planned.  If the visit is granted, the requesting party will be
notified by letter of authorization, which must be presented to the
institution at the time of the visit.

Visiting will be permitted from 8:30 a.m. to 3:30 p.m., weekdays and
weekends, except on Tuesday and Wednesday, when the visiting room will
be closed.  Consideration will be given to opening the visiting room on
federal holidays that occur on Tuesday or Wednesday.  Legal holidays
are New Year's Day, Washington's Birthday, Memorial Day, Independence
Day, Labor Day, Columbus Day, Veteran's Day, Thanksgiving, and
Christmas.

Each inmate will be allotted 40 points permitting 20 to 40 hours of
visiting per month.  On weekends and holidays, the inmate will be
charged two points for each hour of visiting.  On weekdays, the inmate
will be charged one point for each hour of visiting.  These limitations
are necessary to avoid overcrowding in the visiting area and excessive
loss of time from the inmate's program.  Reasonable requests for
additional visits due to unusual circumstances will be made in advance
to the unit management staff.

Normally only four (4) persons are permitted to visit an inmate at any
one time, including children.  Visitors under sixteen years of age must
be accompanied by a legal guardian, who must also be on an approved
visiting list.  Children must be the son, daughter, brother, or sister
of the inmate.  Visitors will be responsible for keeping the children
in their company and under control within the bounds of the visiting
area.

Female visitors are expected to use good taste in their dress.  Persons
who come immodestly or provocatively dressed will be denied the
privilege of visiting.  Appropriate embracing, kissing, and handshaking
by immediate family members will be permitted within the bounds of good
taste at the beginning and termination of the visiting period.

All visitors must have some valid proof of their identification with
them.  I.D.s must have appropriate picture identification.  Signature
identification by itself will not be acceptable.  Visitors may present
a state driver's license, federal or state I.D. cards, welfare cards,
or passports as picture identification.

Visitors may purchase candy, cigarettes, and beverages from the
machines located in the visiting area.  These items must be consumed by
the inmate and his visitor during the visit.  The inmate may take
nothing back to his quarters.

The visitor may bring only the following items into the visiting area:
change purse, money, cigarettes, lighter or matches, comb, heart
medication, jewelry normally worn, diaper bag to include baby bottle,
food, clothes, diapers, powder, or lotion.  Unauthorized items will be
stored in security lockers provided in the front lobby or may remain in
the visitor's vehicle.  The visitor may retain the key to the locker
during the storage period and return the key at the end of the visiting
period.

To introduce contraband of any kind into this institution is a
violation of Federal Law (Title 18, Section 1791, US Code).

Inmates are furnished all necessities, and visitors should refrain from
bringing articles or gifts of any kind.  Cameras and tape recorders are
not permitted in the visiting area.  Inmates will not be permitted to
sign or exchange any papers during the visit.  The viSiting room
officer may request a search of the visitor's personal property.  Those
visitors found with contraband items will be escorted from the
institution and normally removed from the visiting privileges for an
extended period or permanently.

The institution is located approximately five miles northwest of
Lompoc.  Drive west through the city on Ocean Avenue (Route 246), turn
right on Floradale Avenue, proceed approximately three miles (through
the traffic light, across the bridge, and around the bend) to the main
entrance road.  Signs will direct you to the main entrance.  Taxi and
bus service are available from Lompoc to the institution.

No parking is allowed on the roadway leading to the institution or in
the circle drive immediately in front of the main gate.  Visitors will
be directed to the left side parking lot, where visiting parking is
clearly marked.  No occupants may remain in parked carS.  Nonvisitors
must leave the institution reservation and may return to pick up the
visitors at a prearranged time.

We suggest you arrive no earlier than fifteen minutes before visiting
begins, as we do not have adequate waiting room facilities, and you
might be inconvenienced.  Usually you will be permitted to visit as
long as possible, but it may be necessary on occasion to limit the
amount of visiting time to relieve overcrowding.  Also, a failure to
comply with these instructions may result in termination of the visit
or suspension or cancellation of the visiting privilege.

THE COURTROOM
many crime dramas wind up in courtrooms, and it is also conceivable
that much of a crime story can be played out in a courtroom with
occasional trips to other locations for investigative purposes or with
the tried-and-true and often trite use of flashbacks.  One of the most
famous television series that played out most of its crime drama inside
the courtroom was Erle Stanley Gardner's Perry Mason.

It is essential that the writer be familiar with the courtroom and its
procedures, especially the type of courtroom to be used, e.g.,
pretrial, grand jury, superior court, appellate court, and sentencing
court.

Although this book does contain some information on the various courts
and judges, it is advisable to consult a legal expert when using legal
terms, procedures, legal movements, presence of a jury, etc.

CHARACTERS IN A COURTROOM
CHARACTERS IN A COURTROOM INCLUDE:
Judge
Bailiff
Court stenographer
Jury (where applicable)
Prosecuting attorney or attorney for the plaintiff
Defense attorney or attorney for the respondent
Witnesses (for defense and prosecution, where applicable)
Generally, with the exception of a military court, most courtrooms all
look alike and contain the bench, at which the judge is seated; the
court stenographer's typing stand, which can be located on either side
of the judge's bench; an American flag and the state flag on each side
of the judge's bench; the table at which the prosecuting attorney is
seated (or in a civil case, where the attorney for the plaintiff and
the plaintiff are seated); and the table at which the defense attorney
is seated with the accused (or in a civil case, where the respondent is
seated with counsel).

The jury box for the eleven jurors and the jury foreman or forewoman
can be placed on either side of the courtroom between the bench and the
attorneys' tables.  A railing marks off that part of the courtroom
where the case is heard and tried.  Behind the railing are rows of
spectators' benches; the number of benches set aside is determined by
the size of the courtroom.  Witnesses are usually seated in the
viewers' section unless otherwise specified.

LAWYERS--TYPES
Criminal (Prosecuting, Defense)
Civil
Trial
Corporate
Bankruptcy
Marine
Probate
Patent
Real Estate
International
Insurance
Tax
Forensic
Divorce
Legal Aid or Public Defender
LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES (NONFEDERAL) AND OFFICIALS
District Attorney's Office
County Prosecutor's Office
City Attorney's Office
State Attorney General's Office
Chief Magistrate's Office
Police Department (Local, City)
Sheriff's Department
State Police
Police Sciences
Transit Police
Highway Patrol
Police Commission
Chief of Police
Sheriff
Deputy Sheriffs
Marshal's Office
Deputy Marshals
Police Officers (male and female)
Chief of Detectives
Detectives
Justices of the Peace
Judges
Coroner
Magistrates
Medical Examiner
COURTS
U.S. Supreme Court
State Supreme Court
County Supreme Court
State Circuit Courts of Appeal
State Appellate Courts of Appeal
County Court
High Court
Felony Court
Superior Court
Police Court
Court of Special Sessions
Maritime Court
Probate Court
Traffic Court
Surrogate's Court
Juvenile Court
Domestic Relations Court
Bankruptcy Court
Magistrate's Court
District Court
Small Debtors Court
Small Claims Court
Chancery Court
Courts of Common Pleas
Tax Court
Court of Claims
Court of Record
International Court
U.S. ARMED FORCES COURTS
General Court-Martial
Summary Court-Martial
Regimental Court-Martial
Special Court-Martial
Garrison Court-Martial
Court of Inquiry
CHURCH COURTS
Ecclesiastical and Disciplinary Courts
SPECIAL JURIES
Federal Grand Jury
Military Board of Inquiry
State Grand Jury
County Grand Jury
Coroner's Jury
THE POLICE CRIME LAB
High cost police crime labs cover all areas of the scientific aspects
of crime solving.  These areas include fingerprints, ballistics,
toxicology, examination of laundry and cleaning markings, hair and
fibers, tracing materials and dyes, stains, traces and chemical
analysis, casts and moldings, impressions, typewriter and handwriting
analysis and identification, problems with documents, writing inks,
examination of paper, comparisons, photographs, etc.

Police labs are designed for large police departments and are usually
broken down into a number of sections.  These represent a typical
breakdown, which may vary from one city to another.  In small cities or
municipalities, many of these divisions may be combined or eliminated
and the work sent out for processing.

Trace evidence
Serology
Crime-scene investigation section
Firearms section
Questioned documents
Photographic lab
Instrument section, covering design and construction of an apparatus
Toxicology
Narcotics and dangerous drugs
CHEMICAL EXAMINATIONS
Toxics
Explosives
Specimen comparisons
Unknown specimens
Narcotics
Incendiary and inflammables
BIOLOGICAL
Blood samples
Urine
Semen
Saliva
Hair and fiber
DNA typing
MARKINGS IDENTIFICATION
Tire impressions
Foot impressions
Fingerprints,
handprints
Clothing markings
Personal effects
Trace evidence (glass, lenses, auto parts, paint)
FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION
Identification of cartridges, bullets, shells
Firearms
Distance and trajectory
Locks, keys, tool markings
DOCUMENTS SECTION
Handwriting analysis
Typewriters
Paper identification
Copiers
Indented writing (still relatively rare)
Writing instruments
Erasures
PHOTOGRAPHIC
Microphotography
Infrared photography
Ultraviolet photography
Radio photography
Contrast and filter
Science and technology move at such a rapid pace that it would be
virtually impossible to list the most recent technological equipment
being used in crime labs of law-enforcement agencies.  It is therefore
recommended that the writer contact the law-enforcement agency you are
using in your story for an update on the equipment now available.

Albums (family, picture, class books)
Auto licenses
Bank books
Biographies
Birth certificates
Birthmarks
Bills and invoices
Books
Bracelets (I.D.)
Business cards
Charge accounts (stores, restaurants, purchases)
Checks
Church membership
Club membership
Clothing tags (manufacturers)
College records
Court records
Credit cards
Criminal records
Dental records
Eyeglasses and case
Fingerprint records
Family Bible
Hearing aid
Inscriptions
Laundry and dry-cleaning marks
Matchbooks
Medical records
Military records
Mortuary records
Office records
Passport records
Real-estate records
Repair receipts
Sales slips
School records
Social security records
Voting records
Welfare records
LIST OF CRIMES
Abduction
Adultery
Affray
Aiding and abetting Armed robbery
Arson
Assault
Auto theft
Battery
Bigamy
Blackmail
Bookmaking
Bootlegging
Bribery
Burglary
Compounding a felony
Concealment of birth or death
Conspiracy
Counterfeiting
Disorderly conduct
Disturbing the peace
Drunk driving
Drunkenness
Dueling
Embezzlement
Escape from lawful imprisonment
Extortion
False impersonation
False imprisonment
Forgery
Gambling
Grand larceny
Hijacking
Homicide
Illegal sale of arms
Impersonating an officer
Incest
Indecent exposure
Industrial espionage
Kidnapping
Larceny
Libel and slander
Littering
Loan sharking
Loitering
Manslaughter
Manslaughter, voluntary
Manslaughter, involuntary
Misconduct in office
Murder
Narcotics (sale, possession, smuggling)
Obstruction of justice
Perjury
Piracy
Prostitution
Rape
Rape, statutory
Receiving stolen goods
Resisting arrest
Rioting
Robbery
Sabotage
Slavery
Smuggling
Suicide
Swindling
Tampering with evidence
Trespassing
Unlawful assembly
Vandalism
Weapons (selling, carrying concealed, firing in public)
White slavery
CRIMES ASSOCIATED WITH POLITICS
Assassination
Bribery
Blackmail
Compounding a felony
Conspiracy
Cover-up
Embezzlement of government funds
Falsifying records
Fraud
Graft
High treason
Libel and slander
Malfeasance in office
Misuse of government funds
Perjury
Treason
Unauthorized destruction of public records
CRIMES ASSOCIATED WITH BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONS
Arson
Compounding a felony
Copyright or patent infringement
Counterfeiting
False advertising
False records or books
Hijacking
Illegal stock transactions
Industrial espionage
Insider trading
Mail fraud
Possession of stolen merchandise
Record piracy
Revealing privileged information
Sale of illegal goods
Sexual harassment
Tax fraud
Theft
DOMESTIC CRIMES
Assault
Battery
Child abandonment
Child abuse
Child molestation
Harassment
Husband beating
Incest
Marital rape
Mercy killing
Nonpayment of child support
Parent abuse
Wife beating
CRIMES ASSOCIATED WITH RACKETEERING (nonorganized)
Blackmail
Illegal siding business
Illegal stock-and-bond trading
Insurance frauds
Mail-order fraud
Phony accident claims
Phony land promotions
Phony mediums
Phony money-producing schemes
Protection extortion
Quack doctors
Shell games
Skimming
Swindling
Glossary
Abduction: Taking a man's wife, child, or ward without his consent or
consent of the parent or guardian, by fraud and persuasion, or by open
violence, for the purpose of marriage or prostitution.

Adultery: In some states, voluntary sexual intercourse between persons,
one of whom is lawfully married to another, both parties being guilty.

Intercourse by a married person with one who is not his or her spouse,
the married person only being guilty.

Affray: The fighting of two or more persons in some public place to the
terror of the people.  Not premeditated.

Arson: Willful and malicious burning, or causing to be burned, of a
building or dwelling.  There must be some burning, however slight, and
the burning must be caused maliciously.  Arson is a felony at common
law.

Assault: An unlawful attempt or application of force and violence, to
do a hurt to another.  (1) Common or simple assault is where there are
no aggravating circumstances, for example, a blow delivered within
striking distance but which does not reach its mark.  (2) Aggravated
assault is committed with the intention of committing some additional
crime.  This includes assault with a deadly weapon.  There must, to
constitute a criminal assault, be at least an apparent ability to
commit battery.

Battery: Assault by any force, however slight, applied to another
person directly or indirectly.

Bigamy or polygamy: Committed where one, being legally married, marries
another person during the life of his or her spouse.

Bribery: Receiving or offering any undue reward by or to any public
official in order to influence any act or behavior in office.

Burglary: Breaking and entering the house of another with intent to
commit a felony, whether the felony be actually committed or not.  To
constitute the crime: (1) There must be an actual or constructive
breaking and an entry.  (2) The house or building broken into and
entered must belong to another person.  (3) The breaking and the entry
must be with the intent to commit a felony in the house.  Burglary is a
felony.

Compounding a felony: An offense by a person who, having been directly
injured by a felony, agrees with the criminal that he or she will not
prosecute him, the criminal, on condition of receipt of a reward or
bribe not to prosecute.

Conspiracy: A combination or agreement between two or more persons to
do an unlawful act.  This offense is usually divided into: (1) The end
to be attained is in itself a crime.  (2) The object is lawful, but the
means by which it is to be attained are unlawful.  (3) The object is to
do an injury to a third person, though if the wrong were inflicted by a
single individual, it would be a civil wrong and not a crime.

Conspiracies are misdemeanors, unless made felonies by statute.

Counterfeiting: To copy or imitate without authority or right, and with
a view to deceive or defraud by passing the copy or thing that has been
forged for that which is original or genuine.

Disorderly conduct: A term of loose and indefinite meaning, generally
signifying behavior that is contrary to law, and more particularly to
disturbing the public peace or shock the public sense of morality.

Disturbance of the peace: Interruption of the peace and order of a
neighborhood or community by unnecessary and distracting noises.

Drunkard: One whose habit is to get drunk, whose inebriety has become
habitual.  A common drunkard is defined by statute in some states as a
person who has been convicted of public drunkenness a number of times
within a limited period.

Dueling: The fighting of two persons, one against the other, at an
appointed time and place, upon a precedent quarrel.  To challenge
another to duel, or to provoke another to send a challenge constitutes
the crime, even though no actual fighting takes place.  If the duel
takes place and one of the parties is killed, the other is guilty of
murder, and all who are present abetting the crime are guilty as
principals in the second degree.

Embezzlement: A crime defined generally as the unlawful appropriation
of property to his or her own use by a servant, clerk, trustee, public
officer, or other person to whom the possession has been entrusted by
the owner.

Escape: The departure out of custody of a person lawfully imprisoned,
before he or she is entitled to liberty by the process of law.  Escapes
are either voluntary or negligent.  The former is the case when the
keeper voluntarily concedes to the prisoner any liberty not authorized
by law.  The latter is the case when the prisoner contrives to leave
prison by force, or any other means, without the knowledge or against
the will of the keeper.  Prison breaks are the breaking and going out
of confinement by one who is lawfully imprisoned.  A rescue is the
forcible delivery of a prisoner from lawful custody by one who knows
that the prisoner is in custody.

Extortion: The unlawful taking by an officer of money or anything of
value that is not due the officer.  The distinction between bribery and
extortion is that the former is the offering of a present, or receiving
one if offered; and the latter is the demanding of a fee or present.

Extortion in many jurisdictions is sometimes called blackmail.

False imprisonment: The unlawful arrest or detention of a person
without warrant, or by an illegal warrant for that purpose by force and
constraint without confinement.

False impersonation: The criminal offense of falsely representing some
other person and acting in the character thus unlawfully assumed, in
order to deceive, gain some profit or advantage, or enjoy some right or
privilege.

Forgery: The falsely making of, or altering with intent to defraud, any
writing which, if genuine, might apparently be of legal efficacy, or
the foundation of a legal liability.  To constitute the crime, the
making or the alteration must be false, and it must be committed with
the intent to defraud.

Homicide: The killing of any human creature; the act of a human being
taking away the life of another human being.  Homicides are ordinarily
classified as justifiable, excusable, or felonious.  Justifiable
homicide is the taking of a human life under circumstances of
justification, as a matter of right, such as self-defense or other
causes set out in the statute.  Excusable homicide is the killing of a
human being by misadventure.  Felonious homicide is the wrongful
killing of a human being, of any age or either sex, without
justification or excuse in law, of which offense there are generally
two degrees.

Larceny: The felonious stealing, taking, and carrying away the personal
goods of another from any place, with a felonious intent to convert the
goods to the taker's use and make them his or her property without the
consent of the owner.  The goods must be personal and not real
property, and the intent must exist at the time of the taking.  In most
jurisdictions, the taking need not be for the advantage of the thief,
and it need never be for pecuniary advantage.

Larceny, grand and petty: Statutes now provide that lesser thefts are
classified as petty larceny or thefts, while major thefts are
classified as grand larceny or thefts.

Libel and slander: Both are malicious defamations--expressed either by
writing, printing, sign, or pictures or the like--that tend to blacken
the memory of one dead; or to impeach the honesty, integrity, virtue,
or reputation; or to publish the natural or alleged defects of one who
is alive and thereby expose that person to public contempt, ridicule,
or hatred.  Libel refers to written defamation, and slander refers to
verbal defamation.

Manslaughter: The unlawful killing of a human creature without malice,
either expressed or implied, without deliberation, upon a sudden heat
of passion, or in the commission of an unlawful act or a lawful act
without due caution and circumspection.  The distinction between
manslaughter and murder rests on malice.  In manslaughter, though the
act that occasioned the death was unlawful or likely to be attended
with bodily mischief, malice, either expressed or implied, is presumed
to be wanting.  Malice is the very essence of murder.  The statutes and
decisions vary as to what constitutes manslaughter, and there are
various degrees of manslaughter recognized in some states.

Manslaughter, voluntary: The taking of a human life committed
voluntarily upon a sudden heat of passion.

Manslaughter, involuntary: The taking of a human life while committing
an unlawful act--not felonious or tending to cause great bodily
harm--or in committing a lawful act without using proper caution or
requisite skill, and therefore unguardedly or undesignedly killing
another.

Misconduct in office: This is considered malfeasance and a misdemeanor
for any public officer in the exercise of the duties of office; to do
any illegal act or abuse discretionary power with which that officer is
invested by law, for an improper motive.

Murder: The unlawful killing with malice aforethought of one human
being by another.  By statute, the crime is divided into two or more
degrees, according to the heinousness of the deed.  Murder is a felony.

Where malice aforethought exists, every homicide is murder.  Most of
the states divide the crime into two degrees, first and second;
however, in a few states, there are as many as five degrees.

Obstructing justice: A misdemeanor by statute in many states.  To
obstruct public or private justice by resisting or obstructing an
officer in the exercise of his or her duty, or by preventing attendance
of witnesses.

Perjury: The willful assertion as to a matter of fact, opinion, belief,
or knowledge made by a witness in a judicial proceeding as part of his
or her evidence under oath, whether given in open court or in an
affidavit.

Perjury, subornation of: The procuring of another to commit perjury;
perjury must actually have been committed.

Piracy: A robbery or forcible depredation upon property on the high
seas without lawful authority and with intention to steal.  The term is
also applied to the illicit reprinting or reproduction of a copyrighted
book or print or recorded device, and to unlawfully plagiarizing from
such materials.

Rape: Having unlawful, forcible, carnal knowledge, without consent,
includinginstances where: (1) resistance is overcome by actual force;
(2) no actual force is used, but because of person's condition, consent
cannot be given; (3) person is below the age of consent; (4) consent is
extorted by fear of immediate bodily harm; and (5) submission is
induced by fraud without intelligent consent.

Rape, statutory: Having sexual intercourse with one under statutory age.

Receiving stolen goods: The short term usually given to the offense of
receiving any property with the knowledge that it has been feloniously
or unlawfully stolen or embezzled.  The receiver must know that it was
stolen and must have felonious intent to withhold the property from the
owner.

Rioting: Any use of force or violence that disturbs the public peace,
or any threat to use such force or violence by two or more persons
acting together and without authority of law.

Robbery: The felonious taking of personal property in the possession of
another, from one's person or immediate presence and against his or her
will, accomplished by means of force or fear.

Suicide: Self-destruction; the deliberate termination of one's
existence.

Trespass: An unlawful act committed with violence, actual or implied,
causing injury to the person, property, or relative rights of another.

Unlawful assembly: The meeting together of three or more persons to the
disturbance of the public peace, and with the intention of cooperating
in the forcible and violent execution of some unlawful private
enterprise.

Weapons: Instruments used in fighting; instruments of offensive or
defensive combat.  The term is chiefly used in law in the statutes
prohibiting the carrying of "concealed" or deadly weapons.

White slavery: A term used in the U.S. statutes to indicate a female,
with reference to whom an offense is committed under the Mann White
Slave Traffic Act ofJune 25, 1910, which prohibits the transportation
of women and girls in the interstate and foreign commerce for immoral
purposes.

CONS, DUPES, AND TRICKERY
in order to gain a confidence, cause someone to confess, gain
possession, or plan a crime, a character in the writer's story must
resort to conning, duping, or tricking his or her opponent.  The
following list contains some suggested cons, dupes, and tricks that
could be employed:
Feeding someone misinformation.

Convincing another party that he or she is innocent.

Causing another party to believe something has happened that really
hasn't occurred.

Convincing another party that he or she has been double-crossed.

Convincing the other party that what he or she has is counterfeit.

Pretending to be an informer.

Causing the other party to believe an accomplice has talked or has
turned against him or her.

Pretending that someone (a witness, an accomplice, etc.) is dead.

Pretending a victim or witness is still alive.

Convincing someone that something counterfeit is real.

Pretending to be someone else.

Pretending to know already another's plan.

Convincing another that he or she has already been defeated.

Causing someone to believe he or she has been betrayed.

Pretending to know another's secret.

Causing another to act before he or she had planned.

Pretending to have changed sides.

DEVICES TO AID IN CONNING, DUPING, AND TRICKERY
Use of another's voice by imitation, electronics, etc.

Use of false papers or identification.

Leaving false prints.

Use of doctored photographs.

Use of counterfeits.

Use of theatrical sets.

Use of illusionary or special effects.

Playing on another's fears.

Use of hypnosis.

Use of brainwashing.

Playing on another's emotions--guilt, etc.

Planting false evidence.

Use of the occult.

Playing dead.

Use of psychology.

Use of false reports (medical, accounting, police).

GENERAL CRIME LANGUAGE
Ammo: Ammunition
A.R.: Armed robbery
Bad mouth: Derogatory statement
Bag man: One who moves or transports for organized crime
Bag lady: Same as above
Ball: Sexual intercourse
Bananas: Insane
Beat: To cheat or steal
Beat the rap: To get acquitted
Be down on: Be angry at, disapproving of
Belcher: An informer
Betty: Skeleton key
Bike: Motorcycle
Biker: Member of a motorcycle gang
Bitch: Homosexual who is effeminate
Bite: To solicit for a loan, as in "to put the bite on"
Blade: Knife
Bleeder: Extortionist
Blow: To leave
Boiler: Auto
Boogie: To leave
Book: Bookmaker's betting organization; to leave
Bookends: To go as a pair; "two peas in a pod"
Bookie: One who takes bets; one who "makes book"
Boost: To shoplift or steal
Booster: Shoplifter or thief
Bopper: One who shoots firearms; a hit man
Brain bucket: Motorcycle helmet
Brother: One of ours, usually associated with blacks
Bug: Burglar alarm; listening device, wire
Bugs: Crazy, insane
Bull: Policeman
Bum rap: False, unjustified accusation
Bummer: Rotten; bad luck; a depressing situation
Burn: Shoot; electrocute
Bust: A police raid; to be arrested ("busted")
Buster: Blackjack
Butterfly man: Forger
Button man: Someone who selects or points out the job
Buzzer: Policeman's shield
Call girl: High-priced prostitute
Candle and blood: Initiation into Mafia
Candy: Jewelry
Case: Reconnoiter
Chatterbox: Machine gun
Chiv: Knife
Chopper: Machine gun; modified motorcycle
Christmas bundles: Large sums of money
Colors: Emblem or identifying colors on outlaw motorcycle riders'
jackets or street gangs
Comer: Person on the way up
Con: To dupe someone out of money by gaining their confidence;
confidence man; convict
Contract: Hired to kill
Cool: At ease, no problems, content
Cop out: To quit
Cop a plea: Plea bargain; to accept with explanation
Cracker: Southerner
Crash: To break into; to come down after a drug-induced high
Croak: To kill
Cush: Money
Cut: To share; a substance used to increase the amount of a drug (and
thereby dilute its toxicity), as in adding baby powder or laxative to
cocaine for greater profit
Diamond season: Warm weather
Dig: Understand
Dip: Pickpocket
Do him, her: To kill him or her
Down on: To dislike a person; oral sex
Drop: Receiver of stolen goods; to kill
Drying out: Abstaining from alcohol; getting over being drunk
Dude: Male
Enforcer: Someone who carries out or enforces instructions of a
criminal boss, usually through physical intimidation
Faggot (fag): Homosexual
Fall: To be arrested, "taking a fall"
Far out: Favorable, good; extreme
Feds, Feebs: Federal law officers
Fence: Someone who buys and sells stolen goods
Finger: To point out or identify
Finger: As to "he gave me the finger"
Fink: Detective; an informer; "to fink," as in to betray or inform on a
cohort
Fix: Bribe
Flag: Warning
Freebee: Free, at no cost or consideration
Frisk: Pocket picking
Fry: To electrocute
Fuzz: Police
Gash: White woman raped
Gat: Firearm
Get fresh: To buy new clothes
Going down: About to happen
Gone: Leaving now, as in "I'm gone"
Grease: To bribe, as in "grease" someone's palm with money
Grease ball: Italian or Latin extraction
Grilfter: Swindler
Guinea: Italian
Hack it: Do it
Handle: Understanding; getting a good grip
Hanger banger: Stealer of pocketbook hanging on a woman's arm
Hanging paper: Passing bad checks
Hang it on him: To frame someone
Hardtail: Motorcycle with a rigid frame (no suspension in back)
Hard time: Jail time in state prison
Harmon: Motorcycle front end with no springs
Harness: Uniform Harness
Hull: Police
Head: As in oral copulation
Head screw: Prison warden
Heat: Police chase; police pressure; police officer
Heater: Gun
Heavy: Serious, of great importance
Hebe: Jew
Heister: Highway robber, as in truck hold-up
High: On drugs;
happy Hit: Kill
Hit on: To approach someone sexually; to borrow
Hock: To pawn; to annoy someone
Home boy: Neighborhood kid; gang member
Hooker: Prostitute
Hots, The: To like, especially to like a person sexually
Hustle: To steal; confidence racket
Hype: Short-change; make a big deal of something
Jimmy: To pry open
John: Rich guy; prostitute's customer
Joint: Marijuana; prison
Jugs: Woman's breasts
Jumper: One who jumps bail; one who leaps from window
Junk: Drugs, usually heroin
Kook: Strange person
Kinky: Weird, strange, abnormal
Lam: Escape
Legit: Legal
Liz: Police patrol
Looker: Attractive woman
Limey: English motorcycle
Main man: Close associate; boss; partner
Make: To obtain something; to detect
Man, The: Police
Mark: Proposed victim, usually of a swindle or scam
Marker: Gambling I.O.U.

McCoy, The Real: Genuine
Mickey Mouse: A piece of junk
Moll: Woman, usually a gangster's girlfriend
Moll buzzer: Picker of women's pockets
Mouthpiece: Lawyer
Mug: To rob a person by physical manhandling
Mule: One who transports drugs
Nailed: Arrested
Nippers: Handcuffs
One large: One hundred dollar bill
One-percenter: Outlaw motorcycle group (1 percent of motorcycle riders)
Oreo: "Uncle Tom"-type black, i.e., white on the inside, black on the
outside
Out of sight: Great
Owe me one: To owe an outstanding favor
Packin': Possession of a weapon; to take a rider on the back of a
motorcycle
Pad: Living quarters
Paddie, paddy, patty: White person.  In Boston, Irish
Paperhanger: Counterfeit money passer
Peter: Bank vault or safe
Peterman: Safecracker; someone who illegally enters a bank vault to
steal money
Pig: Police officer; woman who is a slut or ugly
Pin: Identify an individual by his lifestyle
Pinch: Arrest
Pineapple: Bomb
Plant: Place selected for robbery; place of concealment; a spy placed
in a trusted situation
Plastic: Fake, not real
P.O.: Parole or probation officer
Pokey: Jail
Post time: Time to start
Pushed out of shape: Angry
Put it down: To stop; to degrade
Put on: To tease or deceive; to confuse
Putt: Modified motorcycle
Putten: To go for a motorcycle ride
Queen: Male homosexual
Queer: Counterfeit money; homosexual
Quiff: Prostitute
Rabbi: Protector
Raflles: Burglar
Rags: Clothes
Raked: Car raised in back; extended front end of motorcycle without
raising ground level
Raincheck: Parole
Ranch: Residence
Rap: To talk; arrest or conviction; time in prison; to assume blame
Rat: To inform or betray
Rattler: Freight train
Read: To analyze or understand
Righteous: Good; honest, the truth
Right on: Good, perfect
Ripoff: A scam; stolen ("ripped off'); to be arrested; sexual
intercourse
Rock: Diamonds or precious gems; crystallized cocaine
Rock house: Heavily fortified and protected house dealing in drugs,
usually rock or crack
Rod: Firearm; penis
Roust: To be hassled by police
Run: Group of motorcycle riders going somewhere, usually at least fifty
miles away
Sap: Fool; blackjack
Scam: Ploy; plot; confidence racket
Scene: A location, usually of a crime; a social event; to draw
attention to
Schmuck: Fool
Scoot: Modified motorcycle
Scooter tramp: Outlaw-motorcycle-gang member
Score: To have sexual intercourse; the loot; to obtain drugs
Scratch: Money; bad check
Screw: Police; to have sexual intercourse
Shades: Sunglasses
ShaRed: Taken advantage of
Shank: Knife
Shill: Decoy
Shine (on): To ignore a person or plans; to tease
Shit: Dope
Sing: To confess; to inform on others
Sister: Female associate, usually black
Skim: Taking money from profits before delivery
Skip: To leave town; to jump bail
Slammer: Prison
Sled: Car
Sleepers: Wallets
Snatcher: Kidnapper
Snitch: Police informer
Solid: O.K., all right
Soul: Black-styled quality
Sounds: Music
Squeeze: Put pressure on
Split: To leave
Springer: Motorcycle front end that has dual springs
Stall: Confederate who obscures thief or hinders pursuit
Standup guy: Someone who can be depended upon
Stiff: Convict
Stir: Prison
Stoolie: informant
Stretch: Prison- or jail-sentence term
Sucker: A dupe; victim
Sucker pockets: Pockets on outside of garments
Suede: Black
Take: The money a corrupt policeman takes, as in "on the take"; the
spoils of a racket or a robbery
Take a cab: To leave
Take for a ride: Death trip of a hoodlum, or of a hoodlum's enemy
Take out: To murder
Tell it like it is: To tell the truth
Threads: Clothes
Tight: To be close to someone; friend
Till: Cash register; any place money is stashed
Tin man: Police
Together: State of self-understanding
Torch: To start a fire, usually arson; to pine over the loss of
someone, usually romantically
Torch job: Arson
Torpedo: Gunman; killer
Trike: Three-wheeled motorcycle
Trumpet: Triumph motorcycle
Turn: To inform to the police
Turn a trick: To prostitute
Twist: To inform to the police
Uncool: Unknowledgeable; not acting in a suave or socially accepted
manner
Up front: Straightforward
Uptown: Big time
vser: Drug addict
Vibes: Feelings
Vig: Loan shark's interest on loan
Vine: Clothes
Wagon: Car; coroner's van; police van
Washed: Refers to money that has been channeled through an intermediary
to conceal its source
W.A.S.P.: White Anglo-Saxon Protestant
Waste: To murder
Wheel: Boss; to bet one horse with all others in the race
Wheels: Car; woman'S breasts
Wheelman: Driver of a getaway car
Wheeler-dealer: Big man; con artist
Whiskers: Police
Wiped out: Tired, exhausted
Wired: Strung out; carrying a recording device
Wire room: Bookie's place
Wop: Italian
Yaleman: Expert with locks
Yancy: Nervous
Yard: One hundred dollars
Yid: Jew
Zap: To shoot
Zip gun: Homemade gun
CRIMINAL LAW
The following pages offer some definition of criminal law; however, as
a writer, you must be aware that the law varies in its complexities and
from city to city and state to state, as do the circumstances of the
crimes and the criminals involved, along with the way in which
investigations of crimes are handled.  When writing, it is always best
to consult a legal expert.

Simplistically, a police officer discovers or receives information that
there has been an infraction of the law committed, and in turn attemptS
to discover the identity of the crime and the criminal.  The officer
then seeks to capture, and help prove the guilt of the criminal by
providing the prosecution with witnesses, evidence, opportunity, and
motive after having read the accused his or her rights.

When the offense committed is a minor infraction of the law, the
magistrate, before whom the accused is brought, disposes of the case at
that time.  In the event the crime committed is of a more serious
nature, the defendant is held for further action by the court and is
admitted to bail, should bail be warranted.  The court then turns the
case over to the district attorney or prosecuting attorney, who then
charges the defendant, and a time for a preliminary hearing is set.  At
the hearing, the case is reviewed, with evidence presented at that
time.  Should that charge be a felony, the accused can be indicted and
ordered to stand trial by a grand jury, or the grand jury can dismiss
the charges should they agree that the evidence presented does not
warrant a trial.

A defendant has the right to admit to the charge or plead "not guilty."
Should he or she confess guilt and plead so, he will come before the
court for sentencing.  Should the defendant plead not guilty, a trial
is ordered, the defendant to be represented by the defendant's own
counsel, or if the defendant cannot afford counsel, one appointed by
the court.  At the trial, both the defense and the prosecution present
their cases, including witnesses and evidence to substanieate their
side of the case.  If the jury finds for the state and against the
defendant, the defendant is then sentenced (many times at a trial set
merely to determine the sentence) and committed to prison or given a
term of probation.  Depending upon the accused and the circumstances,
the judge may grant a reduction of the sentence or the possibility of
parole.

SENTENCING
It is impossible to list the sentences fitting certain crimes, as both
circumstances and the laws of each state vary.  Consult the
criminaljustice system of the city or state in which the crime you are
writing about takes place.

CRIMINAL LAW DEFINED
Definition of crime: A crime is an act that is injurious to the public,
punishable by the state by fine, imprisonment, or both, through a
judicial proceeding.  The elements of crime are so variable that it is
impossible to give any specific definition that would be correct both
inclusively and exclusively.  As each state is independent in making
and enforcing criminal law, the laws of each state must be examined to
determine the criminal character of any act, its judgment and sentence.

The purpose of criminal law: Crimes are prohibited and punished to
prevent injury to the public, which may include destruction or
interference with government, human life, private property, or other
valued institutions.  Desire for vengeance or uncompensability of
injury may also be included.

Reasons and purposes of punishment: One of the prime objectives is the
protection of society.  The object is to prevent the offender from
committing future wrongs while providing opportunity to reform the
offender, to make public punishment an example to others, and to bring
about retribution for the wrong committed.

Distinctions between crime and tort: A crime is a wrong that affects
the community in its aggregate capacity.  A tort is a wrong apart from
contract, which affects persons in their individual capacity.  One is a
public wrong, whereas the other is a private wrong.  In the case of a
crime, the wrongdoer is liable to criminal prosecution, whereas in the
case of a tort, the offender is liable only to a civil action by the
person injured.

Acts that may be both a crime and a tort: In such cases, the wrongdoer
faces both criminal action by the state and civil action by the party
he or she has injured.  These two actions are separate and distinct.

The object of the former is to punish as an example; the object of the
latter is to compensate the injured party.  Either action may precede
the other, depending on the laws of the individual states.

The five sources of law: (1) The United States Constitution; (2) Acts
of Congress; (3) State constitutions; (4) Acts of state and territorial
legislatures (known as statutes); and (5) The common law.  If a
provision of the United States Constitution conflicts with an act of
Congress, the latter is void.  If a valid act of Congress conflicts
with a provision of a state constitution, the latter is void.  If a
provision of a state constitution conflicts with a statute of the same
state, the latter is void.  And if an act of a state or territorial
legislature conflicts with a provision of the common law, the latter is
void.

The United States Constitution: Together with the treaties made in
pursuance thereof, the Constitution of the United States constitutes
the supreme law of the land.

Rights guaranteed to each individual under the Constitution of the
United States:
(1) Right of the writ of habeas corpus.

(2) Protection against the passage of bills of attainder or ex post
facto laws.

(3) Equality before the law by forbidding the creation of a titled
class by prohibiting the federal government from granting titles of
nobility.

(4) Right to a speedy trial in the case of accusation of a crime before
an impartial jury at the place of the commission of the crime.

(5) Freedom of religion, press, speech, assembly, and petition.

(6) Right to keep and bear arms for national defense.

(7) Protection against the unlawful quartering of troops.

(8) Right to a grand jury indictment before trial for a crime, and to
be confronted by witnesses, and to have the compulsory process to
obtain witnesses and the assistance of counsel to establish innocence.

(9) Protection against unreasonable search and seizure.

(10) Protection against self-incrimination in any trial or in the
giving of testimony.

(11) Protection against being twice placed in jeopardy of life or limb
for a crime.

(12) Protection against cruel and unusual punishment and excessive bail.

(13) Right to just compensation for any property taken for public use.

(14) Right to a trial by jury in civil cases.

(15) Protection against being deprived of life, liberty, or property
without due process of law.

(16) Protection against the impairment of the obligations of contracts
by the states.

(17) Equal protection of the law.

(18) Guarantee of a republican form of government in the state in which
the citizen resides.

(19) Protection from abridgment by the states of the privileges and
immunities of citizens of the United States.

(20) Protection from slavery and involuntary servitude except as
punishment for a crime.

(21) Right to hold public office under the United States if the citizen
meets the statutory and constitutional qualifications.

(22) Rights to freedom of ingress and egress from a state.

(23) Protection from domestic violence and foreign invasion.

(24) Protection from the abridgment of the right to vote by a state on
account of race or sex.

State constitutions: Each differs materially from the United States
Constitution.  The former constitutes the restrictions or limitations
of powers, whereas the latter constitutes, for the most part, grants of
power.

Acts of state legislatures: Unlike the Congress, state legislatures
have inherent power to declare acts criminal and to impose penalties
for their violation.  State power, however, in these respects, is not
absolute.  Enactments of the state legislatures must not conflict with
any provision of the U.S. Constitution, or of the state constitution,
or with any valid act of Congress.

The English common law: The basis of the English common law, sometimes
called the unwritten law, is immemorial usage and custom, and not
legislative enactment.  The generic term common law has been well
defined as "those maxims, principles, and forms of judicial
proceedings, which have no written law to prescribe or warrant them,
but which, founded on the laws of nature and the dictates of reason,
have, by usage and custom, become interwoven with the written laws;
and, by such incorporation, form a part of the municipal code of each
state or nation."
The American common law: Similar in most respects to the English common
law, insofar as the Supreme Court of the United States has decided that
English statutes that were enacted before the emigration of our
ancestors, and that were in force at that time, and that are applicable
to our conditions and surroundings, constitute a part of our common law.

Statutes: A statute provides that the state legislatures can punish any
act unless restricted by the state or federal Constitution.  The United
States Congress has no power to declare and punish crimes except those
derived from the federal Constitution.

Construction of statutes: Penal statutes are to be construed strictly
against the state and in favor of the accused.  Words must be given
their full meaning.  The courts will not strain and look for a meaning
that may have the effect of declaring the statute of no effect.  In
construing statutes, the intention of the legislature is to be sought,
and for this purpose the court will consider not only the act itself
but its preamble, and will also look into similar statutes on the same
subject, particularly the old law and the mischief to be remedied.  All
statutes are to be construed with reference to the provisions of the
common law.  In other jurisdictions, statutes are construed according
to natural meaning.

Penal codes: Many of the states have adopted penal or criminal codes,
which define what acts shall be punished as crimes.  The code is
intended to cover the whole law, and no act is a crime unless it is
expressly declared so.  Even in those states that have penal codes and
do not recognize common-law crimes, the common law is in force to the
extent that it may be resorted to for the definition of crimes that are
not defined in the statutes prohibiting them.

Substantive criminal law: Relates to the definition and classification
of crimes generally, the criminal act, the criminal intent, the
capacity to commit crime and exemptions from criminal liability, the
parties to crime, and a consideration of the important elements or
characteristics of particular offenses.

The administration of criminal justice: Includes the following
subjects: criminal procedure, police organization and administration,
prosecution, accusation, the defense of accused persons, the
organization of courts, pleadings, arraignment and trial, evidence,
judgment and sentence, appeals, probation, parole, pardon, penology and
prison administration, juvenile courtS, special procedures for crime
prevention, and laws designed to change social and industrial
conditions in order to prevent crime.  The federal government also has
an elaborate system of administration of criminal justice.

Criminal procedure: Consists of the rules according to which the
substantive law is administered.  It includes whatever is embraced by
the three terms pleading, evidence, and practice, and means those rules
that direct the course of proceedings to bring defendants into court,
and the proceedings followed in court after they are brought in.

Prosecution: Prosecutions in criminal cases are controlled by a group
of officers called U.S. attorneys, prosecuting attorneys, county
attorneys, district attorneys, city attorneys, and states attorneys.

Consult your city, state, and federal law for the laws governing the
qualifications and selections of these officers and prescribing their
powers and duties.

Accusation: Accusations of guilty conduct may be made by complaints or
affidavits, sworn to by injured persons or by police officers.  This is
true especially in the case of minor offenses.  Accusations of felonies
are made by indictments found by grand juries or by information filed
by prosecuting attorneys, generally following preliminary examinations
in magistrates' courts.

Defense of accused person: It is a universal principle of criminal law
in the United States that a person accused of a crime is entitled to
the advice of a lawyer and to be represented by him or her at his or
her trial.  In felony cases, this principle is carried further, and in
many states, counsel is provided without cost for a defendant who is
too poor to employ a lawyer.  In most of the states, such counsel is
appointed by the judge in the court where the defendant is standing
trial.  Some jurisdictions have an officer, known as a public defender,
who represents defendants who are unable to provide counsel for
themselves.

Pleadings: Pleadings in criminal cases are comparatively simple.

Contrary to popular opinion, reversals of criminal cases on appeal are
very infrequent.  The pleadings used by the state in felony and some
misdemeanor cases are the indictment and the information; affidavits
and complaints in misdemeanor cases; and by the defendant, usually an
oral plea of "guilty" or "not guilty."  Other pleas, such as "former
jeopardy, insanity," or "alibi," are available or required in some
states.  Pleas in abatement, demurrers, motions to quash the
indictment, and arrest of judgment are also available under some
circumstances.

Arraignment and trial: The law regulates the procedure according to
which the defendant is brought into court, is informed of his or her
rights, and is placed on trial; it also controls the routine of
selecting a jury, making the opening statements, introducing evidence,
arguing the case to the jury, instructing the jury, and receiving the
verdict.

Probation: Following a plea of guilty or a verdict of guilty, the
defendant may be placed on probation by the trial judge, on such
conditions as he or she may impose.  In some states, the conditions of
probation may be imprisonment in a county jail, reimbursement to the
injured person, and payment of costs.  In most states, conditions of
probation include: keeping employed, avoiding bad companions,
refraining from committing other crimes, and reporting to a probation
officer.  Violation of the conditions of probation makes the defendant
liable to sentence as provided by law.

Parole: After the prisoner has served a portion of the term of
imprisonment determined by the sentence, he or she may be released on
parole, on conditions similar to those imposed in the case of
probation.  The power to grant parole, however, is vested in a state
parole board or officer.  (See chapter on parole.)
Pardon: The power to pardon generally belongs to the governors of the
states.  Pardon differs in theory from both probation and parole in
that it assumes the innocence of the defendant, or circumstances
mitigating responsibility for the crime, and returns the defendant to
society free of ignominy and acquitted of all penalties related to the
offense for which he or she has been pardoned.

Commutation of sentence: A change from the original punishment to which
a person has been condemned to a less severe one.

Federal administration of criminal justice: For the administration of
criminal justice as it relates to crimes against the United States,
appropriate laws have been passed by Congress, and a complete parallel
organization exists of police, prosecution, and courts.  The United
States commissioner has similar jurisdiction as the committing
magistrate previously described, with power to accept bail and hold
preliminary hearings.  The United States District Courts, which have
one or more divisions in each state, in the District of Columbia and in
the territories, are the courts of general trial jurisdiction in
criminal cases; they hold power also to grant probation.  The United
States Circuit Court of Appeals, organized in ten circuits and in the
District of Columbia, have appellate jurisdiction in criminal cases.

And the United States Supreme Court is the final court of appeals, both
for cases arising in federal trial courts and in criminal cases arising
in state courts that involve federal constitutional questions.  Rules
of procedure and evidence and forms of pleadings used in the federal
courts are similar to those prevailing in the state courts, and
probation, parole, and pardon are similarly used.  The federal
government maintains an extensive prison system under the direction of
a bureau of prisons, an elaborate organization for the detention of
criminals and for their release and supervision on parole.

Juvenile courts: One of the developments of law relating to the
administration of criminal justice is that which has created the
juvenile court and a new procedure for dealing with juvenile
delinquents.  The theory of these laws is that a child who commits an
act that if committed by an adult would constitute a crime, is not
criminal, and requires not punishment, but the training and direction
that should have been given by the parent.  In the juvenile court, the
usual rules of procedure, pleading, and evidence are dispensed with and
instead an informal administrative procedure is used.  Under some
circumstances, despite the existence of juvenile-court machinery, a
child may be tried as an adult.  In such cases, the writer is
encouraged to enlist the aid of someone familiar with current juvenile
law in the state in which the crime has been committed.

Special procedures for crime prevention: A number of special procedures
have been created by law for checking crime.  These include the
abatement of nuisances, such as houses of prostitution, gambling
resorts, and buildings used for the manufacture or sale of intoxicating
liquor unless so legally provided for by the laws of that state.  The
confiscation of stills, automobiles, and ships used for the manufacture
and transportation of illegal liquor and other agencies used to commit
crimes is accomplished by similar procedures.

Classification of crimes: Crimes at common law are divided into
treason, felonies, and misdemeanors.  Some jurisdictions have a fourth
classification, minor or petty offenses.

Merger of offenses: As a rule, where a person by the same act commits
two crimes, one a felony and the other a misdemeanor, the misde meanor
merges into the felony; but if the crimes are of the same degree, both
felonies or both misdemeanors, there is no merger.  In some states,
this doctrine has not been recognized, while in most states, it has
been abolished by statutes allowing conviction of a lesser offense than
is charged in the indictment if it is included in the offense charged.

Mental element in crime: Criminal intent.  Every common-law consists of
two elements: the criminal act or omission, and the mental element,
commonly called criminal intent.

Motive is not intent: Motive is not an essential element of crime.  A
bad motive will not make an act a crime, nor will a good motive prevent
an act from being a crime.  Motive may, however, tend to show that an
act was willful and done with criminal intent.

General intent - intent presumed from act: Where an act is prohibited
on pain of punishment, intention on the part of one capable of intent
and acting without justification or excuse constituteS criminal intent.

In such a case, the existence of the intent is presumed from commission
of the act, on the grounds that a person is presumed to intend his
voluntary act and its probable consequences.  Criminal intent exists
when a person intends to do that which the law says is a crime.

Specific intent: When a crime consists not merely of commission but in
an act accompanied by a specific intent, the existence of that intent
is an essential element.  In such cases the existence of criminal
intent is not presumed from the commission of the act, but the specific
intent must be proved.

Constructive intent: Where a person engages in the commission of a
crime that is unintended by him or her, then the intent to commit the
crime is carried over to the act committed and supplies the intent
necessary to make the act a crime.  The intent in such a case is called
constructive intent.

Intent in cases of negligence: In crimes that consist of neglect to
observe proper care in performing an act, or in culpable failure to
perform a duty, criminal intent consists in the state of mind that
necessarily accompanies the negligent act or culpable omission, e.g.,
slaughter, nuisance, escape.

Concurrence of act and intent: To constitute a crime, act and intent
must concur.  Not only must there be both an act and an intent to
constitute a crime, but the act and intent must concur in point of
time.  An intent to do a prohibited act, abandoned before the act is
done, is not punishable.

Conditions of criminality: To render a person criminally responsible
for the commission of a common-law crime, four conditions of
criminality must exist.  The person must: (1) be of sufficient age; (2)
have sufficient mental capacity; (3) act voluntarily; and (4) have
criminal intent.

Criminal capacity: Since every crime consists of two elements, the act
itself and the mental element (commonly called criminal intent), no
person can be guilty of a crime unless he or she has a certain degree
of mental capacity.  Mental incapacity, which criminal law recognizes,
exists to a greater or lesser extent in four classes of persons:
infants, lunatics or insane persons, drunken persons, and corporations.

Infancy: At common law, a child under the age of seven years is
conclusively presumed incapable of entertaining criminal intent and
cannot commit a crime.  Between the ages of seven and fourteen, a child
is presumed to be incapable, but the presumption may be rebutted.

After the age of fourteen, he or she is presumed to have sufficient
capacity.  In some states, the age of incapacity has been raised by
statute, and in others, the age at which presumption of capacity begins
has been lowered.

Insanity: In its legal sense, insanity is any defect or disease of the
mind that renders a person incapable of entertaining a criminal intent.

Since criminal intent is an essential element of every crime, no person
who is so insane that he or she cannot entertain it is criminally
responsible for his acts.  Defect of the mind, as in the case of
idiocy, or disease of the mind, as in the case of lunacy, may have the
following effects:
(1) It may render a person incapable of determining between right and
wrong, and in such cases no criminal responsibility attaches.

(2) It may render a person partially insane, or subject to insane
delusions as to existing facts, but not in other respects insane, in
which case the individual would be in the same situation as to
responsibility as if the facts in respect to which the insane delusion
exists were real.

(3) It may deprive a person of freedom of will, as in a case of
irresistible impulse, in which case some courts hold that the person is
not responsible, while other courts hold the contrary.

Moral and emotional insanity, as distinguished from mental, does not
exempt one from responsibility.  Insanity is in no case an excuse,
unless the act was the direct result of the insanity.  Even if a person
was sane when committing an act, that person cannot be tried if he or
she is insane, as he or she is deemed incapable of conducting a
defense; nor can an insane person be sentenced and punished, even after
conviction.

Drunkenness: Voluntary drunkenness furnishes no ground of exemption
from criminal responsibility, except: (1) Where the act is committed
while laboring under settled insanity, or delirium tremens, resulting
from intoxication; (2) Where a specific intent is essential to
constitute the crime, the fact of intoxication may negate its
existence; (3) The fact of intoxication may be material, where
provocation for the act is shown; (4) No criminal responsibility
attaches for acts committed while in a state of involuntary
drunkenness, destroying the reason and will.

Ignorance of law: Ignorance on the part of the wrongdoer of the law
that makes an act criminal is no excuse.  If a specific intent iS
essential to a crime, and ignorance of the law negates such intent,
such ignorance preventS the crime from being consummated.

Accident or misfortune: A person is not criminally liable for an
accident happening in the performance of a lawful act with due care.

Justification: The law, on the ground of public policy, imposes the
duty or allows the doing of certain acts, under certain circumstances,
although individuals are injured thereby.  In such cases, the acts are
not criminal, but are justifiable.  Such are certain acts done: (1)
Under public authority; (2) Under parental authority; (3) In prevention
of a crime; (4) In suppressing a riot, or (5) In making an arrest or
preventing an escape.

Justification - duress: The concurrence of the will is, in general,
necessary to make an act criminal.  Therefore, when one is forced to do
an act against his or her will, that person is, in general, not
responsible for it, and therefore, on prosecution for any crime except
murder, if the accused committed the act only because compelled to do
so by threats of immediate death or serious bodily harm, he or she is
excused.

Coercion - married women: If a married woman, in the presence of her
husband, commits an act that would be a crime under other
circumstances, she is presumed to have acted under her husband's
coercion, and such coercion excuses her act.  But this presumption may
be rebutted if the circumstances show that in fact she was not coerced.

Provocation: Provocation is no ground for exempting one absolutely from
criminal responsibility for his or her acts.  However, grounds for
mitigating circumstances may reduce the degree of the crime and the
punishment.

Effect of joining in criminal purpose: When one or more persons join in
the execution of a common, criminal purpose, each is criminally liable
for every act done in the execution of that criminal act, whether done
by oneself or by one's confederate.

Principal and accessories: Those involved in the commission of felonies
are either principals or accessories, depending upon whether they are
present or absent when the crime is committed.  Principals are either:
(1) Principals in the first degree, or (2) Principals in the second
degree.

Accessories are either: (1) Before the fact, or (2) After the fact.

Principal in the first degree: The person who actually perpetrates the
deed, either by his or her own hand or through an innocent agent.

Principal in the second degree: One who is actually present, aiding
and abetting another in the commission of the deed.  Accordingly: (1)
The person must be present, actually or constructively; (2) The person
must aid or abet the commission of the act; (3) There must be community
of unlawful purpose at the time the act is committed; (4) Such purpose
must be real on the part of the principal in the first degree.

Accessories before the fact: One who was absent when the act was
committed, but who procured, counseled, ordered, or abetted the
principal or actual perpetrator of the criminal act.

Accessories after the fact: One who receives, comforts, or assists
another, knowing that the other person has committed a felony.  Three
things are necessary: (1) the felony must have been completed; (2) the
person charged as accessory must have committed assistance to the felon
personally; and (3) the person must have known when assisting the felon
that he or she had committed a felony.

"Aider and abettor" and accomplice: The term aider and abettor applies
to principals in the second degree.  The term accomplice applies to all
who take part in the commission of a crime, whether they are principals
or accessories.

Principal's liability for acts of agents: As a rule, no person is
criminally liable for the act of another unless he or she has
previously authorized or agreed to it; and consequently a principal is
not liable for acts of his or her agents or servants that the principal
did not authorize or agree to, even if the crime is committed in the
course of the employment.  Exceptions: (1) In the cases of libel, the
principal is liable, under certain circumstances, for the acts of his
or her agents upon the ground of negligence in failing to exercise
proper control of them; and (2) Under some statutes, the principal is
liable for prohibited acts, regardless that they are committed by his
or her agents without authority or instructions.

Agent's liability for own acts: An agent of sufficient mental capacity,
is criminally liable for his or her own acts, though they are ordered
by a principal and in the course of the principal's business.

Overt act: An open act; a physical act, as distinguished from an act of
the mind; an act done pursuant to a formed intent.  To constitute
assault, there must be an overt act or an attempt.  In homicide cases,
an overt act is an open act, indicating a present purpose to do
immediate, great bodily harm.

Necessity for overt act: The law does not punish mere intention but
requires some overt act in an attempt to carry the intention into
execution.  Exception: There is an exception to this rule in the case
of conspiracy, unless the conspiring may be regarded as an overt act.

Attempts: An act done with intent to commit that crime but failing in
the commission of the act.  (1) The act must be connected with the
completed crime; (2) There must be a possibility to commit the crime in
the manner proposed; (3) There must be specific intent to commit the
crime at the time of the act.  Attempts to commit a crime, whether a
felony or a misdemeanor, and whether at common law or by statute, are
misdemeanors.  Exceptions: (1) In some states, attempts are entirely
regulated by statute.  (2) In most states, some attempts are felonies
by statute.  (3) Attempts to commit certain classes of statutory
misdemeanors are not indictable.

Preliminary examination: An investigation by a magistrate of a person
who has been charged with a crime and arrested, or of the facts and
circumstances alleged to have attended the crime and to fasten
suspicion upon the party so charged, in order to ascertain whether
there is sufficient ground to hold the person to bail for trial by the
proper court.

Cruel-and-unusual punishment: Such punishment as would amount to
torture or barbarity, and any cruel and degrading punishment not known
to the common law.

Negligence and recklessness: Neglect in the discharge of a duty, or
indifference to consequences, is in many cases equivalent to a criminal
intent.  Upon the ground that everyone is presumed to contemplate the
natural consequences of his or her acts, neglect and reckless conduct
may be evidence of malicious intent, and negligent performance of a
duty imposed by law or assumed by contract or by wrongful act may
render the person guilty of such negligence criminally liable, except
in cases in which a specific intent is essential to constitute the
crime charged.

Act and intent must co-exist: The criminal intent or negligence must
unite with the overt act, and they must concur in point of time.

Marshals: Officers belonging to the executive department of the federal
government, who with their deputies have the same powers of executing
the laws of the United States, in each state, as the sheriffs.

Provost marshal: An officer of an army whose duties correspond to those
of a chief of police.

Probation officer: An officer whose duty it is to investigate and
report to the court upon an application for probation and to supervise
persons placed on probation by a court.

Sheriff: The chief executive and administrative officer of a county,
being chosen by popular election.  The sheriffs principal duties
involve aiding the criminal courts and civil courts of record, such as
serving process, summoning juries, executing judgments, holding
judicial sales, and the like.  This officer also serves as the chief
conservator of the peace within a territorial jurisdiction.

Deputy: A person duly authorized by an officer to exercise some or all
of the functions pertaining to the office, in the place and stead of
the latter.

Deputy sheriff: One appointed to act in the place and stead of the
sheriff in the official business of the latter's office.  An
undersheriff, by virtue of appointment, has the authority to execute
all the ordinary duties of the office of sheriff.  A special deputy,
who is an officer appointed for one particular occasion or a special
service (such as to serve a writ or assist in keeping the peace when a
riot is expected or in progress), acts under a specific authority.

CRIME
METHODS OF ESCAPE
Tunneling
Shooting way out
Taking hostage
Commandeering vehicle
Distraction
Use of ladder
Use of rope
Hiding or stowing away
Scaling
Underwater
Leaping
Driving
Running
Using explosives
Sawing
Kicking down
Fighting
Airshaft and sewer crawling
Forged papers
Helicopter drop--rope or ladder
Impersonation
Key theft
Overland hiking and hiding
Sudden dash
Suspension from height
Swimming
MEANS OF EXECUTION
Axing
Suffocation
Beating
Burying alive
Arson
Drowning
Cremation
Throwing from height
Shooting
Garroting
Electrocuting
Overdosing
drug
Hit and run
Poisoning
Gassing
Hanging
Impaling
Exposing to wild animal
Exposing to extreme cold or heat
Stoning
Starving
Throwing acid
Frightening
Bombing
Stabbing
Exposing to disease
Crashing (auto)
UNUSUAL MEANS OF DISPOSING OF BODY
Incinerator--cremated
At sea
Fed to animal or fish
Compactor
Auto crusher
Down well
Sealed in wall
Buried under floor
Acid
Cut into small pieces and disposed of in different places
Placed in existing, marked grave
Dropped in quicksand
Disposed of in trash (bagged)
Buried in woods
Dropped from plane
ACTS OF VIOLENCE, TORTURE, CRUELTY
Bone breaking
Bone crushing
Acid throwing
Binding
Kicking
Beating
Blackjacking
Branding
Burning
Chaining
Arm twisting
Bleeding
Burying alive
Cigarette burning
Disfiguring
Dragging
Pressing with weights
Impaling alive
Mutilating
Needles under fingernails
Pistol whipping
Hair extraction
Hook hanging
Electric shock
Freezing
Flogging
Blinding
Decapitating
Boiling oil
Flesh-eating ants
Exposing to wild animal
Snakebite
Powerful light in eyes
Dripping water on head
Bread-and-water diet
Genital crushing
Genital electrical shocking
Head twisting
Leg twisting
Stretching
Forced marching
Forced perversion
Castration
Amputation
Crucifixion
Depriving of sleep
Fingernail pulling
Whipping
Frightening
Incarcerating in tight quarters
Skull crushing
Suspending by thumbs On the rack
Incarcerated in room with rats
Rubber-hose beating
Salting wound
Starving
Thumb twisting
Teeth pulling
Eye gouging
Stoning
Tar-and-feathering
Chain beating
Hanging upside down
Standing in confinement
Rib cracking
Lead-pipe beating
Spreading apart
Shattering kneecap
Running over by auto
Shooting
Strangling
Garroting
Knifing
Slow poisoning
Drowning
Slow drowning
Immersion in hot water
Setting afire
Scalping
Gang-banging
Forcible rape
Sodomy
Forcing to view an atrocity
Thrown to man-eating fish
Thrown to man-eating animal
Thrown from high place
Hanging
Axing
Deafening by sound (high decibel)
Tearing of flesh
Burning by steam
Bombing
Gassing
Mugging
Poison darts
Cat o'nine-tail lashing
Burning at stake
Thumbscrew
Hot wax
Kidnapping
Sandbagging
Slave labor
OFFICE OF THE DISTRICT ATTORNEY
The size of the staff and the extent of the responsibilities of the
district attorney may vary depending upon the location.  The Los
Angeles District Attorney's Office, which has nearly 2,000 support
personnel, is the largest such office in the United States and has been
chosen to best illustrate the full capacity of such an office.

The Los Angeles District Attorney's Office is primarily responsible for
prosecuting felonies under state law, although it also prosecutes
misdemeanors in Los Angeles County and for cities in the county that do
not wish to retain their own city attorney.  The administration of the
district attorney's office is composed of the district attorney, his
chief deputy, and the assistant district attorney.  Reporting directly
to the Administrative Section are two Deputy DA's, one in charge of
Organized Crime and the second in charge of Special Investigations,
primarily the investigations of public officials.

Reporting to the administrative command is the Director of Central
Operations, which oversees Career Criminals, Special Trials, and
Central Trials; the Director of Special Operations, which oversees
major frauds, hard-core gangs, consumer protection, environment, and
COPOS (crimes against police officers), the Special Crimes Division,
Special Legal, and the Juvenile Division; the Director of Branch and
Area, which supervises the large number of Deputy District Attorneys in
the district attorney's office.

A Family Support Section has its own deputy, called the deputy in
charge, along with its own director and support staff.  Its mission is
investigation and prosecution with regard to family violence, child
abuse, and related situations.

The Bureau of Investigation is the investigative arm of the District
Attorney's Office, and its personnel are assigned to the various
sections and divisions as required.

OFFICE OF THE CITY ATTORNEY
The Los Angeles City Attorney's Office is the largest municipal law
office in the nation, divided among the Civil Branch, the Criminal
Branch, and the Special Operations Branch.  The city attorney is the
legal advisor to all city departments and agencies, including the
office of the mayor, city council, police and fire departments, city
commissions, and other city departments.

Under the direction of the city attorney, attorneys from this office
appear in all courts of the state, the federal courts, and the U.S.

Supreme Court, as well as before a large number of state and federal
regulatory and administrative agencies.

The Special Operations Branch of the City Attorney's Office deals with
the Consumer Protection Section, the Environmental Protection Section,
and the Housing Enforcement Section.

The Criminal Branch, headed by the senior assistant attorney, handles
all infraction and misdemeanor cases within the city, including
consumer fraud, labor law violations, battery, theft, burglary, assault
with a deadly weapon, vice, drunk driving, election compliance, and air
pollution violations.  A special section of the Criminal Branch is the
Gangs Unit (COPE), dealing with youth-gang problems.

The Civil Branch is headed by a senior counsel and handles everything
from land use, contracts, personal injury, and zoning, to the Harbor
and Airports departments and the Department of Water and Power.

DEFENSE CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIVE SERVICE (U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE -
INSPECTOR GENERAL'S OFFICE)
The Defense Criminal Investigative Service (DCIS) is directly under the
Department of Defense and the Office of The Inspector General and is
responsible for criminal investigations.  Working in conjunction with
the military's CID, 051, and HIS, this service is involved in combating
and prosecuting fraudulent acts perpetrated against the U.S. Department
of Defense, i.e., product substitution, overcharging, false charges,
etc.  Investigators working for DCIS are called special agents and are
under the supervision of the Director of DCIS, who is also the
Assistant Inspector General for Investigations.

DEFENSE INVESTIGATIVE SERVICE (DIS) (U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE)
Headquartered in Washington, D.C., and supervised by the Director of
DIS, the DIS and its Special Agents are responsible for investigating
personnel for security clearances, investigating the unauthorized
disclosure of classified government information, and administering
industrial security programs for the Department of Defense and for
eighteen other government agencies.

Other Federal Law-Enforcement Agencies that conduct investigations:
Fish and Game Commission
Securities and Exchange Commission
Defense Logistics Agency
Central Intelligence Agency
National Parks Service
General Accounting Office
Office of the Special Prosecutor (appointed by the president)
Federal Reserve Board
Maritime Commission
Office of the Inspector General
BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT (U.S. DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR)
The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) is the caretaker of more than 300
million miles of public land and is charged by law to manage and
protect these vast resources, including timber, minerals, livestock,
forage, historic artifacts, and wild horses, and others associated with
them.  BLM has highly trained special agents and uniformed rangers to
enforce applicable laws on federal land and to work closely with
federal and state agencies and the Sheriff's Departments.

BLM special agents are responsible for enforcing federal laws and
regulations relating to public lands and resources; they conduct
criminal investigations and arrest violators.  BLM special agents
investigate numerous cases of archaeological thefts of cultural
artifacts, pottery, ornaments, and even bones of American Indians who
once inhabited the great West.  Treating free-roaming or adopted wild
horses and burros in an inhumane manner or selling them to
slaughterhouses or other misuse is a federal violation investigated by
BLM special agents, as are destruction, vandalism, or pollution of
streams and lakes; starting fires, and growing marijuana.

Rangers are a law-enforcement arm of BLM who drive clearly marked
patrol vehicles.  Preventing law violations, rangers enforce laws,
conduct search-and-rescue operations, eliminate hazards, and
investigate accidents.

THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
Headed by the attorney general of the United States, the Department of
Justice exists to provide legal advice to the president, representation
of the executive branch in court, investigation of federal crimes,
enforcement of federal laws, operation of federal prisons, and
provision of law-enforcement assistance to states and local communities.

Organizations of the U.S. Department of Justice
Office of the Attorney General
Office of the Deputy Attorney General
Office of the Associate Attorney General
Office of the Solicitor General
Antitrust Division
Bureau of Prisons
Civil Division
Civil Rights Division
Community Relations Service
Criminal Division
Drug Enforcement Administration
Executive Office for Immigration
Review Executive Office for U.S. Attorneys
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Federal Prison Industries
Immigration and Naturalization Service
International Criminal Police Organization-United States
National Central Bureau
Foreign Claims Settlement Commission
Justice Management Division
Land and Natural Resources Division
Office of Intelligence Policy and Review
Office of Justice Programs
Office of Legal Counsel
Office of Legal Policy
Office of Legislative Affairs
Office of Liaison Services
Office of Professional Responsibility
Office of Public Affairs
Office of Pardon Attorney Tax Division
United States Attorney's Office
United States Marshal's Service
United States Parole Commission
United States Trustee's Offices
The Attorney General supervises and directs the administration and
operations of the boards, divisions, and bureaus of the Department of
Justice.

The Deputy Attorney General advises and assists the attorney general.

The Associate Attorney General advises and assists the attorney general
and the assistant attorney general.

The Solicitor General is responsible for conducting and supervising all
aspects of government litigation in the U.S. Supreme Court.  The Office
of Legal Counsel assists the attorney general.  The Office of
Legislative Affairs helps formulate and coordinate legislative policy
among organizations within the department and maintains the
department's liaison with the Congress.

The Office of Liaison Services is an outreach service to governors,
state legislators, and the law-enforcement community.

The Office of Legal Policy is a strategic legal "think tank" serving
the Attorney General's policy development staff.

The Office of Professional Responsibility reviews, and where
appropriate, investigates allegations of misconduct against the
department's employees.

The Justice Management Division controls and oversees department
management issues and the department's liaison on budgetary matters; it
includes such staffs as Procurement, Audit, Security, Equal
Opportunity, General Counsel, Policy and Planning, Comptroller, Budget,
Information Technology, Computer Technology and Telecommunications,
Information Systems, Library, Litigation Systems, Personnel and
Administration, and General Services.

The Office of Intelligence Policy and Review helps ensure that the
national security-related activities of the United States are
consistent with relevant law.

The U.S. Parole Commission is an independent agency in the department
whose primary function is to administer a parole system for federal
prisoners.  It is responsible for developing a federal parole policy
and is authorized to grant or deny parole to eligible federal prisoners.

The Office of Pardon Attorney: Although the president exercises the
pardon power, the pardon attorney receives and reviews all petitions
for executive clemency, initiates investigations, and prepares
recommendations to the attorney general.

Federal Bureau of Investigation: See FBI
Drug Enforcement Administration: See DEA
The Criminal Division establishes federal criminal law-enforcement
policies and facilitates their implementation.  It is responsible for
the general supervision of all federal criminal laws except for those
assigned specifically to Antitrust, Civil Rights, Land and Natural
Resources, or Tax Division.  Operating as part of the Criminal Division
is the Organized Crime and Racketeering Section, which develops and
coordinates nationwide enforcement programs to reduce the influence of
organized crime groups in the U.S., working primarily through
twenty-six Strike Forces and field offices throughout the nation.

The Public Integrity Section is responsible for independent counsel
matters, investigations and prosecution of federal judges, major
federal corruption and misconduct investigations, election and campaign
financing crimes, and significant state and local corruption cases.

The Office of Policy Management Analysis studies and recommends
positions on policy and management issues of concern to both the
division and the department.  The Fraud Section deals primarily with
economic crime, especially in the areas of waste, fraud, and abuse in
government programs and contracts.  The General Litigation and Legal
Advice Section develops and implements enforcement programs in key
statutory areas, including terrorism, pornography, intellectual
property, and nuclear safety.

The Appellate Section handles cases and renders advice to the U.S.

Attorney's offices, especially with regard to the Comprehensive Crime
Control Act of 1984.

The Internal Security Section is responsible for enforcing criminal
statutes affecting national security and foreign relations.  It also
administers and enforces the Foreign Agents Registration Act,
supervising investigations and prosecution of offenses involving
espionage, sabotage, treason, violations of the Atomic Energy Act,
neutrality statutes, Trading With the Enemy Act, Arms Export Control
Act, and Export Administration.

The Office of Internal Affairs is responsible for formulating,
supervising, and executing international, criminaljusticeenforcement
policies and procedures, including the following: negotiating
international agreements and treaties related to criminal law
enforcement (extradition and prisoner transfers); preparing and
litigating requests for international extradition, obtaining evidence
for foreign jurisdictions, and coordinating requests to and from
foreign countries to obtain evidence in connection with investigations
and prosecutions in the United States and abroad.

The mission of the Office of Special Investigations is to investigate
and take legal action against anyone in the United States who incites,
participates, or assists in the persecution of persons based on race,
religion, or political beliefs.

The Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs Section's activities are primarily to
prosecute and convict major drug traffickers involved in the
importation, manufacturing, shipment, and distribution of illicit drugs
and narcotics.

The Office of Legislation is responsible for developing and supporting
the Criminal Division's legislative program.

The Office of Administration provides the Division's administrative
services through its Personnel Unit; Fiscal Unit; Mail, File and
Records Unit; Procurement, Security, Safety, and Space Unit; and the
Information Systems Unit.

The Office of Enforcement Operations uses the most sensitive
investigative tools at the Department's disposal; electronic
surveillance, hypnosis in the interrogation of witnesses, etc.  It is
also responsible for the authorization of witness immunity and witness
relocation.  This office supervises all aspects of the Witness Security
Program for the Criminal Division and oversees all electronic and
consensual monitoring efforts pursued within the federal justice system.

The Asset Forfeiture Office reduces criminal activity by depriving
criminals of the profits obtained by their illegal acts.

The Executive Office for U.S. Attorneys provides general executive
assistance and nonlitigative oversight to the ninety-four offices of
the U.S. Attorneys.  Under this office function the Office of
Administration and Review, the Office of Legal Education, the Office of
Legal Services, the Office of Management Information Systems and
Support, the Law Enforcement Coordinating Committee Staff, and the U.S.

Attorneys, who are the chief law-enforcement representatives of the
Attorney General.

The Executive Office for U.S. Trustees supervises the administration of
all cases filed under chapters 7, 11, and 13 of Title I of the
Bankruptcy Reform Act.

The Bureau of Prisons has forty-seven institutions and is responsible
for the operation of federal correctional facilities and their inmates.

The U.S. Marshal's Service.  See U.S. Marshal
The Office of Justice Programs works to improve the treatment of
victims of crime and family violence and administers the Crime
VictimsFund.

The Bureau of Justice Assistance administers state and local justice
assistance programs to improve justice-system operations.  The Bureau
of Justice Statistics collects, analyzes, publishes, and disseminates
statistical information on crime, victims, and criminal offenders as
well as on the operations of justice systems at all levels of
government.

The National Institute of Justice is the primary federal sponsor of
research on crime and justice.

The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention develops and
implements programs to respond to the mandate of the 1984 Missing
Children's Assistance Act.

The Executive Office for Immigration Review is responsible for the
ongoing improvement of the immigration adjudication process and is
independent of the INS (Immigration and Naturalization Service), which
is responsible for the enforcement of immigration laws.  This office
contains the Board of Immigration Appeals and the Office of the Chief
Immigration Judge.

The Antitrust Division investigates, detects, and prosecutes price
fixing and related restraints of trade.

The Civil Division has four basic missions: to defend or assert
programs and initiatives of the federal government, including the
President's foreign and domestic policies; to bring suit and collect
monies owed the United States by delinquent debtors and to recover sums
lost to government by waste, fraud, and corruption; to defend
government, officers, and employees seeking damages from the U.S.

Treasury or from its employees, personally; and to enforce federal
consumer-protection laws, the nation's immigration laws, and other
program initiatives.

The Civil Rights Division enforces eight major civil rights sections
prohibiting discrimination in education, employment, credit, housing,
public accommodations and facilities, voting, and certain federally
funded and conducted programs, along with identifying and eliminating
sexual discrimination.

The Tax Division is responsible for representing the United States and
its officers in all litigation arising under the internal revenue laws
other than proceedings in the U.S. Tax Court.  This division is
involved in both civil and criminal proceedings at the trial and
appellate levels.  Its principal client is the Internal Revenue
Service, but it also represents other federal departments and agencies
in matters involving immunity from state and local taxes.

The Land and Natural Resources Division represents the United States,
its agencies, and its officers in matters relating to environmental
quality, natural resources, public lands, Indian lands and native
claims, and wildlife and fishery resources.  Its clients include the
departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Defense, Energy, Interior, and
Transportation, and the Environmental Protection Agency.

The Immigration and Naturalization Service carries out federal laws,
regulations, and policies governing immigration, naturalization,
refugees, and asylum.  It is responsible for all activities related to
the temporary or permanent admission of people into the United States
and for the exclusion of illegal entries and residents.  Its
Enforcement Division is primarily its Border Patrol, whose agents
patrol U.S. borders, detain and deport illegal aliens.  This office
also is heavily involved in marriage frauds, smuggling, narcotics, and
black-marketbaby operations from foreign countries.  The INS also
maintains an Intelligence Office, which is heavily involved in American
and Asian organized crime and Mexico's illegal migration; a data base
on potential and alien terrorists; a data base on smugglers,
perpetrators of fraud, and other immigration violators.  In addition,
it cooperates with other agencies involved in national anti-drug
efforts.

INTERPOL - United States National Central Bureau.  USNCB is
the U.S. liaison to 142 nation members and to the General Secretariat
of the International Criminal Police Organization, headquartered in
Paris, France.  The goal of USNCB and INTERPOL is the mutual assistance
between international law-enforcement authorities in the prevention and
suppression of international crime.  INTERPOL's constitution prohibits
intervention and investigation by its members of matters concerning any
military, religious, racial, or political character.

BUREAU OF ALCOHOL, TOBACCO, AND FIREARMS (U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE
TREASURY)
The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, known as the ATF, is
headquartered in Washington, D.C. The ATF has a multimission
responsibility to enforce federal laws on firearms, explosives, arson,
alcohol, and cigarette smuggling.  With the alarming rise in criminal
activities, terrorism, and international conflicts, arms smuggling has
become an ATF priority.  In addition to these responsibilities, the ATF
is charged with regulating the alcohol, tobacco, firearms, and
explosives industries.  Special Agents of the ATF undergo eight weeks
of training at the Criminal Investigative School in general law
enforcement and investigative techniques at the Federal Law Enforcement
Training Center in Glynco, Georgia.

Investigative ATF agents are involved in surveillance, participate in
raids, interview suspects and witnesses, obtain search warrants seeking
physical evidence, and make arrests.  Team composition and support in
criminal bombings or arson incidents call for four teams, each composed
of ten special agents, a forensic chemist, and an explosives expert
from ATF's Explosives Technology Branch.  Supported by technical,
scientific, legal, and intelligence sources, they conduct the
investigation, seek explosive tracings, perform lab analysis and case
link analysis, provide legal counsel, and work in device reconstruction
and classification.

U.S. CUSTOMS SPECIAL INVESTIGATIVE DIVISION (U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE
TREASURY)
Of the many missions it is responsible for, the U.S. Customs Service is
empowered to prevent frauds and smuggling, to intercept illegal
high-technology exports to Soviet-bloc nations, to cooperate with other
federal agencies in suppressing illegal narcotics and pornography, and
enforcing some 400 provisions of the law on behalf of 40 federal
agencies.  This division is the principal border-enforcement agency of
the United States.  Among its many units, the U.S. Customs maintains:
an Organized Crime Strike Force; a National Patrimony Unit to protect
national antiquities; a Steroid Investigative Unit; a Child Pornography
and Protection Unit; currency investigations primarily with respect to
the laundering of currency; Operation Exodus, which tightens controls
on illegal exports; Technology Investigations and an Extraterritorial
Investigative Group.

The U.S. Customs Service also conducts Tactical Operations involved in
the smuggling of narcotics and maintains the Customs Office of Aviation
Operations, an airborne detection unit.  Its Enforcement Support
section includes Communications Security, a Research and Development
Division for electronic surveillance and detection equipment, boat
detection systems, and border surveillance systems.  The U.S. Customs
Service Intelligence Program supports all major operational,
inspection, and enforcement priorities for collection, analysis, and
dissemination.

LANGUAGE
"Language" used by those involved in the criminal world and in the drug
culture is seldom, if ever, chiseled in stone.  It changes constantly.

The language collected and listed on the following pages has been
compiled over a period of years, and although the author has attempted
to update the wordage, by the time this book has gone to press, much of
the present wordage will have changed again.

It is respectfully suggested that you check with local authorities for
the most recent slang term to determine if the one listed is still in
use.  Also, you may suggest that the writer coin your own slang term
when you desire to, as there are no hard-and-fast rules when it comes
to language in the criminal and drug worlds.

UNDERWORLD SLANG WITH EMPHASIS ON DRUG CULTURE
This incomplete list represents jargon heard or used from 1970 to 1973
in California; an asterisk indicates rarely used terms or localized
terms.

*Abbot: Nembutal (barbiturate)
*Acapulco Gold: High grade of marijuana from Mexico with a gold tint
*Ace: Marijuana cigarette
Acid: LSD
*Acid freak: Habitual user of LSD who displays bizarre behavior
*Acid head: User of LSD
Acid rock: Psychedelic music
*Afro: Natural hair style for blacks (naturally curly state)
*Agates: Nembutal
Alice B. Toklas: Brownie with marijuana baked in it
Angel grass (dust): Parsley saturated with PCP
Antsy: Nervous, restless; typical feeling from using amphetamines
Atneba weed: Parsley saturated with PCP
AInped-out: Fatigue after being under the influence of methamphetamine
*Apples (red apples): Secobarbital
*Artillery: Injection paraphernalia
At ("where it's at"): Where everything is occurring
Bad: Tough, downer, wrong
*Bad scene: Unpleasant experience
*Bad trip: Panic reaction or unpleasant experience from hallucinogen
Bag: Quantity of drugs packaged in various containers, such as paper,
balloons, plastic bags, etc.

Bale: 75 to 500 pounds of marijuana compressed into a bale similar to
hay
Balloon: Quantity of drugs, usually heroin, packaged in toy balloons
Barbs: Barbiturates
Barrel: 100,000 pills or specific type of LSD based on shape of tablet
Base: Free basing or smoking cocaine
B.C.: Birth-control pills
Bean: Pill, commonly referring to benzedrine tablets or capsules
Beautiful: All-purpose term of approval
Behind stuff: Using heroin
Bennies: Benzedrine tablets
*Bernice: Cocaine
Bindle: Quantity of drugs packaged in various containers; same as bag
Black beauty: Bi-phetamine capsules (methedrine capsule)
Black stuff: Smoking opium
Blacktar: Distilled, concentrated heroin
Black wings: Symbol worn on white motorcycle gang jacket indicating
having had sex relations with a black person
Blast: To smoke a marijuana cigarette; fun
*Block: Quantity of compressed hashish
Blow: To smoke a marijuana cigarette; to inhale cocaine; cocaine; get
lost
*Blue dot: Type of LSD wherein a blue dot of LSD is placed on a small
piece of paper
Blues: Sodium amytal
Body trip: To be under the influence of a drug that affects the
physical condition of a person, such as heroin, as opposed to a mind
trip (as with LSD)
Bomber: Unusually large marijuana cigarette
Bottle: 100 pills
Bowl: Pipe used for smoking hash
Boy: Heroin
Bread: Money
Brick: 2.2 pounds of a drug, commonly used for marijuana that is
packaged in a brick shape
Broad: Female
Brother: Male Negro or members of the same group
Brown stuff: Heroin from Mexico with brown coloration
Brownie: Traffic cop
Bubble gum: Anything that appeals to young adolescents
Bubble gummer: A young adolescent
Bug: To annoy; itching sensation; sensation due to cocaine poisoning
Bullet: One-year sentence to county jail
Bummer: Bad, unpleasant
*Bum trip: Bad experience
Bunk: Poor-quality drugs
Burn: Substance sold in lieu of narcotics; to cheat or steal
Burned: User has received bad or weak drugs
Burned out: Mentally incapable as a result of drug use
Bush: Marijuana
Butch: Female homosexual who plays male role
Buy: To purchase narcotics
Buzz: Immediate feeling after use of a drug
C: Cocaine
*C&H: Cocaine and heroin
*C&M: Cocaine and morphine
Can: Ounce of marijuana
Cap: Capsule
Cap up: Transfer drug in bulk form into capsules
Carga: Heroin (Spanish term)
Carry: To be in possession of a drug
*Cartwheel: Benzedrine tablets
Case: To have a criminal complaint against one
Cavalry: Police reinforcements
*Cecil: Cocaine
Changes: Adjustments
Chemicals: Synthetic drugs
Cherry: Novice
China white: Asian heroin, white in color
Chippy: Irregular habit; occasional user
Chiva: Heroin
Citizen: Outsider; nonuser; square
Clean: Not in possession of drugs; not engaged in illegal activities;
refined marijuana
Clean up: To stop using drugs
*Coca-cola: Cocaine
Cocaine blues: Depression from discontinuing the use of cocaine
Coin: Money
Coke: Cocaine
Coke out: Excessive use of cocaine to the point of incoherency
Coke spoon: Specially made, tiny spoon for inhaling cocaine
*Cokie: Cocaine user
Cold turkey: Refers to stopping use of heroin suddenly with no
assistance from other medicine
Come down: To begin to come off the influence of drugs
Connect: To make contact
Connection: Person who sells drugs; a source
Contact high: Being under the influence of a drug through contact and
not actual use
Cooker: Any type of container used to hold the drug while it is being
heated; a chemist in an illicit drug lab
Cook, cook up: To prepare a drug for injection by heating it in water
to dissolve
Cool: O.K.; good
Cop: To purchase drugs; steal; to obtain
*Copilot: Benzedrine
Cop out: To admit something or plead guilty
Cotton: Small piece of cotton with drug residue from using the cotton
as a filter when preparing the drug for injection
Cotton mouth: Hard, dry feeling in the mouth after smoking marijuana
Crack: Crystallized cocaine
Crank: Methamphetamine
Crash: To sleep or come down from being under the influence of a
stimulant; a stupor
Crash pad: Place to sleep
*Crate: A large quantity of pills, usually 50,000
Crib: One's home or residence
*Crink: Methamphetamine
Croaker: Doctor
Cross-tops: Benzedrine tablets
Cruise: Homosexual looking for a partner
Crutch: Device used to hold a marijuana cigarette
Crystal: Methamphetamine
*Cube: Sugar cube containing LSD
Cut: To adulterate drugs to obtain a larger quantity
Cut loose: To release
D.E.A.: Drug Enforcement Agency
Deal: To sell drugs
Dealer: Anyone who sells drugs
*Deck: Packet of heroin
Dexies: Amphetamine tablets (dexedrine)
*Diamonds: Amphetamine tablets
Dig: To understand; to like (circa 19505)
Dime: Ten; ten dollars
Dime bag: Ten dollars' worth of drugs
Dirty: To possess drugs or be under the influence
*Dolly: Methadone
Dome: Form of LSD usually in capsule
Dope: Any narcotic or dangerous drugs, usually heroin
Do it: To go or leave
Do up: To inject
Down, get down: To inject a drug.  Went down: oral copulation
Downer: Drug with a depressant effect; low mood
Drag: Something or someone who is boring; to smoke a marijuana
cigarette; street
Dresser, full dresser: Stock motorcycle
Dried out: Detoxified, withdrawn from a drug
Dripper: Syringe
*Drivers: Benzedrine
Dropped: Taking drugs through the mouth
Dropper: Syringe
Dude: Male
Duke in: To introduce
Dump on: To unload
Dust: Money
Dyke: Lesbian
Dynamite: Unusually strong or pure drug; terrific
Eat: To swallow drugs or narcotics; to engage in oral-genital sex
Eight ball: Method of packing one ounce, related to cocaine
Elbow: Method of packaging one pound of cocaine
Emma, Miss: Morphine
Engine: Outfit for smoking opium
Eye opener: First drug used during the day
Factory: Location where illicit drugs are manufactured
Fifty cents: Fifty dollars' worth of drugs
*Fin: Five dollars
Finger lid: Measure amount of marijuana in plastic bag by using
fingers, for example, three-fingered lid
Fit: Injection paraphernalia
Five cents: Five dollars' worth of a drug
Fix: To inject a drug
Flake: Cocaine
Flaky: Unstable
Flash: Euphoria following the taking of a drug; sudden thought; to
vomit after taking drugs
Flash powder: Methamphetamine
Flashback: Recurring experience from effects of LSD
Flat: Table of LSD
Flipped out: Crazy
Fluff: To run a powdered drug through a sifter or nylon stocking to
give it a soft, light texture
For sure: Exactly, right
Fox: Attractive female
Freak: Heavy user of a drug; scared
Freak out: Bad experience
Free base: To smoke cocaine
Freeze: The numbness caused by using cocaine
Fried: Nonfunctional mind due to drugs, often amphetamines
Front: To give in advance of receiving
Funky: Can mean good or bad, depending on how used, but most commonly
meaning bad
Fuzz: Police
*Gage: Marijuana
Garbage: Bad or poor-quality drugs
Gay: Homosexual
Gee: Gasket between needle and syringe
Geeze: To inject a drug
Get back: Stay calm
Get down: To use a drug
Get it on: To begin or start something
Get off: To use drugs
Get rocks off: Enjoying yourself or sexual climax
Gig: Job; means of obtaining money
*Gimmicks: Injection paraphernalia
Girl: Cocaine; Negro female
Going down: Happening; process of oral copulation
*Gold: Acapulco gold marijuana
Goods: Merchandise; drugs
Gopher: Errand boy
Goofball: Barbiturate
*Gow: Narcotics; opium-pipe cleaner
Grass: Marijuana
*Greta: Marijuana
*Griefo: Marijuana
Grider: Motorcycle front end with single spring
Groove, groovie: Very good; to enjoy
Guide: Experienced LSD user who supervises another's LSD trip
*Gum: Opium
*Gun: Injection paraphernalia
H: Heroin
Habit: Need for a drug; addiction
Hang tough: Take it easy
Hang it up: To abstain from something or delay; mental block
Happening: Event; action (circa 19505, 1960s)
Hard stuff: Heroin, cocaine, morphine
Harry: Heroin
Hash: Hashish
Hassle: Trouble with someone
*Hay: Marijuana
Hear you: Understand
Head: Drug user
*Hearts: Amphetamine (dexedrine)
Heavy: Bad or violent person; extreme
Heeled: Having money
*Hemp: Marijuana
Hep or hip: To be aware of (circa 19505)
*Her: Cocaine
Hink: To make paranoid
*Him: Heroin
Hit: To inject a drug; to borrow or attempt to borrow a drag of
marijuana cigarette
High: Under the influence
Hog: Person who uses any drugs available; stock motorcycle
Hold or holding: To be in possession of drugs
*Holster: Needle holder of any sort
Honky: Derogatory term for a white person
Hooked: Addicted
Hop: Opium
Horn: To inhale drugs through the nose
Hot shot: A fatal dose of narcotics, usually heroin
Hype: One who uses hypodermic needle to inject drug
In pocket: To possess drugs
Jam: Cocaine
Jelly: Cocaine
Job, Do a: Physically hurt someone
Joint: Marijuana cigarette; state prison; penis
Jolt: Injection of drug; feeling after injecting a drug
Joy pop: Irregular use of narcotics
Jug: 1,000 pills
Juice: Influence; methadone in orange juice; liquor
*Juju: Marijuana
Junk: Heroin
Junkie: Heroin addict
Kee, kilo, key: 2.2 pounds of a drug, usually marijuana or heroin
*Keep the faith: Expression said upon departure
Keg: 50,000 pills
Keister plant: Drugs hidden in rectum
Key: Method of packaging one kilo (2.2 pounds)
Kick: To stop; to stop taking a particular drug, especially heroin
King's habit: Use of cocaine
Kinky: Very strange, unusual
Kit: Injection paraphernalia
Knock off: To stop; to murder
Lab: Equipment used to manufacture drugs illegally
Later: To see or talk to a person at a later time
Lay: Sexual intercourse; to give something
Laying paper: Passing bad checks
L.B.: Pound
*Leaf: Opium
Lid: One ounce of marijuana
Lieutenant: Right-hand man of a large drug dealer
Lighten up: To take it easy or stop
Lightweight: Something or somebody of no consequence
Like: Expression used for emphasis or to gain attention
Line: Cocaine poured out in a thin line on a table, book, album, etc.,
for inhaling into the nose with a straw
Lit up: Under the influence of a drug
Loaded: Under the influence of a drug
*Loaf 2.2 pounds of marijuana
Looking: Seeking to purchase drugs
Lose your cool: To lose control of oneself
Low rider: Down-and-out addict.

Low riders: group distinguished by their vehicles built low to the
ground
Ludes: Quaaludes
*M: Morphine
M&Ms: Seconal tablets shaped like M&M's
candy Machine: Motorcycle
Machinery: Injection paraphernalia
Mainline: To inject a drug directly into the vein
Maintain: To remain calm
Make a buy, make a meet: To purchase drugs
Make it: To leave
Mamma: Negro female; girlfriend of all of one group who is willing to
have sex with any member at request
Man: Police officer; dealer of drugs
Manicure: To clean stems and seeds from marijuana
Mark: Victim
*Mary Jane, Mary: Marijuana
Matchbox: Old term for container of marijuana (penny matchbox)
Menita: Baby laxative used for cutting cocaine
Meth: Methamphetamine
Merchandise: Narcotics or drugs
Merck: Pharmaceutical cocaine
Mexican brown: Mexican heroin
Mic (Mike): Micrograms; average dose of LSD is 250 mics
Mickey Finn: Chloral hydrate in a drink used to knock out a victim
*Microdots: Type of LSD
Mind game: Psychological game of wits
Mind trip: Drugs causing psychological changes
Minibeans: Small benzedrine tablets
Morning shot: First injection of the day
Mouth habit: Oral drug habit
*Mud: Opium
Muggles: Marijuana
Mule: Go-between from the dealer to the buyer (transports dope)
Munchies: Sensation of hunger caused by smoking marijuana
*Nail: Hypodermic needle; one marijuana cigarette
Narc, nark, narco: Narcotics officer
Natural: Natural hair style of blacks
Needle freak: One who injects drugs into the vein or skin
*Nemmies: Nembutal
Nickel: Five dollars
Nigra: High-grade, dark-colored marijuana
Nineteen: Nineteenth letter of alphabet, S for speed
Nod: Dozing as a result of drugs, usually heroin (after injecting
heroin, Hype "goes on the nod")
No way: No chance
Number: Marijuana
O.D.: Overdose of a drug, many times fatal
Off: To get rid of
Off the wall: Sudden change of mood
*Oil-burning habit: A big habit
One and one: Two measured lines of cocaine, one per nostril
*Orange sunshine: Type of LSD
*Orange wedges: Type of LSD
Outfit: Injection paraphernalia
Out front: Open, honest (to put money out front: to advance money prior
to delivery of drugs)
Out of it: Not in touch; removed
Overamped: Refers to someone who has injected too much methamphetamine
Overdose: Too much of a drug; to take too much of a drug
Overstock: Front-end extension on a motorcycle
*Owsley: High-quality LSD
O.Z.: Ounce
Ozer: Packaging one ounce
Pad: User's residence
Panama red: High-grade marijuana grown in Panama
Panic: Scarcity of drugs
Paper: Quantity of narcotics contained in a small, folded piece of
paper; cigarette paper
Paper acid: LSD on a small piece of paper
Paper hanger: Forger
Paquete: Packaging for twelve balloons of heroin
Peace pill: PCP
Peaking: Reaching the highest point of being under the influence
Peddler: One who sells (illicit) drugs
People: Mixture of a drug and another substance; family, relatives
Pep pill: amphetamine
Piece: One ounce of a narcotic, usually heroin; gun; sexual intercourse
Pill freak: User of any type of pill
Pillow: 25,000 amphetamine tablets, usually packaged in a black plastic
bag
Pinch: Small sample of a drug
*Pink lady: Secobarbital capsule
Plant: To set someone up by placing drugs in his or her possession
without the person's knowledge
Plunger: Syringe
Point: Needle
Pop: To take a drug by injection or orally
Popped: Arrested
Pot: Marijuana
*Power sign: Fist salute (bikers use left hand)
Prop: Phenyl-2-propanone (chemical used to manufacture methamphetamine)
Psychedelic: Mind changing
P-2-P: Phenyl-2-propanone (chemical used to manufacture methamphetamine)
Punk out: To pass out
Push: To sell drugs
Pusher: Person who sells drugs
Quarter: Twenty-five dollars; twenty-five-dollar balloon of heroin
Quarter piece: One-fourth ounce of a certain drug (usually heroin)
Rabbit: To run away; person buyer uses to test dope
Rack: Numerous (three to ten) capsules taped together
*Rainbows: Tuinal
Rank: Crude; impolite
R.D.'s: Secobarbital
Reds: Secobarbital
Redneck: Ultraconservative individual; sometimes referred to as "Oakie"
*Reefer: Marijuana cigarette
Register: Show of blood in syringe during an injection to indicate that
the vein was punctured
Ride: Car
Rig: Injection paraphernalia
Roach: Partially smoked marijuana cigarette
Roach Clip: Holder for a marijuana cigarette
Rock: Crystallized cocaine (same as crack)
Rock house: Residence to sell drugs, usually crystallized cocaine
Roll: Ten pills in a roll (usually tinfoil)
Run-it-down: Go-between from dealer to buyer; someone who does all the
leg work for another
Rush: First exciting euphoria from taking a drug
Scab: Abscess caused by injection of a drug; ugly female
*Scag: Heroin
Scam: Occurrence of interest; con game
Scarf: To swallow a drug
Scene: Place or environment
*Schmeck: Heroin
Score: To purchase drugs; to have sexual intercourse
Script: Drug prescription
Shit: Heroin
Shoot (up): To inject a drug
Shooting gallery: Place used by users to inject drugs
Short: Vehicle; smaller-than-expected amount of a certain drug
Shot: House or room
Shot (up): Having injected drugs
Sick: Withdrawal experienced by a user; condition of needing a drug to
remain normal
Sissy bar: Chrome upward extension for the back of a motorcycle seat
Skag: Heroin
Skid lid: Motorcycle helmet
Skin pop: To inject a drug under the skin rather than into the vein
Smack: Heroin
Snort: To sniff a drug through the nose
Snow: Cocaine
Snowbird: Cocaine user
Spaced (out): In a daze
Speed: Methamphetamine
*Speedball: Mixture of heroin and a stimulant drug such as cocaine or
amphetamine
Spike: Needle
Spoon: Quantity of a drug, approximately one-half gram of heroin
*Sporting: Using cocaine
Square: Nonuser
Squirrely: Refers to a strange person
Stash: Total amount of a drug one possesses, often hidden
Step on: To adulterate drugs to obtain a larger quantity
Stick: Marijuana cigarette
Stone: To emphasize something, e.g., stone fox (sexy female)
Stoned: Under the influence
Straight: Square; not a drug user
Street people: Persons who use drugs or are related to drug users in
the underground culture; homeless persons
Strung out: Addicted
Stuff: Heroin
Sugar (milk) habit: Addict's desire for sweets caused by a large amount
of milk sugar mixed with everyday heroin
Super: Really good
Swing man: Supplier; connection
Tabs: Tablets
Taco: A Mexican
*Tar: Opium
Taste: Small ration of a drug
*Tea: Marijuana
Ten-cent bag: Ten-dollar bag
Tie off: To prepare for injection by placing a tourniquet around the
limb to be used
Tie rag: Homemade or makeshift tourniquet used during the injection of
drugs
*Tin: One ounce of marijuana
T.J.: Tijuana, Mexico
Toke up: To light a marijuana cigarette
Tools: Injection paraphernalia
Too much: Utmost
Tough, tuff: Good
Tracks: Supravenous scars from injection of drugs
Trick: Date or customer of a prostitute; victim; foolish person
Troll: To be looking to sell
Trip: To be under the influence of a drug; to travel to score
Trucking: Moving
Turkey: Bad narcotics or substance in lieu of narcotics
Turn on: To take drugs.  Turn someone on; to give someone drugs
Turtle: LSD or PCP tablet shaped like a turtle shell
Uncut: Pure form of a drug
Upper: Amphetamine
Up-tight: Upset
User: Drug addict
U.S.P.: Pharmaceutical methamphetamine
Water: Methamphetamine
Wasted: Unconscious or almost unconscious from being under the
influence of a drug
Way out: Extreme
Weed: Marijuana
Weekend habit: Small, irregular habit
Wedge: Type of LSD, usually a tablet
Whites: Benzedrine
White stuff: Heroin, usually Chinese
Windowpane: Type of LSD
Wired: Under the influence
Withdraw: To stop using narcotics
Works: Injection paraphernalia
Wrong: Bad or untrustworthy
Yellows: Nembutal
Zee: One ounce of a drug; sleep
Zig-Zag man: The man shown on Zig-Zag brand cigarette papers, which are
commonly used to roll marijuana cigarettes
Zonked, zonked out: Loaded or O.D.'d on drugs
EVIDENCE
Evidence: Any type of proof legally presented at trial, by the act of
partieS and through testimony of witnesses, presentation of records,
documents, concrete objects, etc., for the purpose of inducing belief
in the minds of the court or jury as to their contention.

Classification: Evidence is either judiciary or extrajudicial.

Judicial evidence is the lawful means of ascertaining, in a judicial
proceeding, the truth respecting a question of fact.  Extrajudicial
evidence is that which is used to satisfy persons as to facts requiring
proof.

Primary Evidence: Evidence that, under every circumstance, affords the
greatest certainty of the fact in question.  A written instrument is
itself the best possible evidence of its existence and contents;
original or firsthand evidence.  The best evidence that is required in
the first instance, and that must fail before secondary evidence can be
admitted.

Secondary Evidence: That which is inferior to primary evidence; thus, a
copy of an instrument, or oral evidence relating to the instrument, is
secondary evidence of the instrument and its contents.

Direct Evidence: Direct evidence is that means of proof which tends to
show the existence of a fact without the intervention of proof of any
other fact, and is distinguished from circumstantial evidence, which is
often called indirect evidence.

Indirect or Circumstantial Evidence: That which tends to establish the
issue by proof of various facts, sustaining by their consistency the
hypothesis claimed.  Indirect evidence consists of both inferences and
presumptions.

Intrinsic Evidence: That which iS derived from a document without
anything to explain it.

Extrinsic Evidence: External evidence, or that which is not contained
in the body of an agreement, contract, or the like.

Adminicular Evidence: Auxiliary or supplementary evidence, such as is
presented for the purpose of explaining and completing other evidence.

Circumstantial Evidence: Evidence directed to the attending
circumstances: evidence that is inferential by establishing a condition
of surrounding and limited circumstanceS, a premiSe from which the
existence of the principal fact may be concluded by reasoning.  When
the existence of the principal fact is only inferred from one or more
circumstances, the evidence is circumstantial.  All presumptive
evidence is circumstantial because it is derived from or made up of
circumstances.  All circumstantial evidence, however, is not
presumptive, as it leads to necessary conclusions instead of probable
ones.

Competent Evidence: That which the law considers admissible.

Conclusive Evidence: That which is so strong and convincing that the
law considers it beyond contradiction; that which establishes beyond
any doubt.

Corroborative Evidence: Strengthening or confirming evidence.

Additional evidence of a different character in support of the same
fact or proposition.

Cumulative Evidence: Additional or corroborative evidence to the same
point, used to prove what has already been established by other
evidence.

Documentary Evidence: That which is supplied by writings and documents
of every kind.

Evidence Aliunde: Evidence from outside, from another source.  In
certain cases, a written instrument may be explained by evidence
aliunde, the testimony of a witness to conversations, admissions, or
preliminary negotiations.

Expert Evidence: Testimony given in relation to some scientific,
technical, or professional matter by experts, i.e., persons qualified
to speak authoritatively by reason of their special training, skill, or
familiarity with the subject.

Extraneous Evidence: Refers to a contract, deed, will, or any writing.

Extraneous evidence is not furnished by the document itself, but from
outside sources, the same as evidence aliunde.

Fair Preponderance of Evidence: Evidence weighed against that which is
offered to oppose it and is found more convincing in the minds of the
jury.

Hearsay Evidence: Evidence not proceeding from the personal knowledge
of the witness, but from the mere repetition of what the witness has
heard others say.  The very nature of the evidence shows its weakness,
and it is seldom admitted as evidence or accepted by the court.

Incompetent Evidence: That which is not admissible under the
established rules of evidence; that which the law does not permit to be
presented because of lack of originality or of some defect in the
witness, the document, or the nature of the evidence itself.

Inculpatory Evidence: Evidence that without a specific or particular
fact cannot be proved.

Legal Evidence: A broad, general term meaning all admissible evidence,
including oral and documentary, but with a further implication that it
must be of such character as to reasonably and substantially prove the
point, not merely raise a suspicion or conjecture.

Material Evidence: That which is relevant and goes to the substantial
matters in dispute.  Evidence that has a legitimate and effective
influence or bearing on the decision of the case.

Mathematical Evidence: Demonstrative evidence, such as establishes its
conclusions with absolute necessity and certainty.  It is used in
contradistinction to moral evidence.

Moral Evidence: As opposed to Mathematical or Demonstrative evidence,
it denotes that kind of evidence that, without developing a necessary
certainty, generates a high degree of probability, founded upon analogy
or induction, experience of the ordinary course of nature or the
sequence of events, and the testimony of human beings.

Newly Discovered Evidence: Evidence of a new and material fact, or new
evidence related to a fact in issue, discovered by a party to a cause
after the rendition of a verdict or judgment.

Opinion Evidence: Evidence of what the witness thinks, believes, or
infers, rather than personal knowledge of the facts themselves.  Not
admissible except (under certain limitations) in the case of experts.

Oral Evidence: Evidence given by word of mouth.

Original Evidence: An original document, writing, or other material
object introduced in evidence, as distinguished from a copy.

Parol Evidence: Oral or verbal evidence given by word or mouth.

Partial Evidence: That which goes to establish a detached fact, in
series tending to the fact in dispute.  It may be received, subject to
be rejected as incompetent, unless connected with the fact in dispute
by proof of other facts.

Positive Evidence: Direct proof of the point in issue; evidence that,
if believed, establishes the truth or falsehood of an issue, and does
not arise from any presumption.

Preponderance of Evidence: Greater weight of evidence, or evidence that
is more credible and convincing to the mind.  In criminal cases, guilt
must be established in the minds of the jury, based on the evidence
presented to them, beyond any reasonable doubt and to a moral certainty
(and the jury must be unanimous in its decision), whereas civil cases
are decided on the basis of a preponderance, or weight, of the evidence
presented, to a reasonable degree of certainty (and only a majority,
usually two-thirds, of the jury must agree).

Presumptive Evidence: This term has several meanings in law: (1) Any
evidence that is not direct and positive: the proof of minor or other
facts incidental to or usually connected with the fact sought to be
proved, which, when taken together, inferentially establish or prove
the fact in question to a reasonable degree of certainty.  (2) Evidence
that must be received and treated as true and sufficient until rebutted
by other testimony; as where a statute provides that certain facts
shall be presumptive evidence of guilt of title.  (3) Evidence that
admits of explanation or contradiction by other evidence, as
distinguished from conclusive evidence.

Prima Facie Evidence: That which is good and sufficient on its face;
such evidence as, in the judgment of the law, is sufficient to
establish a given fact, or the group or chain of facts constituting the
party's claim or defense, and which if not rebutted or contradicted
will remain sufficient.

Prima Facie Case: One in which the evidence in favor of a proposition
is sufficient to Support a finding in its favor, if all the eVidence to
the contrary be disregarded.

Probable Evidence: Presumptive evidence, based on its foundation in
probability.

Proper Evidence: Such evidence as may be presented under the rules
established by law and recognized by the courts.

Real Evidence: That which is furnished by things themselves, on view or
inspection, as distinguished from a description of them by word of a
witness, e.g., the physical appearance revealed to the jury of marks,
scars, wounds, fingerprints; weapons or implements used in the
commission of a crime; the place or scene of the crime or accident.

Rebutting Evidence: Evidence given to explain, repel, counteract, or
disprove facts given in evidence by the opposing side.

Relevant Evidence: That which relates to, or bears directly upon, the
point in issue, or conduces to prove a pertinent theory in a case.

Satisfactory Evidence: Satisfactory proof; credible evidence in respect
to its amount or weight, sufficient to justify the court or jury in
adopting a conclusion.

Scintilla of Evidence: Any material evidence that, if true, would tend
to establish the issue in the mind of a reasonable jury.

Secondhand Evidence: Hearsay evidence.

State's Evidence: A term for testimony given by an accomplice or joint
participant in the commission of a crime, tending to criminate or
convict the others; usually given under actual or implied promise of
immunity.

Substantive Evidence: Evidence used to prove a fact, as opposed to
evidence given for the purpose of discrediting a witness.

Substitutionary Evidence: That which is admitted as a substitute for
what would be the original or primary instrument of evidence, as where
a witness is permitted to testify to the contents of a lost document.

Sufficient Evidence: Adequate evidence in character, weight, or amount,
as will legally justify the judicial or official action demanded.  It
may be prima facie or satisfactory evidence, according to the
definitions of those termS given above.

Traditionary Evidence: Evidence derived from tradition, reputation, or
statement formerly made by persons since deceased, regarding pedigree,
boundaries, etc., where no living witnesses having knowledge of the
facts can be produced.

Weight of Evidence: The preponderance of credible evidence, offered in
trial to support one side of the issue.

Evident: Clear to the understanding and satisfactory to the judgment;
manifest; plain; obvious; conclusive.

Ex Facie: "From the face"; apparently; evidently.  A term applied to
what appears on the face of a writing.

ADMISSIBILITY OF EVIDENCE IN CRIMINAL CASES
Facts in Issue: Facts in issue include all facts that are in dispute or
that tend to establish the guilt or innocence of the accused, or tend
to support or disprove any special defense, such as former jeopardy or
legal capacity of the accused to commit the crime charged.

Facts Relevant to the Facts in Issue: Evidence of any fact that, though
not itself in issue, has a bearing upon any fact in issue, is
admissible.

Facts Necessary to Explain or Introduce
Relevant Facts: Facts are admissible: (1) If necessary to be known to
explain or introduce a fact in issue, or relevant to the issue.  (2) If
they support or rebut an inference suggested by any such fact.  (3) If
they tend to establish or disprove the identity of any thing or person
whose identity is an issue or is relevant to the issue.  (4) If they
fix the time or place at which any such fact happened.  (5) If they
show the relation of the parties by whom any such fact was transacted.

(6) If they afforded an opportunity for its occurrence or transaction.

(7) If they are necessary to be known in order to show the relevancy of
other facts.

Motive: Any fact that shows a motive or lack of motive to commit the
crime charged is admissible.

Preparation for Act: Any fact or evidence tending to show preparations
by the defendant to commit the act charged is admissible.

Subsequent Conduct or Condition of Defendant: Any conduct or condition
of the defendant, subsequent to the act charged, that influenced the
act, and any act done in consequence of it by or by the authority of
the defendant, may be shown.  But self-serving statements or acts
cannot be shown by the defendant.

Statements Accompanying Acts: Statements accompanying and explaining an
act made by or to the person doing it may be proved if they are
necessary to understanding the act.

Statements in the Presence of Defendant: When the defendant's conduct
is in issue or is relevant, statements made in his or her presence by
which his or her conduct can be affected are admissible when the
defendant makes no denial.

Conduct and Complaint by Person Injured: In prosecutions for rape, the
conduct of the victim, and particularly the fact that he or she made
complaint after the crime was committed, may be shown, but the
particulars of the complaint are not admissible.

Other Crimes: During the time a person iS being tried for one crime,
the state cannot prove the commission by that person of another crime
that is not connected with the crime charged.  If, however, the other
crime was committed as part of the same transaction, and tends to
explain or qualify the fact in issue, it may be shown.  When the
existence of intention, knowledge, malice, or other state of mind is in
issue, and the commission of another crime tends to prove its
existence, the other crime may be shown.  The evidence is admitted for
this purpose only, and not to show that the defendant was likely to
commit the crime in question.

Acts and Declarations of Conspirators: When two or more persons
conspire to commit any offense, everything said, done, or written by
one of them in the execution or furtherance of their common purpose is
admissible as against each of them.

Hearsay: Hearsay evidence is the testimony given by a witness who
relates, not what the witness knows personally, but what others have
told him or her; it is admissible only in exceptional cases.

Declarations by Persons Other Than Defendant: Declarations by persons
other than the defendant cannot be proved unless: (1) they are part of
the resgestae; (2) they are admissible as dying declarations; (3) they
are admissible as declarations by authority of the defendant; or (4)
they are admissible as evidence given in a former proceeding.

Dying Declarations: In prosecutions for homicide, a statement made on
behalf of the deceased as to the cause of death, and as to the
circumstances which resulted in death, is admissible if it appears to
the judge that when the statement was made, the person had given up all
hope of recovery.  The deceased must have been competent as a witness,
and the facts stated must be such that he or she could have testified
to them.  To be competent to testify to dying declarations, a witness
must be able to state the substance as it was made, though the witness
need not state it verbatim.

Admissions and Declarations by Defendant: Declarations made by the
defendant, or by a third person by the defendant's authority, if
relevant, are admissible against him or her, but they are not
admissible in the defendant's favor.

Confessions: A confession is an admission made at any time by a person
charged with a crime, and is admissible against him or her if
voluntary.  No confession is deemed voluntary if it was caused by any
inducement, threat, or promise from a person in authority and if it
made reference to the charge against the accused.

Silence When Accused of a Crime: The silence of a defendant when
accused of a crime may be shown as an implied admission of guilt.

Against Whom Confessions are Admissible: A confession is admissible
only against the person who made it.  A confession by one defendant is
not competent evidence against that person's codefendant.

Evidence Given in a Former Proceeding: Any evidence given in a former
proceeding is admissible for the purpose of proving the matter stated
in a later stage of the same proceeding, under the following
circumstances: (1) When the witness is dead; (2) When the witness is
insane; (3) When the witness is out of the jurisdiction; (4) When the
witness cannot be found within the jurisdiction; (5) Provided the
person against whom the evidence is to be given had the right and the
opportunity to cross-examine the witness during the former proceeding.

Opinion Evidence: This evidence is admissible only in exceptional
cases.  A witness must testify to facts, not state a personal opinion
or conclusion.

Expert Testimony: Testimony with respect to science or art may be given
by persons specially skilled in any such matter.  The words science or
art in the above rule include all subjects on which a course of special
study or experience is necessary.  Where a witness possesses knowledge,
not of the facts of the case but of a trade or science art beyond that
of the average person, he or she may give an opinion based upon such
special knowledge so that the jury may have this knowledge in arriving
at a verdict.

Character Evidence: Evidence of the character of a person is admissible
in the following cases: (1) The fact that the defendant of the crime
charged has a good character may be shown, but the state cannot show
that he or she has a bad character, unless the individual's character
is at issue, or unless evidence has been given that he or she has a
good character, in which case evidence disputing that testimony is
admissible; (2) In prosecutions for homicide, the character of the
victim as a violent and dangerous person may be shown when addressing
the question of whether the defendant acted in self-defense; (3) A
witness may be impeached by proof of his or her bad character for truth
and veracity; (4) In crimes where character is an element - for
example, in some sex crimes - the prosecution must prove that the
female was of previous chaste character.

Evidence Wrongfully Obtained: Where no objection is made at the trial
to the introduction of evidence wrongfully or illegally obtained, error
cannot be claimed for the first time on appeal.  And where the record
is silent as to whether the officers had a search warrant or warrant of
arrest, the seizure is presumed to be lawful.

Presumption of Innocence: The defendant is presumed to be innocent, and
the burden is on the state to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt and
to a moral certainty.

Competency of Witnesses: There is little difference between civil and
criminal cases as regards the competency of witnesses and the mode of
examining them.  All persons are deemed competent to testify except
those types described below.  If, in the opinion of the judge, the
witness is prevented by extreme youth, disease affecting the mind, or
any other cause of the same kind, from: (1) recollecting the matter on
which he or she is to testify; (2) understanding the questions put to
him or her; (3) giving rational answers to those questions; or (4)
knowing that he or she ought to speak the truth, the individual is
deemed to be incompetent to testify.  A witness unable to speak or hear
is not incompetent, but may give evidence by writing or by signs, or in
any other manner in which he or she can make it intelligible, but such
writing must be written and such signs must be made in open court.

Evidence so given is deemed to be oral evidence.

Generally a husband or a wife cannot be a witness against his or her
spouse, except for a crime committed against him or her by that spouse,
but the laws on this subject vary in the different states.  In most
states by statute, the accused is now allowed to testify in his or her
own behalf, but he or she cannot be compelled to testify.

Privileged Communications: (1) No husband is compelled to disclose any
communication made to him by his wife during the marriage, and no wife
is compelled similarly.  (2) No one can be compelled to give evidence
relating to any affairs of state, as to official communications between
public officers upon public affairs, except with the permiSsion of the
officer at the head of the department concerned.  (3) In cases in which
the government is immediately concerned, no witness can be compelled to
answer any question, the answer to which would tend to disclose the
names of persons by or to whom information was given as to the
commission of offenses.  (4) No legal advisor is permitted, whether
during or after the termination of employment as such, unless with his
or her client's expressed consent, to disclose any communication, oral
or documentary, made to him or her as such legal advisor.  The
expression legal advisor includes lawyers, their clerks, and
interpreters between them and their clients.

Self-Incrimination: Under the constitutions and at common law, no one
is bound to answer any question if the answer would have a tendency to
expose the witness to any criminal charge, or to any penalty or
forfeiture that the judge regards as reasonably likely to be preferred
or sued for.  However, no one is excused from answering any question
only because the answer may establish, or tend to establish, that the
person owes a debt or is otherwise liable to any civil suit.  If a
defendant offers to be a witness, he or she cannot refuse to answer
proper questions on cross-examination.

When Corroboration is Required: In some states, a conviction cannot be
had in a criminal case on the testimony of an accomplice unless
corroborated by other evidence.  In some states, in prosecutions for
abortion, seduction, rape, and similar crimes, there can be no
conviction on the uncorroborated testimony of the woman.

Number of Witnesses Necessary: In trials for treason, no one can be
convicted unless he or she pleads guilty except upon the oath of two
lawful witnesses to the overt act.  If, upon a trial for perjury, the
only evidence against the defendant is the oath of one witness
contradicting the oath on which perjury is assigned, and if no
circumstances are proved that corroborate such witness, the defendant
is entitled to be acquitted.

Examination, Cross-Examination: Witnesses examined in open court must
be first examined in chief.  They may then be cross examined and
subsequently re-examined.  The examination and cross-examination must
relate to facts in issue or relevant thereto; and in most states, the
cross-examination must be confined to the facts to which the witness
testified on his or her examination in chief.  Re-examination must be
directed to the explanation of matters referred to in
cross-examination, and if new matter is, by permission of the court,
introduced in re-examination, the adverse party may further
cross-examine upon the matter.

Leading Questions: These are questions put or framed in such a form as
to suggest the answers that are sought to be obtained by the person
interrogating.  Questions are leading that suggest to the witness a
desired answer, or that embody a material fact and may be answered by a
mere negative or affirmative, or that involve an answer bearing
immediately upon the merits of the cause.

Questions Lawful in Cross-Examination: When a witness is crossexamined,
he or she may be asked any questions that tend: (1) to test accuracy,
veracity, or credibility; or (2) shake the witness's credit by injuring
his or her character.  However, the court has a right to exercise its
discretion and to refuse to compel such questions to be answered when,
in the opinion of the court, it would not affect the credibility of the
witness as to the matter to which he or she is required to testify.

Exclusion of Evidence to Contradict Answers to Questions Testing
Veracity: When a witness under cross-examination has been asked and has
answered any question that is relevant to the inquiry only so far as it
tends to shake the witness's credit by injuring his or her character,
evidence can be given to contradict the witness in the following cases:
(1) If a witness is asked whether he or she has been previously
convicted of any felony or misdemeanor, and denies it or does not admit
it, or refuses to answer, evidence may be given of a previous
conviction.  (2) If a witness is asked any question tending to show
that he or she is not impartial, and answers it by denying the facts
suggested, he or she may be contradicted.

Statement Inconsistent with Present Testimony: Every witness under
cross-examination in any proceeding, civil or criminal, may be asked
whether he or she has made any former statement, relative to the matter
of the action, that is inconsistent with the present testimony.

Impeaching the Credit of a Witness: A witness may be questioned on
cross-examination as to bias, motive, and interest in the case.  His or
her credit may be impeached by the adverse party by the evidence of
persons who are able to swear that they know the general reputation of
the witness for truth and veracity.  In some states, the inquiry may be
made to the witness's general moral character, but in all states, the
inquiry is confined to general reputation.  Specific acts by the
witness sought to be impeached cannot be shown.

Offenses Against Women: When a man is prosecuted for rape, in some
jurisdictions, it may be shown that the woman against whom the offense
was committed was of a general immoral character, although she is not
cross-examined on the subject.  In some states, the woman may be asked
if she has had sexual relations with other men, but her answer cannot
be contradicted.  She may also be asked whether she has had sexual
relations on other occasions with the accused, and if she denies it,
she (probably) may be contradicted.  In a prosecution for seduction,
the unchastity of the woman may be shown.

THE FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION (U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE)
The primary function of the FBI is to investigate violations of certain
federal statutes and to collect evidence in cases in which the United
States may be an interested party.  The FBI also performs other duties
specifically imposed by law or presidential directive and conducts a
number of service activities for other law-enforcement agencies.  In
the field of organized crime, the FBI seeks to eradicate largescale
intrastate gambling, loansharking, gangland infiltration of legitimate
business, and interstate travel in aid of racketeering.  Other statutes
often applied are those dealing with pornography, arson-for-hire,
extortion, thefts from interstate shipments, and labor racketeering.

It costs approximately $1 billion to operate the FBI and its fiftyeight
field offices throughout the United States and Puerto Rico in a given
year.  The office employs more than 21,000 employees, 9,000 of whom are
Special Agents.  Although the FBI has authority to operate only in the
United States and its possessions, by certain grants of Congress, the
FBI does on occasion have jurisdiction on the high seas.  The FBI also
has foreign counterintelligence responsibilities inside the United
States and its possessions.  In addition to working with other
law-enforcement agencies both local and federal, the FBI maintains a
master fingerprint identification center and the Criminalistics
Laboratory Information System (CLIS), a communications network for
local, state, and federal agencies to use, allowing them access to
scientific reference information contained on the CLIS data base.  The
CLIS is currently composed of a General Rifling Characteristics file
that is used to identify the manufacturer and type of weapon that may
have been used to fire a bullet or cartridge.

The FBI has jurisdiction in crimes against U.S. citizens in foreign
countries.  For example, if a terrorist murders a U.S. citizen
elsewhere in the world, the FBI may investigate and bring the defendant
to trial in the United States.

The FBI also maintains at its headquarters in Washington, D.C., other
types of files, primarily of a technical nature, that are helpful in
criminal investigations by city, state, and federal agencies such as:
The Anonymous Letters File
Bank Robbery Note File
National Fraudulent Check File
The National Automotive Paint File
The Hair and Fiber Reference File
The National Automotive Altered Number File
The National Stolen Property File
These files contain copies of or records about evidence as well as
reference samples for comparison purposes.

Fingerprint and Index Files
The subject matter and names of individuals and organizations are
indexed at FBI headquarters in alphabetical order, and at the end of
1986 there were more than 178 million fingerprints on file.  Ninety-two
million contain criminal history data, and 84 million civil print
identifications covering federal employees, alien registration,
military personnel, and individuals requesting their prints be on file
for identification purposes.

The fingerprint section is broken down into three divisions:
identification of arrests and applications, posting of wanted and
parole/ probation notices, and examination of physical evidence of
latent prints for court testimony.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation maintains records of missing
persons and handles identification of amnesia victims and deceased
persons.

In addition to the FBI's automated data processing for accounting,
statistical, administrative, and investigative control operations, in
1967 a fully automated system, Automated Identification Division System
(AIDS) was instituted and today the advanced phase three of that
system, which can process the required information within twenty-four
hours, is in full operation.  Although computer data systems do most of
the work, the final identification is made by an analyst within the FBI.

FBI Case Classifications
Admiralty Matters
Alien Property
Custodian Matters
Antiracketeering
Antitrust
Applications for Executive Clemency and for Pardon After Completion of
Sentence
Ascertaining Financial Ability
Assaulting or Killing a Federal Officer
Assaulting the President of the United States
Automobile Information Disclosure Act
Bank Robbery, Burglary, and Larceny
Bills of Lading Act
Bond Default
Bribery and Conflict of Interest
Civil Rights
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Contempt of Court
Contract Settlement Act
Copyright Matters
Court of Claims
Crime Aboard Aircraft
Crimes on the High Seas
Desertion, Harboring Deserter, Enticing to Desert
Destruction of Aircraft
Election Laws
Escaped Federal Prisoners, Parole, Probation and Conditional Release
Violations
Extortion
False Entries in the Records of Interstate Carriers
Falsely Claiming Citizenship
Federal Housing Administration Matters
Federal Lending and Insurance Agencies
Federal Tort Claims Act
Federal Train Wreck Statute
Foreign Police Cooperation
Fraud Against the Government
Government and Indian Reservation Matters
Harboring Fugitives
Hydraulic Brake Fluid Act
Illegal Wearing of Uniform and Related Statutes
Illegal Use of Railroad Pass
Impersonation
Interstate Transmission of Wagering Information
Interstate Transportation in Aid of Racketeering
Interstate Transportation of Fireworks
Interstate Transportation of Gambling Devices
Interstate Transportation of Lottery Tickets
Interstate Transportation of Obscene Matter
Interstate Transportation of Stolen Cattle
Interstate Transportation of Stolen Motor Vehicles or Aircraft
Interstate Transportation of Stolen Property
Interstate Transportation of Strikebreakers
Interstate Transportation of Unsafe Refrigerators
Interstate Transportation of Wagering Paraphernalia
Irregularities in Federal Penal Institutions
Kickback Racket Act
Kidnapping
Labor-Management Relations Act
Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959
Mail Fraud
Migratory Bird Act
Motor Vehicle Seat Belt Act
Narcotics
National and Federal Firearms Acts
National Bank and Federal Reserve Acts--Banks
National Bank and Federal Reserve Acts--Federal Credit Union
National Bank and Federal Reserve Acts--Savings and Loan
National Bankruptcy Act
Obstruction of Justice
Passports and Visas
Perjury
Railway Labor Act
Red Cross Act
Renegotiation Act
Selective Service Act of 1948
Sports Bribery
Switchblade Knife Act
Theft, Embezzlement, or Illegal Possession of Government Property
Theft From Interstate Shipment
Unauthorized Publication or Use of Communications
Unlawful Flight to Avoid Prosecution, Confinement, or the Giving
of Testimony
Veterans Administration Matters
Welfare and Pension Plans Disclosure Act
UNITED STATES MARSHAL'S SERVICE (U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE)
The U.S. Marshal's Service (USMS) is the nation's oldest federal
law-enforcement agency.  The U.S. Marshal is a presidentially appointed
agent of the Department of Justice whose activities are supervised and
coordinated by the Director of the U.S. Marshal's Service under the
authority of the Attorney General.  Almost every federal lawenforcement
initiative involves the USMS, including the custody, care, and
transportation of federal offenders and the tracking and apprehension
of federal criminals who jump bail, violate parole, and escape prison.

USMS is also responsible for the protection of the courts, judges,
attorneys, and witnesses, through the Federal Witness Protection and
Relocation program, enforcement of court orders, management of assets
seized or forfeited as a result of their acquisition from profits of
certain criminal activities.  Also included in the USMS's duties are
the receipt and processing of federal prisoners, the custody of
unsentenced federal prisoners, and the apprehension of fugitives wanted
by foreign nations believed to be in the United States.  This service
accepts custody and escorts extradited or expulsed prisoners from
foreign nations to the United States.  USMS provides security
assistance to the Department of Defense and the Air Force during the
movement of missiles between military facilities.  The Missile Escort
program is part of USMS's Special Operations Group (SOG), which also
includes the USMS Air Operations Branch.  This branch responds to
emergency situations, such as civil disturbances, terrorist incidents,
or hostage situations where there is a violation of federal law or
where federal property is endangered.

THE IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE (INS), INVESTIGATIONS
DIVISION (U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE)
Special Agents of the INS plan and conduct investigations of persons
and events subject to the administrative and criminal provisions of the
Immigration and Nationality Act and other statutes under the United
States Code.  These officers carry firearms, make arrests, prepare
investigative reports, present cases to the U.S. Attorney for
prosecution, and give testimony in judicial and administrative
proceedings.  Special Agents' missions are diverse, ranging from
background studies to determine an alien's eligibility for benefits
under the Immigration and Nationality Act to investigations of
large-scale international organizations that smuggle aliens or
perpetrate other fraudulent or criminal actions against the United
States.  The INS, located in Washington, D.C., is under the supervision
of the Commissioner of the Immigration and Naturalization Service and
is its chief executive officer.  The Commissioner is assisted by a
Deputy Commissioner; an Executive Assistant; General Counsel; and
Associate Commissioners for Enforcement, Examinations, Management and
Operations Support; the Assistant Commissioners; and other staff
members.

Field Service
The Field Service comprises four regions; within each region are
district offices headed by district directors.  Border Patrol functions
are administered by Border Patrol Sectors within each region,
supervised by Chief Patrol Agents.  Each district is divided into
sections to facilitate operations.  The Investigations Section
investigates aliens and citizens whose actions fall within the
jurisdiction of the INS and make arrests in the enforcement of the act
and other laws related to the immigration and naturalization of aliens.

The Examinations Section adjudicates various petitions submitted for
alien benefits and inspects aliens seeking entry into this country.

The Detention and Deportation section controls the movements of aliens
after they have been placed under Service proceedings.

Investigations Program - Central Office
Under the direction of the Deputy Commissioner and the Associate
Commissioner, the Assistant Commissioner for Investigations is
responsible for the guidance, management, and direction of the
investigations Program.  Service investigative activities not under the
Assistant Commissioner for Investigations are the Anti-Smuggling Unit
and the Employer and Labor Relations Unit.  Anti-Smuggling is under the
direction of the Associate Commissioner for Enforcement implemented by
Border Patrol Sectors.  The Assistant Commissioner for Employer and
Labor Relations is charged with education of employer sanctions
provisions of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 and the
administration of the Systematic Alien Verification Entitlement
Program.  Special Agents of the INS are trained at the Federal Law
Enforcement Training Center (FLETC) and at the Immigration Officer
Academy for basic training, both at Glynco, Georgia.

DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION (DEA) (U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE)
The primary mission of the DEA is to enforce the drug laws and
regulations of the United States.  It is charged with investigating
those organizations involved in the illegal growing, manufacturing, and
distribution of controlled substances in the United States, along with
regulating those individuals and companies who are legitimate handlers
or manufacturers of controlled substances.  The DEA is divided into
enforcement and regulatory operations.  Criminal investigations are
handled by Special Agents (GS-1811) empowered to make arrests, perform
search-and-seizures, and carry firearms.  Regulatory matters are
handled by Division Investigators (GS-1810).

DEA Special Agents (GS-1811) conduct criminal investigations, conduct
criminal surveillance, infiltrate, identify, confiscate, and arrest
violators in criminal drug activities.  They prepare evidence, write
reports, testify, and cooperate with municipal, state, and federal
lawenforcement organizations.  The DEA maintains its own training
academy, sharing facilities on the FBI's training grounds in Quantico,
Virginia.

FORENSIC AND POLICE SCIENCES
Modern forensic and police sciences in major cities throughout our
country cover all areas dealing with the commission of a crime through
their lab, forensic, and behavioral sciences departments.  The
deductive process of Sherlock Holmes days is long gone.  It has been
replaced with highly skilled technicians and criminalists, many of whom
are civilians working for law-enforcement agencies.

Police sciences include a number of sections, such as toxicology,
identification, serology, blood-alcohol testing, narcotics, physical
evidence, firearms, questioned documents, polygraph, behavioral
sciences, and photographic sciences.

Firearms deals with bullet comparisons, tool mark examinations, gun
makes, and serial numbers restoration.  Questioned Documents deals with
the analysis of written documents or those from a dubious source,
including bad checks, forgeries, typewriter and computer analysis, and
indented writings.

Identification is involved in fingerprint comparison and field work,
including the collection of latent prints on various surfaces using
chemical and mechanical means.  Physical Evidence works on comparison
of hair and fiber evidence, shoe prints, tire prints, physical matches,
arson and explosives, and gunshot-residue analysis.  Serology deals
with identification and subsequent grouping of blood and other body
fluids such as semen and saliva in major crimes, primarily homicide and
sexual assault.

Narcotics analyzes bulk narcotics evidence.  Toxicology analyzes drugs
and their metabolites in blood and urine.

Blood Alcohol Testing Section analyzes blood-alcohol levels in blood
and urine for testimony of at what level of alcohol in an individual's
blood has impaired the driving of a vehicle.

Polygraph handles administration and interpretation of the polygraph
test.

Behavioral Science Section is usually separate from the crime
laboratory.  Most agencies, except the FBI, don't have a formal
behavioral science unit.  More often, police officers assigned to
detective functions will have had specialized training in this area.

Photographic produces crime-scene photography, microphotography,
infrared and ultraviolet photography.

toxicology for the purpose of determining poisoning, etc.  is done by
the coroner's office.

New Equipment and Technology in Forensic and Police Sciences We've come
a long way since the days of Sherlock Holmes and his brilliant
deductive processes, as evidenced by the application of a wide variety
of computer sciences that have been adapted by police sciences and
crime investigation technology.  The following equipment and technology
are among the latest available to law enforcement:
Laser: Laser is used to better visualize fingerprints, fibers, semen
evidence, and other trace material in the field and in the lab.

EIectrostatic Detection Apparatus (ESDA): This instrument allows
sensitive analysis of indented writing, sometimes as deep as fifteen to
twenty sheets in a pad of paper.

CAL ID is a computer system that has all criminal fingerprints on file
from the state of California.  A check of other major sheriffs and
police departments will determine if a similar computer system exists
in their state.  This system enables a possible match of a single
latent print of an individual from a data base of all convicted
criminals.  The generic for CAL ID is AFlS: Automated Fingerprint
Identification System, which is operational in many states.

High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): This specific separation
technique can positively identify drugs and other organic compounds for
toxicology or narcotic examinations.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GCMS): This separation technique
can positively identify a substance (narcotic, poison, etc.) and
compare the spectra of its mass against a computer library for a
comparison to a standard.  Liver Temperature Reading: Used by the
coroner or medical examiner at the scene of the murder by making an
incision in the abdomen and inserting a probe with a thermometer into
the victim's liver, one can almost pinpoint the time of death.

DNA Identification: The various techniques and probes work on the same
essential theory: that the unique genetic factors in our chromosomes
(DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid) can be identified from body fluids
(blood, semen) and hair, and can be compared to known standards
(samples from a suspect or victim) to make a positive identification.

This genetically based form of identification was at first widely
applauded on the presumption that it was 100 percent accurate, with no
meaningful possibility of mistake, since no two individuals can have
exactly the same genetic makeup, with the possible exception of
identical twins.  However, there seems to be more overlap and common
factors than was originally thought, and experts differ on how reliable
DNA identification can be assumed to be.  Therefore, DNA identification
is no longer universally accepted as sufficiently foolproof to meet
court standards for reliable evidence.  Further refinement of the
procedures, though, may again restore the high credibility of such
evidence.  As with all rapidly changing technologies, check on the
current status of this procedure before making it a crucial element in
a story.

Currently, only a few agencies have DNA typing capability.  Most
contract such work out to private labs or send evidence to the FBI lab.

STREET-GANG LANGUAGE
The following list contains terms and phrases that are, as of this
writing, used by street gangs, primarily the Los Angeles Blood and Crip
gangs.  As these terms and phrases change frequently, it is best, for
writing purposes, to contact your local law-enforcement agency for
recent updates and changes.

Ace kool: Best friend, back-up
Base head: Person hooked on cocaine
Beemer: BMW vehicle
Benzo: Mercedes Benz
Blob: Grips' nickname for Grip gang member
Blood: Piru, non-Grip
Bo: Marijuana
Boned out: Quit, chickened out, left
Book: Run, get away, leave
Break: Run, get away
Break-down: Shotgun
Bucket: Old, raggedy car
Bud: Marijuana
Bullet: One year in custody
Bumping titties: Fighting
Busted: Shot at someone
Buster: Young guy trying to be a gang member; fake gang member
Check it out: Listen to what I have to say
Chill out: Stop it, don't do that
Colum: Colombian marijuana
Crab: Bloods' nickname for Crip gang member
Cragared down: Low-rider-type car
Cuzz: Grip
Do a ghost: To leave, leave the scene
Double-deuce: .22-caliber gun
Down for mine: Ability to protect self
Drag: Ability to sweet-talk girls
Draped: Wearing a lot of gold jewelry
Drop a dime: Snitch on someone
Deuce and a quarter: Buick 225 vehicle
Durag: Handkerchief wrapped around head
Dusted: Under the influence of PCP
Eastly: Very ugly person
Eight-track: Two-and-a-half grams of cocaine
Esseys: Mexicans
Everything is everything: It's all right
Four-five: .45-caliber gun
Freak: Good-looking girl
Fresh: Good looking, clean
G-ride: Gangster ride; stolen car
Gang-banging: Involved in gang activity
Get down: Fight
Gig: Gathering
Glass house: '77 or '78 Chevy
Head hunter: Female who does sexual acts for cocaine
High roller: Successful drug dealer
Holding down: Controlling turf or area
Homey: Fellow gang member
Home boy: Fellow gang member
Hood: Neighborhood
Hook: Phony, imitation
Hoopty: Car
Hustler: Not into gangs, strictly out to make money
Illing: Making mental mistake
Jacked-up: Beat up or assaulted
Jammed: Confronted
Jim Jones: Marijuana joint laced with cocaine and dipped in PCP
Juiced: Vehicle with hydraulics to raise and lower car
Kibbles & Bits: Crumbs of cocaine
Kicking back: Relaxing, killing time
Kool: It's all right
Laces: Chrome, spoke rims
Lady: Girlfriend
Let's bail: Let's leave
Lifts: Hydraulics to raise and lower car
Liquid juice: PCP
Lit up: Shot at
Lizard butt: Ugly girl
Mack: Ability to sweet-talk girls
Main man: Best friend, back-up
Making bank: Making money, usually illegally
Man: Cop, policeman
Mark: Want-to-be gang member
Mobile: Proper, nice looking
Molded: Embarrassed
Monte C: Monte Carlo vehicle
Mud duck: Ugly girl
O/G: Original gangster
On the pipe: Free basing cocaine
Packing: Gang member has gun in his possession
Player: Not into gangs, strictly out to make money
Popped a cap: Shot at someone
Primo: Marijuana joint laced with cocaine
Rag: Color of gang; handkerchief
Raise: Leave
Recruiting: Looking for good-looking girls
Red eye: Hard stare
Ride: Car
Ride on, rode on: To go to a rival neighborhood in vehicles to attack
other gangs
Righteous: True or affirmative answer
Rock: Crystallized cocaine
Roo-rah: Loud talking
Ru: Piru
Rush: To sweet-talk girls
Scandalous: Deadbeat person, bad person
Scratch: Embarrassed
Set: Neighborhood
Sherm: PCP
Slob: Crips' nickname for Blood gang member
Snaps: Money
Sprung: Addicted to cocaine
Squab: Fight, argue
Stall it out: Stop doing what you're doing
Strawberry: Female who does sexual acts for cocaine
Talking head: Argue; wanting to fight
Talking smack: Aggressive talking
Trey-eight:.38-caliber gun
Trick: Phony sissy
Trip: Too much, something else
Turkish: Heavy, ornamental gold necklace, earrings
Up on it: Have knowledge of drug scene; successful in dealing drugs
Wack: PCP
Wave: Short, close-cropped haircut
What it "b" like: Blood greeting
What it be like: Crip greeting
What's up: What's going on
Questions or information (about the Bloods and Crips Los Angeles gangs)
should be directed to the Los Angeles County District Attorney's
Office, (213) 725-5081, or California Department of Justice BOCCI, P.O.

Box 903357, Sacramento, CA 94203-3570; (916) 7395715.

HOMICIDE
homicide iS the killing of a human being, and the circumstances of the
homicide determine whether or not the taking of that life is criminal
or innocent.

A criminal homicide is neither excusable nor justifiable and falls into
two categories: murder and manslaughter.  In order to charge murder, it
must be proven that there was premeditation, that the person or persons
accused of the murder intended to commit bodily harm or kill, or that
the person or persons accused were engaged in a dangerous act and had
shown wanton disregard for human life, or that the accused was engaged
in a felony such as a robbery, burglary, rape, or aggravated arson.

And in order to prove a murder was indeed committed, it must be proven
that the victim is dead, that the death was at the hands of the
accused, and that the act was a result of premeditation to kill or
inflict bodily harm, or that the accused was perpetrating a crime such
as rape, robbery, burglary, or aggravated arson.

The charge of manslaughter indicates neither murder nor an innocent
homicide took place, indicating it was the unlawful taking of a human
life without premeditation or malice aforethought.  The terms
"voluntary" and "involuntary" demonstrate whether or not the killing
was intended.  Taking a human life during the heat of passion, even
though there was an intent to kill, is considered voluntary
manslaughter.  The taking of a life without the intent to kill is
considered involuntary manslaughter.

MOTIVES FOR HOMICIDE
Revenge
Sadism
Self-defense
Gain
Employed for the purpose
Mental deficiency
Rage
Mercy
Sex
Cover another crime
Jealousy
Blackmail
Fear
Debt
Love
To frame another
Feud
Ambition
Rivalry
Thrill
Protecting something or someone
TYPES OF HOMICIDES
Shooting
Knifing
Suffocation
Poisoning or gassing
Beating to death
Vehicular
Strangulation
Hanging
Electrical shock
Burning
INVESTIGATOR'S ARRIVAL ON SCEEN
(1) Determine identity of perpetrator or possible suspect(s)
(2) Note time of arrival
(3) Prevent anyone touching body or disturbing scene pending arrival of
Medical Examiner and Crime Lab.  Prevent unauthorized people from
entering the crime scene and anyone that is present from leaving
(4) Locate and preserve weapon and check for prints
(5) Take names of all present and description of any possible suspect(s)
(6) Separate witnesses to prevent any conversation between them
(7) Note position of the body, clothing.  Position of body marked
(8) Check for bullet holes, shell casings, bloodstains
(9) Search for clues
(10) Preserve evidence discovered
(11) Check with Medical Examiner for time of death, cause, wounds, if
death occurred at location where body was discovered.  Await pathology
report for toxicology
(12) Have Crime Lab photograph scene
(13) Have sketch made of location, body position
(14) Take statements of any witnesses
(15) Attempt to learn motive
(16) Run make on victim to see if prior record exists
(17) Have Crime Lab dust for prints, look for fibers, blood samples
(18) Check for datebooks, diary, letters, addresses, and phone numbers
belonging to victim
(19) Learn identity of friends, relatives, enemies, etc.

(20) Escape route of perpetrator.

FUNDIMENTALS OF INVESTIGATION
An investigator's lot calls for much more than merely solving the
crime.  He must satisfy all of the needs of the local, state, or
federal prosecutor and of the court.  Discovering the identity of the
criminal and apprehending that criminal is not sufficient in order to
achieve a conviction.  The investigator must provide the prosecutor
with sufficient and conclusive evidence, opportunity, and motive; also,
if possible, the investigator should present a witness or witnesses who
can help substantiate any or all of the aforementioned items.

The three objectives of any investigator are:
Identifying the criminal.

Tracing and locating the criminal.

Proving the criminal's guilt in a court of law.

IDENTIFYING AND LOCATING THE CRIMINAL: Naturally, before an
investigator can trace, locate, and prove a criminal's guilt in court,
he or she must first ascertain the identity of the criminal.  This can
be accomplished by: Admission or confession by a suspect.  although it
is often necessary to support that admission or confession by
corroborative evidence and/or an eyewitness, and, in the case of a
homicide, a corpus delicti.  Otherwise the admission or confession may
be denied in court, the defense counsel charging the prosecution with
obtaining the admission or confession by duress or coercion.

In the event a crime has been committed and no one freely admits or
confesses to the crime, the investigator must then attempt to ascertain
a possible suspect or suspects.  Identification of a suspect involves
seeking: Circumstantial evidence, such as motive, opportunity, and
associative evidence, consisting of physical clues, personal property,
a witness, and/or a pattern of the type of crime (modus operandi).  A
good investigator can often and easily determine if the crime was
committed by a professional criminal or a novice.

Should the investigator elect to believe the suspect is a professional,
he or she will then often turn to records of those possessing his or
her M.O. (modus operandi) and the last known whereabouts of those with
that M.O. in order to determine if any of those suspects had the
opportunity to commit the crime.  If both the M.O. and the opportunity
exist, then that suspect or suspects will be brought in for questioning.

If the suspect or suspects are known to possess the M.O. of the crime,
had opportunity, and subsequent to the commission of the crime have
departed the city, then an All Points Bulletin (A.P.B.) would be issued
to bring the suspect in for questioning.

In the event the investigator concludes that the perpetrator is an
amateur, it is usually believed that the crime was committed because of
opportunity, and sudden flight could quickly betray guilt.  Here it
would also behoove the investigator to look for a suspect who had
motive, such as anger, profit, revenge, etc.  (See section on motives.)
TIPOFFS, INFORMERS, ASSOCIATES OF A SUSPECT
Tipoffs, paid informers, and associates of a possible suspect can be of
invaluable help to an investigator, and whenever possible, the
investigator will seek out those who for one reason or another might
Corpus delicti--Legal term for tangible evidence proving a crime has
been committed--provide him or her with a lead or some piece of
physical evidence that will eventually be used against the suspect
should that suspect turn out to be the culprit.

Proving the Criminal's Guilt in a Court of Law: Once a professional
investigator has a possible suspect under investigation, it is up to
the investigator to determine what physical means and what scientific
means are available to use in seeking more evidence linking the suspect
to the crime.  The investigator might proceed by using stakeouts and
various normal and electronic surveillance equipment.

The alleged act and the suspect accused, along with a positive
connection to the crime, must be firmly established.  This means that
the investigator must be able to prove motive, opportunity associative
evidence, a corpus delicti (or evidence that a crime has been
committed), the elements of the offense, intent, and evidence of the
frame of mind of the accused.  The investigator, and subsequently the
prosecuting attorney, must prove that the accused knew what he or she
was doing.  In crimes where violence has taken place, the element of
malice must be introduced, showing the intent to do injury to another.

Legal malice is the state of mind of the person committing the crime
and doesn't imply there was animosity or hate involved in the
commission of the criminal act.  Thus the motive for the crime and
intent must be separately considered, as motive may be the underlying
reason for committing the crime, while intent is the actual
accomplishment.

THE FIRST TWENTY-FOUR HOURS
The first twenty-four hours are the most important hours following a
crime, for it is within that period of time that clues and evidence
have less chance to be disturbed and that witnesses' minds are still
fresh and uncluttered with what they witnessed or overheard.  In
addition, should there be a description of a suspect given the
investigator or clues found that implicate a possible suspect, the
trail of the suspect is still fresh, and should a suspect intend to
flee, it is still possible to pick up a trail before the suspect can
completely vanish.  Roadblocks can be set and airports, train stations,
and bus depots can be watched for any sign of a possible suspect
attempting to flee.  The sooner a suspect has been described or
identified, the sooner contacts can be made with any known associates,
family members, or friends of the suspect; such contacts could lead to
the whereabouts of the suspect or any plans to escape the suspect may
have had.

THE SCENE OF THE CRIME
It is within the boundaries of the crime scene that the investigator
finds the best opportunity to determine the means with which the crime
was committed, clues and evidence that can point to a possible motive
and to a possible suspect or suspects who may have perpetrated the
crime.  It is here that clues and much of the evidence and information
pertaining to the crime can be found, protected, and interpreted.

The first officer arriving on the scene should note the time as well as
observe and note as many of the elements pertaining to the crime scene
as possible without physically touching, moving, or removing anything
at the scene.  In addition, the officer should note and record any
sounds or odors present, the amount of light present, open or shut
doors and windows, witnesses present; above all, he or she should make
sure nothing is changed or altered when arriving on the scene.  Efforts
should be made immediately to cordon off the area and to keep family,
friends, and curiosity seekers away from the scene.  Depending on the
crime, the first officer on the scene should make immediate radio
contact with the section of the department (robbery, burglary,
homicide, etc.). In the event of a homicide, he should not only inform
Homicide immediately but also contact the coroner or the medical
examiner.

If a suspect is discovered when the first officer arrives on the scene,
the officer should attempt first and foremost to apprehend the suspect
or take the suspect into custody, and then the other steps should be
followed.  While awaiting superiors or the investigator who will take
charge of the case, the first officer on the scene must also get the
names of any and all witnesses, keep witnesses separated until they are
questioned, and protect the crime scene from any disturbance.

The six most important questions the officer in charge of the
investigation must try to answer are: who, what, where, when, why, and
how.  The primary reason for visiting a crime scene is to: (1) attempt
to reconstruct exactly what happened; (2) establish a motive for the
crime; (3) attempt to discover a primary suspect; (4) discover clues
that can lead to the identification of both the victim and the suspect;
and (5) find evidence, legally obtained, that can be used in a court of
law to substantiate the finding of the investigator and to aid the
prosecution in obtaining a guilty verdict against the person or persons
responsible for the crime.  To help accomplish these goals, the
investigator must always be concerned that the crime scene is as it was
discovered.

Once something has been moved or touched, it can never be as it was
again.  The investigator should enter the crime scene with great
caution, bearing in mind that there can be trace or impression evidence
all around the scene.  If the victim has been shot, knifed, or beaten
to death, the investigator needs to pay attention to the mist or blood
spatterings.  Murder weapons as well as physical and trace evidence
should never be bagged in plastic bags, as moisture gathering in the
bag could have an effect on the evidence collected.  Those on the scene
should always bag evidence in a paper bag.  Nothing at the scene, no
matter how minute it is, should be overlooked, and the investigator
should always take copious notes.  In the event of a homicide or
officer-involved shooting, no one should move the body until the
medical examiner gives permission.  Criminalists arriving on the scene
are responsible for collecting and transporting trace evidence and
imprint evidence to the police lab for further tests.  Crime-scene
photographs should be taken and sketches made of the victim and of the
scene.

Witnesses must be questioned separately.  Newspaper or TV reporters
must not be given all information pertaining to the crime so as not to
inform the responsible party or copycat criminals from knowing all that
was discovered at the crime scene.  Those important to the onscene
investigation, depending on the crime committed, might include any
number of the following:
police
technicians
medical or special personnel
Homicide investigators
Criminalist
Medical examiner
Crime-scene artist
Crime-scene still photographer
Videotaping specialist
Print people
District attorney
Forensic specialists
Arson investigators
Forensic psychologists or behavioral scientists
Measurements are essential in the processing of a crime-scene
investigation, as is videotaping of the scene.  Outdoor crime scenes
require special care, as impression prints could easily be destroyed.

Brush and twigs might contain blood samples, hair, and fibers.  In the
event of a homicide, it is essential to determine whether the remains
have been touched by animals or insects.  As at all crime scenes, the
investigators should look carefully for any marks, scratches, traces,
stains, possible lethal weapons, or objects that could have been used
as such.

Determining the time of death is very important as it can affect a
suspect's alibi.  The medical examiner can now more easily determine
time of death by taking the victim's liver temperature.

When the crime scene is a vehicle, both the inside and the outside of
the vehicle must be carefully scrutinized, along with the surrounding
area, for possible clues or evidence.

Checklist
The scene of the crime
Time of day
Condition of location where crime was committed
Signs of a fight
Documents, letters, notebooks, address books, will, insurance policy,
photographs, mementos, reading material, news clips
Telephone calls made
Wounds on the victim
Position of victim
Condition of clothing of victim
Check of closets, drawers, furniture
Background on victim
Known family, associates, friends of victim
Blood spatterings
Weapon used in commission of crime
Physical, trace, and impression evidence gathered
Interrogation of witnesses
Possible suspects
Motive
INFORMATIONAL SOURCES TO INVESTIGATE
In writing a detective novel, screenplay, or teleplay, your
investigator can't have clues just dropping into his or her lap out of
the clear blue sky.  Some clues or leads are usually discovered at the
scene of the crime, but the writer must make his or her investigator
work for more clues and leads in order to unseat the culprit and solve
the crime.  How does your investigator go about it?  Well, there's
always a possible witness or tipster, of course, but that's very
convenient.  Best to make the investigator work a little.  Listed below
are some of the people your investigator might talk to and some of the
places and things he or she might sift through to pick up some valuable
information needed to advance the plot and fill in some of the empty
spaces.

People to Talk to About the Suspect, Victim, or Witness
Cab driver
Doorman
Switchboard operator
Secretary
Co-worker
Family members
Former spouse or lover
Street informants
Friends of victim or suspect
Banker
Bookie
Maid
Poolman
Gardener
Auto mechanic
Waiter or waitress
Former schoolmate
Teacher or college professor
Stock broker
Religious leader
Attorney
Travel agent
Country club, yacht club, private club
Bartender
Places to Check Out for Information About Suspect, Victim, or Witness
School class
book
Newspaper
morgue
Police records
Home
Office
Airlines
Hotels
Bank accounts
Bank vaults
Home safe
Mail
Old letters
Diary
Old shopping lists
Bills, paid and unpaid
Personal effects
Storage
Vehicle
Telephone and address book
Clothing, labels, cleaning marks
Appointment pad
Discarded papers in wastebasket
Files and records
Old and new photographs
Memoirs
Business cards
collected Awards, plaques
Legal papers (bankruptcy, divorce, change of name, etc.)
Stock certificates, bonds
Checkbook
I.O.U.'s
Unfinished correspondence
Unopened packages
Article that is apparently missing from normal place
Luggage (stickers, tags)
Passport (where traveled last)
Possible hiding places
Article moved from usual position
Garage
Lockers (gym, club)
Key ring for unusual key
Membership cards
Signet ring, medallions, religious medals
Strange markings, symbols
Medications
Mismatches (something that doesn't belong)
Threatening letters
Telephone answering service or recorder
Telephone bill (long-distance calls)
Receipts
Parking tickets (police, parking lots)
Cigarette butts, cigar butts, pipe tobacco
Signs of a visitor
Recent repair made
LOS ANGELES POLICE DEPARTMENT Organization and Functions
The organization and functions of the investigative branches of the
LAPD are presented so as to provide a more definitive example of the
operation of a major city's police force.  It should be noted that all
police department organizations do not necessarily function exactly the
same way nor do they all separate their departments and
responsibilities in the same mannner.  When writing about a particular
city, be sure to verify the organizational and functional procedures of
that specific city's police department.

The Detective Support Division is responsible for investigating
suspected conspiracies directed toward educational institutions;
investigating specified bomb-related crimes; investigating, arresting,
and processing certain felony fugitive and out-of-state misdemeanor
fugitive suspects; monitoring gang-related activities and gang-related
crimes; maintaining surveillance of known criminals engaged in unlawful
activities; and responding to subpoenas and legal processes directed to
sections of the Detective Support Division.

The Criminal Conspiracy Section is responsible for investigating
criminal conspiracies directed toward the various educational
institutions in the city; all bombings, attempted bombings and bomb
threats; extortion or threats of extortion not investigated by
Robbery-Homicide Divisions involving adult and juvenile victims or
suspects when extortion elements involve or imply an explosive device
or nuclear material; investigating all written and verbal threats
against the mayor, City Council members, city attorney, City
Comptroller, and persons designated by the Commanding Officer,
Detective Services, Headquarters Bureau, along with maintaining records
of all incidents motivated by hatred or prejudice in the city.

The Fugitive Section investigates, arrests, and processes felony
fugitives, out-of-state misdemeanor fugitive suspects, and out-of-state
juveniles wanted on criminal charges.

The Gang Activities Section is responsible for investigative patrols
monitoring gang-related activities, including those who are gang
members, as well as photos of and vehicles of gang members.

The Special Investigations Section maintains a mobile force of
investigators to assist other divisions in locating and maintaining
surveillance of active, known criminals and to effect arrests.

Bunco-Forgery is responsible for investigating auto repair frauds;
offers of bribes; consumer frauds; Corporate Securities Act violations;
any crime committed through use of computer-stored information or
sabotage of same; manufacturing, distribution, or wholesaling of
pirated recordings; capping; fraudulently printed checks; counterfeit
currency; forged airline tickets; burglaries and thefts of blank checks
and checkwriting equipment; fraud by worthless checks or credit cards,
or forgery; and forged prescriptions.  Bunco-Forgery also maintains a
Pickpocket Detail.

Headquarters Detective Services Group, Robbery/homicide Division is
composed of a Robbery Special Section, Bank Robbery, Hijack-Cargo Theft
Section, Homicide Special Section, Rape and Domestic Violence Section,
Major Crimes Section, and Officer-Involved Shooting Section.

The Robbery Special Section is responsible for investigating extortions
or threats of extortion when a prolonged investigation is required,
when the extortion does not involve a juvenile as a victim or suspect,
and when the suspect has threatened to do unlawful injury to the person
or property.  This section investigates selected kidnappings that are
for the purpose of robbery.

The Bank Robbery, Hijack-Cargo Theft Section investigates robberies of
banks, bank employees and messengers, insured credit unions, savings
and loans, and armored cars; thefts of commercial vehicles transporting
merchandise when cargo is the object of attack; and extortions by any
means, including explosives when directed against a bank, employee, etc.

Homicide Special Section is responsible for investigating abortions,
certain major homicide cases, attending coroner's autopsies involving
homicide or suspected homicide victims, and reviewing all deaths,
arrests, and crime reports pertaining to homicides.

Major Crimes Investigation Section is responsible for investigating
major selected crimes at the direction of the commanding officer and
for providing personnel to accompany VIP's visiting the city.

Officer-Involved Shooting Section is responsible for investigations
when an officer has discharged a firearm causing a gunshot wound to be
inflicted on any person; when an officer received a gunshot wound; when
a staff or command officer is involved in a shooting in which no
gunshot wound was inflicted on any person; when death or serious injury
results from an officer-related incident (except those involving
traffic officers); and in incidents involving the death of a person in
department custody.

Rape and Domestic Violence Section is responsible for investigating
selected sex crimes and insuring proper collection of evidence in
sexual assault cases.

The Burglary/Auto Theft Division is responsible for investigating all
vault and safe burglaries except where the safe has been removed from
the premises or lacks evidence of forced entry; burglaries where
business machines are the primary object and reported loss is in excess
of $20,000; all burglaries or thefts where fine art is the objective;
hotel-room thefts and burglaries in major hotels; telephone-booth
burglars; shop lifters; and major receivers of stolen property.

Commercial Auto Theft Section investigates stolen trucks (in excess of
five tons); theft of commercial trailers, tractors, heavy-duty
equipment; secondhand auto-parts dealers; car, truck, and motorcycle
thieves.

Pawn Shop Section investigates and ensures compliance with laws, rules,
and permits pertaining to antique dealers, junk collectors and dealers,
pawnbrokers, secondhand stores, and swap meets.

Headquarters, Detective Services Group, Juvenile Division is composed
of a Commanding Officer, Administrative Section, Operations Section,
Juvenile Narcotics Section, and Child Protection Section.  It provides
information, training, and evaluations of juvenile policies and
procedures; implements modifications of same; ensures that departmental
policies are being followed; audits and processes all juvenile arrest
dispositions; conducts follow-up investigations of cases in which a
parent, stepparent, legal guardian, or common-law spouse appears
responsible for depriving a child of the necessities of life to the
extent of physical impairment; physical or sexual abuse of a child;
homicide when the victim is under eleven years of age.

This division conducts any child-abuse case directed by the Commanding
Officer of the Juvenile Division; investigates violations of state and
federal laws pertaining to sexual or commercial exploitation of
children when under sixteen years of age (e.g. child prostitution
rings); assists fire department in processing of juvenile arson cases;
investigates narcotics cases when suspect or victim is a juvenile;
conducts counseling and provides dispositions for juvenile narcotics
violators; conducts undercover juvenile narcotics investigations; and
maintains liaison with the Juvenile Justice System's
ProbationDepartment, Youth Authority, Juvenile Court, District
Attorney, and Public Defender in the processing of juvenile cases.

Organization and Functions of the Office of Operations
The Office of Operations is responsible for stimulating mutual
understanding between the police and the community in order to prevent
crime; patrolling the streets to deter crime; identifying, arresting,
and cooperating in the prosecution of criminal offenders; recovering
lost or stolen property to its lawful owner; enforcing traffic laws;
and advising the public in emergency situations.

The Commanding Officer, Operations Headquarters Bureau, under the
Director, Office of Operations, exercises command over operations of
OperationszHeadquarters, coordinating matters concerning uniformed and
investigative services.  The Commanding Officer, Air Support Division,
under the Commanding Officer, Headquarters Uniformed Services Group,
exercises command over the operation of the Air Support Division.

Organization and Functions of the Office of Special Services
The OSS is under the direction of the Director, Office of Special
Services, under the direction of the Chief of Police, and exercises
line command over the OSS.  The OSS is composed of (1) The Internal
Affairs Division; (2) Organized Crime Intelligence Division; (3) Bureau
of Special Investigations; (4) Narcotics Division; and (5)
Administrative Vice Division.  Responsibilities include:
Recording and investigating complaints against department employees and
processing disciplinary cases.

Collecting and disseminating intelligence information relative to
organized crime.

Monitoring narcotic and vice enforcement efforts and investigating
major occurrences involving narcotics and dangerous drugs and drugs
illegally manufactured, supplied, or distributed.

Monitoring labor disputes and investigating selected related crimes.

Maintaining the Undesirable Informant File.

Issuing consular identification cards.

Maintaining records of aggravated incidents involving consular officers
and members of their families.

The Administrative Office - Special Duties prepares correspondence;
conducts research and surveys; makes required recommendations; reviews
information or material of official position of the department that
will disclose procedures, case events, or other confidential matters.

It conducts background investigations of persons applying for
employment with the city and maintains and monitors a master file of
all narcotics reports.  The Internal Affairs Division is responsible
for investigating personnel complaints involving staff and command
officers except as directed by the chief of police.  It records and
investigates selected complaints against other department personnel.

In serious disciplinary matters, it reports findings and makes
recommendations to concerned commanding officers, the Chief of Police,
and the Director, Special Services.  It represents the department in
disciplinary cases.

The Organized Crime Intelligence Division is responsible for gathering,
recording, and investigating information concerning individuals and
organizations whose backgrounds, activities, or associates identify
them with or are characteristic of organized crime.  The division also
provides information concerning organized crime to con cerned units of
the department and to other law-enforcement agencies.  It maintains a
detail at the airport for the purpose of observing and reporting
arrivals and departures of persons known to be associated with
organized crime, a master index file containing data and information
concerning persons investigated by the division, press clippings
concerning racketeers and criminals indexed to the master file, a file
of telephone numbers checked by the division in connection with
investigations, a record of telephone toll bill search-and-warrant
information, and a file of arson involving organized crime.

Organization and Functions of the Bureau of Special Investigations
The responsibilities of the Bureau of Special Investigations include
monitoring narcotic and vice enforcement; investigating major
occurrences involving narcotics and dangerous drugs that are illegally
manufactured, supplied, or distributed; and monitoring labor disputes
and related crimes and those duties that are the responsibility of the
Public Affairs Section.  The Bureau is composed of (1) the Narcotics
Division; (2) the Administrative Vice Division; (3) the Labor Relations
Division; (4) the Public Affairs Section; and (5) the Drug Abuse
Resistance Education (DARE) Division.

The Narcotics Division is responsible for the enforcement of narcotics
laws when the violations are committed by adults.  It obtains,
exchanges, and coordinates information concerning narcotics suspects
and drug traffic.  It develops narcotics statistics, including
department enforcement efforts and the availability of drugs.  It
investigates major suppliers and distributors of narcotics and
dangerous drugs who engaged in illegal activities on an organized
commercial basis.  These duties include evaluating the circumstances of
each case to determine the advisability of seizing a conveyance and
initiating formal forfeiture proceedings, and providing advice on
geographic location of storage and maintenance of vehicles, boats, and
airplanes seized.  Directing and preparing necessary documents for
presentation to the district attorney for completion of a petition for
forfeiture.

It disposes of any seized asset related to controlled substance
trafficking, and when appropriate, conducts investigations on a state
university campus.  It exchanges and coordinates information concerning
narcotics suspects and drug traffic with Narcotics Information Network,
(N.I.N.), and other agencies concerned with control of drug abuse.  It
obtains, records, and coordinates use of information concerning
suspects and drug traffic.  It administers the activities of the
department's Undercover Buy Program.  It reviews and coordinates all
requests for pretrial destruction of excessive quantities of controlled
substances and maintaining such files.  It maintains the following
files: narcotics information inquiries, N.I.N. investigations,
department undercover buy locations, narcotic expertise certification
card files, narcotics arrest and seizure statistics, narcotics resource
materials, narcotics arrests and dispositions, narcotics suspects
moniker information, border crossings of suspects.  It maintains
liaison with the state's tax board for possible state tax violations by
narcotics suspects and the undercover and narcotics sting operations.

The Administrative Vice Division is composed of (1) an Administrative
Section; (2) Gaming Section; (3) Pornography Section; and (4)
Prostitution Section.  The responsibilities of this division include
monitoring and auditing geographic vice units' enforcement efforts to
ensure uniformity and effectiveness; investigating vice activities of
an organized nature; assisting geographic vice units, upon request,
with operations exceeding their own resources or geographic
jurisdictions; correlating and maintaining intelligence information
related to organized vice activities; and coordinating, procuring,
returning, and maintaining a file of undercover driver's licenses on a
departmentwide basis.

This Division's Administrative Vice Section is specifically responsible
for securing complaints from the District Attorney's Office on all
felony vice arrests and crime reports made in the metropolitan area;
researching proposed and new legislation and developing procedures to
assist maintaining effective vice control; storing, maintaining, and
disseminating the division's electronic equipment; maintaining
intelligence information related to organized vice activities;
conducting electronic investigations and ensuring that standard
procedures and policies are adhered to; identifying problem
establishments suitable for abatement proceedings and providing
assistance and functional supervision to vice/narcotic personnel in
abatement proceedings; and maintaining files on bookmaking arrestees,
mugs of all vice arrestees suspected of being connected with organized
crime, and pimping arrestees.

The Gaming Section is responsible for investigating violations of
gambling and bookmaking laws when violations are of an organized
nature; maintaining liaison with Department of Animal Regulations
regarding dog and cock fighting; maintaining liaison with Bingo
Division of Social Services Department for investigation of licenses
and with the State Lottery for lottery-related crimes within the city.

The Prostitution Section investigates violations of pimping, pandering,
prostitution, and prostitution-related crimes; violations of Alcoholic
Beverage Control laws when violations are of an organized nature; and
monitors live stage acts when performance is generally of a sexually
related nature.

The Pornography Section is responsible for investigating violations of
pornography and obscenity.

The Labor Relations Division is responsible for maintaining liaisons
with labor and management groups and monitoring labor disputes; and
investigating crimes arising from labor disputes except homicides;
bombings, kidnappings, and bomb threats.

The Public Affairs Section is responsible for providing news releases
and public service announcements to the news media; establishing
guidelines for public relations material by the department; preparing
the department's magazine and annual report; answering requests for
information; preparing Department Commendations and arranging for the
formal presentation of all department awards to employees; preparing
Police Commission Citations for private citizens, Certificates of
Appreciation and Recognition; handling arrangements for visiting VIP's
and law-enforcement personnel; maintaining the department's archives;
conducting tours; and processing requests for speaking engagements.

The Anti-Terrorist Division operates solely under the direction of the
chief of police and is responsible for gathering intelligence, as well
as investigating and maintaining records and information on terrorists
and terrorist organizations known to be in the city while maintaining
liaison with other local, state, and federal agencies involved in
antiterrorist activities.

LARCENY
Anyone who steals, or wrongfully obtains by any means, any possession
or article of value of another person, and who has no intention of ever
returning same to that other person, is guilty of larceny.

The investigator must prove that the accused or suspect has wrongfully
obtained and withheld the property specified by the party issuing the
complaint, and that said property was indeed the property of the
complainant.  In addition, the alleged value of the property and the
intent to permanently withhold it must be confirmed.

AUTO THEFT
When a vehicle is stolen, used, and then abandoned, the motive is
temporary use, and the term for the charge is temporary appropriation.

In most instances, temporary appropriation is caused by juveniles, joy
riders, and professional criminals seeking to use a vehicle in the
commission of a crime so that their own vehicle would not be identified
in the getaway should there be a witness.

The real auto thief steals to profit from the vehicle he or she has
stolen, either reselling the vehicle or stripping it and selling the
parts.  Although some thieves jump the ignition, most professionals
resort to master keys, a punch device called a code cutter that makes
blank keys based on the ignition code number.  Another device used is
referred to as a slapper.  This device pulls out the ignition cylinder,
allowing the thief to insert a replacement that is already equipped
with the proper ignition key.

Included under larceny are:
Pickpockets
Lush workers (those who prey on drunks)
Bag stealers or muggers
Baggage thieves
Shoplifters
Hotel thieves
Credit-card thieves
Embezzlers
Those receiving stolen goods
Loan sharks
Computer theft and fraud
Confidence games
Art frauds
Securities frauds
CONFIDENCE GAMES
Con men have such a wide variety of swindles that it would be
impossible to describe them all, particularly because new cons are
being thought up every day.  And since many cons might also easily fall
under the category of fraud, stock manipulation, embezzlement, and
other larcenous crimes, we will offer a small sampling of out-andout
cons that have been around for some time.

One of the oldest cons is known as the moneymaking machine.  The con
shows his victim a machine that has come into his possession, a machine
that, as he demonstrates, actually produces dollar bills.  The machine
is sold to the victim, or the victim is asked to invest in the
production of more machines like it.

The inheritance is a scam in which the victim is told he or she has
come into an inheritance of some famous person or some extremely
well-known millionaire, but that money is needed for litigation and
proving the victim's right to his or her portion of the estate.

In a con involving hot merchandise, the victim is approached to buy
something of great value: a fur, jewels, etc., the victim being led to
believe that the merchandise has been stolen.  In reality, the
merchandise is inferior, and if the victim calls the police, all the
perpetrator can be accused of is peddling without a license.

The just-a-few-dollars-more scam is usually performed by a scam artist
who is content with picking up some small change, even though he or she
can usually garner between a hundred and two hundred dollars a day.

Appearing well groomed, friendly, and keenly intent on the merchandise
he or she selects in a small but expensive retail shop, the perpetrator
offers to pay for the merchandise by personal check and have it
delivered to an address, after, of course, the check has cleared.  As
the salesperson happily writes up the order, the perp, about to write
the check, suddenly realizes he left his cash at home and needs at
least twenty or thirty dollars to get through the day.  Could he write
the check out for just a little more than the amount of the sale?
Since the sale garners a sizable figure (as does the commission), and
since the merchandise won't be shipped until the check clears, the
customer is usually granted his or her wish.  The perp leaves the store
with the extra cash, never planning to receive the merchandise anyway,
as the shipping address is a phony.

Phony airline tickets produce hundreds of millions of dollars in losses
to many major carriers, and hundreds of millions in profits to the
counterfeiters of airline tickets, who easily dispose of the bogus
tickets to greedy travelers who think they're buying a discounted
legitimate ticket.

The pyramid is one of those get-rich-quick scams that is motivated by
greed by people who are promised big gains by investing in a shortterm
investment.  The scam artist develops a reputation for delivering when
the first customer gets his or her money plus a substantial profit
back, thus becoming a walking advertisement for the scam artist's plot.

Once the chain begins, the new investors begin getting back less and
less, as the scam artist pockets the difference from the investors
without actually investing a dime, until the pyramid eventually comes
tumbling down.  The Pyramid scam was conceived by a master of the game,
Charles Ponzi, in the 1920s and is sometimes referred to as the
PonziScam.

Computer scams are becoming more and more common.  As computers become
more sophisticated, so do computer crooks, who steal everythiartfrom
invaluable software programs to billions of dollars in stocks and bonds
to company and government secrets, and who alter credit-card billings,
switch bank accounts, transfer funds illegally, al ter records, produce
false billings, and authorize false loans and payments.

Film piracy, record piracy, and piracy of home videos are also on the
upswing, with major studios, independent producers, record companies,
as home video tapes are being pirated and sold at huge discounts.

Usually those involved in these piracies are employees who have access
to the original print or master and see an opportunity to pick up some
hefty extra cash by making deals with organized crime, who are capable
of mass distribution of the pirated films and tapes.

Some of the largest money-producing scams are the many offers made
through mail-order ads placed in the backs of magazines and those sent
through the mail.  Some of these mail-order scams offer products or
services that are either not worth the money they're being offered for
or are nonexistent.  Among the most predominant and successful mail
frauds are notifications that "you have been selected to appear in a
new edition of 'Who's Who' in somethiag--or some place or other for a
minimal insertion fee, or a notice that a subscription or service you
had subscribed to (one you can't recall subscribing to) is now about to
run out and you now have just thirty days to renew before the offer is
withdrawn.

One of the slickest scams is to prey upon those who have just lost a
wife, husband, son, or daughter by notifying the bereaved relative by
mail or in person that the deceased party had, prior to his or her
demise, ordered a Bible or some article that had been personalized or
monogrammed and that it is now ready for delivery.  Naturally, having
no way of checking with the deceased about the order, and believing the
obligation should be fulfilled, the bereaved accepts the article and
usually pays a pretty sum for the merchandise, which had never been
ordered.

Hundreds of scams, some old and some new, are perpetrated on the public
every day.  These are just a few samples of the work of con men and
bunco artists.  A telephone call or a visit to the Bunco Squad of your
local police department or further selected research reading should
provide you with a host of other larcenous scams.

ROBERY
One of the leading forms of major crime is robbery, and many of the
criminals involved in robberies specialize in robbing persons, stores,
or premises.  Although the following list offers some of the types of
robberies committed, the list is by no means intended to be complete,
as the variety of types are too vast to be encompassed in this chapter.

TYPES
Banks
Bank messengers
Stores (liquor, grocery, restaurants)
Gas stations
Gambling games
Casual strollers
Payroll clerks
Truck drivers
Cab drivers
Residences
Armored cars
Restaurants
TYPES OF WEAPONS USED IN ARMED ROBBERY
Revolver
Automatic
Machine gun
Shotgun
Blackjack
Knife
METHODS
Threats
Assault
Binding
Drugging
Beating
OBJECTS
Money
Jewelry
Merchandise
Credit cards
Articles of clothing (furs, etc.)
CRIMES COMMITTED IN ADDITION TO ROBBERY
Rape
Murder
Law Inforcement
Law enforcement must be broken down to the jurisdictional area they are
involved in, and the writer must determine the jurisdiction of the
crime that has been committed and whether or not the perpetrator has
left the scene, thus entering another law enforcement agency's
jurisdiction, i.e., leaving a city or town and entering another city or
state.  Should the criminal move from one state to another, it is
possible in some types of crimes that it then becomes a federal crime,
as it has become interstate.

Each law-enforcement agency, whether local or city police, a sheriffs
department, state police, military, or one of the many federal
law-enforcement agencies, has its own table of organization,
jurisdiction, and operating procedures.  The writer should check out
the law-enforcement agency he or she intends to employ in his or her
story for information dealing specifically with that law-enforcement
organization, as well as the laws governing that crime in that
particular jurisdiction, as the laws relating to certain crimes vary
from city to city and state to state.  As diverse as these various
law-enforcement agencies are with respect to their jurisdictions and
organizations, so are the weapons, equipment, and scientific
technologies available to them; even so, most of these law enforcement
agencies cooperate with one another whenever possible.  It should be
noted, however, that there are times when these organizations for
various reasons do not alert one another as to their own particular
ongoing investigations, as many of these investigations are covert
operations.

When developing the process of an investigation, it is imperative that
the writer be as authentic as possible as to the type of lawenforcement
agency employed; to the officers involved in the investigation; and the
methods, equipment, weapons, and scientific technologies that are
available to them.

Should the writer wish a law-enforcement officer to "not go by the
book" or to go "above the law" in attempting to investigate and
apprehend the guilty party, the writer must know what "the book" and
"the law" are that the law-enforcement character is breaking so as to
establish conflict with those working by the book or within the law.

It is also important for the writer always to remember that
lawenforcement officers, regardless of what agency or department they
are employed by, are human beings.  They have their own personal
problems; there are good ones and bad ones; they may become frustrated
and disillusioned; they live in a world all of their own, much of their
lives spent with fellow officers and their families.  Furthermore, they
have spent most of their days and nights with the dregs of society and
have a much different outlook on life and on crime and society than
those not involved in day-to-day law enforcement.  More often than not,
police work is oversimplified by the writer, who will justify a
superficial presentation by claiming he or she has just so much time to
set the stage, begin the investigation, quickly ascertain enough clues
to put the investigator on the trail of the culprit, get into a hot
chase, and catch the perpetrator or kill the guilty party in an
action-packed shootout.  Unfortunately, the writer seldom allows for a
true insight into the criminal investigator's problems, for there is
much more to determining the identity of the perpetrator and catching
the criminal.  Catching the criminal who committed a crime and seeing
that criminal convicted is another story.  All law-enforcement
officers, whether local police, small-town sheriffs, or federal
officers, must contend with the law in order to gain a conviction, and
that means they must not only apprehend the criminal responsible for
the crime, but also be able to prove legally and conclusively the case
against the perpetrator.  The letter of the law must be adhered to for
the professional police officer to protect an individual's
constitutional rights.  One mistake a technicality found by the defense
forcing the court to declare a mistrial or even dismissing the accused
altogether - and the law can suddenly work against the innocent or in
favor of the criminal, thus frustrating those law-enforcement people
who see their quarry go free because of a legal technicality.  It is
essential to be aware of what the law-enforcement officer must contend
with in order to bring about a satisfactory conclusion, should that be
your aim.

Many times the drama can be heightened by making these problems work
for you.  Use your creativity and ingenuity to help that investigator
accomplish his goal by using the law rather than going around or above
it.

Almost every law-enforcement agency has a public affairs or public
relations section, and you will find them most cooperative in answering
questions related to their agency and in aiding you to lend
authenticity to your work.  Many times they will put you in direct
touch with an officer or an agent in the specific area of law
enforcement that you're interested in, and it is advisable that you
develop a list of such contacts for further use.  It might be wise to
send a letter to the officer or agent who assisted you, expressing your
appreciation for his or her help.  It will be remembered the next time
you call for assistance.  Remember that law-enforcement jargon and
acronyms vary from one area to another, as do criminal code numbers.

In the movie Robocop, for instance, the script used California codes
over the police radio for Detroit, Michigan, police.

LOCAL LAW ENFORCEMENT Overview
For the purpose of identifying local law enforcement, let us refer to
all city, county, and state police law-enforcement agencies as "local"
as opposed to the federal law-enforcement agencies, which operate under
one government, taking into consideration that these federal agencies
still have their own separate jurisdictions and areas of responsibility.

Because laws and law-enforcement agencies vary from city to city,
county to county, and state to state, it is quite impossible to provide
you with information regarding each and every local law-enforcement
agency in the United States.  The local agencies presented in this book
are described primarily for the purpose of illustrating local law
enforcement.  It is recommended that you contact the local
law-enforcement agency in the location that you are writing about to
confirm or to further research the specifics of the local agency
involved in your particular story.

The Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) and the New York Police
Department (NYPD) are two of the largest local police departments in
the nation.  Although both of them undoubtedly share the same areas of
responsibility in their respective communities, the breakdown of the
organizational structures differs in numerous areas.  For example,
inasmuch as both police departments function under police commissioners
with a chief of police in charge of the force operating out of police
headquarters, the further breakdown of their bureaus and departments,
as well as the nomenclature of special units, personnel, etc., may
differ in many respects.  Whereas LAPD operates out of what they refer
to as divisions, NYPD operates out of station houses often referred to
as Precincts.  Neither LAPD nor NYPD has a police title such as
lieutenant colonel, though the Cincinnati, Ohio, Police Department
does.  These are only two examples of learning to use the proper
identification when you are writing about a particular city's
law-enforcement agency, so before you write about a particular city,
county, or state law-enforcement agency, check it out!
Note that the various divisions of local, state, federal, and military
law enforcement may be (and often are) in conflict with one another
over which has jurisdiction and that any may be critical or at odds
with another over the handling of a given case.  Individuals within or
among these agencies may also have personal or professional
differences, dislikes, and grudges.  Therefore, it would be a mistake
to assume that all these agencies, dedicated alike to law enforcement,
operate at all harmoniously in daily practice.  Opportunities for
conflictand dramatic storylines-are virtually unlimited.LEGAL
TERMINOLOGY
The records of federal and state courts contain considerable
information of value to the federal investigator.  To accurately check
court records, it is essential to understand the terminology.  On the
following pages are selected terms from a glossary prepared by the
Institute of Judicial Administration.

Abandonment: The relinquishment of a claim or privilege.  In marine
law, the relinquishment by the insured to the underwriters of what may
remain of the property insured.

Abandonment of Wife: Desertion of his wife by a husband without
reasonable cause, or negligence in providing for her support.

Abate: To terminate; to decrease; to quash, beat down, or destroy.

Abduction: Unlawfully taking a female or child by fraud or violence.

Abductor: One who carries away a child or female by fraud, persuasion,
or open violence.

Abet: To knowingly and with criminal intent, aid, encourage, or advise
another to commit a crime.

Abettor: One who aids, abets, or instigates.

Abeyance: A state of suspension; being undermined.  In expectation.

Ab Inconvenienti: A forced and sometimes specious argument arising out
of the difficulty of the case.

Ab lnitio: From the beginning.

Abjure: To renounce or abandon by or upon oath.

Abortion: The act of misCarrying or producing young before the natural
time.

Abscond: To avoid the process of the court by hiding or leaving the
jurisdiction.

Abuse: To treat improperly or ill use; to injure.

Abut: To border on; to reach or touch with an end.

Accessory After the Fact: Every person who, after a felony has been
committed, harbors, conceals, or aids a principal in such felony, with
the intent that said principal may avoid or escape arrest, trial,
conviction, or punishment, having knowledge that said principal
committed or was charged with such felony.  One who, knowing a felony
to have been committed, receives, relieves, comforts, or assists the
felon.

Accessory Before the Fact: One who, though absent at the time of the
crime committed, procures, counsels, advises, encourages, or commands
another to commit it.

Action In Personam: An action against the person, founded on a personal
liability.

Action In Rem: An action for a thing; an action for the recovery of a
thing possessed by another.

Administrative Offices of the State Courts: The business offices of
state courts, established in several states; they supply information on
judicial business and court personnel to the highest court or its chief
justice.  The powers and duties of these offices are not uniform.

Advisory of Opinion: An opinion rendered by a court to a lower court,
or in some cases, to the legislative or executive branch of government,
which is neither binding nor decisive of a controversy.

Amicus Curiae: A friend of the court; one who volunteers information
upon some matter of law.

Arraign: In criminal practice, to bring a prisoner to the bar of the
court to answer to a criminal charge.

At Issue: Whenever the parties to a suit come to a point in the
pleadings that is affirmed on one side and denied on the other, they
are said to be at issue.

Bail: A guaranty that a person arrested on criminal charges will appear
for trial or examination when required if he or she is temporarily
released.  The guaranty may take the form of a bond, a deposit of
money, or a deed to property, which is forfeited if the accused does
not appear when required.

Calendar: A list of cases to be heard by a court during the court term.

Case: A suit in law or equity.  In appellate procedure, the trial
record made in the lower court, including the papers and the testimony.

Cases and Controversies: Word appearing in Section 2, Article III of
the United States Constitution, limiting the exercise of judicial power
by the federal courts to actual cases between parties with adverse
interests, as compared to hypothetical or friendly disputes.

Certification: The submission of questions of law arising in a
particular case by a lower court to a higher court.

Certiorari: A writ issued by a higher court requiring the record of a
case in the court below to be sent up to itself for redetermination.

Challenge to the Array: Questioning the qualifications of an entire
jury panel, usually on the grounds of a partiality or some fault in the
process of summoning the panel.

Chancellor: Chief advisor of the king of England.  By issuing writs,
the office eventually became the Court of the Chancery in the
fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.  In some states, the chancellor is
the chief judge of the equity courts.

Change of Venue: The removal of a suit that is in progress from one
county or district to another for trial, or from one court to another
in the same county or district.

Chief Judge or Justice: The presiding judge of a court.  In addition to
judicial functions, this judge may have administrative tasks.

Circuit: A division or territory for judicial business.

Civil Action: An action that seeks the establishment, recovery, or
redress of private and/or civil rights.  Civil suits relate to and
affect only individual rights, whereas criminal prosecutions involve
public wrongs.

Common-Law Pleading: A system of pleading and procedure in force in
England until 1852, and until 1848 in most of the United States.

Opposition to its extreme rigidity and technicality led to the adoption
of code pleading in most American jurisdictions, fashioned after the
Field Code adopted in New York in 1848.

Concurrent Jurisdiction: Occurs when two courts have the power to
determine the same issues.

Constitutional Court: In the federal system, a federal court
established by Congress pursuant to Article III of the Constitution of
the United States.  Judges of constitutional courts serve during good
behavior and cannot have their compensation reduced while in office.

The United States Supreme Court, the United States Courts of Appeal,
and the United States District Courts are constitutional courts.  In
the states, a court provided for under the Constitution.

Corporation Court: A court of limited civil jurisdiction, usually
exercising its authority in a city or borough.  In some American
colonies, the corporation court also heard criminal cases.  These
courts still are in existence in some states.

Court-Martial: A court convened to hear an offense committed by a
person in the military.  Under the 1950 Uniform Code of Military
Justice (UCMJ), court-martial courts have jurisdiction to try any
military person or civilian serving with the armed forces for an
offense against military law.  There is no jury.

Court of Appeal: A court in which appeals from a lower court are heard.

Courts of Equity: Courts that administer remedial justice according to
the system of equity, as distinguished from courts of common law.

Equity courts are sometimes called courts of chancery.

Court of First Instance: A court in which a case must originally be
brought.  Usually a trial court.

Court of General Jurisdiction: The largest jurisdiction a court of
first instance can have in a given political unit (i.e., state,
federal, district, circuit, county).

Court of General Sessions: Criminal courts of general jurisdiction
existing in some American cities (e.g., New York).

Court of Intermediate Appeal: A court of appeal established in several
states to lessen the workload of the highest reviewing tribunal.

Ultimate review can still be had in the highest court by its
permission, or, in limited cases, as a matter of right.

Court of Jail Delivery: A colonial court trying all persons accused of
crime and held in jail until the court's arrival, and having the power
to deliver, i.e., discharge those who are acquitted.  The name is still
retained for criminal courts in some states.

Court of King's Bench: Formerly the highest English common-law court,
now a department of the High Court of Justice.  It is also referred to
as the "King's Bench," or the "Queen's Bench" when the Queen is the
highest royal authority.

Court of Last Resort: A court from which no appeal lies to a higher
court in the same jurisdiction.  This may sometimeS not be the highest
court in the jurisdiction.

Court of Record: A court whose proceedings are permanently recorded,
and that has the power to fine or imprison for contempt.  Courts not of
record are those of lesser authority whose proceedings are not
permanently recorded.

Court of Special Sessions: A court of limited jurisdiction in criminal
cases in some states, e.g., New York.

Court Session: The time during which a court sits and may exercise its
judicial power.

Court Term: A division of the year during which the court holds its
session.

Defendant: A person who is being sued in a civil action, or is
prosecuted in a criminal action.

Direct Appeal: An appeal from a lower court to an appellate court.

Discovery: A proceeding whereby one party to an action may be informed
as to facts known by other parties or witnesses.

Dismissal Without Prejudice: Permits the complainant to sue again on
the same cause of action.  Dismissal with prejudice bars the right to
bring or maintain an action on the same claim or cause.

Dissenting Opinion: An opinion by a judge of an appellate court
indicating his reason for disagreeing with the result reached by the
majority.

Double Jeopardy: Charging an accused with a crime for which he or she
has already been tried.

En Banc: A judicial bench.  The term is usually applied to a court of
appeal when all of its judges sit together and jointly issue a decision
or opinion.

Ex Post Facto: After the fact; an act or fact occurring after some
previous act or fact, and relating thereto.

Exhibit: A paper, document, or other article produced and exhibited to
a court during a trial or hearing.

Felony: A more serious crime, usually carrying with it a sentence in
the state penitentiary.

General Court: A common term for a colonial legislature that acted as
court.

Good Behavior: An office held during good behavior is one from which
the incumbent may not be removed except on proved charges of misconduct.

Grand Jury: A body of persons, the number of whom varies in different
jurisdictions, sworn to inquire into crimes within the jurisdiction of
the county or district.

Habeas Corpus: Literally, "You have the body."  A writ that requires an
officer having custody of a prisoner to bring that prisoner before the
court or judge for the purpose of determining if the prisoner is being
unlawfully detained.

Impeachment Trial: The hearing of charges of misconduct against a
public official, conducted by a legislative body.

In Camera: In the judge's chambers; in private.

Indictment: A formal accusation made by a grand jury charging a person
with having committed a crime.

Inquest: Judicial inquiry.

In Forma Pauperis: A proceeding whereby a court may absolve a poor
person of certain legal costs upon appropriate application.  These
proceedings constitute a large number of the cases filed in the United
States Supreme Court.

Information: A formal accusation made by an official prosecutor,
without presentment to a grand jury, charging a person with committing
a crime.

Inns of Court: Societies of barristers in England.

Injunction: Writ by a court forbidding a person to perform a certain
act.

Instruction: A direction given by a judge to the jury concerning the
law of the case.

Judgment: Official determination by a court.

Judicial Administration: The organization and procedures of the
judicial branch of the government.

Judiciary: The branch of government that has judicial power.  Also, the
name for all the courts of a jurisdiction taken collectively.

Jurisdiction: The authority of a court to exercise its judicial power
in a specific case.

Justice of the Peace: A public official with minor civil and criminal
jurisdiction.  In more serious crimes, this person may be authorized to
conduct preliminary hearings and hold the accused for trial by a higher
court.

Legislative Court: A court created by Congress pursuant to a
constitutional power other than Article III of the United States
Constitution.  Judges of legislative courts, as contrasted to those of
constitutional courts, are not automatically appointed for good
behavior, nor are their salaries automatically subject to nonreduction
during their appointment.  The legislative courts are the United States
Court of Claims, the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals,
the United States Emergency Court of Appeals, the United States Customs
Court, the territorial courts, and the local courts for the District of
Columbia.

Local Court: A court whose jurisdiction is limited as to a specific
place.

Magistrate: Title of a judge of an inferior court with limited
criminal, and sometimes limited civil, jurisdiction.

Majority Decision: A decision by an appellate court by more than
one-half of those judges hearing a case.

Mayor's Court: An inferior court whose jurisdiction is limited to a
city or town.

Misdemeanor: A crime less than the grade of felony.

Mistrial: An erroneous or invalid trial; a trial that cannot stand in
law because of lack of jurisdiction, wrong drawing of jurors, or
disregard of some other fundamental requisite.

Municipal Courts: In the judicial organization of some states, courts
whose territorial authority is confined to the city or community.

Nisi Prius: Courts for the initial trial of issueS of fact, as
distinguished from appellate courts.

Nolle Prosequi: A declaration by the plaintiff in a civil suit, or the
prosecuting officer in a criminal case, that states that he or she
"will no further prosecute" the case.

Nolo Contendere: A pleading, usually used by defendants in criminal
cases, which literally means, "I will not contest it"; a plea similar
to "Guilty."
Notary Public: A public officer whose function it is to administer
oaths; to attest and certify by his or her hand and official seal,
certain classes of documents in order to give them credit and
authenticity in foreign jurisdictions; to take acknowledgments of deeds
and other conveyances, and certify the same; and to perform certain
official acts chiefly in commercial matters, such as the protesting of
notes and bills, the noting of foreign drafts, and marine protests in
cases of loss or damage.

Official Report: A report of decided case, generally in courts of
appellate jurisdiction, containing statements of the facts, judgments,
and opinions published by a government body.  Several states publish
such reports officially for selected trial courts.

Per Curiam: An opinion rendered by the court as a whole, rather than by
one judge with whom others concur.

Petit Jury: A body usually of twelve or fewer persons selected to hear
and find the facts in a trial at law, so called to distinguish from the
grand jury.

Plaintiff: A person who brings suit.

Pleadings: Statement by litigants that specify the allegations upon
which they base their own claims or challenge the claims of their
opponents.

Police Court: A court for the trial of minor criminal offenses, and
which controls the adoption and guardianship of minors; a surrogate
court.

Recorder: A county officer in charge of public records.  In sometowns,
recorder iS the name of a local court with limited civil jurisdiction.

Rule of Court: An order made by a court having competent jurisdiction.

Stare Decisis: The doctrine that, when a court has once laid down a
principle of law as applicable to a certain set of facts, it will
adhere to that principle and apply it to future cases where the facts
are substantially the same.

Supersedeas: A writ containing a command to stay proceedings at law,
such as the enforcement of a judgment pending an appeal.

Surrogate: A judge or judicial officer who has administration of
probate matters.

Trial De Novo: A new trial or retrial held in an appellate court, in
which the whole case is gone into as if no trial had been held in a
lower court.

Venue: The place designated for trial.

Voir Dire: "To speak the truth."  The phrase denotes the preliminary
examination the court may make of one presented as a witness, or a
prospective juror, as to hiS or her qualifications.

Writ: An order issued by a court or judge directing a public officer or
private person to do a specific act.

MILITARY JUSTICE SYSTEM
UNITED STATES ARMY COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF COLLEGE STUDENT TEXT 27-1
(EXCERPT)
CHAPTER 1
THE MILITARY JUSTICE SYSTEM
1.1 Introduction.

We often think of the law as being fixed and eternal, but in reality,
the law is man-made, fallible, and ever-changing.  Today's rules may
become of historical interest only by tomorrow's court decision.

Today's commanders and staff officers cannot rely on past knowledge of
the military justice system.  Today's officers must be aware of the
current system and use it fairly and intelligently.  Recent changes to
the Uniform Code of Military Justice and the Manual for Courts-Martial
have greatly improved the ability of commanders to effectively use
disciplinary measures.  This book will assist you to understand the
current system and use it effectively.

This book is not intended to make you an expert in military justice.

Rather, it is to provide an awareness of the major requirements of
military justice.  This book is not intended to replace the basic
sources of military law.  It is, however, an aid to effective decision
making in the military justice arena.  The most important thing to take
away from this material is the ability to recognize a military justice
problem so as to know when to contact your "expert" in the area-the
staff judge advocate.

1.2 Background and Development.

An understanding of the legal basis for the military justice system
must rest on an understanding of the history and tradition which shaped
its development.  Among the concepts that emerged from the American
Revolution were the fear of excessive military power and the desire to
keep the military strictly subservient to civilian control.  These
notions were embodied in the Constitution.  That document is the basic
source for the military justice system.

Our system of military justice had its inception in the American
Revolution.  The Uniform Code of Military Justice that we currently use
can be traced back through the Articles of War used during the American
Revolution to the British Articles of War.  The first Articles of War
were adopted by the Second Continental Congress on 30 June 1775, just
three days before George Washington, who was on the committee appointed
to prepare the rules and regulations for the newlycreated Continental
Army, took command of it.

Our separate system of military justice differs from that of many other
countries.  A servicemember can be tried by court-martial for what is
essentially a civilian offense as well as for uniquely military ones
such as absence without leave, disobedience, disrespect, and
misbehavior before the enemy.  In many countries, civil courts handle
all offenses committed by servicemembers which are not uniquely
military.  The reason for this expansive jurisdictional reach is the
need to maintain discipline in order to have an effective fighting
force.  Because of force deployment, the military requires a justice
system which is literally worldwide in its criminal prohibitions and
its jurisdictional reach--unlike civilian criminal processes which are
usually localized.  Finally, it is doubtful that the civilian justice
system could appreciate and meet all the varied concerns of military
discipline.

1.3 The Purpose of Military Law.

The 1984 Manual for Courts-Martial probably states the purpose of
Military Law best:
The purpose of military law is to promote justice, to assist in
maintaining good order and discipline in the armed forces, to promote
efficiency and effectiveness in the military establishment, and thereby
to strengthen the national security of the United States.  Preamble,
MCM, 1984,3.

1.4 The Ever-Changing Military Law.

As is the case with most of our laws, military law has been
reconsidered and revised in the light of new knowledge and experience.

Among the major revisions were:
The Uniform Code of Military Justice, 1950.  This Act of Congress
combined the separate laws formerly governing the Army, Navy, and Air
Force into one uniform code which governs all of the armed forces of
the United States.

The Military Justice Act of 1968.  A major revision of the Uniform Code
occurred with this act.  This act first gave servicemembers the right
to a qualified lawyer at special courts-martial and established the
military judiciary.  Since the 1968 Act, Congress has amended the
Uniform Code several times in order to increase the efficiency of our
military criminal law system: In November 1979, Public Law 96-197
amended Article 2, UCMJ, to authorize court-martial jurisdiction over
servicemembers entering the armed forces as a result of recruiter
misconduct.

The Military Justice Amendments of 1981 eliminated the right of the
accused to be represented by more than one military lawyer and
permitted a commander or convening authority to direct excess leave for
servicemembers who have been convicted by court-martial and are
awaiting appellate review.  Previously, the accused could only be
placed on excess leave upon the approval of his or her request.

The Military Justice Act of 1983.  On 6 December, 1983, the President
signed this act, Public Law No.  98-209,97 Stat.  1393.  The effective
date is 1 August, 1984.  A new Manual for Courts-Martial has also been
written.  It includes provisions to implement the legislation.  Its
effective date is also 1 August, 1984.  This revision is intended to
streamline the military justice system and make it more responsive to
commanders while retaining the fundamental rights of servicemembers.

Among its provisions are a lessening of the commander's
responsibilities to review courts-martial for legal sufficiency;
streamlining procedures for detailing and excusing courts-martial
personnel; and permitting appeal of final courts-martial to the U.S.

Supreme Court.

1.5 Sources of Military Law.

Article I, section 8, of our Constitution provides that "The Congress
shall have Power... To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of
the land and naval Forces This language is what gives the Congress the
authority to enact the federal law called the Uniform Code of Military
Justice.

Article II, section 2, states that "The President shall be Commander in
Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States.

In Article 36 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice, the Congress
authorized the President, as Commander in Chief, to issue procedural
rules to implement the military justice system.  This is the authority
the President has used to issue the Presidential Proclamation called
the Manual for Courts-Martial.  It contains a detailed set of
regulations supplementing and explaining the Uniform Code.  It also
contains maximum punishments.

Article 36 of the UCMJ gave the President the power to establish
punishments.  This power was recently used to change the maximum
sentences for drug offenses by Executive Order on 23 December, 1982.

These Executive Orders have the force of law, although in the case of a
conflict, the Constitution, then the UCMJ, have precedence.

The services can publish regulations to further implement the
provisions of the above sources of military law.  One example is Army
Regulation 27-10, Military Justice.  This regulation contains
procedures that must be followed for such matters as administering
nonjudicial punishment, reviewing the legality of pretrial confinement,
etc.

Court decisions from military and civilian appellate courts must also
be considered as sources of military law.  For example, the United
States Supreme Court's decision that counsel were not required at
summary courts-martial is an example of court-made, as opposed to
statutory or regulatory, law.

All of the foregoing, the Constitution, the UCMJ, the MCM, regulations,
and the decisions of the appellate courts, are sources of military law.

(Note: If your story turns on a precise point of military law or
military judicial procedure, consult the appropriate regulation(s), as
then amended, in the reference section of any large public library.

The public information divisions of the various armed services may also
be able to provide helpful materials for further research.)
1.6 Military Justice Personnel.

The Staff Judge Advocate is the legal adviser to the command.  He will
normally be a senior lieutenant colonel when assigned to a division,
and a colonel for higher commanders and major installations.  The UCMJ
authorizes the SJA direct access to the convening authority.  Besides
supervising military justice, the SJA has functions in the
administrative law, claims, and legal assistance areas.

Trial court personnel include military judges, trial counsel
(prosecutor), and defense counsel.

Military judges belong to the U.S. Army Trial Judiciary.  They are
appointed by the Judge Advocate General from JAGC officers who have
extensive trial experience and satisfactorily complete the judge's
course.  Special court-martial judges are usually majors.  General
courtmartial judges are lieutenant colonels or colonels.  Judges are
assigned to the Trial Judiciary, which is independent of any local
command, so they are rated by other judges, not commanders.  This helps
to preserve their independence and avoid command influence.

Defense counsel belong to a similar organization, the Trial Defense
Service.  It comes under the same parent organization as the trial
judiciary, the U.S. Army Legal Services Agency.  Thus, defense counsel
are not assigned to local commands and owe their undivided loyalty to
their clients.  Defense counsel are rated by senior defense attorneys.

A regional defense counsel supervises the defense counsel within a
geographical region, and is who the commander can go to if he has a
problem involving a defense counsel.

The canons of ethics of the American Bar Association are applicable to
all military lawyers.  The canon that requires counsel to represent
their clients zealously within the bounds of the law is especially
important to defense counsel.

The trial counsel works for the command, and presents the case for the
government (prosecution).  His ethical duty is to see justice done.

The trial counsel works for the Chief of Criminal Law (sometimes called
Chief of Justice), under the Staff Judge Advocate.

1.7 Commander's Role.

One of the major differences between the military and the civilian
justice systems is that the latter has no counterpart to the commander.

Both systems have judges, prosecutors, and defense attorneys.  The
commander in our system has powers substantially equivalent to those of
civilian judges and prosecutors.  For example: a commander can issue a
search authorization which is the military counterpart to the search
warrants issued by civilian judges.  Also, in the military, the
commander decides who is to be prosecuted.  a decision made by district
attorneys or prosecutors in the civilian sector.

It should be noted that it is the commander in our system who makes
many of these decisions - whether to prosecute or not, whether to
approve a pretrial agreement (plea bargain)--not the military lawyers.

Of course, the commander should seek the advice of his staff judge
advocate before making these decisions.

Because the commander has so much power--unlike that of any civilians
except judges--he or she must exercise that power wisely and fairly.

The civilian sector has always watched carefully for abuses of the
military justice system.  In order that the people, acting through
Congress, continue to permit commanders to exercise these broad powers.

commanders' military justice actions must not only be fair, but be
perceived to be fair.  It should also be remembered that the military
justice system is a "tool" of discipline--and not the only one--not a
substitute for good leadership.

UNITED STATES MILITARY AND NAVAL LAW INFORCEMENT
UNITED STATES ARMY CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIVE COMMAND (USACIDC)
Often referred to as the CID or Criminal Investigation Division (CID),
this section of the Army is an investigative, fact-finding agency.

Although CID has arrest powers, it does not prosecute, but instead
turns its suspects and investigation reports over to the proper branch
of service for prosecution.

Trained by the army at the FBI Academy in Quantico and often at Great
Britain's Scotland Yard, the CID and its agents exist to conduct
criminal investigations on military bases involving both military
personnel and those civilians employed by the army or Department of
Defense.  Additional responsibilities include conducting
crimeprevention surveys and providing protective services to the
Secretary of Defense; Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff; Secretary of the
Army; Chief of Staff, Army; and other dignitaries as directed.  CID
also plays an important role in terrorism counteraction, hostage
negotiations, supplying protective services, security vulnerability
assessments, criminal information collection, hostage negotiation, and
narcotics investigations.

CID operates three crime laboratories and the Army Crime Records Center
and maintains liaison with other police and investigative agencies.

CID agents, who almost always operate in civilian clothes, consist of
noncommissioned officers, the highest-ranking of whom is a Chief
Warrant Officer.

UNITED STATES NAVAL INVESTIGATIVE SERVICE (NIS)
Working in civilian clothes, HIS Special Agents conduct criminal,
narcotics, and complex fraud investigations; counterintelligence and
undercover operations; and hostage negotiations.  They also provide
protective services and investigate infractions of military law
governing naval personnel and civilians contracted or employed by the
navy or the marine corps.  HIS is part of the Naval Security and
Investigative Command (HSIC), headquartered in Washington D.C., and
commanded by a rear admiral, who reports directly to the secretary of
the navy and the chief of naval operations.

UNITED STATES AIR FORCE OFFICE OF SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS (OSI)
The OSI operates very much like the NIS in that it, unlike the CID,
conducts counterintelligence operations.  OSI Special Agents work in
mufti and are trained at the OSI's Academy at BoIling Field AFB.  Like
its sister agencies NIS and CID, OSI conducts criminal investigations
and serves as a fact-finding arm that turns over apprehended military
and Defense Department civilian employee suspects to the Judge
Advocate's Office for prosecution.  Like CID, OSI maintains its own
forensic police-science laboratories and criminal-records center.

MILITARY POLICE (MP)
The Department of the Army Officer Branch Code 31 is for commissioned
officers in the Military Police Corps, which is responsible for the
army's law enforcement in both war and peace.  In combat operations,
the military police are the tactical commander's primary response force
against terrorists and saboteurs; they carry on their regular military
duties as well.  Military police provide area security operations,
oversee and evacuate enemy prisoners of war, and provide security for
special ammunition.  In peace and in war, military police officers,
trained in methods and techniques of management and police sciences,
advise and assist army commanders to establish discipline, enforce
laws, and prevent crimes.

MP officers plan for the security of VIP's, military banks and
hospitals, material storage areas, airfields, ports, harbors, inland
waterways, railroads, and petroleum pipelines.  When normal processes
of government are disrupted, military police may be called upon to help
restore order.  Military police conduct criminal investigations and are
responsible for the humane treatment of prisoners, be they army
personnel or POWs.  The major training site for MP officers is Fort
McClellen, Alabama.

MISSING PERSONS
A missing person is not to be confused with a wanted person, although
the police department is concerned with the location and identification
of both.  A wanted person is someone being sought by the police in
connection with a crime, whereas a person considered missing is:
Someone missing for more than twenty-four hours
Someone missing less than twenty-four hours who is under the age of
eighteen
Someone who has disappeared without any apparent reason
Someone who is mentally deficient or not in full possession of all his
or her faculties
An unidentified body
Although the police department's Missing Persons Bureau will attempt to
do all in its power to locate a juvenile runaway who is reported as
missing, their primary concern with a missing juvenile is whether or
not the subject has involuntarily disappeared.  The same applies to
adults, except those who are reported missing and are not considered to
be in full possession of their faculties.  Determining the identity of
a Jane Doe or a John Doe, which are the names given to unidentified
female and male corpses, is also a responsibility of the Missing
Persons Bureau.

Crimes usually associated with missing persons are:
Kidnapping
Homicide
Suicide
Those involved in attempting to locate a missing person should learn
all they can about the following:
The physical description of the missing person
Hobbies, interests, personal habits
Educational background
Romantic involvements
Addictions
Sexual habits
Medical history
Family history
Personal relationships
Business and professional abilities or associations
Access to funds
STEPS IN ATTEMPTING TO IDENTIFY A JANE DOE OR A JOHN DOE
Check Missing Persons records
Check fingerprints locally and send to state identification bureau and
FBI
Take photographs and distribute to TV and newspapers
Identify clothing markings, labels, etc
Examine remains for birthmarks, tattoos, scars caused by surgery or
accident
Make impressions of teeth for possible dental identification
Take X-rays to determine presence of any illness or broken bones, or
evidence of surgery
Perform chemical analysis to determine whether drugs are present, to
find information about last food ingested, and to check for evidence of
poisons
NARCOTICS AND DRUG ADDICTION
Narcotics (the selling, use, and addiction of drugs) is probably the
number-one area of crime in the United States today.  It is a
multimillion-dollar business, international in scope and activity, and
is unquestionably the most destructive element in society throughout
this country and the entire globe.  The production and sale of drugs
has in actuality become, in some instances, the national product of
some foreign countries who, believe it or not, are so reliant on the
income it produces that they are considering the legalization of their
number-one export.  As the problems associated with drugs are now so
well known, it requires no further elaboration as to their effect on
society and crime.

DRUG ADDICTION
Addiction is the state of utter dependency on drugs, in which they are
necessary in order to function physically and mentally.  When deprived
of the substance, the addict has a physical craving manifested by
symptoms of withdrawal, which cause severe mental and physical distress.

NARCOTICS
Narcotics are drugs of addiction (see list).

SYNTHETIC ANALGESICS
Synthetics are drugs that carry the effect of a narcotic but that have
been synthesized and are therefore less expensive.  Many of these are
listed as narcotics by federal and state regulatory agencies.

TOLERANCE AND DEPENDENCY
With habitual use of a drug, the tolerance to that drug is increased,
and the user requires progressively increasing dosages in order to
properly function.  As tolerance takes place, the span of time usually
decreases between the taking of the drug.  If the addict becomes
deprived of the drug, he or she becomes physically and mentally ill to
the extent that the addict will resort to crime in order to service the
habit.

USE AND EFFECT
Each drug has its own properties and effects, and the means of
administering the drug varies with the type of drug the user is taking.

Some narcotics can be taken in more than one way.  e.g., ingestion,
sniffing, or injecting, which may require the use of a hypodermic
needle, medicine dropper, bent spoon, and some means of tying off the
limb so as to make the veins more accesible.

DRUG TRAFFICKING
Trafficking in drugs means the transporting or smuggling of illegal
narcotics for eventual sale.  As most illegal narcotics are produced
outside of the United States, those dealing in the trafficking of drugs
employ many creative means of smuggling and moving their contraband
into the United States.  In most instances, the drugs are brought in
already refined, and all that is necessary is for the drug to be cut
before it is ready for sale on the street.  Some of the means employed
are boat, cargo vessels where the drugs can be hidden or disguised with
the cargo, airplanes landing in remote, deserted areas, and body
carriers, sometimes referred to as mules.

POINTS OF ORIGIN
Cocaine is a white, crystalline powder from the coca shrub, a plant
that was cultivated by the Andean Indians prior to the Spanish
occupation.

Narcotics Table
Chemical or How Typical Duration Initial Risks of Physical
Drug Trade Name Description Taken Dose of Effect Signs Abuse Dependence
NARCOTICS
Opium: Papaver somni- Dried milk of opium- Smoked or Varies 6 hrs.

Euphoria Loss of appetite Yes ryz
feruo poppy pod swallowed Drowsiness Painful withdrawal 151 symptoms 0
Morphine Morphine sulphate Derivative of opium Injected 15 mg 6 hrs.

Euphoria Loss of appetite Yes 0 Drowsiness Painful withdrawal Impaired
breathing
Heroin Diacetylmorphine Derivative of morphine Injected Varies 4 hrs.

Euphoria Loss of appetite Yes Drowsiness Painful withdrawal Constipation
Methadone Dolophine Synthetic analgesic Swallowed or 10 mg 4-6 hrs.

Less acute than Loss of appetite Yes Amidone injected opiates Painful
with'drawal Constipation
DEPRESSANTS
Barbiturates
Phenobarbital Barbituric acid deriva tive Swallowed SO loo mg 4-12 hrs.

Drowsiness Incoherence Possible
Seconal Muscle relaxation Depression
Nembutal Withdrawal difficulty
Meprohromate Miltown Non-barbiturate Swallowed Varies 4 hrs.

Drowsiness Incoherence No
Equanil sedative Muscle relaxation Depression Withdrawal difficulty
Mcthaqualone Sopor Quaalude Non-barbiturate Swallowed 75-lOO mg 4 hrs.

Drowsiness Delirium No sedative Muscle relaxation Coma
STIMULANTS
Cocaine Methyl ester of Isolated alkaloid of coca Sniffed or Varies
Varies Excitation Loss of appetite No
henzoylecganine leaf injected Talkativeness Irritability Tremors
Insomnia
Alnphetamines
Benzedrine Synthetic central- Swallowed 2.5-5 mg 4 hrs.  Alertness
irritability No
Dexedrine nervous system Talkativeness Confusion
Methedrine stimulant Activity Agressiveness
HIALLUCINOGENS
Marijuana Cannabis sativa Flowering resinous top of female hemp plant
Smoked 1 or 2 cigarets 4 bra.  Relaxation Altered perception No
Euphoria Impaired judgment Vagueness
Peyote 3,4, 5-trimethoxy- Dried cactus buttons Swallowed 350 mcg 12
bra.  Exhilaration Visual hallucinations No
phenethylamine containing mescaline Anxiety Paranoia Castric distress
Possible psychosis
LSD d-lysergic acid Synthetic compound Swallowed 100 mcg 10 bra.

laxcitation Visual and audiry No
diethylamide 400 times more powerful than mescaline Exhilaration
hallucinations 0Vagueness Possible psychosis
DMT Dimethyltryptamine Synthetic compound Injected I mg 4-6 bra.

Excitation Possible psychotic No similar to mushroom Exhilaration
reaction
alkaloid psilocybin
Some Substances Not Used For Medical Purposes
Pharmacologic
Substance Common or Slang Names Active Ingredient Source Classification
Medical Use
Alcohol Booze, Juice, Sauce, Brew, Vino Ethanol, Ethyl Alcohol Natural
(from fruits, grains, CNS depressant Solvent antiseptic, sedative 151
vegetables)
Marijuana Pot, Grass, Dope, Weed, Homegrown, Tetrahydrocannabinols
Cannabis sativa CNS depressant, Experimental research only
Sinsemilla Maui-wowie, Thaisticks, (THCj hallucinogen Joints, Roaches,
lndica: Concentrated Z resin called Hash or Hashish
Amphetamines Ups, Uppers, Speed, Crank, IDf Diet Amphetamine Synthetic
CNS stimulant Control appetite.  Narcolepsy- tl1l
Pills Dextroamphetamine some childhood behavioral disorders 0
Methamphetamine relieve depression 0
(Desoxyephedrine)
Amphetamine Legal stimulants, Ups, Uppers, AMS, May contain caffeine,
Syothetitrnatural CNS stimulant, None
Look-alikes AXS, RJS Ephedrine, Pseudoe- decongestant,
phedrine,Phenylpro- appetite depressant
panglamine
Cocaine Coke, Rock, Toot, Blow, Snow, Pearl Cocaine Natural Local or
topical Local or topical anesthesia
Flake Hydrochloride (from coca leaves) anesthesia
Benzoylmethylecgonine
Cocaine Base Cocaine base Natural (prepared from Local or topical
Topical anesthetic ointments
Frecbase Freebase Cocaine Hydrochloride) anesthesia
Barbiturates Barbs, Bluebirds, Blues, Tooies, Phenobarbita) Synthetic
Sedative Sedation, Yellow Jackets Pentobarbital Hypnotic Epilepsy
Secobarbital
Amobarbital
Methaqualone Ludcs, 7145, Sopor Methaqualone Synthetic Sedative
hypnotic Sedation
Heroin H, Horse, Junk, Smack, Stuff, Brown Diacetyl Semi-synthetic
Narcotic analgesic None legally
Sugar morphine (from morphine)
Morphine White Stuff, M, More Morphine Natural (from Opium) Narcotic
analgesic Pain relief Su)phate
Codeine Schoolboy Methy)morphine Natural (from Opium) Narcotic
analgesic Ease pain & coughing semi-synthetic (from morphine)
Oxycodone 14-Hydroxydihydro- Semi-synthetic Narcotic analgesic Pain
relief Codeinone (Morphine-like)
Meperidine Meperidine Synthetic Narcotic analgesic Pain relief, prevent
Hydrochloride withdrawal, discomfort
Methsdone Dolly Methadone Synthetic Narcotic analgesic Pain relief,
prevent Hydrochloride withdrawal, discomfort
Inhalants
Solvents, Glue, Transmission fluid, O~anic solvents Synthetic None None
Toluene
Nitrous Oxide Laughing Gas, Gas, Whippitts, Nitrous Oxide Synthetic
Inhalation anesthetic Anesthesia
Nitrous, Blue Bottle
Butyl Nitrite Liquid Incense, Room Deodorizer, Butyl Nitrite Synthetic
Vasodilator None (Amyl nitrite used in Rush, Locker Room, Locker Popper
Angina Pectoris)
LSD Acid, LSD-25, Blotter Acid, Window- D-Lysergic Acid Semi-synthetic
(from Ergot Hallucinogen Experimental research only
pane, named after pictures on paper, Diethylamide Alkaloids) Z
Mesc Mescaline Mesc, Peyote, Peyote Buttons Mescaline Natural (from
Peyote Cactus) Hallucinogen None i-l (PeyoteCactusj 0
MDA, MMDA, Love Drvg, Ecstasy, XTC 34'Methylenedioxy- Synthetic
Amphetamine-based NoneMDM amphetamine hallucinogen ru
Analogs of MDA
DOM Straserenity 2.5-Dimethoxy-4- Synthetic Amphetamine-based None
Tranquility, Peace methyl- hallucinogen
amphetamine a
Psilocybin Magic Mushrooms, Shrooms Psilocybin Natural (from Psilocybe
Fun- Hallucinogen None C~
PCP Crystal, Tea, THC, Angel Dust Phencyclidine Synthetic Dissociative
Once used as a Anesthetic veterinary anesthetic a
Coffee, Tea, Colas Espresso, Cafe, Natural Stimulant, Caffeine Natural
CNS stimulant Mild stimulant a
Guarana, Guaranine
Tobacco Cigs, Smokes, Butts, Cancer Sticks, Nicotine Natural (from
Nicotina CNS Toxin Emetic Z Coffin Nails Tabacum) _____
Physical Psychological
Abuse Dependence Dependence
Liquid Form and How Used Effects Sought Long Term Possible Effects
Potential Potential
Taken orally, applied topically Intoxication, Sense Alteration, Toxic
Psychosis, addiction, neurologic Yes Yes
(rubbing alcohol) Anxiety reduction damage Plant Particles (dark Smoked
or eaten Euphoria, relaxation, increased Bronchitis, Conjunctivitis,
possible birth Possible Possible
grecn or brown) perception defects
Tablets, Capsules, Taken orally or injected Alertness, activeness Loss
of appetite, delusions, hallucinations, Possible Yes 151
Liquid, Powder toxic psychosis 00
0
(white) 0
Capsules or Tablets Taken orally Alertness, activeness, weight loss
Hypertension, stroke, heart problems Possible Yes
Powder (white) or Snorted or injected Stimulation, excitation, euphoria
Loss of appetite, depression, convulsions, No Yes
Liquid (subtle) nasal passage injury
White Crystal Smoked, injected Intensified Cocaine effects Weight loss,
depression, hypertension, hal- Yes Yes
lucinations, psychosis
Tablcts or Capsulcs Taken orally or injected Anxiety reduction,
euphoria Severe withdrawal symptoms, possible con- Yes Yes
volsions, toxic psychosis
Tablets Taken orally or snorted Euphoria, aphrodisiac Coma, convulsions
Yes Yes
Powder (white, Injected, snorted or smoked Euphoria Addiction,
constipation, loss of appetite Yes Yes
grey,brown)
Powder (white), Taken orally or injected Euphoria Addiction,
constipation, loss of appetite Yes Yes
Tablets or Liquid
Tablets or liquid (in Taken orally or injected Euphoria Addiction,
constipation, loss of appetite Yes Yes
cough syrup)
Tablets Taken orally or injected Euphoria Addiction, constipation, loss
of appetite Yes Yes
Tablets or Liquid Taken orally or injected Euphoria Addiction,
constipation, loss of appetite Yes Yes
Tahlcts or Liquid Taken orally or injected Euphoria Addiction,
constipation, loss of appetite Yes Yes
Various Inhaled or huffed (poured on a Intoxication Impaired
perception, coordination, judg- No Yes
rag or towel and inhaled by ment; toxicity from solvent impurities
mouth)
Gas in Pressurized Inhaled Euphoria, relaxation Kidney or liver damage,
peripheral neurop- No Possible
Container athy, spontaneous abortion
Liquid Inhaled Exhilaration Damage to heart and blood vessels, may ag-
No Yes
gravate heart problems
Tablets, Capsules, Taken orally Insight, distortion of senses, ex- May
intensify existing psychosis, panic re- No Possible
Liquid, or Paper hilaration, mysticallreligious ex- actions
Squares perience
Tablets, Capsules, Taken orally Same as LSD Milder than LSD No Possible
Raw Drug (Buttons)
Tahlcts or Capsules Taken orally Same as LSD Milder than LSD No Possible
Tablets, Capsules or Taken orally Stronger than LSD effects Same as LSD
No Possible
Liquid
Mushrooms, rarely Taken orally Same as LSD Milder than LSD No Possible Z
as Tablets or
Capsules
a
Tablets, Powder in Smoked, snorted or taken orally Distortion of senses
Psychotic behavior, violent acts, psychosis No Possible 0
Smoking Mixtures 'I
a
Beverage Taken orally Alertness May aggravate heart problems Possible
Yes cry
Snuff, Pipe Cut Par- Smoked, snorted or chewed Relaxation Loss of
appetite.  habituation, lung cancer Possible Yes
ticles, Cigars or
Cigarettes
Cocaine production is a major occupation in the Southern Hemisphere.

The major producing countries are Colombia, Chile, Peru, and Bolivia,
although other countries are also producing the drug in inCreaSing
amounts.

Crack, also known as rock COCaine, is the result of changing the
structure of CoCaine hydrochloride from the salt to the free base.  By
this method of (heating the salt form in the presence of alkali), the
CoCaine is changed into a form that can be smoked.  Smoking allows the
CoCaine to go directly to the lungs, as opposed to being inhaled
through the nose, as with ordinary cocaine.  Inhalation does not
provide the rush that crack users experience.

Opium is derived from the oriental poppy plant, grown mainly in Asia,
although the poppy has now been cultivated in other countries such as
Mexico, Cuba, and the Balkans.  The major producers and suppliers of
opium are India, Turkey, Thailand, Pakistan, Laos, Mexico, and
Afghanistan.  Although opium was once primarily smoked, it has produced
such derivatives as morphine and heroin, which are injected.

Marijuana is one of the most widely used of the illicit drugs, and
comes from the hemp plant, which grows wild or can be cultivated.

Primary sources are Mexico, Cuba, Turkey, Greece, India, Syria, Africa,
the United States, and Brazil.

Mescaline or Peyote can be found in northern Mexico and the
southwestern part of the United States, and is derived from the peyote
cactus.

Psilocybin is a hallucinogen extracted from a form of mushroom found in
Mexico.

Barbiturates are probably the most abused type of drugs available to
the addict.  They are readily obtainable from a physician, hospital, or
local pharmacist if the user has the right connections.

A list of most known drugs can be found on the following pages, along
with a dictionary of drug "language" used by those trafficking,
selling, and addicted to narcotics.

POSSESSION
Possession of a narcotic or illicit drug is a crime, as it constitutes
the probability of use or sale.  It is very conceivable that a user
might also be dealing in drugs in order to support his or her habit.

SELLING
Selling or dealing in drugs is a much more serious offense than
possession.  Criminal trafficking or dealing in drugs is, in most
cases, the domain of the professional criminal, and in most instances,
it is connected with a large ring and/or organized crime.  Those at the
top of the ladder in drug trafficking and dealing usually have
expertise in evading the law and escaping detection and proSecution,
despite the valiant attempts of law enforcement to discover and
prosecute them to the fullest extent of the law.

Needless to say, drug traffickers and dealers are powerful people with
a great many connections and an enormous financial empire with which to
bribe and pay off those government officials and police who can be
corrupted.  Like most big businesses, those dealing and trafficking in
drugs build and operate no differently than any other large business.

Those at the very top are usually well insulated from those who work
beneath them.  Their business has many levels of sale and distribution,
ranging from the grower or producer to wholesalers, mules, pushers, and
peddlers.  A mule, pusher, or peddler could be a member of organized
crime, neighborhood street gangs, users, pimps, prostitutes, students
or even an ordinary citizen who sees an opportunity to make a quick
buck.

NARCOTICS - PACKAGING AND DISTRIBUTION
For the purpose of smuggling large quantities of cocaine (cocaine
hydrochloride), and for distributing smaller amounts, the following
methods are used to package the drugs:
MULTI-KILO
1. Duct tape
2. Heat-seal plastic
3. Fiberglas
4. Casting material
5. Brown tape
6. Trash bags
WHOLESALE-Multi-ounce
Large, plastic Ziploc bags
STREET DISTRIBUTION
1. Bindles (pharmaceutical fold)
2. 2"x2" Ziploc bags
3. Sno-seals (basically same as bindles)
CRACK OR ROCK COCAINE DISTRIBUTION
Usually sold in 2" x 2" plastic bags.

TAR HEROIN - SMUGGLING Multi-kilo
1. Clear plastic wrap
2. Ziplocbags
3. Various tapes
POWDERED HEROIN SMUGGLING - Multi-kilo
1. Blocks (compressed)
2. Plastic wraps
3. Casting materials
TAR HEROIN - Wholesale distribution
1. Ounce balls wrapped in plastic wrap
POWDERED HEROIN - Wholesale distribution
1. Film canisters
2. Plastic
TAR AND POWDERED HEROIN - Street distribution
1. Balloons
2. Bindles
3. Candy twists (tar only)
PHENCYCLIDlNE (PCP) -Wholesale distribution
Gallon bottles-apple juice, cider
DEALER QUANTITY- distribution (one pint or one liter)
Grape juice, root beer, Listerine bottles
STREET SALES - distribution
1. Vanilla extract bottles, one-ounce bottles
2. Cigarettes (tinfoil bindles)
MARIJUANA SMUGGLING - Multi-kilo
1. Trash bags
2. Bales, plastic encased
POUND QUANTITY DISTRIBUTION
1. Ziploc bags (storage size)
2. Kilos, tape wrapped
Alcohol
Amanita muscaria
Amphetamines (pep pills)
Amyl nitrite
Atropine
Awa
Ayahuasca
Barbiturates (goof balls)
Belladonna
Benzedrine
Betel nut
Bufotenine
Caffeine (via coffee)
Cannabis indica
Charas
Chicropon natrium
Chloral hydrate
Cocaine
Codeine Cough syrup
Crack (rock cocaine)
Dagga
Dexedrine
DMT
Epena
Ether
Fly agaric
Ganga
Glue
Goof balls (barbiturates)
Hallucinogens or psychedelics (LSD, DMT, mescaline, peyote, etc.)
Hanu
Hashish
Hemp
Heroin
Hydrangea
IT-290
Jimson weed
Kat (Khat)
Kava Kief
Laudanum
Lotus flower (mythical odyssey)
LAD
LSD (acid)
Mandrake
Marijuana (pot)
Mescaline
Methamphetamine
Methedrine
Mexico's magic
mushrooms
Morning glory seeds
Morphine
Nalline
Nembutal
Nicotine
Oblivion (happiness pill)
Opium
Paregoric Parica
Pep pills (amphetamines)
Percodan
Peyote (mescaline)
Philopon/Secobarbital
Psilocybin
Reefers (marijuana cigarettes)
Rock cocaine (crack)
Sedatives
Sleeping tablets
Snuff
Speed (methedrine) PCP
Tea
Tobacco
Also wine, whiskey, champagne, gin, cognac, brandy, absinthe, rum,
sherry, tequila, mescal, vodka, etc.

THE NATIONAL CRIME INFORMATION CENTER
The National Crime Information Center (NCIC) is a nationwide
criminal-justice information teleprocessing network that provides
documented criminal-justice information to the entire criminaljustice
community.  NCIC contains records on stolen property, i.e., vehicles,
license plates, guns, securities, boats, and serialized articles;
wanted persons for whom arrest warrants are outstanding; unidentified
persons; and missing persons meeting specific entry criteria; as well
as criminal histories on persons arrested for serious offenses.  An
NCIC Advisory Policy Board made up of federal, state, and local justice
officials furnishes advice to the FBI Director on policy matters
concerning NCIC operations and thereby allows the users a voice in
overall management of the system.

Users of NCIC include the fifty states, all federal law-enforcement
agencies, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the Police of the
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and the United States Virgin Islands - all
on a cost-free basis.

MISSING-CHILDREN FILE
The juvenile category of the NCIC Missing-Person File responds to
inquiries within seconds.  A missing-child record may be entered simply
by a parent, legal guardian, or next of kin filing a missingpersons
report with any local or state law-enforcement agency.  The record
should contain all available descriptive and identifying data, such as
nicknames, birthplace and date, height, weight, scars, marks, blood
type, dental information, etc.  When a positive identification is made,
the record of the child is promptly removed from the system.

FOREIGN-FUGITIVE FILE
Implemented in 1987, this file contains both Canadian warrants and new
wanted-persons records for foreign fugitives entered by the United
States Central Bureau of the International Police Organization
(INTERPOL).

Organized Crime
The term organized crime applies primarily to criminal gangs that are
structured either in local, state, federal, or international criminal
activities such as but not limited to South American organizations,
Mexican networks, Sicilian Mafia, national outlaw motorcycle gangs, and
Oriental organized crime groups who are involved in corruption of
public officials, illegal infiltration of legitimate businesses,
gambling, loan sharking, laundering of illicit funds, gangland
slayings, labor racketeering, extortion, counterfeiting, prostitution,
and drug trafficking.

THE MAFIA
The Mafia is probably the singularly most familiar name associated with
the term organized crime.  Sometimes dubbed "the Mob" or "La Cosa
Nostra" ("Our Thing") it is believed to have had its roots in Palermo,
Italy, in 1282, when Sicilian Vespers revolted against the French
Angevins, who were then ruling Sicily.

Although today's Mafia is unquestionably one of the strongest groups
identified with organized crime, it actually began as a secret society,
originally formed to protect the poor, oppressed, and mistreated
Sicilians from their invading rulers.  Once freed of the French
domination, however, the secret Mafia began to increase both in number
and in the power it wielded.  In 1417, however, the Italian states once
again found themselves under foreign domination, this time by the
Bourbons, who had spawned the birth of another secret organization in
Seville.  Called "The Camorra," this organization began with no
altruistic ideals.  It was composed of out-and-out criminals.

Transported to Sicily and neighboring states by the Bourbons, the
Camorra and the Mafia soon began to merge, the Mafia's once altruistic
aims now giving way to more profitable ventures: that of gaining
control of all criminal activities.  The Camorra maintained
headquarters in Naples, the Mafia, in Sicily.  The Mafia reached the
pinnacle of its power around the turn of the nineteenth century, and it
was then that both the Mafia and the Camorra began their migration to
the United States to prey upon the Italian population who had emigrated
to America.

Once here, however, bad blood often led to feuds between the Camorra
and the Mafia.  Although the bonds were often sealed between the two,
feuds continued to plague both organizations.  Wars erupted frequently
as the two competed for the total supremacy of criminal power in the
new land.  In the years that came to pass, the Mafia grew stronger and
became the dominant force in the United States.  Although the Camorra
still exists to some small extent in this country, the Camorra
N'Drangatta still reigns in Naples, while some remnants of the old
Mafia still preside in Sicily.

The New Mafia
Sworn to obedience to their chief, known simply as "The Boss" (see
organizational chart), members of the Mafia have no appeal to legal law
enforcement, but only to those powers within their own organization,
for justice.  It is an unwritten law that any offense commited against
one is to be considered against all.  Members are bound by "Omerta,"
the code of silence.  It is simply a way of saying, "If you talk-you
die!"
The Mafia in the United States is dedicated to subverting and
infiltrating all branches of the government so as to corrupt and bribe
those who would benefit their purpose.  Its aim is to control every
profitable and productive area of crime and to convert legitimate
enterprises so they are controlled and dominated by organized crime.

Members are committed to murder and all forms of mayhem against any
member or outsider who informs on them or is in any way a threat to
their existence and their goals.  It is essential that they show
respect and complete obedience to those of greater authority within
their organization.  Should there be a disagreement or dispute, those
involved may request a sit-down, where decisions are made by a council
as to who is right and who is wrong and how peace may be achieved
between the opposing parties.

When the Mafia first settled in the United States, they were often
referred to as "The Black Hand," their hands often stained with the
black tar that came from the tarpaper in which they wrapped the remains
of those who opposed them so as to prevent blood spillage.

As time passed, the machine-gun activities of the Mafia became more and
more muffled.  The Families of the Mafia began to spread out, each
Family given its own territory in which to operate.  Soon, the Mafia
had ensconced itself in almost every major city in the United States.

In time, another transition was to take place--one that would transform
the "Mob" and the "Mustache Petes" from pinstriped-suited racketeers
and gangsters into black-mohair and gray-flannel-suited "businessmen"
who could disguise much of their criminal activities behind the guise
of legitimate business enterprises and labor unions.  Their profile
lowered; they had learned how to further increase their profit taking
from a criminal genius by the name of Meyer Lansky.

In the early years of the Mafia in the United States, competition arose
not only from the Camorra but also from those of non-Italian
extraction, namely the Irish, German, and Jewish gangs who nibbled at
the heels of the Mob.  As the Mafia refused to permit the merging of
outsiders into their Italian organization, Lansky proposed a mutual
working agreement that would not only put an end to gang wars, but that
would also greatly increase the coffers of organized crime.  It was to
become what is now known as the Syndicate.

The Syndicate stood to gain greater strength in unity as well as
greater profits if it expanded its control over prostitution, gambling,
and a variety of other criminal activities.  Syndicate members
concealed much crime under the guise of legitimate enterprises, but
also engaged in and sought the means to put their combined wealth and
power to use in infiltrating the labor movement and a host of many
"legitimate" enterprises that could launder their illegal gains; much
of their profits were stashed away in foreign banks and invested in the
political powers of foreign government officials and in real estate
both here and abroad.  Of course, this was during the days when drugs
were but a small part of organized crime's empire.  This situation
would soon change, and so would the meaning of the term organized
crime.  It took the Korean and Vietnam conflicts to introduce drugs as
probably the most profitable activity known to organized crime.

Unfortunately for the Mafia as well as for law enforcement in the
United States, little attention had been paid to other organized crime
enterprises outside of our own borders.  However, the effect was soon
felt, as the Triad, spawned from ancient Chinese Tongs, began to expand
into the world marketplace along with the Japanese underworld known as
the Yakuza, Colombia's Medellin and Cali Cartels, and the Jamaican
Posses.  Although the Mafia still holds a substantial position in drug
trafficking, it no longer holds the distinct title as leader in this
worldwide drug epidemic.

An Organized Crime Family
Boss
Consigliere (Counselor)
Underboss
Caporegime (Lieutenant)
Soldiers (Members grouped under Lieutenants)
Legitimate Industry Illegal Activities
Food Products Gambling (numbers, policy, dice, Realty booking)
Restaurants Narcotics
Garbage Disposal Loan Sharking
Produce Labor Racketeering
Garment Manufacturing Extortion
liars and Taverns Alcohol Waterfront Others
Securities Labor Unions Vending Machines Others
THE TRIADS
One of the fastest rising criminal organizations in the United States
are the Chinese Triads.  Much like the Sicilian Mafia, Triad societies
were first founded as patriotic secret societies, one of whom was The
Eight Trigrams Sect of Fists of Harmony and Justice, later referred to
as Boxers when leading the Boxer Rebellion against the European "White
Devils."  Represented by an equilateral triangle, each side signifying
one of the three basic Chinese concepts, Earth, Man, and Heaven, most
Triads have long since abandoned their original purpose in favor of
lucrative criminal endeavors, including murdering-for-hire,
prostitution, extortion, and drug trafficking.

The Chinese organizations control most of the world's supply of heroin
from the Golden Triangle, which covers parts of Burma, Thailand, and
Laos, earning more in one year than the total of U.S. currency now in
circulation.  The actual size or numbers of Triads and members is not
known.  However, Hong Kong's 14K Triad is only one of fifty separate
Triads in the British colony, and 14K supposedly has fifty subgroups of
its own.  Hong Kong alone boasts some 300,000 Triad members, as opposed
to only 2,000 known members of the American Mafia.  You can see the
enormity of the Triads on a worldwide basis.  The United States is said
to contain five major Chinese Tongs, the largest of which is New York's
"On Leong Tong," followed by San Francisco's "Hip Sing."  The "Ying On
Tong" covers Los Angeles and the southwestern portion of the United
States.  The "Hop Sing" and "Suey Sing" Tongs operate on the Pacific
Coast but also have locations on the East Coast as well.  Although many
Tong members in the United States are basically law-abiding citizens,
the influence of the Triads and their manipulation of some of the Tongs
have given the Triads a deep cover.

Due primarily to the staggering profits of their drug trade, the Triads
have been able, like the Mafia, to infiltrate the legitimate business
community, permitting themselves to launder the rewards of their
criminal activities, and to reap even greater profits, power, and
control over society.  As opposed to their Asian counterparts, Chinese
street gangs in the United States are almost always members of a Triad
subgroup, such as the Wah Ching, which is supposedly one of the largest
Chinese youth gangs on the West Coast; only San Francisco's Hip Sing
rivals it in size.  In New York, the On Leong use the youth gang known
as the Ghost Shadows for their street muscle, while the Flying Dragons
provide the necessary violence for the Hip Sing Tong.

Supposedly, the Triads' national syndicate inside the United States is
run to some extent much like the Mafia: it has a council of its own
based in New York.  While the Colombians are little concerned with
their notoriety, the Triads, much like their Sicilian counterparts,
have learned, if not inaugurated, a policy of maintaining as low a
profile as possible while continuing to expand their criminal horizons.

However, following the Vietnamese conflict, law enforcement has
discovered a new dimension to the already complex Asian crime problem
arising in the United States: Tongs now employ newly formed Vietnamese
gangs whom they call upon to do their violent and deadly work.

Amongst these new additions to the Triads are former South Vietnamese
Special Forces soldiers called the Frogmen, who are specially trained
in the use of explosives and assassination.  Because Hong Kong is soon
to be taken over by Mainland China, U.S. law enforcement expects to see
an even greater rise in Triad members migrating from Hong Kong to the
already crime-infested United States.

STREET GANGS
The term street gang once referred to neighborhood toughs who banded
together to protect their neighborhood turf from members of bordering
neighborhood gangs.  Although these gangs committed criminal acts such
as stealing hubcaps, tires, mugging, and occasionally stealing a parked
vehicle, most of their time was spent warring with rival gangs.  But
today, the term street gang has taken on a much more sinister meaning
primarily due to the tremendous increase in drugs.  Whereas a set of
stolen hubcaps might bring a few dollars, the infiltration of many
street gangs by organized crime and Colombian, Mexican, and Jamaican
drug kingpins have taught these gangs that trafficking in drugs is a
much more profitable business.

With that came competition, as in any business, and street gangs now
battle over who sells the drugs and where.  Whereas the street gangs of
bygone days were once made up primarily of teenagers, today's
street-gang members range from age ten on up into their thirties and
forties.  Whereas street gangs once went to war armed with chains,
bats, knives, and zip guns, today's weaponry, which includes automatic
weapons, machine pistols, shotguns, high-powered rifles, bazookas, and
even hand grenades, compares almost to that of the armed forces; quite
often their firepower exceeds that of law enforcement.

Although street gangs do not necessarily qualify as organized crime,
having no political clout or corrupt connections as with the more
sophisticated criminal organizations, street gangs do have their
leaders and lieutenants, however, and follow their orders.  Gangs such
as California's Crips and Bloods have grown into such mighty numbers,
reports indicate they have sent cadres out into other cities thus
awarding them the dubious description "organized."
To distinguish themselves from rival gangs, most street gangs have
adopted either colors such as the Grips (Blue) and the Bloods (Red),
while others set themselves apart by the type of clothing their gang
wears or the manner in which they wear it.  Many gangs have devised
their own secret codes, handshakes, language, and signals to ensure
their individuality.  What was once a neighborhood nuisance has now
become a national menace, and with the ever-increasing flow of aliens
into this country come more gangs and secret criminal societies.  Many
of these alien gangs begin by preying solely on their own ethnic
groups.  But as the profitability of drug trafficking continues to
increase, more and more of these gangs seek the opportunity to break
out of their own turf looking for greener pastures.

MOTORCYCLE GANGS (BIKERS)
Although most motorcycle or biker gangs are to some extent organized,
they, like their street gang counterparts lack discipline, leadership,
political, and corrupt connections.  Most bikers travel in smaller
packs compared to the members of the street gang, although some larger
biker gangs have chapters all across the United States, such as the
famed notorious Hell's Angels, who wear their insignia on leather
jackets or tattoed on their arms or chests.

Unlike street gangs, the motorcycle gangs don't usually carry armament
and automatic weapons, nor do bikers usually lay down any specific
barriers as their turf.  Bikers lay claim to their turf wherever they
are at the time.  Bikers are also known to carry their women with them,
and in most cases their women are treated practically as slaves, quite
often being passed around from one biker to another.  Most illegal
motorcycle gangs are involved in drug trafficking and dealing, although
some have resorted to mayhem, robberies, rapes, murder, and an
assortment of other crimes.  Bikers operate clandestine drug labs,
favoring the illicit manufacture of methamphetamine (speed).

PAROLE
WHAT IS PAROLE?
Parole is a period of supervision in the community beginning after an
inmate's prison term reaches the legal maximum.  This conditional
release provides supervision and control over offenders after they
return to society.

Parole is a critical period.  Through the application of controls and
provision of services, the parole agent creates favorable conditions
for the parolee's successful adjustment.  A law-enforcement
professional, the agent has broad discretion over the life and
street-level experience of a parolee.  Both community protection and
the parolees' transition are of paramount concern.

HOW LONG DOES PAROLE LAST?
The duration of parole is based on law.  Most convicted criminals are
sentenced under the Determinate Sentencing Law, which defines the
prison terms for all but life sentences.  Nonlife inmates are subject
to three years on parole but can be discharged from parole supervision
after one year when no parole violations have been detected.

Offenders convicted of life sentences who have been released on parole
are subject to five years under supervision; however, they can be
discharged after three years if no parole violations have been detected
during that time.

WHEN ARE INMATES RELEASED TO PAROLE?
Nonlifers: Under determinate sentencing, inmates are released when they
serve the term imposed by the court.  An inmate can reduce this
sentence by satisfactory performance in prison work, training, or
education programs.  By law, an inmate will be awarded a six-month
reduction in his or her sentence for every six months of full-time
performance in a qualifying program.

Corrections is required to provide all eligible inmates an opportunity
to participate in the work/training program.  It is believed that
participation in this program will instill good work habits, teach some
skills, and improve reintegration into society.

Being involved in the work/training program is a privilege, not a
right.  An inmate can lose work-time credit by inappropriate behavior.

However, a percentage of these lost work credits can be restored by
subsequent good behavior.

Lifers: The Board of Prison Terms (BPT), an independent agency that
works with Corrections, is responsible for setting parole dates for
inmates serving life sentences.  The BPT determines if and when these
inmates are suitable for reentry into society.

Life sentences are for crimes of murder, attempted murder, kidnapping
for robbery or ransom, aggravated assault by a life prisoner, train
wrecking, sabotage, and exploding destructive devices causing mayhem.

Inmates who have been convicted of an offense that involved the
infliction of great bodily injury (including habitual sex offenders)
and who have two or more prior terms for specified offenses also
receive life sentences as habitual offenders.

All life sentences, except life without possibility of parole, have
minimum-eligible-parole dates.  The first parole-consideration hearing
for a life prisoner is held approximately one year before the inmate's
first parole eligibility date.  For lifers, release to parole is not
automatic.  The BPT annually denies parole to about 93 percent of those
who have hearings.  No single factor indicates an inmate's suitability
or unsuitability for parole.  The BPT reviews all facts of the case at
the hearing, then, using its discretion and experience, makes the
determination whether to grant or deny parole.

WHAT HAPPENS ON PAROLE?
Each parolee is supervised by a parole agent, who follows the parolee's
activities.  To determine the appropriate level of supervision, the
agent conducts a needs-and-risks assessment for each parolee.

Predictive indicators, such as latest commitment offense, criminal
behavior patterns, and undesirable associations, are considered when
assessing the possible risk to the community.

Based on the assessment, a parolee falls into one of four major
categories:
High control: Has the potential for assaultive behavior or a history as
a large-scale drug dealer.

High services: Requires support to meet psychological, physical, or
employment needs.

Control/Services: Medium-risk; requires moderate amounts of both
control and services.

Minimum: Low-risk with minimal support needs.

Parolees are provided services according to their identified needs.

The parole agent is expected to make sure that each parolees identified
needs are met.  In attempting to assist the parolee to make a
successful parole adjustment, the agent uses various community
programs, employment referrals, and emergency food and shelter.

Most parole-unit offices have a services specialist responsible for
obtaining services for parolees.  Paroles provide direct, cash
assistance for indigent parolees and operates two
psychiatric-outpatient clinics for treatment of parolees with serious
mental problems.  Service agents and individual parole agents often
work with other agencies to obtain services for parolees in need.

WHAT ARE CONDITIONS OF PAROLE?
Each parolee agrees in writing to abide by the following four
conditions:
Parole Agent Instructions: Must obey all instructions given by the
parole agent.

Release, Reporting, and Travel: Must report immediately upon release;
notify change in residences; report when instructed.

No Criminal Conduct.

Weapons: Cannot own, use, have access to, or have under control, any
type of weapon or ammunition.

In addition, special conditions of parole may be imposed individually
for cause, including antinarcotic testing, treatment at a
parole-outpatient clinic (for psychiatric monitoring), abstinence from
alcohol, or prohibition against residing in a given location or
associating with specific individuals.

Parolees are subject to search without a warrant by parole agents and
law-enforcement officers.

WHERE IS THE PAROLEE PLACED?
Current law requires that parolees shall be returned to the county from
which they were committed.  CDC may release a parolee in a county other
than the county of commitment if the placement would be in the best
interests of the public and of the parolee.  Placement to another
county may be based upon the following factors:
The need to protect the life or safety of a victim, a witness, or any
other person.

Theverified existence of a unique work offer or an educational or
vocational training program.

The last legal residence of the inmate.

The existence of family with whom the inmate has maintained strong ties
and whose support would increase the chance of a successful parole.

The lack of necessary mental-health-treatment programs for outpatients
in the county of commitment.

Public concern that would reduce the chance that the inmate's parole
would be successfully completed.

Local chiefs of police or sheriffs are notified regarding persons
paroled within their jurisdiction.  Each month, detailed information on
parolees and reentry inmates is provided to more than 200 California
law-enforcement agencies.  About 80 percent of all parolees are
returned to the county of commitment.

CAN PAROLE BE REVOKED?
If a parolee violates the law or the conditions of parole, the agent in
most cases will place the parolee in custody.  The BPT then conducts a
revocation hearing to determine if, in fact, a parole violation has
occurred.  If good cause is found, the BPT examines the facts of the
case, the type of offense, and the parolee's adjustment on parole and
determines if the parolee must return to prison.  Violators may be
returned to custody for up to twelve months.  The BPT returns more than
90 percent of parole violators to prison.

If a parolee engages in misconduct while in custody, the revocation may
be extended for up to twelve months.

REENTRY PROGRAMS
As a result of the dramatic increase in prison population, the use of
community programs is expanding.  Community reentry programs provide
the opportunity for transition from close confinement to less
restrictive living for selected inmates within 180 days of parole.

Work Furlough
Work furlough centers are operated by the Department of Corrections,
private profit and nonprofit organizations, and county Sheriffs
Departments.  This program provides housing, food, and supervision to
selected male and female inmates 90-120 days prior to their release.

Inmates leave the facility during the day to work at a variety of jobs.

Prisoner Mother
Community prisoner-mother programs are operated by private profit and
nonprofit organizations.  By reuniting mothers with their children, the
program hopes to alleviate the harm caused to children by the
separation from their mothers during incarceration.  Also available to
participants are drug- and alcohol-abuse counseling, parenting classes,
vocational and educational training, and the opportunity to reintegrate
into society.

Return to Custody
Return-to-custody facilities (RTCs) are operated by private
organizations and by city and county law-enforcement agencies.  RTCs
offer carefully selected, low-risk male and female parole violators the
opportunity to remain closer to their families during their
parole-revocation period.  These facilities also reduce the impact of
the high-parole violator population on prison overcrowding.

All inmates must meet the RTC screening criteria to be eligible for
this reentry program.  Violent offenders and those with sex crimes are
ineligible.

Substance-Abuse Treatment
The Department of Corrections, in conjunction with the
return-to-custody program, is developing a specialized program for
substance-abuse treatment centers.  For violators with drug- and/or
alcohol-dependency problemS, the program provides intensive
substance-abuse counseling.  It will consist of three thirty-day
phases: phase one includes intake, program orientation, and treatment;
phase two focuses on program participation and job development; and
phase three is devoted to job placement and work furlough.

Restitution
Correction's first community restitution center was opened in early
1988.  Its purpose is to provide a means for felons to repay their
victims' financial losses.  Restitution fees are ordered by the
sentencing court or agreed upon by the defendant and victims.

The offender will be incarcerated at a community-based facility.

He or she will be allowed to leave the center during specific hours for
work only.  At all other times, he or she must remain at the center.

When the offender receives a paycheck, work expenses will be deducted.

The balance of the check will be divided into thirds: onethird paid to
the department for operating expenses, one-third paid to the victim,
and the final third given to the inmate.  This facility also serves as
an alternative to imprisonment and will help lessen prison overcrowding.

House Arrest-An Innovation
Paroles runs a pilot "house arrest" system in Ontario and Indio.

Low-risk parolees who normally would be returned to custody for drug
use while on parole instead will be detained under arrest within their
own homes.

Each parolee assigned to the project will wear an electronic monitoring
device.  The parolee in the Ontario portion of the project leaves the
house for certain purposes, such as work, during specified time periods
but must be at his or her residence all other times.  When the
telephone rings at undisclosed times of the day and night, he or she
must be there to answer the call.

The Indio area project does not permit the parolee to leave home.  The
electronic device transmits an alarm to a computer that will notify the
parole agent if the parolee attempts to leave the home area.

Parole officials estimate that keeping 150 parolees on house arrest
will save the state more than $2.5 million per year.

Parolees under house arrest must meet the following screening criteria:
no serious crimes; no sex offenses; and no history of violence,
large-scale drug dealing, or involvement with weapons.

PAROLE OFFICERS
The California Department of Corrections has authorized more than 1,000
parole agents.  Located at seventy-one field offices throughout the
state, these agents currently supervise more than 38,000 parolees.

This translates to an average case load of about fifty-three parolees
per agent.  Supervision for each parolee costs about $1,200 per year.

For more information concerning parole, please contact one of the
following offices:
State Headquarters:
Parole & Community Services Division Corporate Center
501 J Street, Room 330
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916)445-6200
Region I--Covers the entire Central Valley from Bakersfield to the
Oregon border:
1631 Alhambra Boulevard
Sacramento, CA 95816
(916) 739-2860
Region II--Covers the San Francisco Bay Area:
Ferry Building, Room 2040
San Francisco, CA 94111
(415) 557-2861
Region III--Covers Los Angeles and the San Fernando Valley:
107 South Broadway, Room 3003
Los Angeles, CA 90012
(213)620-2404
Region IV--Covers San Diego area, extending into Orange County:
1840 East 17th Street, Room 240
Santa Ana, CA 92701
(714) 558-4131
POLICE CODES
The role of police communications as the backbone of police tactics has
never been more essential than today, when radio and television are
being used so effectively in crime prevention and detection.  To
facilitate more rapid communication, codes have been devised by which
one or two words can tell the whole story.  It is worth noting that the
codes are used principally for saving air time and not for security
reasons.

Two basic codes are used with many variations.  They are usually called
the Nine Code and the Ten Code.  In recent years, the latter code has
been gaining favor.  The Association of Police Communications Officers
has for some time been urging the universal adoption of the Ten Code in
order to standardize the code system.  Note that codes differ from one
area to another.  Consult the police department of the locale where
your story is set to determine the equivalents of these LAPD codes.

TEN CODE
Code 1: Your convenience
Code 2: Urgent, no red light and siren
Code 3: Emergency, use red light and siren
Code 4: No further assistance needed
Code 5: Stakeout
Code 6m: Misdeameanor want
Code 6F: Felony want
Code 6AD: Felony want, armed and dangerous
Code 7: Mealtime
Code 8: Box alarm
Code 10: Bomb threat
Code 20: Assist officer, urgent
Code 30: Officer needs help, emergency
Code 33: Emergency in progress, do not transmit
187: Murder
207 :Kidnapping
211: Robbery
245: ADW (assault with deadly weapon)
261: Rape
288: L & L conduct (lewd & lascivious)
311: Indecent exposure
415: Disturbance
415F: Family disturbance
460: Burglary
480: Felony hit-and-run
481: Misdemeanor hit-and-run
487: Grand theft
488: Petty theft
502: Drunk driver
503: Stolen vehicle
505: Reckless driving
510: Vehicle speeding
647: Vagrant
647A: Child molest
10-1: Receiving poorly
10-2: Receiving O.K.

10-4: Message received O.K.

10-5: Relay to
--10-7A: Out of service at -10-7B: Out of service, personal
10-70D: Off duty
10-8: In service
10-8X: In service with female.  Mileage:
10-9: Repeat
10-10: Out of service at home
10-12: Visitors or officials present
10-13: Weather and road conditions
10-14: Escort
10-14F Funeral detail
10-15: Have prisoner in custody
10-16: Pick up
10-19: Return to/enroute station
10-20: Location
10-21: Phone your office, or:
10-21A: Phone home my ETA is -10-21B: Phone your home
10-21R: Phone radio
10-22: Cancel
10-23: Standby
10-25: Do you have contact with -10-28: Registration
10-29: Check for wanted
10-32: Drowning
10-33: Alarm sounding
10-34: Open door
10-35: Open window
10-39: Status of -10-40: Is -- available for phone call
10-45: Ambulance, injured
10-46: Ambulance, sick
10-49: Proceed to -10-50: Obtain a report
10-51: Drunk
10-52: Resuscitator
10-53: Man down
10-54: Possible dead body
10-55: Coroner's case
10-56: Suicide
10-56A: Attempted suicide
10-57: Firearms discharged
10-58: Garbage complaint
10-59: Malicious mischief
10-62: Meet the citizen
10-65: Missing person
10-66: Suspicious person
10-67: Person calling for help
10-70: Prowler
10-71: Shooting
10-72: Knifing
10-73: How do you receive
10-80: Explosion
10-86: Any traffic for -10-87: Meet officer
10-91: Stray animal
10-91A: Vicious animal
10-91B: Noisy animal
10-91C: Injured animal
10-91D: Dead animal
10-91F: Animal bite
10-91H: Stray horse
10-97: Arrived at the scene
10-98: Finished with last assignment
11-24: Abandoned vehicle
11-26: Abandoned bicycle
11-54: Suspicious vehicle
11-79: Accident, ambulance enroute
11-80: Accident, major injury
11-81: Accident, minor injury
11-82: Accident, property damage
11-83: Accident, no detail
11-84: Traffic control
11-96: Leaving the vehicle to investigate an auto.  If not heard from
in ten minutes, dispatch cover.  (Give license and location.)
POLICE CODES AND TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS
001: Operating after permit refused, canceled, or suspended
002: Driving under the influence of liquor or drugs
003: Minor law
004: Failure to stop; accident resulting in death or personal injury
005: Perjury, false affidavit or statement under oath
006: Turning off lights to avoid identification
007: Manslaughter or negligent homicide
008: Any felony in the commission of which a motor vehicle is used
009: Legally adjudicated insane
010: Minor
012: Violation while transporting explosives
201: Loaning or altering a permit
202: Operating after permit revoked
203: Displaying canceled, revoked, suspended, fictitious, or
fraudulently altered license
204: Smoke screen
301: Leaving after colliding, no personal injury
302: Failure to give information and render aid, personal injury
401: Failure to report an accident
501: Permitting unlicensed operator to drive
601: Reckless driving
602: Speeding (exceeding posted speed limits by ten miles or more)
603: Violation contributing to an accident
604: Failure to grant right of way
605: Failure to grant pedestrians right of way
606: Failure to grant blind pedestrian right of way
701: Speeding
702: Improper passing
703: Automatic signal
704: Stop sign
705: Failure to keep right of center
706: Crossing center line
707: School bus
708: Following too closely
709: Operating without a license
710: Operating on expired license
711: Failure to dim headlights
712: Improper license
713: Driving too slowly
714: Racing or speed contest
715: Wrong way, one-way street
716: Improper turn
717: Failure to give hand signal
718: Failure to stop for emergency vehicle
719: Operating unregistered motor vehicle
720: Failure to obtain special chauffeur's license
721: License restriction
722: Operating on instruction license unaccompanied
723: Inadequate brakes
724: Failing to obey officer's signal
725: Operating emergency vehicle unsafely
726: Failing to obey traffic-control device
727: Failing to obey flashing signal lights
728: Failure to make required stop
729: Failure to leave car tracks
730: Coasting down grade
731: Operating motorcycle or motor bicycle contrary to law
732: Driver of emergency vehicle failing to exercise care
733: Failure to stop at RIR crossing
734: Driver's view obstructed
735: Following fire apparatus too closely
736: Operating unfit vehicle
737: Displaying license of another
738: Failing to stop at through highway
739: Unlawful taking of motor vehicle
740: No headlights
741: Crossing over fire hose
742: Improper truck loading
743: Improper lights
744: Restricted use of television
745: Improper equipment
746: Motor vehicle height, weight, width, and length requirements
747: Improper loading
748: Failure to obtain chauffeur's license
801: No license in possession
802: No registration card in possession
803: Failing to change address
804: Inadequate muffler
805: False evidence of title or registration
806: Improper registration
807: Failing to obtain license andlor license tags within thirty days
808: Tampering with motor vehicle
809: Damage to highways
810: Unlawful use of license
811: Failure to display warning device on disabled vehicle
812: Failure to deliver certificate of title
813: Unnecessary use of horn
PRISON LANGUAGE
Better people: High-grade or more intelligent prisoners
Blues: Regular prisoners
Block: Cell-block area
B.O.P.: Bureau of Prisons
Booty bandit: Bully who rapes young convicts under guise of protecting
them from other cons
Bull: Prison guard
Bull ring: Exercise yard
Bus therapy: Punishment wherein convict is taken from cell during the
night, given cigarettes and jacket, and put aboard a bus to another
facility.  Can continue for months from joint to joint with no
commissary money and no other clothes or personal effects.  Only
immediate family can be made aware of whereabouts.  Guise is to protect
prisoner from other cons.

Bad time: In trouble; quarrelsome; depressed
Crib: Prison cell
Country club: Minimum security facility
Dime: Ten-year sentence
Fag (she): Effeminate prisoner
Feather bed: Padded cell
Fish: New prisoner
Good time: Getting along well
Hard time: Maximum security; tough work assignment
Hole: Solitary confinement
Joint: Prison
Joint handles: Nicknames given to cons by other cons, usually connected
to or related to crime new con committed.  If no joint handle is given,
new con is generally not trusted by others.

Khakis: Newly arrived cons
Lockdown: When prisoners are placed back in cells
Mainline: Dining room
Nickel: Five-year sentence
Piano: Prison workbench
Population: Inmates of prison
Prune juice: Homemade wine
Rat: Informer, to inform
Screw: Prison guard
Shadow box: Visitors' room
Standup guy: Respected by other inmates
Stinger: Special wire plugged into light socket to melt chocolate bar
for cocoa or instant coffee.  Illegal but done.

Stash: Any illegal substance that is hidden
"Stranger in the Night": Tune whistled by inmates to alert other cons
that guard is within hearing distance
Yard: Exercise yard
Yard bull: Guard in exercise yard
Warden's office: Toilet
Waste: To kill another prisoner
Working for Jesus: Religious prisoner with ulterior motive
Works: Prison laundry
POLICE LANGUAGE
A.C.U.: Anti-Crime Unit
A.D.A.: Assistant district attorney
Apache: Signal given that Internal Affairs is around
A.T.F.: Alcohol, Tobacco & Firearms Agency
Bag 'em: Have corpse placed in body bag; insert clue for weapon in
plastic bag for prints, evidence
Banker: Street term for person receiving or holding cash paid out for
drugs
Blade man: Criminal known to consistently use a knife as a weapon
Book, The: Official rules and regulations
Book: Bookmaking operation
Busboy: Prisoner or suspect being shifted around
By the book: To go by the rules and regulations
C of D: Chief of Detectives
C of O: Chief of Operations
Caper: Crime
Caseload: Active cases pending
Catching: Officer on duty or assignment
Chicken hawk: Child molester
Choke: Choke hold on victim; also fiend
Chop shop: Place where stolen cars are stripped down by car thieves to
be sold later
Collar: Arrest
Crew: YoungSters who come together to engage in crime
C.S.U.: Crime Scene Unit
Cuff: Handcuff
D.B.: Dead body
D.D.: Dying declaration
Dirty: Officer who is corrupt
D.O.A.: Dead on Arrival
Do-rag: Street term for tight head scarf
Drop gun: Nonofficial weapon carried by officer
Floater: Dead body recovered from water
Frisk: Examine for weapon or contraband
Garden room: The morgue
Heist: Robbery
Hit man: Contracted killer
Holding pen: Cell where prisoner awaits booking
Hose job: Street slang for oral sex
Hot: Refers to stolen merchandise
IAD.: Internal Affairs Division
In-and-out book: Record of officers transferred from place to place
Jakes: Uniformed police officers
Jane Doe: Unidentified female (usually a corpse)
John: Male customer for a prostitute
John Doe: Unidentified male (usually a corpse)
Job: The job; being on the police force
Jumper: Bail jumper; someone who leaps from a building, bridge, etc.

Keeper: Prisoner held on formal charges
Latent: Refers to an invisible (finger- or hand-) print created by
natural oils, found on polished surfaces
Lead: Clue, direction to be followed
Leg irons: Sometimes used while transporting prisoner
Major crimes: Police section handling only major crimes
Make: Identity
Mark: Victim
M.E.: Medical Examiner
M.O.: Modus operandi, or method of operating
Mouthpiece: Criminal's attorney
Narc: Narcotics officer
No further: No other units need respond
On the take: Officer accepting illegal goods or money
Outside too long: Working the street for too long a period
Pat down: Frisk
P.B.A.: Police Benevolent Association
P.C.: Police Commissioner
P.D.: Public Defender
Pen: Holding pen for prisoners
Perp: Perpetrator of a crime
Pervert: Distorted, debased, as in sexual perversion
Piece: Gun
Pimp: Procurer for prostitutes
Plant: A stakeout; to place a misleading piece of evidence
Pocket man: Same as banker
Prossie: Prostitute
Rabbi: A protector, usually someone in higher office
Rap sheet: Record of arrests, convictions of a suspect
Rights: Miranda Law, requiring that anyone arrested must be informed of
his or her legal rights
R.K.C.: Resident Known Criminal file
R.M.P.: Rapid Mobilization Plan
R.P.C.: Released Prisoner Cases
Shadow: To follow a suspect
Shitcan: Homicide unlikely to be solved
Shoofly: Officer working for Internal Affairs Division
Snitch: Informer
S.O.P.: Standard Operating Procedure
Spike: Drug user's needle
Stakeout: Observation of a suspect or location where a suspect is to
appear or a crime is to take place
Suit: Young, educated officer likely to advance to headquarters
Tap: Wire or telephone tap
Ten card: Officer's force record card
Throwaway: Gun or clothes worn and discarded by mugger to avoid pursuit
Tin: Officer's badge
T.O.: Table of Organization, a chart that illustrates the chain of
command
TRIO: Time, place, and occurrence
Two-way radio: Informer
Watering hole: Officers' hangout
Whip: Officer in charge
Wired: Carrying recording device; location having a recording device
Zapped: Shot
ON-THE-ROAD LANGUAGE
This list constitutes a partial reference to the slang used by truckers
and other radio-equipped vehicles with respect to law-enforcement
agencies.

Badge on a beaver: Female officer
Batman and Robin: Two officers in a patrol car
Big hats: State police only
Black-and-white: Police patrol car
Blueboy: Local or state police
Charlie's Angel: Female officer
D.C.'s: Federal officers
Eye in the sky: Police chopper
Hound dog: Local or state police
Mama bear: Female officer
Mister Do-right: Local or state police
Mounty: Local or state police
Pig on a wheel: Motorcycle officer
Pink Panther: Local or state police
Prez-Fuzz: Federal officers
Rent-a-cop: Private security
Smoke for rent: Private security
Smoke in the sky: Police chopper
Smokey: Local or state police
Spy in the sky: Police chopper
Two-wheel smokey: Motorcycle officer
White knight: Local or state police
FEDERAL BUREAU OF PRISONS
The Bureau of Prisons, which is part of the United States Department of
Justice, has its headquarters, or Central Office, in Washington, D.C.

(telephone (202) 724-3198).  The staff of the Central Office are
responsible for the control and coordination of all the activities of
the agency.  Major functions include planning, policy development,
management of manpower and other resources, budget development,
monitoring the quality of programs and services, and coordinating the
activities of the regional offices and institutions.

In addition to these management functions, Central Office staff have
primary responsibility for public information activities, legal and
legislative affairs, and relations with the Congress and policy-making
administrators in other government agencies, as well as in private
organizations.

Central Office staff also carry out such functions as adjudicating
appeals for inmates and employees, directing research and evaluation
projects, designing automated information systems, managing
environmental health and safety programs, and conducting
management-employee relations with the sole bargaining agent for Bureau
employees, the American Federation of Government Employees (AFL-CIO)
Council of Prison Locals.

NEW FACILITIES
Marianna, FL--Federal Correctional Institution
Capacity-- 750 beds, including 150-bed satellite camp
Medium Security
Activation: Camp, March 1988 Main Institution, May 1988
Los Angeles, CA--Metropolitan Detention Center
Capacity-- 588 pretrial detainees
Activation: October 1988
Shendan, OR--Federal Correctional Institution
Capacity-- 550 beds, with adjacent 250-bed satellite camp
Medium Security
Activation: May 1989
Bradford, PA--Federal Correctional Institution
Capacity-- 550 beds, with adjacent 150-bed satellite camp
Medium Security
Activation: June 1989
Fairton, Nj--Federal Correctional Institution
Capacity-- 550 beds
Medium Security
Activation: October 1989
jesup, GA--Federal Correctional Institution
Capacity-- 666 beds
Activation: October 1989
Many other small construction or renovation projects are underway to
increase the capacities of existing Bureau facilities.

THE PRIVATE INVESTIGATOR
Contrary to the writer's and the public's concept of a private
investigator (P.I.) or private eye, most private investigators seldom
work on a murder case or one that involves acts of violence as they
often appear in novels and on the screen.  Most P.I.'s are employed by
industry and in family and marital disputes.  However, the fictional
image of the private eye has and will continue to be highly successful
in crime and murder stories.

If one were to adhere to the actual work done by private investigators
(most of whom do not carry weapons), the private eye as we know him and
her would vanish from all literary and screen works.  (Perish the
thought!) However, one thing the writer must be aware of to bring some
semblance of honesty and logic to his or her works should be the fact
that almost no law-enforcement agency takes kindly to private
investigators who interfere with official investigations, with the
possible exception of those private investigators working for insurance
companies affected by the crime.

As to presenting fictional private investigators, there are no special
rules to adhere to except to be aware of the attitude taken by
lawenforcement agencies.  With that in mind, remember that the P.I.

must have a legal permit for carrying a concealed weapon, and that in
chases, he or she is vulnerable to arrest for driving at excessive
speeds, breaking and entering, assault, harassment, firing a weapon
when not using it to defend his or her own life or the lives of other
innocent people, for trespassing, and for generally breaking or
interfering with any and all laws governing all other people not
bearing the credentials of a law-enforcement officer in pursuit of his
duty.  It should also be noted that whenever a P.I. does investigate a
case and does apprehend the guilty party, the same rules of evidence
apply, and they must be just as conclusive as those adhered to by
officers of the law in order to make an arrest and gain a conviction in
a court of law.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
Criminal Procedure: The method fixed by law for the apprehension and
prosecution of a person who is supposed to have committed a crime, and
for that person's punishment if convicted.  The term includes pleading,
evidence, and practice.

Jurisdiction: The authority by which the court acts, and the territory
over which its authority extends.  Unless extended by statute, a state
has jurisdiction over only those crimes committed within its
territorial limits and crimes committed by its own citizens abroad.  A
crime must be prosecuted in the county in which it was committed
(unless a change of venue is ordered by the court by virtue of evidence
to show that a fair trial cannot be obtained within the venue in which
it was committed).

Where a blow is struck in one county and death ensues in another, the
offense is generally held to have been committed in the latter.  When a
person in one county commits a crime in another by means of an innocent
agent, such as the U.S. Postal Service, the latter county has
jurisdiction.  Several states have special statutes governing the
subject of jurisdiction, such as provisions for prosecuting homicides
in the county where the body is found (even though the homicide took
place in another county); giving jurisdiction to either county when the
crime is committed partly in one county and partly in another, or to
either state when the crime is committed partly in one state and partly
in another.

State courts: The courts in the various states are created, and their
jurisdiction iS conferred and defined, by statutes.  In some states,
crimes committed on public conveyances may be prosecuted in any county
through which the conveyance passed on the trip during which the crime
was committed.

Change of venue: Changing the place of trial from one county to another
in the same state, or from one local jurisdiction to another similar
jurisdiction within the same county.  In exceptional cases, the place
of trial may be changed from one state to another if the nature of the
crime being charged, or reportage of the circumstances surrounding the
offense, are so inflammatory as to provoke intense public sentiment
across the state, thus rendering a fair trial within that state
improbable.

Federal courts: Federal courts of criminal jurisdiction include the
U.S. Commissioners Courts, U.S. District Courts, U.S. Circuit Courts of
Appeal, and the U.S. Supreme Court.  The jurisdiction of the federal
courts arises solely out of the Constitution and the acts of Congress.

United States Commissioners are charged generally with such functions
in the federal government as devolve upon justices of the peace in
state government.  They are appointed and removable by the district
courts.  The U.S. District Courts have jurisdiction exclusive of the
state courts of all offenses against the United States committed within
their respective districts or on the high seas.

The circuit courts of appeal have appellate jurisdiction of crimes on
writ of error to the District Courts.

The U.S. Supreme, Court has appellate jurisdiction in the following
caseS: (1) to review a decision of the circuit court of appeals in a
case certified to it by the latter, or caused by the Supreme Court to
be certified; (2) where the judges of a district court certify the case
to the Supreme Court; (3) on writ of error to the state court of
highest resort in certain cases; and (4) by writ of habeas corpus,
aided by writs of certiorari, where a person is, without authority,
detained in custody under color of the authority of the United States.

Locality of crime against the United States: The Constitution and the
acts of Congress provide the right to be tried where the offense was
committed.  A trial shall be held in the state where said crime was
committed.  Should the crime not be committed within any state, the
trial shall be at such place or places as Congress may, by law, have
directed; those accused of a crime shall have the right to trial by a
jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been
commited.  There are various provisions by act of Congress of crimes
committed on the high seas, or elsewhere out of the jurisdiction of any
particular state or district, to be tried in the district where the
offender is first found, or into which the offender is first brought.

ARREST
Arrest: The taking of a person into custody in a manner provided by law
for the purpose of holding or detaining him or her to answer a criminal
charge or civil demand.  It may be made: (1) by virtue of a warrant
issued by a competent authority; or (2) under some circumstances,
without a warrant.

What constitutes an arrest: The restraint of the person arrested, or
submission to the custody of the officer or arresting person.

Duty after arrest: After making an arrest, the officer must, without
unnecessary delay, take the prisoner before a magistrate for
examination.  A private person has the option of delivering the
prisoner to an officer instead of the magistrate.

Authorized arrest in unauthorized manner: The fact that an authorized
arrest is made in an unauthorized manner may render the officer or
arresting person liable but will not affect the state's right to detain
the accused if lawful cause exists.

Rights and liabilities of parties (lawful arrest): If an arreSt is
authorized and is attempted or made in a proper manner, the person
making it, whether an officer or a private person, merely performs a
duty, and that person incurs no liability, as the law throws itS
protection around him or her.

If the person sought to be arrested resists, he or she is criminally
liable for the resistance.  If the resist involves force, the person is
civilly and criminally liable for assault and battery.  If the
individual, or someone assisting him or her in resisting, kills the
person making the arrest, the homicide is murder.

If a person unlawfully departs from custody after having been legally
arrested, he or she is guilty of a misdemeanor known as escape.  If the
person breaks from or forcibly escapes from the place of imprisonment,
he or she is guilty of prison breach, which is either a misdemeanor or
a felony, depending on circumstances.

If third persons interfere in aid of the person sought to be arrested,
the bare interference constitutes a misdemeanor or a felony, and if
they use force, they are also guilty of assault and battery.  If the
force used results in the killing of the person attempting to make the
arrest, they are guilty of murder.  If they procure the escape of the
person after his or her arrest, they are guilty of rescue, which can be
either a misdemeanor or a felony.

Rights and liabilities of parties (unlawful arrest): If an arrest or
attempt to arrest is illegal, either because there is no authority to
arrest at all or because the arrest is made in an unlawful manner (as
for instance, by the use of unnecessary violence), the person
arresting, whether he or she is an officer or a private person, and
whether the arrest or attempt to arrest was made with or without a
warrant, is guilty of false imprisonment or of assault and battery or
both (as the case may be), and is both civilly and criminally liable
therefor.  An unlawful attempt to arrest or a false imprisonment may be
lawfully resisted by any necessary force short of taking life or
inflicting grievous bodily harm.  Even when life is taken in resisting
an unlawful arrest, the attempt to arrest or the false imprisonment is
generally deemed sufficient provocation to reduce the homicide to
manslaughter.  Within certain limits, third persons, particularly
relatives, may interfere to prevent an unlawful arrest or imprisonment.

Arrest by officer without warrant, when lawful: A peace officer may,
without a warrant, arrest a person when: (1) the person to be arrested
has committed a felony or misdemeanor in the officer's presence.  In
the case of such arrest for a misdemeanor, the arrest shall be made
immediately or on fresh pursuit; (2) the person to be arrested has
committed a felony, although not in the presence of the officer; (3) a
felony has in fact been committed and the officer has reasonable
grounds to believe that the person to be arrested has committed it; or
(4) the officer has reasonable grounds to believe that the person to be
arrested has committed or is committing a felony.

Arrest by private person, when lawful: A private person may make an
arrest when the person to be arrested has, in his or her presence,
committed a misdemeanor amounting to a breach of the peace or a felony,
or when a felony has been committed and there are reasonable grounds to
believe that the person to be arrested has committed it.

Method of arrest by officer by virtue of a warrant: When making an
arrest by virtue of a warrant, the officer shall inform the person to
be arrested of the cause of the arrest and that a warrant has been
issued for his or her arrest, except when the subject to be arrested
flees or forcibly resists before the officer has opportunity to so
inform him.  The officer need not have the warrant in his or her
possession at the time of the arrest, but after the arrest the warrant
I shall be produced as soon as possible.

Method of arrest by officer without a warrant: When making an arrest
without a warrant, the officer shall inform the person to be arrested
of his or her authority and the cause of the arrest, unless the person
to be arrested is then engaged in the commission of an offense, or is
pursued after its commission or after an escape, or forcibly resists
before the officer has opportunity to so inform him or her.

Method of arrest by private person: A private person, when making an
arrest, shall inform the person to be arrested of the intention to
arrest and the cause of the arrest, unless the person to be arrested is
then engaged in the commission of an offense, or is pursued after its
commission or after an escape, or forcibly resists before the person
making the arrest has opportunity to so inform him or her.

Reasonable cause, probable cause: Reasonable cause or probable cause,
or good reason to believe, have been believed to exist when: (1) the
person resembles the one accused and fails to identify himself or
herself as a person who did not commit the felony; (2) the person's
movements or actions are similar to those of the suspect; (3) it
becomes known that the person to be arrested committed a felony or was
in the company of the perpetrator before or after commission of same;
or (4) the person to be arrested has some of the proceeds of the felony
in his or her possession or has been seen leaving the place where the
felony was committed.

Arrest by warrant: A warrant is a writ issued by an authorized
magistrate to an officer, requiring the officer to arrest the offender
or suspect therein named, and bring him or her before a proper
magistrate to be dealt with according to law.

Issuance of a warrant: To authorize the issuance of a warrant before
indictment, there must be made before a magistrate a proper complaint
showing that a crime has been committed and that there is probable
cause to suspect the accused.  After indictment, the usual practice is
to issue a bench warrant.  An arrest under an insufficient warrant, or
without any warrant if a warrant is necessary, is illegal.

Complaint: A charge, proferred before a magistrate having jurisdiction,
that a person named (or an unknown person) has committed a specified
offense, in order that a prosecution may be instituted.  To enable a
magistrate to issue a warrant, it is necessary that a proper complaint
under oath be brought before the magistrate in order that he or she may
determine that a crime has been committed and that there is probable
cause to suspect the accused.

Admissions: In cases where conspiracy is charged, the admission of one
of the accused may become, by reason of the other proof in the case,
admissible against the other.  By themselves and without other proof,
however, such admissions are not admissible against the other.  But if
the proof shows the existence of the conspiracy, statements made by one
of the parties as to details of the crime charged become admissible
against the other.  In cases of joint crime, such as fornication or
adultery, which cannot be committed except by the concurrent act of two
parties, the rule is the same as in cases of conspiracy.

There is no distinction between civil and criminal cases in respect to
the use of admissions.  The rules of evidence are the same.

Confessions: Where a confession is used against an accused person, the
whole confession must be introduced.  A confession, like an admission,
is always open to explanation by the person against whom it is used.

Confession under the influence of intoxicating substances: Confessions
made by the accused when under the influence of any intoxicating
substance are thereby rendered inadmissible.  Any condition of mind
that renders a person temporarily incompetent while in such condition
thereby renders his or her statements valueless.

Credibility and weight of the testimony of police officers, private
detectives, and experts: Even though it may be in the interests of
certain witnesses to procure a conviction against the accused, there is
no rule of law that their testimony is to be weighed by any other
method than that employed in the case of other witnesses.  It has been
held improper for the court as invading the province of the jury to
instruct that the testimony of police officers who labored to bring the
accused to justice should be received with caution or with distrust,
although the jury may take into consideration the fact of the interest
of such witnesses in securing a conviction.  Similarly, the fact that a
witness was paid for gathering evidence againSt the accused or for
testifying as an expert against the accused does not necessarily
invalidate his or her testimony.

Footprint and fingerprint evidence: Footprint evidence is admissible,
but no one can lawfully compel another, against the person's consent,
to place a foot in a shoe track for the purpose of using the evidence
obtained thereby against him or her.  The condition upon which
footprint testimony is admissible is that, so far as the defendant is
concerned, he or she shall not have involuntarily contributed to its
production, so as to cause him or her in legal effect to serve as a
witness against his or her will to furnish testimony to convict himself
or herself.

Records of fingerprints taken at penal institutions or by police
departments are admissible in evidence for the purpose of proving
former convictions or for proving identity, under such circumstances
that the evidence would be admissible of itself.  Such records should
not be admitted, however, where they will show, or expose to the jury,
memoranda or other information placed upon the record, unless such
memoranda or information is removed or covered so as to keep it from
the view and inspection of the jury.

SEX OFFENSES
Sex offenses include rape, molestation, child molestation, carnal
knowledge, marital rape, sodomy, and other perverted sexual acts by
either sex.

Rape is the act of having sexual intercourse without the consent and
voluntary permission of the other party.  The act of having sexual
intercourse with a juvenile under circumstances wherein consent is
implied is called carnal knowledge or statutory rape.

An individual may be found guilty of rape, assault with intent to
commit rape, or attempt to commit rape if that individual aided,
encouraged, or incited another to commit rape, or if that individual
shared the intent, regardless of not having had intercourse with the
victim.

ATTEMPT TO COMMIT RAPE
To charge the accused with an attempt to commit rape, one must prove
the occurrence of an overt act wherein the offender proceeded far
enough to demonstrate that the act of rape would have taken place if
not for some intervention.

ASSAULT WITH INTENT TO COMMIT RAPE
Assault with intent to commit rape is a lesser charge than attempt, in
that no overt act other than a threat took place.  However, even if no
physical force was employed but a weapon was present, the weapon could
be considered to be a threat and/or a means of force.

CHECKLIST FOR THE INVESTIGATOR
Age of victim
Marital status
Employment
Location of offense
Places victim visited prior to rape
Persons seen prior to offense
Physical force used
Weapon employed
Resistance offered by victim
Description of assailant(s)
Previous assaults on victim, if any
Medical examination of victim and report on same
SMUGGLING
The smuggling of illegal and dangerous drugs, weapons, aliens, works of
art, currency, jewels, industrial products, antiques, national
treasures, stolen or unauthorized documents, food, plants, animals, and
unauthorized medications into or out of the United States is a serious
criminal problem that threatens the health, economy, wellbeing, and
safety of this nation and its citizens.

CONCEALMENT OF OBJECTS
In most cases, those involved in smuggling are extremely creative in
their means of hiding and transporting whatever or whomever it is they
are smuggling.  The following list includes possible hiding places,
depending, of course, on the size, shape, and the person or object
being smuggled.  Those involved in the smuggling of objects use false
or concealed compartments in:
Luggage
Crates
Barrels
Books
Building materials
Film canisters
Cameras
Clothing
Kitchen equipment
Picture frames
Hearing aids
Industrial machinery
Musical instruments
Airplanes
Automobiles (doors, fenders, bumpers, truck, undercarriage, etc.)
Trucks, vans, campers (same as above)
Shipping containers
Merchandise such as TV sets, recorders, furniture, bottles, jars,
vases, furniture, household appliances, etc.

Imported or exported art objects, vehicles, machine parts, canned or
boxed food products
Coffins
Cremation urns
Religious artifacts or objects
Paintings (as part of same)
Dead bodies
Crevices of an individual's anatomy
Wheelchairs, canes, crutches, casts, bandaged areas
Small children, the elderly, or the disabled
CONCEALMENT OF INDIVIDUALS
The smuggling of individuals or groups of individuals is usually done
with the aid of private airplanes, boats, ships, yachts, trucks,
campers, vans, automobiles (trunks), in barrels, shipping containers,
and by whatever other means individuals can be transported.

Occasionally, more creative devices have been employed, such as flying
aliens in with false passports and visas.

SUSPICIOUS PERSONS
Suspected smugglers, as creative and as professional as they may be,
often give customs agents a reason to suspect their activities, such as:
Exhibiting a lifestyle inconsistent with a claimed occupation
A passenger acting on behalf of someone who has paid cash for airfare
supposedly being used for business
An international carrier employee (ground crew, baggage handler, cargo
handler, freight forwarder) who seldom takes time off or insists on
working the same shift coinciding with a particular flight
Persons who constantly purchase small quantities of gasoline for
vehicles as their vehicles might possibly have a modified gas tank used
to transport contraband
Persons depositing unusually large sums of cash in banks
Persons requesting hotel or motel rooms with a view of the customs lane
Persons who appear to be too much in a hurry
Persons who have a difficult time looking an agent in the eye
Individuals with children who tell their children to go on board ahead
Persons paying cash for rental vehicles
The purchasing of large amounts of masking (or similar) tape or plastic
bags
Suspicious vehicles visiting or frequenting a residence at all hours of
day and night
Persons doing excessive travel in and out of the United States when
they have no visible means of support
Persons doing business strictly on a cash basis requiring no receipts
Persons having modifications or special compartments in their vehicles
Private aircraft owners making frequent trips out of the country for
recreational purposes or for no apparent reason
Persons receiving large amounts of mail from outside the United States,
especially from Colombia, Peru, Thailand, Brazil, and Pakistan
Persons operating currency exchanges from private residences or
personal vehicles
AMONG AIRCRAFT AND AT AIRFIELDS
Passenger seats missing from plane
Windows of aircraft curtained or covered
Numerous boxes, duffle bags, plastic bags, other containers inside
aircraft
Aircraft flying or landing after dark without lights
Trucks, campers, vans, often equipped with radios for use in contacting
aircraft, waiting at or near area suitable for aircraft landings
Landing at provisional runways in desolate area lit by vehicle
headlights, signal fires, or lanterns
Refueling from fifty-five-gallon drums or from back of pickup truck
Paint chips, muddy wheels, dusty aircraft, or other evidence of
operating from dirt strips
Strong or unusual odors emanating from aircraft that might be used to
cover scent of marijuana
Aircraft with new paint, added doors, extra fuel tanks, or false or
altered registration numbers
Pilot or passengers reluctant to leave aircraft when being fueled or
serviced
Pilot or passengers displaying large amounts of cash for making
servicing payment
AT MARINAS OR ON THE WATER
Boats purchased with large cash payments
Demands for electronic equipment or repairs without regard to cost
Purchase of heavy-duty trailers that have load capacities far in excess
of weight of boat
Boats specifically designed as sport fishers that have no sign of
fishing gear
Boats with changes in internal configuration such as raised deck, no
access to bilges, added or modified fuel tanks, concealed compartments,
or modified bulkheads
Boats with false water line
Improper or false registration
Boats riding low in the water
Boats running at night without lights
Observing transfer of cargo from one boat to another at sea
Communications between boat and short vehicle by unusual means, such as
lights flashing, flags, etc.

AT CHECKPOINTS
Baggage with special or concealed compartments.

Bulky clothing
Secreted somewhere on person (belt, undergarment, in anal passageway,
in false teeth, inside pen, pencil, wristwatch, ring, hatband, radio,
cassette player, pocket recorder)
On or in deceased person or in secreted coffin compartment
Attached to pet
Inside pet cage or pen
Sewn into garment or in lining
Carried by infant or minor.

SURVEILLANCE
One of the most important elements of police work is surveillance, the
act of shadowing, tailing, photographing, or listening in on a suspect,
accomplice, or possible witness to observe and obtain information.

Police officers and investigators conduct surveillance in order to:
Detect possible criminal activity
Prevent or obtain evidence of a crime
Discover or obtain information relating to possible accomplices,
witnesses, location of evidence, to the crime.

TAILING OR SHADOWING
There are basically three types of shadowing or tailing techniques.

One is employed generally to learn the habits, contacts, and associates
of the suspect.  Another is where the suspect must be followed despite
the fact that the suspect may be aware of his "shadow," or where a
witness is covered in order to protect the witness from harm.

Tailing or shadowing might be done by one individual or by teams
alternating at various points so that the suspect does not become aware
of one individual or one particular vehicle constantly present.

Tailing or shadowing is done on foot, by a vehicle or a number of
different vehicles, airplane or helicopter, and by various forms of
electronic surveillance.

TELEPHONE TAPS
Telephone tapping is probably the easiest form of electronic
eavesdropping, as it takes no special skill and can be accomplished
with common sense and a dime-store screwdriver.  A court order is
required to authorize a tap.

Following are the three means of telephone tapping:
A pick-up device that is not connected to the telephone.

A direct tap that is installed inside the instrument itself or between
the instrument and the main telephone exchange.

A wireless FM or VHF radio receiver.

All of these means can be fed into a simple tape recorder.  The range
of a tap that is wired into the instrument is naturally limited to the
length of the connecting wires and can usually be detected by a
physical search of the premises.

A wireless tap has an approximate range, depending on the transmitter,
of one hundred yards to three miles.  It is a simple device to install
and can be detected by a radio-signal aid.

A bug wired into the room is also limited to the length of the wire;
its microphone is connected to the recorder by wire.  This method
requires a bit more skill to put in place; however, the sound that is
reproduced is of a much better quality.

A wireless bug is simple to conceal, and depending on the strength of
the transmitter, has an excellent range of a hundred yards to a mile.

A roaming wired bug is quite sensitive and can easily be concealed upon
one's person.  It is usually difficult to detect.  A roaming wireless
bug is very similar to the aforementioned one.

The last type of device is a combined telephone tap and room bug.  Its
range is determined by the distance of the telephone service in use.

What is unique about this setup is that the telephone number can be
dialed from anywhere to pick up the conversation on the phone and in
the room as well.  Only a physical search can reveal it, and it must be
switched on to be able to be detected.

Bugs vary in size, some being as small as a microchip.

ELECTRONIC SURVEILLANCE EQUIPMENT
Jammer
Scrambler Decoder
Tap detectors
Recorder
Shotgun or rifle microphones
Receivers
Monitor Transmitter
Phone tap
Attache recorders
Bumper beepers
Pocket bug
Room bug
Wall listeners
Parabolic reflectors
Electronic stethoscope
Snake
electronic keyhole listener
OTHER FORMS OF SURVEILLANCE
Stakeouts
Tailing
Photographic
Undercover
Telescopic
Nightscope
Videotaping
POLICE VEHICLES
Marked patrol cars
Unmarked patrol cars
Photographic unit Patrol wagon
Motorcycles
Electronic surveillance vehicles
POLICE TECHNICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SERVICES IDENTIFICATION SECTION
Fingerprint investigation
Plaster casting
Crime-scene photography
Evidence pickup and delivery
Identi-Kit
Crime-scene video recording
Crime-scene investigations
PHOTOGRAPHIC LABORATORY
Rush mug pictures
Technical photography
Evidence photography
CRIMINALISTICS LABORATORY
Trace evidence serology
Polygraph examinations
Firearm identification
Questioned-documents examinations
Breathalyzer calibration and repair service
Toxicology
Narcotics and dangerous drugs
The Criminal
What makes an individual commit criminal acts is something far better
left to those dealing in criminal psychology--especially when such a
criminal habitually continues to live outside the law with total
disregard for the lives, safety, and possessions of others--than for
the author to attempt such a complicated explanation.

When dealing with an individual who willfully commits a crime, there
are no hard-and-fast rules as to what brought that individual to that
point.  The basis could be purely psychological, going far back into
the individual's childhood.  Then again, the criminal act could be
brought about at the spur of the moment.  It is also conceivable that
the perpetrators believe in their own minds that the acts they are
committing are totally justified, or with respect to certain crimes,
are unaware that what they are doing is unlawful.

One thing is certain, however, that links the professional and
nonprofessional criminal together and that is motive.  People do not
commit a crime without a motive, even the individual who bears no
grudge against society or another individual, or was not committing a
crime out of passion or for personal gain or profit.  Committing a
crime just for the sheer thrill of it is in itself a motive.  Crimes
are committed for a reason, and the writer must firmly and foremost
decide that reason before beginning the development of the plot, even
though the writer may choose not to reveal the criminal's true motive
until the very end of the story.  (See section on motives to aid you in
selection.)
In helping you determine the motive for the individual who is to commit
a criminal act or series of such acts, it is important that you develop
an association with that individual, motive and the background of that
character to help justify some underlying basis for the eventual
act(s).  (See section on character development, jobs and professions,
education, hobbies, family origin, etc.) The professional writer
already knows that all characters are important and should be fleshed
out as much as possible; accordingly, it is essential that the writer
thoroughly provide the victim with a well-fleshed-out background, not
only to help explain the perpetrator's motive, but also to provide
something deep enough for the police to delve into during their
investigation.  Although real-life criminal investigators usually go
through long, laborious, and often tedious days, weeks, and even months
before turning up a decent lead, to heighten the drama, the more the
police officer's personal as well as professional backgrounds are
brought into play, the more interesting those in pursuit of the culprit
will become.

In an open story, that which immediately identifies the criminal and
possibly reveals exactly how, when, and where the crime took place,
there is little need for those red herrings, or other possible suspects
that must be investigated before the real perpetrator is revealed.  In
a closed story, however, the red herrings become extremely important,
and the writer must painstakingly develop those red herrings so they
are not easily dismissed by the reader or the viewer or by those
characters involved in unraveling the crime and identifying the
criminal responsible for the crime.

These red herrings must not only be well-developed characters, but each
should have an excellent motive, in addition to opportunity, for having
committed the crime.

THE PROFESSIONAL CRIMINAL
The professional criminal, as the term professional implies, is one who
derives his living by performing criminal acts primarily for gain.

I say "primarily" because, although the professional criminal does seek
to gain and profit from criminal enterprises, there are many criminals
who also enjoy living a life of crime.  Some derive great satisfaction
by attempting to outwit the police and to prey upon innocent victims.

Others are sadistic in their nature and enjoy the pain, terror, and
injuries they inflict upon their victims.  Similarly, some criminals
enjoy the fear they impose upon others and the momentary power they
wield over their victims, and many times, their underling associates.

Then there are the professionals who, because of a lack of formal
education or some means of employable training, turn to crime as a
profession because they do not believe they can succeed in the world
any other way.  And lastly there are those who consider themselves
maladjusted to or rejected by society at large and thus turn to crime
as a profession.  Most professional criminals have records or "rap
sheets," although some professionals have managed to escape prosecution
for lack of evidence or because of mistrials.

THE AMATEUR
Amateur criminals fall into three categories.  One is the criminal who
is mentally and legally ill and is unaware of the crime he or she is
committing.  The second is one judged as temporarily insane.  And the
third is one who commits a crime for the thrill of it or for any of the
reasons listed under "motives," which include revenge, jealousy,
ambition, profit, mercy, etc.  Opposed to most professional criminals
who have an M.O. (modus operandi), when dealing with the amateur, the
police have no M.O. to refer to, and unless they have some clue,
identity, or motive for the crime, the investigative procedure can be
difficult.  On the other hand, crimes committed by amateurs can often
be sloppy and reveal the perpetrator's identity much more readily than
that of the professional criminal.  This is by no means meant to
minimize the cleverness and planning that some nonprofessionals bring
to their criminal acts.

SERIAL KILLERS
According to recent studies about serial killers, most cases do not
indicate that the serial killer suffers from a medical problem but more
from cultural and sociological problems.  According to a substantial
number of researchers, serial killers usually seek celebrity status,
venting their aggression and hostile feelings in order to gain
admission to the higher levels of society because of their cultural
obstacles and total frustration.  Serial killers usually act sane, and
in many, but not all, cases, are not considered to be psychiatric
freaks, but are generally sociopaths or those suffering from
personality disorders.  Studies reveal that most serial killers are
white males between twenty-five and thirty-five and are usually
products of working- or lower-middle-class families.  Except for
sociopaths, serial killers usually seek victims from upper-middle-class
backgrounds.  Although it is not a hard-and-fast rule, a large number
of serial killers supposedly have charm; are innately selfish,
impulsive, and ambitious; seek to gain admission into
upper-middle-class lifestyles; and many come from broken homes or homes
where they had been abused.  Most serial killers have suffered
rejection, which causes them to experience frustration and
psychological emasculation.  Few serial killers express any feelings of
guilt or remorse for their crimes.

Most serial killers, using some ruse to gain control of their victims,
target upper-middle-class females.  Their patterns usually call for
sexual contact followed or proceeded by murder and mutilation to help
the killer achieve that desired and much-needed celebrity status.  One
violent act makes it easier for the serial killer to continue seeking,
murdering, and mutilating successive victims.  Criminological
motivations have been broken down by researchers into four major
categories.

The first and the only one that could be considered mentally insane is
called the visionary vype, who claims to have heard voices belonging to
demons or God ordering him to kill.  The sociopath is one with a goal,
usually the elimination of certain people existing within our society.

This type believes that he is helping society by purging it of those he
believes to be destructive to that society.

Another serial killer-type is one whose only gratification comes from
exercising power over his victim, more often than not, having sex with
his victim, the control of the victim bringing greater satisfaction
than the sexual act itself.

Last is the pleasure-seeKing Killer, whose thrill comes from performing
a knowingly perverted act, which is his gratification.  In all, most
serial killers are sexually motivated even if the act itself is not the
ultimate gratification.  In a majority of cases, the serial killer's
primary mission is to a secret fantasy of sorts, and the killings carry
with them any one or a combination of the following: cannibalism,
torture, mutilation, dismemberment, and in some cases, necrophilia.

Although behavioral sciences have yet to completely identify what
episodic aggressive behavior would mark a person as a serial killer in
the making, such behavior still is a common factor among people who
later become serial killers.  Following are examples of episodic
aggressive behavior:
Deviant sexual behavior
The inability to tell the truth
Chronic drug or alcohol abuse
Extreme cruelty to animals, pets
Feelings of inadequacy, rejection, being misunderstood Being the victim
of parental abuse in childhood
Arson
Being the result of an unwanted pregnancy
Compulsiveness
Suicide attempts
Chemical imbalance
Physical or neurological impairment
Feelings of persecution
Disrupted thought patterns
Drastic changes in moods
Hyper- or hyposexuality
Religiously obsessive
Prolonged or continued sequences of depression
Hallucinations
Egocentricities or feelings of grandiosity
Desire to be a loner; isolation
Withdrawal from friends, parents, society
Chronic insecurity
WHITE-COLLAR CRIMINALS
One of the fastest rising areas of crime today is that which is taking
place within corporate America, various banking institutions and
brokerage houses dealing in stocks, bonds, and commodities.  Much of
the white-collar crime fighting is being done by the Federal Bureau of
Investigation, the U.S. Attorney's Office, the Internal Revenue
Service, the Federal Trade Commission, the Postal Inspector's Office,
the Securities and Exchange Commission, and the DCIS, the Defense
Criminal Investigating Service, created in 1982 by the U.S. Department
of Defense to investigate corporate corruption in the defense industry.

White-Collar Crimes
Bank frauds
Insider trading
Fraudulent billing in defense contracts
Manufacturing or distributing faulty parts
Fraudulent loans
Fraudulent bankruptcy
Stock manipulations
Overcharging for auto repairs
False or misleading advertising
Short changing in retail stores
Overcharging on government contracts
Product substitution on government contracts
Kickbacks
Bribery
Bank misappropriation of funds
Boiler-room investment scams
Tax and anti-trust violations
Computer thefts
Embezzlement
Arson-related insurance frauds
Medicare and medical insurance frauds
Staged accident insurance fraud
Excessive interest charges
Fraudulent billings
Corporate-raider manipulations
Political- or business-related improprieties
Tax-shelter frauds
Inferior merchandise
THE COMPUTER CRIMINAL
With the advent of the computer, a new brand of criminal has come upon
the scene to take advantage of modern technology's latest means of
recording transactions, developing plans and systems, transferring
funds, and communicating and disseminating all sorts of valuable
information which offer staggering rewards from the electronic
revolution.

Today's computer criminal can use a computer to embezzle funds,
transfer bank accounts, create a means of diverting funds, payments,
obtain credit, eavesdrop on confidential data being transmitted, bill
for nonexisting merchandise, steal programs, commit sabotage, erase
existing programs, etc.  Offenders commit computer crimes for various
reasons: the thrill of pulling it off, greed, theft for profit,
industrial or military spying, extortion, blackmail, etc.  Computer
criminals have even been known to hold a stolen program or one that
they are capable of destroying for hostage, demanding a substantial
ransom for the program's release or return.

Computer criminals work in a variety of ways.  Some gain access to
correct codes simply by experimentation, while others may scrounge
through office trash baskets or discarded printouts, or merely observe
an authorized computer operator at work and note the access code to a
program.  Computer crime investigators often require expert consultants
to assist investigators in addition to the investigator's having a good
working knowledge of computers and an awareness of the various schemes
used by computer criminals.

INTERNAL CRIMES BY EMPLOYEES
Not all thefts are committed by professional criminals or those
addicted to drugs.  Many crimes in the home or at a place of business
are committed by employees for a multiplicity of motives.  In many
cases, the employee feels justified for the criminal act he or she
commits, unlike the criminal who commits his or her act purely out of
greed.  At times, however, crimes are committed in the home or office
by nonprofessionals for the same motive as that of the common criminal.

Crimes Committed Against an Employer at Home or Office
Theft of cash
Theft of personal possessions
Theft of company checks
Theft of company books, records, or documents
False doctoring of company books or records
Theft of equipment or office supplies
Theft of company products or merchandise
Falsifying signatures on checks, documents, letters, etc.

Theft of company's plans, research, technical information
Theft of computer programs
Arson, flooding, or otherwise destroying company property or records
Trading on inside information
Blackmail
Physically attacking an employer, supervisor, company employee
Sabotaging company's plant, factory, office, plans, equipment
Selling company secrets
Misappropriating company funds
Assisting professional criminal in committing a criminal act against an
employer's home or place of business
Using company equipment for personal gain
Padding or falsifying expense accounts
Diverting company funds to self
Forging signatures
Motives for Internal Crimes Against Home or Place of Business
Employee feels grossly underpaid
Employee believes he or she has been unfairly treated
Revenge against employer, supervisor, other employee for firing,
treatment, being passed over for promotion or raise
Employee sees opportunity to blackmail company for profit or revenge
Employee has been offered substantial gain for selling company secrets,
destroying or sabotaging company
Employee is addicted to drugs or alcohol
Employee is deeply in debt
Employee seeks better lifestyle
Jealousy or envy
Personal dislike of employer
Personal greed
Disagreement with social or political ideals
Bigoted or prejudiced against employer
To draw attention to a specific issue
Labor disagreement
To gain control over employer or company
Disagreement with company policy
WEAPONS USED IN COMMISSION OF A CRIME
Pistol
Automatic
Revolver
Rifle
Knife
Poison
Garrote
Bayonet
Bola
Bomb
Brass knuckles
Zip gun
Shotgun
Sawed-off shotgun
Six-shooter
Bow and arrow
Dart
Poison dart
Slingshot
Rock or hard object
Fire
Sword
Chain
Rope
Gas
Gasoline
Flame thrower
Grenade
Molotov cocktail
Machine gun
Acid
Drug o.d.

Billy club
Cutlass
Air gun
Ax
Tomahawk
Ice pick
Hammer
Gaff
Hook
Blackjack
Bazooka
Javelin
Broadsword
Vehicle
Nipple
time bomb
Incendiary bomb
Magnifying-glass bomb
Alarm-clock bomb
Booby trap
Bangalore torpedo
Nitroglycerin
T.N.T.

Plastique
Blasting gelatin
Dynamite
For detailed information regarding lethal weapons and the quantities
constructed, read The Anarchist Cookbook, published by Lyle Stuart, New
York, 1971.

Firearms and Manufacturers
Although there are literally thousands of types, calibers, and
manufacturers of handguns and shoulder weapons available, in most
instances, law-enforcement agencies and criminals rely primarily on
handguns (nonautomatic) and automatic weapons, which include handguns,
machine pistols, machine guns, and automatic rifles.

The nonautomatic handgun can either be a single-shot type, which is
manually loaded, fired, and reloaded, or a revolver, which has a
rotating cylinder that could contain anywhere from four to twelve
cartridges and can fire as many shots as the cylinder contains
cartridges without having to reload.  In revolver and single-shot
handguns, the cartridge casing usually remains in the weapon after it
has been fired, as opposed to the semi- or fully automatic weapons, in
which case the cartridge casing is automatically ejected.

Automatic weapons, as implied, fire in succession for as long a time as
the trigger is depressed and there are cartridges in the ammo clip.

The semi-automatic (and many automatics can also be fired on
semiautomatic) only fires one shot each time the trigger is pulled.

Almost all small arms, automatic, and semi-automatic firearms are
rifled weapons, meaning that the rifling in the barrel of the weapon
has spiraled grooves that are cut into the barrel, giving the bullet a
stable trajectory when fired.  Most shotguns are smooth bored, having
no spiraled grooves in the barrel of the weapon.

Rimfire and centerfire ammunition
In rimfiring ammo, the primer is positioned in the rim of the base of
the cartridge (in most cases in.22 calibers), while centerfire ammo has
the primer positioned in the center of the base of the cartridge.  Most
small arms use centerfire ammunition.

Whereas most law-enforcement agencies use standard weapons issued to
their department or agency, criminals use whatever type of weapon they
personally prefer.  Should the reader be planning to describe the
weapons used by a particular law-enforcement agency, the author
suggests the reader confer with that law-enforcement agency to see what
weapons are issued to them and under what circumstances.

As stated earlier, there are literally thousands of types of firearms,
models, and manufacturers, making it impossible to list each make and
model.  The following list is just a sampling of weapons available:
HANDGUNS-REVOLVERS
Ruger Bearcat.22
Ruger GP 1O0-.357
Smith & Wesson.44 Russian
Smith & Wesson.44 Magnum
Smith & Wesson.25
Colt 1917 GI
Smith & Wesson Brazillian NAA (North American Arms).22
LR Springfield
Springfield (army)
Smith & Wesson N-Frame.44
Special Smith & Wesson Police.686
Smith & Wesson.38/44
Dan Wesson.44 Magnum
Dan Wesson.22 Magnum
Dan Wesson.41 Magnum
Mathieu
Mauser
J. C. Higgins
Browning
HANDGUNS-AUTOMATIC AND SEMIAUTOMATIC
Charter-.38 undercover
Colt-Police.45
Lugar 7.65, 9mm
Parabellum 357 Magnum (various)
Walther GSP
Webley (British)
Remington
Singer
U.S. General Officers M15 - Rock Island Arsenal Beretta
Pistola Automatica- 9mm Beretta (short) - 9mm
Beretta Pistola Automatica Brevetto - 7.65mm
Walther.38
Walther PP
Walther PPK
Mauser-Werke HSc 7.65
Mauser C96
Heckler & Koch 9mm Parabellum and 7.65 Parabellum SauerP38
Browning 1910 Police 7.65mm auto, 9mm short
Makarov Coonan SIG-Sauer
MACHINE GUNS-AUTOMATIC AND SEMIAUTOMATIC
Calico 100 Plainfield Universal Uzi
AK47
Colt AR-IS
Ruger Mini 14 Barrett
British Lanchester
British Sterling
Sten
Pistola Mitragliatrice OVP (Villa Perosa)
H&K .91,MPs,MPK5
Harrison & Richards Thompson
RIFLES, CARBINES, AND SHOTGUNS
Browning rifle, auto-rifle
Calico Enfield
F.A.L.N. (assault rifle)
Harrison & Richards (bolt action, carbine, ultra-auto)
J. C. Higgins
Martin
Mauser
Plainfield
Remington (rifle, carbine)
Universal (autoload carbine)
Winchester (rifle, carbine)
Gewehr98/40
Armlite (carbine)
Savage (shotgun, rifle)
Weatherby
Fibermark (rifle)
Ruger
Sauer
Shiloh
TERMS USED IN FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION
Accuracy: The accuracy of firearms varies, depending on contributing
conditions.  The barrel must be as near perfect as possible.  It must
be of uniform size of bore its entire length, and the grooves of the
rifling must be of uniform width and depth throughout without any
defects.  The fit of the bullet is of utmost importance.  The bullet
must be of correct size (diameter), hardness, density, and lubrication.

The powder charge must be exactly the same for any cartridge.  The
primers also must have a uniform amount of priming composition.

Bluing: The colored finish of the metal parts of guns--in various parts
of guns in various shades: black, blue, and brown.

Bolt: The part of the breech-loading rifle that pushes the cartridge
into position and locks the mechanism to prevent its opening on
discharge.

Breech: Rear part of a firearm, behind the bore.

Breech Block: The part of the breech-loading mechanism that closes the
breech and receives the backward pressure of the explosion.

Buck and Ball: A cartridge with a round ball and three buckshot.

Buckshot: Lead shot, often used for riot control.

Bullet Shell: An explosive bullet with a bursting charge in a tube.

Bullets, Cannelured: An elongated bullet with grooves around it.  These
grooves are used for holding the lubricant or for crimping purposes.

Bullet, Elongated: Longer than it is wide; the opposite of the round
bullet.

Bullet, Flat-point: A bullet with a flat nose.

Bullet, Hollow-point: One with a hollow point for the purpose of
increasing the mushrooming effect upon impact.

Bullet Metal-case: A bullet with a jacket of metal that completely
encases the nose.

Bullet, Metal-point: A bullet having lead-bearing and metal tip.

Bullet, Soft-point: A metal-cased bullet with a tip of lead, which
enables it to mushroom on impact, thereby increasing the striking
energy.

Bullet, Wad-cutter: A bullet that is almost cylindrical in shape with a
flat top.  Specially adapted to target shooting, as it cuts a
cleanedged hole.

Bull's Eye: The center of the target or a shot that hits the center.

Butt: The rear portion of the gunstock, which is placed against the
shoulder in firing.

Caliber: Diameter of the hole in the barrel, and in rifled arms,
diameter of this hole before rifling, expressed in decimal fractions of
an inch.

Cannon: Ordnance or artillery.

Carbine: A short-barreled rifle.

Cartridge: The container for an explosive charge, which may or may not
include the bullet.  The modern cartridge is placed in the gun, ready
to fire.  Early cartridges were broken, the contents emptied into the
chamber or barrel.

Cartridge Case: A metal container for the explosive charge.

Catch: A part of the mechanism for holding another part in a desired
position, as the bayonet catch, safety catch, locking catch, etc.

Center-Fire Cartridge: One in which the priming composition is in a cap
in the center of the base of the case.

Centimeter: The 1/100 part of a meter, or 0.3937 of an inch.  An inch
is the equivalent of 2.540 centimeters.

Chamber: The rear end of the barrel; this end receives the shell or
cartridge.

Clip: A device for holding several cartridges together so that they may
be loaded simultaneously in the gun.

Cock: (1) The movable portions of the firing mechanism, corresponding
to the hammer on modern guns.  (2) To place the cock in position ready
to fire.

Combustion: Burning of the powder in the barrel.

Corrosion: The deterioration of the inside of the barrel case by the
chemical action of the products of combustion after firing, usually due
to neglect.

Crimping: A mechanical operation used in loading metallic cartridges;
done by compressing the mouth of the metallic shell or case to hold the
bullet in place.  Applied also to shot shells.

Cylinder: The chambered, breech part of a gun that revolves around an
axis to expose the cartridges successively for firing.

Double-Action: A term that refers to a revolver that is cocked and
fired when the trigger is pressed.

Drift: A term that denotes the lateral deviation of the flight of the
bullet from its vertical plane with the axis of the bore from which the
bullet is fired.

Ejector: A device that throws out the fixed cartridge case, or a
firearm equipped with such a device.

Firearms Identification: Deals with the characteristic features of
various arms and ammunition by which units may be identified.  It is a
branch of forensic science/criminalistics often employed in criminal
cases involving the use of firearms.  Every firearm has individual
characteristics.  These are transmitted to or imprinted on the bullets
and shells.  Characteristics can be definitely established by
comparison with a test bullet or shell fired from the particular weapon
using special instruments, such as the comparison microscope.

Firing Pin: That part of the firing mechanism that strikes the cap or
primer to explode the powder charge.

Flare Pistol: A large pistol used to fire flares for illumination or
signaling.

Fulminate: An explosive substance or compound that ignites when struck,
such as fulminate of mercury.

Gauge: The diameter of the bore of a gun, expressed in the number of
balls of that diameter required to make a pound.  Thus, a "12 gauge"
gun is one with a diameter of such size that twelve balls of lead, each
fitting the bore, weigh one pound.  This is sometimes called "12 bore."
Usually used in regard to shotguns.

Grooves: The cavities inside a rifle barrel, usually spiral, by which a
bullet, when expanded and forced forward, receives a spinning motion,
giving it an accurate flight.

Hair Trigger: A trigger requiring only a light touch for firing.

Hammer: The part of the mechanism that strikes the primer directly, or
strikes the firing pin.  In flintlock days, the frizzen was sometimes
called a hammer.

Handgun: A hand-held firearm such as a pistol, automatic, or revolver.

High-Power: Military and sporting rifles using small caliber bullets
driven by a large charge of smokeless powder.

Ignition: The setting on fire of the powder.

Impact: A blow.  The force of a bullet striking an object.

Jacket: A covering for a bullet.

Lock: (1) The firing mechanism.  (2) To set the safety to prevent
firing.

Machine Gun: An automatic gun firing small-arms ammunition.  In the
American military sense, it refers to weapons fired from a mount, such
as a bipod or a tripod; but Europeans tend to include automatic rifles
under this classification.

Magazine: That part of a repeating firearm that holds cartridges to be
fed into the gun.

Millimeter: Measurement used to designate caliber.

Muzzle: The mouth, or forward end, of a gun.

Muzzle Velocity: The velocity of a bullet at the muzzle.

Oval-Bore Rifling: A bore that is oval shaped, the oval being twisted
to give the bullet a spinning motion.  This was developed to take the
place of lands and grooves.  Most rifles with this feature were made by
Lancaster of London around 1850.

Patch: A metal jacket for the bullet, or a small cleaning cloth.

Penetration: That which a bullet will pass through when fired from a
specified length of barrel.  Often expressed in inches.

Percentage of Pattern: Number of pellet marks in a thirty-inch circle
over a forty-yard range, divided by the number of pellets in the load.

Percussion Cap: A small metal cup holding fulminate placed on the tube
or nipple of a percussion gun.  When struck, the sparks enter the
barrel through a hole and fire the charge.

Pins: Pieces of iron or steel used to hold the barrel and stock
together.

Pistol: Of a single-shot type, where the cartridge is inserted in the
chamber at the near end of the barrel; or of the automatic type, where
the cartridges are inserted in a clip in the butt or handle, and fired
from one hand.

Pistol Carbine: A pistol that has a detachable shoulder stock so that
it can be fired either from the hand or from the shoulder.

Powders: The powders used in loading are: black, semismokeless, and
smokeless.  Smokeless powders are divided into two types: the first is
known as bulk, meaning that its charge corresponds, or nearly so' in
bulk to the charge of black powder; the second is the dense type, which
means that it is denser and of much less bulk.

Pressure: The force exerted in the cartridge chamber and bore of the
barrel by the powder gasses.  Usually described in pounds per square
inch.

Primer: The percussion "cap" used to ignite the powder charge.

Priming Powder: The gunpowder in the pan used to set off the main
charge.

Pump Gun: A repeating rifle, especially one with a lever suggestive of
a pump handle.

Range: The distance to the target; the maximum distance a bullet will
travel.

Recoil: The backward motion of a gun when fired, commonly called kick.

Repeater: A gun that can be fired several times without reloading;
usually applied to rifles and carbines.

Rest: Any support to steady the gun during aiming and firing.

Revolver: (1) A firearm, usually a pistol, with cylinder of several
chambers arranged to revolve on an axis and discharge the shots in
succession.  (2) A firearm with several barrels revolving about a
common axis.

Rifle: A shoulder firearm having spiral grooves cut in its bore to give
the bullet a spinning motion and thus, greater accuracy.  It differs
from a carbine in having greater length and weight.

Self-Loading: Semi-automatic; the fired cartridge is extracted and
ejected, and a live cartridge is placed in position ready to fire.

Shell: The case for holding the charge for breech-loaders.

Shocking Power: The force delivered to the projectile on impact, the
result brought about through combination of striking energy and
penetration.

Shot: (1) A projectile.  (2) Small pellets.  (3) The number of bullets
that can be fired without reloading.

Shotgun: A firearm intended for the use of a number of small pellets
rather than a single bullet.

Sight: An aiming device on a gun, such as telescopic sight, open sight,
etc.

Slide Action: The mechanism of a repeating rifle, operated by the
manual movement of a slide under and parallel to the barrel.

Spherical Bullet: One that is a round ball.

Spiral Rifling: Cutting spiral grooves in the surface of the bore of
the barrel of a gun.

Stock: The wooden part of a firearm; that portion that fits against the
shoulder in firing.

Striker: A hammer or firing pin.

Stud: A projection on a gun for holding another part, such as the
bayonet stud or the sight stud.

Swivel Gun: One fired from a swivel mount.

Take-Down Rifle: A firearm, the barrel of which can be readily taken
from the action; employed for securing compactness in carrying the gun.

Trajectory: As applied to a bullet, the path of the bullet through the
air.

Trigger: The part of the lock pulled by the finger to release the cock
or hammer and fire the piece.

Trigger Guard: A metal loop or rectangle protecting the trigger.

Trigger Plate: The portion of the mechanism through which the trigger
enters.

Trigger Pull: The amount of pressure necessary to release the trigger.

Riflemen refer to this as a one-pound pull or a two-pound pull, i.e.,
requiring a pressure of one pound or two pounds to release the trigger.

A hair-trigger pull is a very light pull; other terms are creeping
pull, dragging pull, still pull, hard pull, smooth pull, fine pull.

Velocity: The speed of a projectile in its flight, designated in feet
per second.  The velocity of bullets fired from pistol and revolver
barrels varies.  The velocity of a bullet has an important relation to
its trajectory, energy, range, stopping power, etc.

Wad: A yielding substance, usually of felt, placed over the powder of a
shot shell for the purpose of controlling the gas blast.

Windage: The allowance made for drift of a bullet.

Wobble: The unsteady rotation or spin of a bullet; usually caused by
insufficient twist in the rifle barrel.

Bibliography
Alison, N.C.

Personal Identification
Boston: Holbrook Press, 1973
Blum, Richard H.

Deceivers & Deceived: Observations on Confidence Men & Their Victims,
Informants & Their Quarry Political & Industrial Spies & Ordinary
Citizens
Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1972
Chapman, Robert L., ed.

New Dictionary of American Slang
New York: Harper & Row, 1986.

Guttmacher, Manfred S.

The Mind of the Murderer
Salem, New Hampshire: Ayer Co.  Pubs., 1960
Hall, I.

Inside the Crime Lab
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1974
Hendrickson, R.

Ripoffs
New York: Viking Press, 1976
Hilton, O. Scienuhc
Examination of Questioned Documents
New York: Elsevier Science Publishing, 1984.Kahaner, Larry
Cults that Kill: Probing the Underworld of Occult Crime
New York: Warner Books, 1988
Kotter, J.C.

Criminal Evidence, 4th ed.

Cincinnati: Anderson Pub., 1987
Lewin, Esther and Arthur
The Thesaurus of Slang
New York: Facts on File, 1988.

O'Hara, Charles
Fundamentals of Investigation
Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1962.

Reinhardt
The Psychology of Strange Killers
Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1962.

Roland, Desmond and Bailey, James
The Law Enforcement Handbook
New York: Facts on File, 1985.

Rubenstein, Jonathan
Cia??hce
New York: Farrar, Strains, and Giroux, 1973
Saperstein, R.

Forensic Science Handbook, Vol.  I.

Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1982.

Forensic Science Handbook, vol.  II.

Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1988.

Svensson, A., and B.A. Fisher
Techniques of Crime Scene Investigation, 4th ed.

New York: Elsevier Science Publishing, 1986.

Thorwald, I.

Crime and Science
New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967.