







                                A Guide Through
                                    NARNIA












                                      by
                               Martha C Sammons















Faltering, with bowed heads, our altered parents
Slowly descended from their holy hill,
All their good fortune left behind and done with,
    Out through the one-way pass

Into the dangerous world, these strange countries.
No rumour in Eden had reached the human pair
Of things not men, yet half like men, that wandered
    The earth beyond its walls;

But now they heard the mountains stirred and shaken,
All the heap'd crags re-echoing, the deep tarns
And caverns shuddering and the abysmal gorges
    With dismal drums of Dwarfs;

Or, some prodigious night, waked by a thumping
Shock as of piles being driven two miles away,
Ran till the sunrise shone upon the bouncing
    Monopods at their heels;

Or held their breath, hiding, and saw their elders,
The race of giants-the bulldozer's pace,
Heads like balloons, toad-thick, ungainly torsos-
    Dotting the plain like ricks . . . .

Memory, not built upon a fake from Piltdown,
Reaches us. We know more than bones can teach ....

    Before we're born we have heard it.
Long-silenced ogres boom, voices like gongs
Reverberate in the mind, a Dwarf-drum rolls,
    Trolls wind unchancy horns.


                        C. S. Lewis, "The Adam Unparadised"


                            I N T R O D U C T I O N


The purpose of this book is to tell you something about the creator of the seven
Narnia books, how he came to write them, to summarize the history of Narnia, and
then to talk about what the Pevensie children learn during their adventures, and
their meaning to readers of these Chronicles.
  Published during a relatively brief time-only about 6 years-the Narnia tales
achieved quick success, especially as children read them and their parents
eagerly grabbed them up to see what their offspring were so excited about.
Lewis's friend, Walter Hooper, tells of a boy in Oxford, for instance, whose
parents found him chopping away at the back of their wardrobe and into the
bricks of their house, trying to get into Narnia. The Last Battle received the
Carnegie Medal for the best children's book of 1955. Yet these "fairy tales" are
not just for children, as we shall see. In fact, in recent years these stories
have become Lewis's most widely read and best selling books, especially around
college campuses. Readers range from four-and-a-half year olds to monks, who
read them for their theology, to college students analyzing them in depth for
college courses and masters' theses. Of all Lewis's works, ranging from literary
criticism to Christian apologetics to fiction, many believe the seven Narnia
Chronicles to be his best and most lasting work.
  C. S. Lewis once wrote that the test of a good book is the "number of times
you can read it and find more in it than you did to start with-or find that your
delight doesn't diminish with re-reading." Although this "test" seems to hold
true for all of Lewis's novels, the Narnia tales seem overwhelmingly packed with
adventure, suspense, humor and sorrow, philosophy and theology. Of course, Lewis
would be the first to urge a reader not to "try" to find things he didn't see
himself in these books or have inherently within him to begin with. You may
think of them simply as good children's stories or may sense the many virtues
the young heroes and heroines learn during their visits. In response to the
announcement that the Narnia books would be televised beginning in early 1979,
Walter Cronkite said, "The Chronicles of Narnia have genuine family appeal. In a
dramatic and compelling way these classics present human values often lacking in
today's television: loyalty, courage, caring, responsibility, truthfulness and
compassion. Produced with care for these values, The Chronicles of Narnia can,
and I believe will, become the classics in television that they are in
literature." 1
  A unique view of man, especially in our modern world, can be seen in four
ordinary English children becoming Kings and Queens, for Lewis believed in the
potential of each individual to some day be a King or Queen of heaven. Eustace,
turned into a dragon and literally peeled out of his sins by Aslan, plus others
like him, are turned insideout, their prideful personalities remade by Aslan.
Furthermore, each individual learns to obey and to perform his particular task
when summoned into Aslan's world. This harmonious plan of things is jarred out
of tune by evil, which is not only confronted and defeated in a personal,
internal warfare, but externally-in perpetual battles with wolves, bad dwarfs,
White and Green Witches, and their like. By experiencing the affects of evil on
Narnia, by learning to recognize the various shapes and disguises of evil, and
by perceiving the nature of temptation, we can certainly better understand it in
our own world and learn to overcome it.
  After reading these stories, you may return to the "real world" changed, with
a new way of looking at things, your mind opened to the possibilities of an
unseen spiritual world and the limits of merely human intellect and undeveloped
imagination. On an even deeper level, though, perhaps you may be touched in a
special and personal way by the Great Lion, Aslan himself-and the infinite,
bounding joy he brings and bestows on his country, or the terror he evokes in
those who fear and hate him. Or you may hear echoes of some Christian concept
presented in a startling new way, without its "stained-glass-and-Sunday-school
associations." No matter what you have enjoyed about these stories, we hope this
book helps you understand a little more about the author of the Narnia
Chronicles and, more important, about the Creator Author depicted within its
pages, whose story "no one on earth has read: which goes on for ever: in which
every chapter is better than the one before."

                                                --Martha C. Sammons


                                   CHAPTER 1


                                  The Creator
                                    of the
                                    Narnia
                                  Chronicles

                "He has made everything beautiful in its time;
                  also he has put eternity into man's mind."
                               Ecclesiastes 3:11

C. S. Lewis is becoming increasingly well known as the author of an
overwhelmingly varied range of books other than the Narnia tales. He is a well-
respected authority on Medieval and Renaissance literature and Milton; he has
written key theological works such as Miracles and The Problem of Pain; and his
book, Mere Christianity, was instrumental in the conversion of people as diverse
as Watergate felon Charles Colson and black radical Eldridge Cleaver. The
Screwtape Letters is a unique classic whose main character is a devil advising
his nephew on how to corrupt a human soul. The slim volume The Abolition of Man
may well be one of the great philosophical books of our time; and the science
fiction trilogy (Out of the Silent Planet, Perelandra, That Hideous Strength)
are to be found in every bookstore.
  Lewis is now read three times as much as he was in his lifetime, and book
sales have increased six fold since his death. In 1978, for example, two million
of his books were sold in the U.S. and England-over one million of the Narnia
Chronicles alone-and the trend is increasing. When asked what quality about
Lewis impressed them most, members of the New York C. S. Lewis Society gave a
wide range of responses, mentioning such qualities as "joy," "truth,"
"imagination," "wholeness," "belief," "holiness," "light" and "beauty."
  But why would a bachelor Professor of Medieval and Renaissance Literature at
Cambridge University write seven children's stories when he was in his fifties?
While it is always difficult to point categorically to elements of an author's
life as influences in his writings, we will look at some of the most important
events in Lewis's life which helped to mold so creative an imagination and which
led to the writing of the Narnian Chronicles. If you are interested in learning
more, Lewis's life is described at length by Walter Hooper and Roger Green in C.
S. Lewis: A Biography, and by Lewis himself in his autobiography, Surprised By
Joy.
  Clive Staples Lewis was born on November 29, 1898 in Belfast. He died on
November 22, 1963-the same day John F. Kennedy was assassinated. When his mother
died before he was ten, Lewis was very angry at God for not miraculously healing
her, like a Magician. Perhaps some of his deep distress at his mother's long
illness is reflected in Digory's sorrow over his dying mother and her joyous
recovery through the life-giving apple from Aslan.
  When Lewis was five, his family moved to a huge house whose atmosphere had a
profound influence on him and his older brother, Warren. Lewis said: "I am a
product of long corridors, empty sunlit rooms, distant noises of gurgling
cisterns and pipes, and the noise of wind under the tiles." Because of the
typical cold wetness of the climate of Great Britain, the boys were often driven
to entertain themselves indoors. In The Magician's Nephew, Digory and Polly
explore the attic above their houses just as Lewis did: "Their adventures began
chiefly because it was one of the wettest and coldest summers there had been for
years. That drove them to do indoor things: you might say, indoor exploration."
  Such a setting became the matrix for Lewis's fertile imagination to grow in.
Fascinated by Beatrix Potter's books and by animal cartoons, plus the quantities
of books stacked in every available nook in the house, Lewis began writing his
own stories before he was six and up until the time he was 12. He attributes his
turn to writing to the fact that he had only one joint in his thumb and thus was
clumsy at everything else. So, he tells us in his autobiography, he "staked out
a claim to one of the attics" and decorated it with his own pictures or those
from magazines. Polly Plummer "had used the bit of the tunnel just beside the
cistern as a smuggler's cave. She had brought up bits of old packing cases and
the seats of broken kitchen chairs, and things of that sort, and spread them
across from rafter to rafter so as to make a bit of floor. Here she kept a cash-
box containing various treasures, and a story she was writing."
  Polly's creator, C. S. Lewis, wrote his first stories in this kind of
hideaway, too: "Here my first stories were written, and illustrated, with
enormous satisfaction. They were an attempt to combine my two chief literary
pleasures'dressed animals' and 'knights-in-armour.' As a result, I wrote about
chivalrous mice and rabbits who rode out in complete mail to kill not giants but
cats." His stories were about a medieval country called Animal-Land, inhabited
by an array of characters such as Bublish I; a frog, Lord John Big; a horse,
Samuel Macgoullah; and an owl, Viscount Puddiphat. The first book, called The
King's Ring, centered around the theft of some crown jewels in the reign of
Benjamin I. Another book, The Locked Door, was written when he was 12, yet shows
a style and vocabulary mature for such a young boy.
  There is some evidence that Lewis's brother Warren was also writing his own
stories, set in modern India with trains and steamships, and Lewis may have
decided to combine the two worlds and their inhabitants. At any rate, he created
a mythical land called Boxen. He thus became interested in the setting of
Animal-Land and systematically recorded its 700 year history, then its
geography, complete with maps, steamship routes and elaborate illustrations of
boats.
  Although we can see how this might have been the embryo of what later would
grow into Narnia, Lewis emphasized that none of the Narnian stories or
characters were drawn from these childhood tales: "Animal-Land had nothing
whatever in common with Narnia except the anthropomorphic beasts. Animal-Land,
by its whole quality, excluded the least hint of wonder .... My invented world
was (for me) of interest, bustle, humour, and character; but there was no
poetry, even no romance in it. It was almost astonishingly prosaic." The stories
dealt mainly with politics rather than with the more imaginative events and the
sense of joy-the "kind of happiness and wonder that makes you serious"-that
pervade Narnia.
  A second element runs as a thread throughout all of Lewis' life-the search for
joy. It began as a series of "aesthetic" experiences scattered through his
younger years. Once, Warren made a miniature garden in the lid of a biscuit tin
with moss, twigs, and flowers. "That was the first beauty I ever knew .... It
made me aware of nature . . . as something cool, dewy, fresh, exuberant."
Similarly, the low line of the Castlereagh Hills which he could see from his
nursery window-perhaps contoured like the mountains of Aslan's country-taught
him longing, or Sehnsucht. One day he stood beside a flowering currant bush and
the same sensation came over him-"a desire; but desire for what? . . . in a
certain sense everything else that had ever happened to me was insignificant in
comparison."
  Later in his life, an Arthur Rackham illustration from Siegfried and the
Twilight of the Gods and a line from this retelling of the Norse myth engulfed
Lewis in what he described as "Pure Northernness": "a vision of huge, clear
spaces hanging above the Atlantic in the endless twilight of Northern summer,
remoteness, severity," and he felt a return of the sense of distant joy for
which he had long searched. The myth also contained elements he looked for in
religion, and he admitted that he loved the god Balder before he loved Christ.
Throughout all the Narnia tales we can sense the spell of Aslan's country or a
glimpse of something no one can quite put their finger on.
  But we should also mention that Lewis's life had another side: "I am telling a
story of two lives. They have nothing to do with each other." On the one side
was the inner, secret world of imagination; on the other, that of the intellect
"The two hemispheres of my mind were in the sharpest contrast. On the one side a
many-islanded sea of poetry and myth; on the other a glib and shallow
'rationalism.' Nearly all that I loved I believed to be imaginary; nearly all
that I believed to be real I thought grim and meaningless."
  Part of this other half of Lewis's life can be associated with his strict
formal schooling in one boarding school after another. Undertones of his
feelings about school are certainly obvious in the Narnia stories. At 11, he
attended his first boarding school, dressed in the stiff Eton collar which he
came to hate. (Naturally, in Narnia and Aslan' s country, not a bit of elastic,
flannel, or starch is to be found!) Setting off for school at the start of a new
term he must have felt much like the four Pevensie children awaiting the train
at the station: "they were all rather gloomy and no-one could think of anything
to say." Lewis's somewhat irrational schoolmaster, "Oldie," flogged the boys
liberally and indiscriminately. At 12, Lewis switched to Campbell College in
Belfast where he was introduced to literature by his teacher "Octie" and read
fairy tales, especially enjoying stories about the Dwarfs. Then, while attending
prep school, he ceased to be a Christian.
  Up until this time, Lewis viewed God as more or less a "Magician" whom he
wished would go away, believing in the doctrines of Christianity simply because
he feared hell. At Malvern, though, the Matron introduced Lewis to the spirit
world of the occult, where he became further frustrated at trying hard to "feel"
something when he prayed.
  And it was at Malvern College ("Wyvern"), which he attended at 15, where Lewis
probably learned the great distaste he thenceforth showed for the British school
system. Although he was an excellent student and his teacher, "Smewgy," further
nourished his love for literature, including Greek and Roman myth, he was lonely
and miserable at this school. A "tart" or "fagging" system required that all the
younger boys wait continually on the older boys and be ready to serve their
whims or succumb to pranks like being locked up in a dark, underground room. It
was all probably much like the misery Jill and Eustace experience at Experiment
House, where they are bullied or "attended to" by "mean," "conceited," "cruel,"
"sneaky" schoolmates with names like Cholmondely Major, Edith Winterblott,
"Spotty" Sorner, and the two "loathesome" Garrett twins. At that time, he felt
paradoxically that God did not exist and he was angry at him for not existing.
  Next, his tutor, W. T. Kirkpatrick, after whom Kirke the professor in The
Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe is perhaps patterned, further influenced Lewis
with his atheistic, positivist logic. But it was with the help of "Kirke's"
excellent coaching that Lewis won a scholarship to Oxford. He later became a
Fellow of Magdalen College. Lewis's great love for learning and his endless
reading -from Homer and Plato to classical writers to fairy tales-despite the
tendency of his schooling to discourage his belief in God, is reflected in the
Narnia tales. Patched together out of his vast memory, they contain fragments
reminiscent of Malory and the Arthurian tradition; Norse, Celtic, Greek and
Arabian myths; and children's books such as those of Potter, Nesbit, and George
MacDonald.
  A combination of events led to Lewis's eventual conversion to Christianity,
and he has since become noted as one of its chief apologists. First, a number of
his closest friends, including Owen Barfield and Nevill Coghill, discussed, or
more properly, argued Christian beliefs with him and began to influence his
thinking. He was especially flabbergasted when an atheist friend admitted that
the historical evidence for Christianity was quite good. Also, all of the
authors Lewis especially liked, such as Spenser, Milton, G. K. Chesterton, and
even Norse myths, conveyed a certain "religious" quality that others lacked. In
fact, Lewis regarded most of his reading as a kind of "trap" for him. George
MacDonald's adult fantasy Phantastes presented him with the "bright shadow" he
later identified as "holiness." Later, MacDonald's children's books greatly
inspired Lewis's own writing.
  Then, Lewis discovered a book by Samuel Alexander called Space, Time and Deity
in which he read that it was impossible to think about something and experience
it simultaneously. What this showed him was that everything he had been
searching for all his life and mistaking for joy were merely its by-products,
only pointers signaling with all fingers that they had their source elsewhere.
They were only "appearances of the Absolute," of God himself, in which we all
are rooted. So too, all the children discover in Aslan's country their real
home, the real Narnia and England of which all others had been only shoddy
reflections. Thus, in 1929, a man who had once stubbornly refused to give in,
knelt down and reluctantly admitted that God was God. Two years later, when he
set out on a trip to Whipsnade zoo, "I did not believe that Jesus Christ is the
Son of God, and when we reached the zoo I did." Aslan's s cure had begun!


                                   CHAPTER 2


                                 The Creation
                                    of the
                                    Narnia
                                     Tales

            "I am concerned with a certain way of looking at life,
                  which was created in me by the fairy tales,
            but has since been meekly ratified by the mere facts."
                   G. K. Chesterton-"The Ethics of Elfland"

It is interesting that Lewis's creativity started to flourish in earnest after
his conversion. One important influence was undoubtedly that of a group of
friends-his brother Warren, J. R. R. Tolkien, Owen Barfield, Hugo Dyson, and
others-who gathered regularly to read their manuscripts aloud to each other,
then criticize or debate.
  But how did Lewis come to write his Narnia books? Were they simply written for
his god-daughter Lucy Barfield, as he suggests in the dedication letter at the
beginning of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe? "I wrote this story for you,
but when I began it I had not realized that girls grow quicker than books. As a
result you are already too old for fairy tales, and by the time it is printed
and bound you will be older still. But some day you will be old enough to start
reading fairy tales again . . . ." Or was his purpose to entertain children,
perhaps in the process teaching them subtle truths about Christianity and
Christian virtues?
  To begin with, Lewis had only one book in mind: The Lion, the Witch and the
Wardrobe, and he says he had no notion of writing any others. A "hazy sequel"
only came to mind long after the idea for this book was conceived. In Autumn
1939, four schoolgirls -evacuees from London -came to spend some time with Mrs.
Moore, Lewis's adopted mother, and Lewis entertained them. On the back of
another book written by Lewis was found the original opening to The Lion: "This
book is about four children whose names were Ann, Martin, Rose, and Peter. But
it is most about Peter who was the youngest. They all had to go away from London
suddenly because of the Air Raids, and because Father, who was in the army, had
gone off to the War and Mother was doing some kind of war work. They were sent
to stay with a relation of Mother's who was a very old Professor who lived by
himself in the country."2 Thus we can see some similarities between the basic
plot and events in Lewis's own life at the time.
  Lewis says he is not positive what made him, "in a particular year of my life,
feel that not only a fairy tale, but a fairy tale addressed to children, was
exactly what I must write-or burst." Unsure of how he actually got his ideas, he
is certain that all seven of his books began by "seeing pictures in my head. At
first they were not a story, just pictures. The Lion all began with a picture of
a Faun carrying an umbrella and parcels in a snowy wood. The picture had been in
my mind since I was about 16. Then one day when I was about 40, I said to
myself: 'Let's try to make a story about it.' " Other pictures he had in his
mind were a queen on a sledge, and a magnificent lion. Then he had to invent
reasons why they should appear in those particular situations, and the ideas
began to "bubble up" into story form.
  Still, even after he had begun, Lewis says he was unsure of where the book was
really going, and he turned to writing some of his theological books. The Lion
sat thus for 10 years, uncompleted. Then from somewhere, "suddenly Aslan came
bounding into it. I think I had been having a good many dreams of lions about
that time. Apart from that, I don't know where the Lion came from or why He
came. But once He was there He pulled the whole story together, and soon He
pulled the six other Narnian stories in after Him."
  By the time Lewis's American friend Chad Walsh visited in the summer of 1948,
Lewis spoke "vaguely of completing a children's book which he [had] begun 'in
the tradition of E. Nesbit.' " By March 10, 1949, he read the first two chapters
of The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe to his friend Roger Lancelyn Green and
completed this first book in the Narnia series by the end of the month. So
Narnia had begun!
  Unsure what should come next, Lewis decided to move on to explain how the
lamp-post came to be in Narnia. Walter Hooper says that very few original
manuscripts of the Narnia tales exist-only some fragments-but they do indicate
that Lewis did work on ideas which later found their ways into some of the books
or were tossed out with the trash. A good example is his story of Digory and his
godmother, Mrs. LeFay, a magician. Then he got a better idea and wanted to see
what it would be like to be pulled by magic into a new land. So what started as
a book called Drawn into Narnia, then A Horn in Narnia, became what we know as
Prince Caspian.
  By the end of February 1950, the manuscript of The Voyage of the Dawn Treader
was ready, since Lewis liked his first draft of the story and it had come to him
quickly and easily. He seems to have worked from a brief outline of the book,
although it contains some plot fragments which Lewis never used or else
incorporated into Prince Caspian. By July, a book first called Narnia and the
North (then The Desert Road to Narnia, The Horse and the Boy, Cor of Archenland,
The Horse Stole the Boy, Over the Border, The Horse Bree), and finally, as you
must by now have guessed, The Horse and His Boy, was completed. As you can see,
Lewis had difficulty deciding on titles, and many of them were suggested by his
publisher.
  The Silver Chair (originally Night Under Narnia, The Wild Waste Lands) soon
followed. The Magician's Nephew came next, now with the characters of both
Digory and Polly, and Mrs. LeFay transformed into Andrew's godmother. At last,
two and one-half years later, came The Last Battle, finished by the end of May
1954. The books were published between 1950 and 1956, and when Roger Green
suggested the name "The Chronicles of Narnia" for the series, it stuck.
  As a result of his series, Lewis, unlike many authors, seems to have achieved
almost instant success. We can perhaps understand why his friend, J. R. R.
Tolkien, who labored over The Lord of the Rings and The Silmarillion for %most
of his life, was somewhat critical of the Narnia books; he also thought the
religion too obvious. But Lewis received quantities of fan letters, especially
from children who seemed to react naturally to the ideas in the books, but
mainly to Aslan himself. In fact, they wanted more! Lewis, however, felt he had
written enough: "There are only two times at which you can stop a thing: one is
before everyone is tired of it, and the other is after!" As for the adult
readers, Lewis was pleased with those who wanted to know the sources of his
ideas. At first, a number of mothers and school mistresses felt the books might
frighten children. "But," says Lewis, "the real children like it, and I am
astonished how some very young ones seem to understand it. I think it frightens
some adults, but very few children." Most parents read them to find out what all
"the fuss" was about and, according to Walter Hooper, "became converted and
pressed them on their friends." Now, over one million are sold yearly, half of
them bought by college students.

Illustrations
  All the illustrations in every edition of the Narnia series were drawn by
Pauline Baynes, who was commissioned to illustrate the books. Many letters were
written from Lewis to Miss Baynes and demonstrate his approval of her pictures-
with the exception of the "disproportion" of the children in The Lion: "could
you possibly pretty them up a little?" Her pictures are based on Lewis's own
sketches (of the map of Narnia, the monopods) or his answers to her questions
(about Puddleglum, for example). In fact, Lewis attributed much of the success
of his stories to her illustrations.
  Maps of the various lands and oceans are found on the end papers of the
Geoffrey Bles and Puffin editions of The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, The Silver
Chair, and The Horse and His Boy. Macmillan paper back editions contain neither
the maps nor all the illustrations.

Lewis's View of Fairy Stories
  In his letters, but especially in the essays collected in a book called Of
Other Worlds, Lewis presents some of his views on fairy tales and writing for
children. He says that when the imagination in him led him to write the Narnia
tales, he did not begin by first "asking what children want and then endeavoring
to adapt myself (this was not needed)." In Lewis's opinion, such an approach
results in what he considered "bad" children's literature, the type that only
attempts to dish up to them what they want or treats them like a distinct and
inferior race. Instead, he decided that the fairy tale was the genre best fitted
for what he wanted to say-the "ideal Form" which his ideas demanded.
  The only real effect this form had on his style was on the level of his
vocabulary, lack of erotic love or analytical passages, and composition of
chapters of almost equal length for reading aloud. But his style is remarkably
clear and vivid, like that of many fairy stories. Who can forget the many, long-
awaited meals the Pevensie children sit down to eat-the "nice brown eggs,
lightly boiled . . . sardines on toast, and then buttered toast, and then toast
with honey, and then a sugar topped cake" with Mr. Tumnus; or the freshly caught
trout, boiled potatoes, and sticky marmalade rolls with the Beavers; or the
turkeys, geese, peacocks, boar's heads, sides of venison, pies shaped like ships
or dragons or elephants, ice puddings, bright lobsters, gleaming salmon, nuts,
grapes, pineapples, peaches, pomegranates, melons, and tomatoes at Aslan's
Table? Lewis gives us deep, unforgettable images like Eustace's undragoning and
the tiniest details, down to the dead bluebottle on the window-sill or the
slight blister on Susan's heel.
  A good children's story, says Lewis, should not be written "down" as if told
to a child. In fact, we are wrong in believing that children's stories are
written just for children. Most great fantasy and fairy tales are addressed to
everyone, and thus the author should speak to his reader simply as one person
speaking to another. Only bad stories are enjoyed just by children: "No book is
really worth reading at the age of ten which is not equally (and often far more)
worth reading at the age of fifty--except, of course, books of information." The
only reason most fairy tales unfortunately "gravitated" to the nursery is
because their elders ceased to like them. Lewis says when he was ten, "I read
fairy tales in secret and would have been ashamed if I had been found doing so.
Now that I am fifty I read them openly. When I became a man I put away childish
things, including the fear of childishness and the desire to be very grown up."
In a sense, we grow through stages when we are first attracted to fairy tales,
then ashamed of reading them, and finally perhaps return to them as adults.
"Some day you will be old enough to start reading fairy tales again," Lewis
wrote to Lucy Barfield.
  Actually, according to G. K. Chesterton, it is really adults who need fairy
tales, not children, for children still have a sense of awe and wonder at the
world simply as it is. Lewis also agrees with Tolkien's assertions in his
significant essay, "On Fairy Stories," that fantasy can give us "recovery"-a
cleansing of our vision of the world, thereby strengthening our relish for real
life. Thus, after reading, we return to the "real world" with renewed pleasure,
awe, and satisfaction. "The boy does not despise real woods because he has read
of enchanted woods," writes Lewis; "the reading makes all real woods a little
enchanted."
  Certainly, no one of the children returns from Narnia to earth unchanged.
Polly, for example, notes how the mysterious tunnels in her house seem tame
after sojourning in Charn. Eustace, of course, is inwardly turned around.
Through reading, we too learn not to treat things as mere objects, as Ramandu
teaches: "even in your world that is not what a star is but only what it is made
of." An interesting turnabout of this "renewed vision" comes about in The Voyage
of the Dawn Treader, when Caspian is amazed to hear that the children come from
a round world. He had only read about them in fairy tales.

    "But I've always wished there were and I've always
    longed to live in one, Oh, I'd give anything--I wonder
    why you can get into our world and we never get into
    yours? If only I had the chance! It must be exciting to
    live on a thing like a ball."
      "There's nothing particularly exciting about a round
    world when you're there," says Edmund.

  Another result of fairy stories, in Tolkien's view, is the fulfillment of our
desires: to communicate with other living beings and escape death. Certainly
Narnia fulfills both these desires. Caspian, for example, says, "If I hadn't
believed in him before now, I would now. Back there among the Humans the people
who laughed at Aslan would have laughed at stories about talking beasts and
Dwarfs. Sometimes I did wonder if there really was such a person as Aslan: but
then I sometimes wondered if there were really people like you. Yet there you
are." This, of course, is a quite common aspect of children's stories, though in
not many stories are the children actually allowed to die in a railway accident.
Yet escape from death is found in the glorious afterlife with Aslan in what
Tolkien calls Eucatastrophe, or a truly happy ending.
  Are such stories merely escapism or wish fulfillment then? No, says Lewis.
Instead, their true significance lies in their ability to arouse in one's mind
"a longing for he knows not what. It stirs and troubles him (to his life-long
enrichment) with the dim sense of something beyond his reach and, far from
dulling or emptying the actual world, gives it a new dimension of depth ....
This is a special kind of longing." This longing, says Lewis, is "askesis," or a
spiritual exercise. Since we long for another world, to see beauty and be united
with it, "that is why we have peopled air and earth and water with gods and
goddesses and nymphs and elves-that, though we cannot, yet these projections
can, enjoy in themselves that beauty, grace, and power of which Nature is the
image." Furthermore, such stories not only present to us a whole spectrum of
experiences in concrete form but, in giving us experiences we never had before,
thus add to life. So although the tales may not be exactly like real life, they
may show us what reality may be like "at some more central region."
  This leads us to one of the most important aspects of the Narnia tales: the
quality of "joy" which Tolkien says results from good fantasy-a "sudden glimpse
of the underlying reality or truth." For in every "eucatastrophe" we see a
glimmer of an even deeper reality-the Christian story itself. The "fairy story"
found in the gospels embraces the essence of all fairy stories, says Tolkien:
"The Birth of Christ is the eucatastrophe of the story of the Incarnation. This
story begins and ends in joy. It has pre-eminently the 'inner consistency of
reality.' There is no tale ever told that men would rather find was true."


                                   CHAPTER 3


                                The Chronicles
                                      of
                                    Narnia

                    " 'It was about a cup and a sword and a
                tree and a green hill, I know that much. But I
              can't remember and what shall I do?' And she never
                 could remember; and ever since that day what
              Lucy means by a good story is a story which reminds
              her of the forgotten story in the Magician's Book."
                        -The Voyage of the Dawn Treader

Although the Narnia books are numbered in the sequence of their writing,
beginning with The Lion, the correct chronological order of the events narrated
is as follows: The Magician's Nephew, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, The
Horse and His Boy, Prince Caspian, The Voyage o f the Dawn Treader, The Silver
Chair, and The Last Battle. We will not only briefly review each story, but fill
in the events between the stories from information provided by an outline of
Narnian history which Lewis wrote after the stories were published and which is
reproduced in Walter Hooper's essay "Past Watchful Dragons" in Imagination and
the Spirit.

The Magician's Nephew
  The events in The Magician's Nephew take place in 1900. Chronologically, this
is the first book of the series because it describes how Narnia was created. The
whole adventure begins one day in England when a 12 year old boy named Digory
peers over a wall and meets a little girl named Polly Plummer. One day, they
accidently find themselves in the secret attic study of Digory's eccentric Uncle
Andrew, a dabbler in magic. By tricking Polly into touching a special ring he
has created out of magic dust, Uncle Andrew sends Polly off into a place called
the Wood Between the Worlds.
  Bravely deciding to rescue her, Digory follows with another magic ring, and
two different ones to bring them back. The two children discover that through
dozens of small pools in this drowsy, quiet woodland they can enter various
other worlds. Diving into one of the pools they find themselves in Charn, a dead
world where everyone, including Jadis the Witch, is frozen into immobility by
means of an enchantment. Digory, insatiably curious, strikes a tiny bell which
wakes the Witch. By grabbing hold of Digory, she comes back with them to
England-much to the children's dismay!
  After causing havoc with Uncle Andrew and his sister, as well as the police
and a cabby (English taxi driver), the Witch is yanked back into still another
world by Digory and a magic ring. Unfortunately, Polly, Andrew, the Cabby and
his horse Strawberry are also transported into this new world of Nothing-
nothing, that is, until they hear the voice of a magnificent Lion who sings life
into being and gradually creates a world before their eyes: sun, flowers, grass,
beasts. Two of each animal are chosen by the Lion to be Talking Beasts and set
over all the other animals. The Cabby's wife, Helen, is summoned into Narnia,
soapsuds still on her arms, and she and the Cabby become the first King and
Queen of Narnia, for in that land only humans can rule.
  Meanwhile, Digory is sent on the task of getting an apple from a hill far away
in the Western Wilds. He is provided with aid from Polly and Strawberry-who has
now become Fledge, a Flying Horse. When they arrive at the garden,
  Digory again encounters Jadis, who tempts him convincingly to eat an apple as
she is doing. Although Digory is certainly hungry and also desperately wishes to
take an apple back to his mother to cure her of her illness, he does not submit
to the witch's enticement but obediently returns with an apple to Aslan the
Lion. From this apple comes the Tree of Protection which guards Narnia against
the Witch for many years. Aslan rewards Digory's obedience and patience by
presenting him with an apple which wonderfully cures his mother. The seed of
this apple grows into a tree in England, from the wood of which Digory later
builds a magic wardrobe.

  During the years that follow, 41 earth years and 2303 Narnian years pass
before humans return to Narnia, and, according to Lewis's outline, several
events occur involving surrounding countries. King Frank and Queen Helen's
youngest son, Col, leads followers into Archenland, which lies just south of
Narnia, and becomes its first king. Then outlaws from Archenland set up a
kingdom further south, called Calormen. The Calormenes, in turn, colonize Telmar
(to the west of Narnia), but behave so wickedly that Aslan turns them into dumb
beasts. The Lone Islands in the Great Sea east of Narnia are given to King Gale
as his reward for delivering the inhabitants from a dragon. Then, 898 Narnian
years after its creation, Jadis returns out of the North and the long winter
begins.

The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe
  The events in this book take place 1000 Narnian years after the creation of
Narnia, or the year 1940 in England. By now Digory is old professor Kirke, and
the four Pevensie children-Peter, Edmund, Susan, and Lucy-come to stay with him
to get away from the air-raids in London. One day, Lucy, hiding in the
professor's magic wardrobe, accidentally discovers, not the expected back wall
of the closet, but the crunch of snow underfoot and lines of dark fir trees
ahead of her. She meets a faun, Mr. Tumnus, who explains that this is Narnia, a
land where it is always winter and never Christmas because of the reign of the
White Witch. When Lucy returns home, however, it is not only the exact same
moment as when she entered, but, worse, none of her brothers and sisters believe
her story of entering Narnia.
  Next, Edmund accidentally enters Narnia through the same wardrobe and
unfortunately encounters the Witch herself, who appears to him exceedingly
beautiful. Enticing him with Turkish Delight and the promise of being King of
Narnia, she convinces him to return, bringing the others with him for her to
destroy, for a prophecy says that when four humans gain the throne, her reign
will be ended. Edmund returns to the professor's house but, having become
increasingly nasty from his contact with the Witch, refuses to admit that Lucy
was right about Narnia all along.
  Finally, all four children enter the wardrobe one day. They discover that Mr.
Tumnus has been punished for disobeying the Witch, and a robin leads them to Mr.
and Mrs. Beaver, who help them. The Beavers explain that Aslan, King of Narnia
and of all the Beasts-the Great Lion himself-is on the move and has returned to
Narnia, and all four children experience totally different reactions to his
name. Peter, Susan and Lucy decide to hurry to Aslan as soon as possible.
Edmund, however quietly slips off to find the Witch, only to discover that she
seems quite a different person than before. Horrified that Aslan has returned,
she wildly sets off in her sledge, dragging with her poor, cold, hungry Edmund.
All around them Springtime gradually but steadily reverses the frozen
enchantment which has paralyzed Narnia for 100 years. Celandines, crocuses,
primroses, laburnums, bluebells all begin to bloom-and in the very same order as
they bloom in our own world!
  The three children reach Aslan in time to be ensnared in a brief battle in
which Peter bravely kills the Witch's chief, Fenris Ulf, and Edmund is rescued.
He ashamedly asks forgiveness but, according to the Deep Magic, the law of the
Emperor-Over-Sea, he must be killed as a traitor. Aslan offers to be sacrificed
instead. Lucy and Susan then watch that terrible scene when Aslan willingly
submits himself to the mockery and jests of the Witch's horrible lackeys and is
stabbed with a Stone Knife on the great Stone Table.
  But Aslan knew that according to a Deeper Magic, if a willing and perfect
victim were sacrificed in a traitor's stead, the Witch would not only lose her
claim on the individual, but death would start working backwards. While Lucy and
Susan are mourning his death, Aslan opens his eyes, leaps from the broken table
and appears to the girls more vibrant and alive than ever, romping joyously with
them to the castle. Aslan breathes on every statue of a creature frozen by the
Witch and frees them, leading them all in a victorious battle against the Witch
and her forces.
  Peter becomes High King of Narnia and the three other children, Kings and
Queens. They rule in Narnia for 15 Narnian years. During their reign, the next
story takes place.

The Horse and His Boy
  A boy named Shasta, living in Calormen with Arsheesh the fisherman, discovers
one day that Arsheesh is not his real father. In fact, he overhears him
bargaining to sell him to a Tarkhan, or great lord. He decides to fly to the
north to Narnia with the Tarkhan's horse Bree, a Narnian Talking Horse, who was
stolen from his homeland. In an effort to outrun what they believe are several
lions pursuing them, Shasta and Bree overtake Hwin, another Narnian Talking
Horse, and her rider Aravis. Aravis is a Calormen "princess" who is also running
away to escape a distasteful marriage to an old lord.
  To get to Narnia, the group must pass in disguise through the Calormen capital
of Tashbaan. Shasta becomes separated from the others when the visiting Narnian
King Edmund and Queen Susan mistake him for the Prince Corin. Shasta is taken to
their quarters where he overhears Susan's plot to secretly escape Calormen
instead of marrying Rabadash. Shasta comes face-to-face with his lookalike,
Corin, who helps him escape. He awaits the others at the designated meeting
place, the deserted Tombs of the Ancient Kings outside the city. There a giant
Cat comforts and protects him at night.
  Meanwhile, Aravis is aided by an old but silly friend, Lasaraleen, another
Calormen "princess." By accident, the two girls overhear Rabadash's plans to win
Susan by conquering Archenland and later Narnia. Lasaraleen helps Aravis escape
the city, and she and Shasta and their two horses are once again reunited.
  Quickly they begin the tiring and lengthy journey north, over the mountains,
the desert, and a valley. During the ride, a Lion snaps at the horses and
scratches Aravis on the back. While a Hermit cares for Aravis and the horses, a
tired and disheartened Shasta must travel on alone to Archenland and warn King
Lune of Rabadash's plans.
  He alerts Lune, but gets separated for a time from his army. That night, lost
on a mountain pass, Shasta is joined by a giant Shadow in the darkness, who
explains to him that all along there has been but one Lion who has protected
him, spurred him on to his duty, and even helped a boat bring him to Calormen as
a baby. Shasta recognizes the glory of Aslan himself, and refreshed by a tiny
stream Aslan provides for him, Shasta sets off in the morning.
  He rejoins the battle, though wounded during most of it. Rabadash's army is
soundly defeated and Aslan punishes Rabadash by turning him into a donkey if he
strays from Tash's temple. Shasta learns that he is the twin brother of Corin,
stolen as a baby because of a prophecy that he would one day save Archenland. He
eventually becomes King Cor of Archenland.
  One day after they have long been reigning in Narnia, the four Kings and
Queens set out to hunt for the White Stag. Upon discovering the very same lamp-
post where they entered Narnia, they return home through the wardrobe to find
that no time has elapsed since they entered.
  Many years after the children leave Narnia, the Telmarines invade and conquer
it and Caspian I becomes King. The Telmarines silence the Talking Beasts and
spread false rumors about Aslan and the "Old Narnia." One of Caspian's
descendants, Caspian IX, is murdered by his own brother Miraz, who usurps the
throne. Caspian X is born, and the story of his attempts to defeat his wicked
uncle and restore the Old Narnia is told in the next book.

Prince Caspian
  Young Caspian, raised by his uncle Miraz, is told the real story of his past
by his tutor, Dr. Cornelius, who is part Dwarf. Caspian runs away in order to
find the Old Narnian Talking Beasts. He meets Trufflehunter the badger, the
dwarfs Nikabrik and Trumpkin, and eventually, many other Narnian beasts. At the
Council of Dancing Lawn, the small army of Narnian creatures plan to make war on
Miraz. After minor skirmishes and defeats, Caspian decides to blow the magic
horn that will send for help. Though skeptical, Trumpkin offers to journey to
Cair Paravel, once the Narnian capital, to await the possible return of the four
Kings and Queens.
  Thus, just one year after the Pevensies had returned to England, they find
themselves "pulled" back into Narnia by the blast of Caspian's horn. But they
are horrified to find that 100 years have passed since they were last in Narnia.
Trumpkin, on the other hand, cannot believe that these four children are the
help they had been awaiting and has to be convinced that they are indeed royal
material!
  As the group travels to the meeting place at Aslan's How, they find that after
all these years the landmarks and terrain of Narnia are so altered that they get
lost. Asian appears to Lucy and points the way, but the rest of the children
stubbornly continue in the opposite direction. Naturally, they reach a dead end,
barely miss a confrontation with Miraz's forces, and must re-track to where they
started. Asian appears to Lucy once more and, though the others cannot see him,
this time they grudgingly follow his leading. One by one, each child begins to
see the Great Lion guiding them easily to the How.
  Arriving just in time to overhear Nikabrik's plan to call on the Witch for
aid, they defeat him and his evil cohorts, a werewolf and a hag, in hand-to-hand
combat. Next, Peter challenges Miraz to a duel, and Sopespian and Glozelle,
Miraz's lords, dupe their monarch into accepting. The duel culminates in a
battle between both armies; Miraz is killed and his army defeated.
  Asian leads a band of joyous revellers (including Bacchus himself!) through
the villages, celebrating Caspian's restoration to the throne. Then Asian
prepares a doorway in the sky for the Telmarines who wish to return to their
homeland in the South Seas. Peter and Susan sadly learn that they are now too
old ever to return to Narnia, and all four children step through the doorway,
back into their own world.

The Voyage of the Dawn Treader
  Three Narnian years and one earth year pass before Lucy and Edmund are called
back to Narnia. The two Pevensie children are staying with their bumptious young
cousin, Eustace Clarence Scrubb, and one day all three are drawn into a picture
on Eustace's wall into Narnia's Eastern Sea and Caspian's ship, the Dawn
Treader. Caspian, they learn, is setting out for the Eastern Islands to find
seven of his father's lost lords who long before were sent off by his evil
uncle, Miraz, on a voyage of exploration. On the journey too is Reepicheep, King
of the Talking Mice and most valiant of the beasts of Narnia. He is seeking
Asian's country at the End of the World. Eustace is miserably seasick and
indignant at the whole affair, but the Pevensie children eagerly anticipate a
new adventure.
  Their first stop after several days of sailing is the island of Felimath where
they find the first lost lord, Lord Bern. Felimath is one of the Lone Islands,
and although Lewis hints that he would like to tell their story in another book,
we learn no more about them. The children are captured by slave traders, but
Caspian is bought by Lord Bern, who, on learning Caspian is Narnia's king, helps
them plan their escape. Felimath is ruled by an incompetent and bumbling man
named Gumpas, the stereotyped politican who sticks solely to statistics, graphs,
and appointments on his calendar. By feigning to have an entire fleet of forces,
Caspian overthrows Gumpas and declares Lord Bern ruler of the Lone Islands.
  After nearly three weeks on Felimath, the little company leaves to continue
its mission. Twenty six days later, badly damaged by a storm, the ship and its
crew find haven on an island which they dub Dragon Island. In order to escape
work, Eustace wanders off and comes upon a dying dragon. But Eustace, who has
read all the wrong books, has no idea what the creature is. Taking shelter in
the dragon's cave, Eustace discovers a cache of magnificent treasures and, after
slipping a bracelet on his arm and cramming his pockets full of precious things,
he falls asleep. But when he awakens, feeling not quite himself, he finds he is
walking on all fours and breathing smoke. Peering into a stream, he discovers he
has turned into a dragon!
  When the others figure out what has happened, they find their cousin's plight
has much improved him, causing him to become more helpful and reasonable. Then
one night Asian appears and orders Eustace to follow him. After Eustace
unsuccessfully attempts to remove his skin by shedding it like a banana peel,
Asian tears off the last layer of painful scales and bathes him in a clear pool,
restoring him to true boyhood. Thereafter, Eustace's behavior is markedly
changed. The children deduce that Lord Octesian was probably the other dragon or
had been destroyed by the dragon.
  After the Dawn Treader visits Burnt Island (which has been ravaged by fire)
the crew battles a fearful Sea Serpent who almost engulfs the ship.
  Five days of sailing bring them to Deathwater Island, where the crew discovers
a pool which turns anything dropped in it to gold. Lord Restimar, they realize,
must have bathed in this water and been turned into a gold "statue." When they
begin to quarrel over the great possibilities of capitalizing on the wealth this
magic pool would give, Aslan sternly appears to bring them to their senses.
  On the next island, the Island of the Voices, Lucy is asked by the Dufflepuds,
strange creatures who hop around on one umbrella-like foot, to find a spell to
"de-uglify" them. To accomplish this, she must go into a Magician's House and
read his Magic Book. Among other things, Lucy finds a spell to make herself
beautiful, a wonderful story about a cup, sword and green hill, as well as a
spell to let her know what her friends think of her. When Lucy says this spell,
Aslan appears to her. He introduces her to the Magician, who turns the invisible
Dufflepuds into visible Monopods.
  Then, for thirteen days they sail for the Dark Island where nightmarish dreams
come true. There, the group discovers haggard and white-haired Lord Rhoop, and
Aslan appears as an albatross to guide them out.
  At World's End Island, the group finds the last three of the lost lords-
Revilian, Argoz and Mavramorn-sleeping at a sumptuous banquet table. There they
also meet Ramandu, a "retired" star, and his beautiful daughter. This is Aslan's
Table where the food, renewed daily, is served for those who travel this far.
The three lords had quarreled over the sacred Stone Knife (once used by the
White Witch to stab Aslan). At the moment they touched it they had been cast
into an enchanted sleep.
  All but one sailor set off for the End of the World. The light grows brighter
and brighter, the sea smoother and white with lilies, and the water, clear and
luminous like "drinkable light," keeps the group nourished and unwearied.
Quivering with excitement, Reepicheep sails off alone to Aslan's Country. Now,
after a year of travelling, Caspian regretfully decides to turn back with the
ship to Narnia. The three children meet Aslan who appears to them first as a
Lamb, then a Lion, and promises them that they can come to his land from all
worlds and will know him even better in their own. Through a rip in the sky,
they return to Cambridge. Thus ends Lucy's and Edmund's last adventure in
Narnia.

  Caspian returns to Narnia to marry Ramandu's daughter three years after his
voyage. Fifteen years later a son, Rilian, is born. One day, as Ramandu's
daughter is riding in Narnia she stops to rest. A Green Serpent stings her, and
she dies. Twenty year old Rilian sets off to avenge her death and, entranced by
a beautiful lady dressed in green, is not heard from again, though many seek for
him. Ten years later, Eustace and his schoolmate Jill Pole are called into
Narnia to find Rilian.

The Silver Chair
  Although it is still 1942, the year of the Dawn Treader voyage, 70 Narnian
years have now passed since Eustace visited Narnia. Miserably unhappy and
desperate to leave their school, Experiment House, Jill and Eustace enter Narnia
through a gate in the wall. They find themselves high on a precipice in Aslan's
country, overlooking all of Narnia. After Eustace accidently tumbles off the
cliff and floats away, Jill finds herself alone with Aslan. Their task, she
learns, is to find the lost Rilian, which they will accomplish only if they obey
four "signs": First, they will meet an old, dear friend whom they must greet if
they are to receive help, then they must journey from Narnia north to a ruined
giant city where they will find writing on a stone. They must do what it says.
Prince Rilian will be recognized by the fact that he will be the first person
who asks them to do something in Aslan's name. Jill is then blown softly on
Aslan's sweet breath to Narnia where she rejoins Eustace.
  Caspian, now 66 and thus unrecognizable by Eustace, is preparing to sail to
Terebinthia in hopes of finding Aslan and seeking his advice. Glimfeather the
Owl carries the children first to Cair Paravel, then to a Parliament of Owls
where they are briefed on Rilian's story, then North to the swampy home of a
gloomy, lanky, frog-like creature named Puddleglum, a Marshwiggle who becomes a
member of their team.
  On their mission of search and rescue the three head north to Ettinsmoor, the
land of the giants. A lovely lady, the Lady of the Green Kirtle who is
accompanied by an armored knight, advises them to press on to the giant city of
Harfang where they will receive food and shelter. Against Puddleglum's better
judgment, the children desperately insist on finding the city to get relief from
the bitter, snowy cold. Through a series of ruins and trenches, they reach the
castle where they are welcomed, fed and bathed. Aslan appears to Jill in a dream
and shows her the inscription UNDER ME written outside on the ruins. When the
three discover that the giants mean to have them as the main course of their
Autumn Feast, they slip through a crack in the ruins-the third sign. They now
realize they have muffed the first three signs.
  Beneath the earth, they descend through tunnel after dark tunnel into a
strange land where the varied faces of Earthmen sadly and silently labor in the
city. Among a variety of creatures, they even see Father Time himself sleeping
until the world's end. They are taken to the castle of a Green Witch, who
boasts:

    "Though under Earth and throneless now I be,
    Yet, while I lived, all Earth was under me."

She is the cruel ruler of this country called the ShallowLands. In her castle
also lives a knight (Rilian himself) who the witch has promised will be King of
Overland once the Earthmen dig through to the surface. During one hour of every
day, however, he is under a spell by which he becomes enraged and is transformed
into a serpent. Daily, during this hour, the Witch binds him to a silver chair.
The children fearfully watch as the awful change comes over him- and then he
bids them in Aslan's name to free him! Recognizing the last sign as well as the
danger of obeying it, the three nevertheless unbind the Prince, who destroys the
awful chair.
  The Witch returns to discover what has been done and causes a drowsy smoke and
music to fill the room, enchanting them into believing there is no other world
but hers. But stout-hearted Puddleglum stamps out the fire and, after renouncing
her world, leads Caspian into killing the Witch as she turns into a snake.
  Noisy fireworks signal the Earthmen's glee at the end of the Witch's hold over
them. Golg, a gnome, explains that beneath the Witch's land is the Really Deep
Land of Bism, inhabited by gnomes and salamanders-a fiery world of live gems and
a delicious smell. The gnomes dive into that realm through a crack before a
shift in the earth closes it forever.
  Through one of the tunnels to the Overworld, the four escape the Witch's Realm
to discover that they are back in Narnia itself! They are rescued by Dwarfs
performing the Great Snow Dance. Riding on centaurs, the children arrive in time
to see Rilian greeting his sick father's returning ship. Although Caspian dies,
the children are taken to Aslan's country where, on Aslan's Mountain, they
witness Caspian's restoration to life with a drop of blood from the great Lion's
paw. Promising that some day they too will return to stay forever, Aslan leads
them triumphantly back to their school, where he terrifies the children and
Headmistress so badly that there is a grand shake-up and Experiment House ends
up as a much better school!

  Other than the uprising of outlaws in Lantern Waste and the building of towers
to guard the region, we know little of the 199 years of Narnian history between
The Silver Chair and the final book.

The Last Battle
  During the final days of Narnia, Shift the Ape who lives near Lantern Waste
finds a lion's skin in the water. He convinces his poor, gullible donkey
follower Puzzle to put it on and pose as Aslan. Then he spreads false rumors
that Aslan has returned and aggressively demanded changes in Narnia-trees
felled, Talking Animals driven to work, Dwarfs and animals sold as slaves to the
Calormenes. The Narnians begin to believe that Aslan is not at all like the Lion
they have heard about in stories and legends.
  Meanwhile, King Tirian of Narnia, seventh in descent from Rilian, and his dear
friend Jewel the Unicorn hear of all these changes and believe them to be lies.
Tirian angrily murders two Calormenes and is captured. Desperate and only half-
believing that the changes are from Aslan, he calls for help from the past Kings
and Queens. In a dream he sees all seven "friends" of Narnia-Digory and Polly
(now in their sixties), Peter, Edmund, Lucy, Jill and Eustace -eating around a
table. Immediately, Jill and Eustace (now teen-agers) appear before him rescuing
not only Tirian, but Jewel and Puzzle as well.
  During this time much has happened on earth: Digory and Polly, feeling that
they are somehow "needed" in Narnia, hold a sort of "reunion" for all who have
been to Narnia. Peter and Edmund are sent to London to dig up the magic rings
Digory used many years ago to first enter Narnia and are scheduled to meet the
train to hand them over. Jill, Eustace, Digory, Polly, Lucy, and, it so happens,
Mr. and Mrs. Pevensie, all go on the same train which crashes at the station,
killing all of them, as well as Peter and Edmund. At that moment (nearly one
earth week after seeing Tirian), Aslan brings Jill and Eustace into Narnia "in
his own way."
  Tirian and the children optimistically determine to explain the ape's
deception to the Narnians and restore the old order. However, all Dwarfs except
Poggin bitterly refuse to believe in anything but themselves. After Tirian's
group sees the nightmarish, birdlike Calormen god, Tash, flying toward Shift's
camp, they join forces with a meager band of loyal Narnians led by Roonwit, the
centaur. Cair Paravel, he reports, has been taken over by the enemy. Thus they
hurry to Shift's camp, hoping to reveal the truth to the Narnians.
  They find that Shift has set up a stable where the Narnians gather at night by
a giant bonfire. His new cohorts, Rishda the Calormen captain and Ginger the
Cat, have now convinced the Narnians that Aslan and Tash are the same. Ginger
and the Ape frustrate all their hopes of unmasking the imposter by telling the
Narnians that there is a donkey loose, masquerading as Aslan. Ginger the Cat
cockily enters the Stable expecting to find nothing, but instead finds Tash and
shoots out again, terrified out of speech. This of course fulfills Aslan's
prophecy (given many years earlier when Narnia was created) that Talking Beasts
would return to dumb beasts if they chose evil. A Calormen named Emeth bravely
goes in next in hopes of meeting Tash and never returns.
  The real battle then begins. While the dogs and moles join Tirian's side, the
Dwarfs fight for themselves. In vast confusion as the enemy presses in on them,
Eustace is hurled into the Stable, followed by all eleven dwarfs, Rishda (taken
by Tash), and Tirian. But instead of finding the fearful god Tash in the Stable,
as he had feared, Tirian sees the seven glorious Kings and Queens of Narnia and
Aslan himself standing before him. Beyond the Stable door he has entered a
luscious, green and fragrant country. The Dwarfs, however, see only darkness,
hear Aslan's voice as an angry snarl, and taste rotten food instead of the
sumptuous banquet he spreads for them.
  Aslan shows all the Kings and Queens that Narnia on the other side of the
Stable Door is ending. First, Father Time is called to blow his horn, and the
living stars fall gleaming to the ground. Next, all the animals stream to Aslan
and either pass through the Door if they love him, or to his left and into his
Shadow if they fear him. Giant dragons and lizards then devour the vegetation,
and the sea rises to cover it all. The sun and moon turn red, flame into each
other, and Father Time squeezes the burning ball like an orange until all is
dark. Finally, Peter locks the door on Narnia-icy, cold and void.
  Aslan then leads them "further up and further in" through the Stable Door to
his own country. There they find not only the fragrant, green land they had
always longed for, and discover their own bodies to be full of life and vigor,
but they see all the old friends they had ever known or heard about. Susan,
however, is not among them for she is "no longer a friend of Narnia." On the
other hand, Emeth the Calormen is there, for he had always sought the truth.
They scale the Great Waterfall and enter the golden gates of a garden with a
tree at its center. Far below, Narnia and England stretch out like spurs jutting
off from the mountains of Aslan's country. But they are the real Narnia and
England-those which they had known before were only imitations. The children are
now ready to begin the Great Story Lucy had once read about in the Magician's
Magic Book, a story which goes on forever!


                                   CHAPTER 4


                                  The Country
                                      of
                                    Narnia

                      "Nothing is yet in its true form."
                              -Till We Have Faces

Other Worlds
  According to Lewis's friend, J. R. R. Tolkien, man is a "subcreator" when he
creates a fantasy world:

    Although now long estranged,
    Man is not wholly lost nor wholly changed.
    Dis-graced he may be, yet is not de-throned,
    and keeps the rags of lordship once he owned:
    Man, Sub-creator, the refracted Light
    through whom is splintered from a single White
    to many hues, and endlessly combined
    in living shapes that move from mind to mind.
    Though all the crannies of the world we filled
    with Elves and Goblins, though we dared to build
    Gods and their houses out of dark and light,
    and sowed the seed of dragons-twas our right
    (used or misused). That right has not decayed:
    we make still by the law in which we're made.
    ("On Fairy Stories," J. R. R. Tolkien)

  Man thus creates because he is made in the image of the Creator and because
there is a part of him which is unsatisfied by the rational, natural world.
Using materials from the world around him and drawing on spiritual reality, he
expresses truths that cannot be expressed or explained in any other way. But to
create convincing "other worlds," Lewis believed that he must draw on the only
real "other world" he knew, that of the spirit. In his essay "The Weight of
Glory," he writes: "Do you think I am trying to weave a spell? Perhaps I am; but
remember your fairy tales. Spells are used for breaking enchantments as well as
for inducing them. And you and I have need of the strongest spell that can be
found to wake us from the evil enchantment of worldliness which has been laid
upon us for nearly a hundred years."
  Professor Kirke suggests that there are probably other worlds right "around
the corner." But the "chinks" or "chasms" which connect these worlds are growing
rarer. Narnia is described as one of these secret countries that is real-"a
really other world-another Nature-another universe-somewhere you would never
reach even if you travelled through the space of this universe for ever and
ever-a world that could be reached only by Magic." But first, the children enter
an in-between place.

The Wood Between the Worlds
  Digory has the sensation of coming up into a new world, only to discover that
he has entered not a new world, but an "in-between" place, from which he can get
into other worlds. It contains dozens of pools with a different world at the
bottom of each of them. Though a dreamy, sleepy place where nothing seems to
happen, it is alive-warm and rich as a plumcake. The leafy trees grow so close
together that they allow only a "green" daylight to seep in, and he can almost
hear them growing! Digory feels as though he has always been there.
  But the second time the children try to enter from their own world, they enter
a world of Nothing.

The Creation of Narnia
  According to Lewis's time-line for Narnia, Narnia was created in 1900 A.D.
Although the children enter a world of Nothingness, Narnia is still a potential,
"waiting" to be born, and they feel solid earth beneath them. Aslan creates it
by singing, "the most beautiful noise Digory had ever heard." Other voices blend
in harmony with it, but in "higher, cold, tingling, silvery voices" which become
stars, constellations, and planets bursting into sight in the sky. Next, as the
sky becomes lighter, Digory can see the many colors of a "fresh, hot and vivid
earth;" then a young sun arises, laughing with joy. A soft, rippling music
produces first grass, then trees. By now, Polly notices a connection between the
notes Aslan is singing and the things he is creating. For example, a series of
deep, prolonged notes produces dark fir trees; light, rapid notes produce
primroses. But a wild, invigorating tune produces humps in the ground from which
a joyous menagerie of animals emerge: moles, dogs, stags, frogs, panthers,
leopards, showers of birds, butterflies, bees, and elephants. It becomes clear
that Aslan's creations are things he imagines and the song comes from these
ideas in his mind, a song so special that it makes you hot and flushed, wanting
to jump and shout!
  This idea of God creating the universe through singing it into being is found
also in Tolkien's  Silmarillion in which Eru creates the Ainor, or Holy Ones, as
offspring of his thought and propounds to them musical themes. Harmoniously they
sing before him a Great Music, whereas evil and proud beings desire to sing
their own music which results in discord. Both Lewis and Tolkien seem to be
drawing on a medieval concept which uses music as a metaphor for the harmony of
the universe. The ancients believed that the planets, for example, were aligned
in such exact mathematical relationships that they gave off a special music-the
Music of the Spheres. In this scheme, the universe is represented as a musical
instrument that includes all creation, from angels to stones. The hand of God
stretches out to tune it. A common 17th century notion of the world pictures an
organ with God as primal Organ Player.
  After singing Narnia into being Aslan speaks: "Narnia, Narnia, Narnia, awake.
Love. Think. Speak. Be walking trees. Be talking beasts. Be divine waters."
Narnia, as Aslan first creates it, makes our world seem "hard and cruel" in
comparison. For Narnia is a country of walking trees, visible naiads and dryads
in the streams and trees, fauns and satyrs, dwarfs, giants, centaurs and Talking
Beasts. The existence of mythological creatures such as these in Narnia grows
out of an intriguing idea that occurs quite frequently in Lewis's works-that
what is myth and legend in our world may be factual reality in another. Even
Bacchus, the Greek god of wine, is seen romping through Narnia, changing the
streams to wine. One of the books in Mr. Tumnus' home is titled, with faun
humor, "Is Man a Myth?"

Narnian Geography and Government
  By gathering information from the seven Narnia tales, we get a fairly
comprehensive idea of the geography of Narnia and the surrounding countries.
Lewis mapped his own rough conception of Narnian topography, and from this
sketch Pauline Baynes later drew a more detailed map for Lewis. This map is
available in the Bles and Puffin editions of Prince Caspian and is also sold as
a large poster. The map reproduced on the cover of this book and on page 50 was
drawn by Sylvia Smith and is also the result of considerable research.
  Narnia itself seems to resemble Lewis's favorite parts of the English and
Irish countrysides with its avenues of beeches, sunny oak glades, deep forests,
and orchards of snow-white cherry trees; its windy slopes of gorse bushes, acres
of blue flowers, wild valleys, and heathery mountains and ridges; its roaring
waterfalls, winding rivers, plashy glens, mossy rocks and caverns.
  The low hills to the north and the moorlands lead to the wild and desolate
land of the giant stronghold, described predominantly in The Silver Chair. This
Northern land of barren, rocky plains, frigid mountains, and stony boulders and
ruins has a bleak, windy, snowy climate unlike the rich and dewy atmosphere of
Narnia. To the west of Narnia is the Western Wild where one can see high,
snowcrowned mountains and glaciers, and verdant valleys with streams tumbling
down from the mountains, sparkling like blue jewelry. Here, the Great Waterfall
crashes down to create the Caldron Pool, then the River of Narnia winds across
the land to the Sea. This is where the beginning and ending of Narnia takes
place. Lantern Waste is located on the east side, where the children enter
Narnia in The Lion and where the Lamp-post springs up.
  South of Narnia is another ridge of mountains across which lie two countries:
Archenland, connected to Narnia by a pass, and Calormen, across a sandy desert.
The Great Sea lying to the east of Narnia contains all the islands visited in
The Voyage of the Dawn Treader: Galma, Terebinthia, the Seven Islands, the Lone
Islands, the Dragon, Deathwater, Darkness, and World's End Islands. Beyond this
is Aslan's Country and the End of the World. In The Voyage of the Dawn Treader,
the topography of Narnia and these countries is described as being like a great,
round but flat table with the waters of all the oceans pouring endlessly over
the edge.
  During the creation of Narnia, Aslan chooses two of each animal by touching
their noses with his. These become Talking Beasts which are put in charge of the
Dumb Beasts. Yet only a human can be a King or Queen of Narnia.

<map.gif>

The hierarchy is thus as follows:
    The Emperor-Over-Sea and his son Aslan
    Peter (High King)
    Kings and Queens
    minor nobility
    Talking Beasts and longaevi ("long-livers," creatures
      such as nymphs, satyrs and centaurs.)
    Dumb Beasts

  The Kings and Queens of Narnia rule from a castle on the eastern sea-coast
named Cair Paravel (which means an "inferior court," implying its administration
is still subordinate to the Emperor-Over-Sea). Life there is very reminiscent of
the medieval Arthurian setting of coronations, feasts, falconry, rich clothing
and courtly language. As in medieval courts, old epics are told aloud; for
example, the children hear the story of The Horse arid His Boy retold 100 years
later. Battle clothes are bright tunics, steel or silver caps covered with
jewels and with winged sides, and straight swords; their banner depicts a red
Lion. Yet the subjects of this monarchy retain their freedom; in fact, there is
no slavery at all in Narnia-not even marriage against one's will! Aslan
instructs King Frank, first Narnian King, that a good King rules kindly and
fairly, with no favorites, and is to be first in the charge and last in retreat
from enemies.
  The creatures in Narnia seem to come straight out of the pages of classical
mythology: giants, centaurs, unicorns, dwarfs. The trees can hear and even
assume human form: "strangely branchy and leafy" birch-girls, beech-girls,
larch-girls; shaggy, wizened and hearty oak men with frizzled beards; lean and
melancholy elms; and shockheaded hollies. Even common animals like foxes,
badgers, mice, moles and squirrels are larger than in our world. As in the
legends of the North American Indians, even the stars, like Coriakin and
Ramandu, are glistening real people, with white hot spears and whose long hair
shines like burning silver. Narnia, in fact, has its own constellations-the
Ship, Hammer, and Leopard-and starsSpear-head (North star), Tarva, and Alambil.
  Of course, there is not always peace in Narnia because it is surrounded by
powerful enemies who could always invade it. (It is relatively small-one quarter
the size of the smallest Calormen province.) But for the most part, there are
years and years of peace and joyful activities-dances, feasts, and great
tournaments; hunting parties, treasureseeking, and midnight dances.
  The Great Snow Dance, described in The Silver Chair, is especially unique. On
the first moonlit night when snow is on the ground, a ring of Dwarfs dressed in
fine clothes throw snowballs in perfect time to the sound of wild music. If
everyone is in the right place, no one gets hit. Here, Lewis may again be
drawing on a rich metaphor of the Middle Ages which other writers, such as
Tolkien and Madeleine L'Engle, have also used in their works. The Great Dance,
like the Music of the Spheres, was a metaphor for the perfect harmony, joy, and
unity of the universe, in which every person, animal, planet, and microorganism
played its part in a precisely patterned rhythm. Ramandu, for example, says that
when he has been rejuvenated, he will once again rise and tread the measures of
this Great Dance.

Narnian History
  After Lewis wrote the seven stories, he drew up an outline of Narnia's
history. An historical time-chart of Narnia, based on Lewis's outline and the
information found in the stories themselves, is shown on pages 54-57. There are
2555 Narnian years between its creation and destruction, corresponding to 52
earth years. During the history of Narnia, there was an "Old Narnia" and a "New
Narnia."
  The former consisted of years of peace and joy, when every day and week was
better than the last, and to recollect those happy years is like "looking down
from a high hill onto a rich, lovely plain full of woods and waters and
cornfields, which spread away and away till it got thin and misty from
distance." Actually the story of the "New Narnia" begins with the story of
Telmar.

Telmar
  Telmar, an island beyond the Western Mountains of Narnia, is first colonized
by the Calormenes in the year 300 (Narnian time). When these Calormenes behave
wickedly, Aslan turns them into dumb beasts and the country is laid waste. 160
years later, some pirates in our word are driven by storm onto an island in the
South Seas. They kill the natives and take native women as their wives. One day
they become drunk and quarrel. Six flee with the women to the center of the
island, then climb up a mountain into a cave. This cave is a "chink" or "chasm"
between worlds, and they fall through to the uninhabited land of Telmar.
  Their descendants become fierce and proud. In the Narnian year 1998, there is
a famine, and Caspian I of Telmar leads an invasion of Narnia and becomes king.
But the Telmarines begin to change Narnia, for they silence the beasts, trees
and fountains; kill and drive away the dwarfs and fauns, and try to erase all
memory of them. Since they fear the Sea, they let woods grow up around Cair
Paravel and the coast to separate them from the water. Then, because they hate
the trees, they invent a story that these Black Woods are full of ghosts. So by
the time of Prince Caspian, both the Telmarines and Old Narnians have forgotten
the truth about Old Narnia-it is all "just stories." Caspian admits that he has
often wondered if Aslan is real and if there actually were any Talking Beasts
and dwarfs.
  As we know from the story of Prince Caspian, Narnia is restored to the old
order. At the end of the book, Aslan allows those who wish to go back to the
South Sea islanda land of good wells, fresh water, fruitful soil, timber, and
fish-through a special doorway. That chasm between the two worlds is then closed
forever.

<timeline.gif>

Calormen
  Far to the south of Narnia, below Archenland and across the mountains and a
great desert, lies Calormen. As Lewis describes the Calormenes and their capital
city, they are reminiscent of the Turks or Arabians. Supposedly, Lewis disliked
The Arabian Nights and perhaps used that culture as a basis for his invention of
the evil enemies of Narnia.
  Calormen is created in Narnian year 204, when outlaws from Archenland flee
south across the desert and set up the kingdom. A Calormene visitor is readily
recognized: "The spike of a helmet projected from the middle of his silken
turban and he wore a shirt of chain mail. By his side hung a curving scimitar, a
round shield studded with bosses of brass hung at his back, and his right hand
grasped a lance. His face was dark .... the man's beard . . . was dyed crimson,
and curled and gleaming with scented oil."
  Typical Calormenes are "grave," "mysterious," "wise," "cruel," and "ancient,"
wearing orange turbans, flowing robes and shoes turned up at the toe. Seeming to
lack imagination and creativity, the Calormenes write poetry consisting only of
maxims and apothegms-about topics other than love and war-and they must be
taught to tell stories.
  Tashbaan is the Calormen capital, located on an island between two rivers.
Buildings rise on either side of the streets which zig-zag up the hill and
completely cover the island. In between are masses of orange and lemon trees,
roof gardens, balconies, archways, battlements, spires, and pinnacles. If you
look closely, though, you can see crowded narrow streets full of rude, bumping
people and sniff the pervasive smell of garlic, onions, refuse, and unwashed
bodies.
  The Calormenes adhere rigidly to a strict hierarchy. Although they care
nothing for Aslan, they have a deityTash, a hideous, birdlike creature with a
vulture's or eagle's head and four arms. The ruler is called the Tisroc, under
whom are Tarkhans (lords) and Tarkheenas (ladies), such as Aravis or Lasaraleen
in the story of The Horse and His Boy. Lasaraleen's lifestyle is much like that
of a Turkish princess, as she rides proudly atop a platform carried by servants
and shielded by lavish curtains.

Underland and Bism
  In The Silver Chair, we learn that Narnia's world has several layers. The
Green Witch's world of Underland lies just beneath the ruins of an ancient
Northern city and is a perversion of the real world. The children must descend
through numerous caverns and suffocating tunnels, each cave lower than the last.
There are no wind or birds but only a greenish light, batlike animals, and a
city full of docile, miserable Earthmen. Like the River Styx in mythology, a
river glides lazily to the Witch's castle.
  But the Green Witch's world is sandwiched in between Narnia and another,
deeper, wonderful realm. For beneath her false "Shallow-Lands" is Bism. This is
the "Really Deep Land," 1000 fathoms beneath the Queen's realm. Bism is the real
home of the gnomish Earthmen, to whom living on the Upper World sounds horrible:
"You can't really like it-crawling about like flies on the top of the world!"
Through a chasm in the earth (from which seeps a strong heat and a rich, sharp,
exciting smell) the children can see brilliant fields and groves of hot, bright
blues, reds, greens, and whites. The gems there, they learn, are alive! Through
all this runs a river of fire inhabited by salamanders.
  Lewis is drawing on the ancient tradition that subterranean fire-one of the
four elements-was inhabited by gnomes and salamanders. In fact, he wrote a poem
about "The True Nature of Gnomes":

    . . . A gnome moves through earth like an arrow in the air,
    At home like a fish within the seamless, foamless
      Liberty of the water that yields to it everywhere.

    Beguiled with pictures, 1 fancied in my childhood
      Subterranean rivers beside glimmering wharfs,
    Hammers upon anvils, pattering and yammering,
      Torches and tunnels, the cities of the dwarfs;

    But in perfect blackness underneath the surface,
      In a silence unbroken till the planet cracks,
    Their sinewy bodies through the dense continuum
      Move without resistance and leave no tracks ....

  But Bism also seems to represent a far deeper reality which Rilian reluctantly
decides not to explore. The gnomes plunge headlong into it, just as Robin, in
Lewis' story "The Man Born Blind," dives into the light and warmth symbolic of
the beauty Lewis says we long to bathe in.

Entering Narnia
  The idea of a parallel world reached only by magic is a favorite device in
fantasy, and it is through magic that the children of our world enter Narnia:

    "How did you get there?" said Jill . . .
    "The only way you can-by Magic," said Eustace
    almost in a whisper.

  But Professor Kirke explains that the children can never get into Narnia a
second time by the same route. In fact, they can't try to get there at all.
Instead, Aslan calls them in his own way and time, and it happens when they
aren't expecting it. The children are usually called to Narnia when someone "in
a pinch" needs them, although they are assured that there are many, many years
of peace in Narnia. The only way to Aslan's country from all worlds is across a
river bridged by Aslan himself.
  In The Magician's Nephew, Digory and Polly enter by means of yellow rings that
only need to be touched. They were made from dust in a box from the lost city of
Atlantis which Uncle Andrew obtained from his godmother. Since the material of
the rings is from another world that existed when ours was just beginning, it
draws one back into the place where it came from. So Digory and Polly come up
through a pool into the Wood Between the Worlds.
  The green rings, on the other hand, transport them out of the Wood and into a
new world. The experience of leaving is brief, but doesn't happen too quickly
for Digory to note bright lights-the stars and even Jupiter's moonsmoving around
him. More remarkable, as he gets closer to England, he can even see through the
walls of houses, and objects that were at first shadowy come sharply into focus.
At the end of their adventures in this book, the children simply have to look at
Aslan's face and they are back in England for good.
  Narnia is reached in a different way made famous in The Lion, the Witch and
the Wardrobe. Digory takes a special apple from a Narnian tree and plants the
core in his back yard. Although a storm ruins the tree that subsequently grows,
he makes a magic wardrobe out of the salvaged wood. Then, many years later,
after Digory has become old Professor Kirke, Lucy Pevensie climbs into the
wardrobe, and steps behind the coats and mothballs into Lantern Waste.
  Yet when the other three children try to confirm her wild tale of a secret
country, all they find is hard wood at the back of the wardrobe. So, again, one
can't try to get into Narnia. To return to England from Narnia in this book all
the children have to do, even after 15 Narnian years have passed, is to walk
back through the coats and into the wardrobe. This wardrobe is reminiscent of
the stable in The Last Battle, whose inside is bigger than its outside and which
leads the Narnians into another world. (Incidentally, a beautiful hand-carved
wardrobe that actually belonged to Professor Lewis and perhaps was inspiration
for this story can be seen at the Marion E. Wade Collection at Wheaton College,
Illinois).
  The children are not called to Narnia again until one day, sitting dejectedly
at the train station waiting to return to school, they feel themselves "pulled"
and then suddenly scratched with branches. Trumpkin has blown Susan's magic
horn, which always brings help when used. The children's return to England is
more spectacular. Like the special door which appears in The Last Battle, Aslan
sets up two wooden stakes three feet apart, with a third binding them together
at the top, and thus creates a doorway "from nowhere into nowhere." Through this
doorway, the Telmarines pass back into the South Seas of our world. Then the
children sorrowfully pass through "layers" and see three curious things: first,
a cave opening to a Pacific Island; next, a glade in Narnia; and, finally, the
gray platform of the country station, just as it was when they left England.
  The Voyage of the Dawn Treader begins in still a different way. On Eustace
Scrubb's bedroom wall is a lovely picture of a sailing ship on the sea. But the
more Lucy stares at it, the more real and alive the scene becomes-in fact, the
waves start to roll up and down and the air smells wild and briny. Lucy, Edmund
and Eustace are even slapped in the face with salt water! As the incorrigible
Eustace attempts to smash the picture, he finds himself standing on the frame,
then swept into the sea! At the end of their long adventure, Lucy and Edmund are
told that they are too old to return to Narnia again. Then Aslan returns all
three of them to Cambridge by ripping the blue sky like a curtain, and letting
them through!
  That same year, Eustace and his schoolmate, Jill Pole, despairing of their
dreary life at a school called Experiment House, really try to get to Narnia:
"Aslan, Aslan, Aslan! . . .Please let us two go into-." As they rush away from
the noise of their approaching schoolmates, they throw open a usually locked
door in a high stone wall. But instead of seeing a heathery moor, they find the
cool bright air and vibrant forest of Aslan's country. At the end of their
mission to rescue Rilian, they triumphantly return to Experiment House-this time
with Aslan-who simply leads them through the woods to the school.
  Of course, in the final trip to Narnia, every one of the "friends of Narnia"
on earth is called to Narnia by means of an actual train accident which
instantly kills them all. Jill and Eustace, however, immediately find themselves
with Tirian when he needs them the most. We don't know what happened right away
to the others, but we do know they ended up in Aslan's country-this time, to
stay!

Time
  As the timeline for Narnia indicates, there is an obvious and distinct
difference between the time frames of Narnia and England: 2555 years of Narnia
from beginning to end correspond to just 52 earth years. Yet two Narnian years
pass between 1930 and 1933 and 698 years between 1933 and 1940! Just what was
Lewis up to?
  First, it is quite common in stories for two worlds to have different times;
even Tirian acknowledges this fact. Professor Kirke explains to the children
that if there is a separate world, "I should not be at all surprised to find
that that that other world had a separate time of its own; so that however long
you stayed there it would never take up any of our time." As a result, each time
the children return from Narnia to England they find no time has passed on
earth, no matter how long they have been busy in Narnia.
  For example, Digory, Polly, and the whole crew of Cabby, horse, and Witch
leave England and witness all the glorious events of Narnia's creation and the
establishment of the new kingdom; then Digory and Polly return right into the
middle of the very mess the witch had created. Lucy emerges breathlessly from
the Wardrobe without a second having ticked away; and when all four "Kings and
Queens" return after their 15 year reign, they return "the same day and the same
hour of the day on which they had all gone into the wardrobe to hide."
  A second "muddle about time," which seems to take the children quite a while
to get used to, is the fact that Narnian time flows differently from ours. So
that once you're out of Narnia, you have no idea how Narnian time is going: "If
you spent a hundred years in Narnia, you would still come back to our world at
the very same hour of the very same day on which you left. And then, if you went
back into Narnia after spending a week here, you might find that a thousand
Narnian years had passed, or only a day, or no time at all. You never know till
you get there." So, in Prince Caspian, the children have only been gone from
Narnia one year but find it entirely grown over and so changed they can't
recognize it, for it is hundreds of Narnian years later. Yet when they return,
in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, after another year in England, only three
Narnian years have passed since Caspian's coronation.
  Walter Hooper explains that Lewis knew what he was doing here; for he believed
that other worlds might have a time with "thicknesses and thinnesses," not a
linear time like ours. Hooper feels this has two important effects. Not only do
the strange time lapses allow more interesting adventures, but also teach the
children about history itself. Since they do not know what stage of Narnian
history they are playing a role in, they cannot see the meaning of the whole
plan; only Aslan does. Only Aslan "calls all times soon."

The End of the World
  One thing Lewis does, perhaps better than any other writer, is to depict a
vision of what heaven is like. Quite unforgettable is the description of the End
of the World in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, always associated with the Utter
East. The first effect on the children is that they simply feel different-not
sleepy, hungry, or thirsty. Like their vigor after the romp with Aslan following
his resurrection, they feel life to its fullest! Two things they notice are also
associated with Aslan himself: light and smell. The light becomes a whiteness
radiating all around them, for the sun grows larger. Still, they get used to it,
seeing "more light than they had ever seen before." Also, a "fresh, wild, lonely
smell that seemed to get into your brain" pervades the air. The clear water
reveals a submarine world and is sweet like the air-like "drinkable light"-and
carpeted with lilies. There is a stillness . . . and joy.
  In the distance, the mountains of a green, forested country "outside the
world" come into view; these are always associated with Aslan's country in the
Chronicles. From there, too, sweeps a smell and musical sound "that would break
your heart." In The Silver Chair, Jill and Eustace are permitted to get just a
taste of this country. They find a stream and crystal air that clears their
minds, as well. When they return there briefly at the end of the book, Jill
notices that this is a place where you can't want the wrong things, and people
are no particular age. Aslan promises they some day may be called to this place-
their real "home"-to stay forever.

Destruction of Narnia-Aslan's Country
  Jill Pole remarks, "Our world is going to have an end some day. Perhaps this
one won't. Wouldn't it be lovely if Narnia just went on and on . . . ? But "all
worlds draw to an end; except Aslan's country." And so at the end of The Last
Battle, we sadly watch this wonderful world come to an end. In contrast to the
music by which Aslan called it into existence, Father Time blows his giant horn
to reverse the process. First, the stars fall, leaving an emptiness as Aslan
calls them home. Then the Talking Beasts pass through Aslan's door, leaving only
Dragons and Giant Lizards to devour Narnia-as in the "Ragnarok" or destruction
of the earth in Norse mythology. Then water arises to blanket all, and the sun
and moon turn red and disintegrate. At last, Peter closes and locks the door on
a cold, dead world.
  All worlds end-except Aslan's country. The disappointed children follow Aslan
"further up and further in" through the stable. The land just inside the door
reminds them of something they can't quite place: a deep blue sky, soft summer
breeze, and thick trees with wonderful, indescribable fruit which makes all the
fruit of our world seem dull by comparison. It seems to be a country where
everything is allowed!
  Then they realize where they have seen all this before. Aslan's world is just
like the Narnia they had known, only "more like the real thing." Lewis explains
the difference as being like a reflection of a landscape in a mirror, where the
reflection is just as real but "somehow different-deeper, more wonderful, more
like places in a story." This "new Narnia" looks "deeper"-as if every flower and
blade of grass "meant more."
  Finding that they are able to run faster than ever before, and without tiring,
the group moves even "further up and further in" through Aslan's country by
scaling a waterfall (most likely the "real" waterfall of which the Great
Waterfall and Caldron Pool in the Lantern Waste had been only a reflection!).
Racing to an area just like the Western Wilds, then up a hill, they enter a
garden (again, just like the Platonic Ideal) the reflection of which Digory had
entered thousands of years earlier. They notice again the characteristic,
delicious smell, the springy turf dotted with white flowers. Even more
wonderful, everyone they have ever known is there!
  As Lucy climbs up the green slopes and mountains of forests, through the sweet
orchards and past flashing waterfalls, she begins to see more and more clearly.
Now, peering over the wall of the garden, she distinctly sees "Narnia" spread
out below:

    "I see," Lucy says thoughtfully. "I see now. This
    garden is like the stable. It is far bigger inside than it
    was outside."
    "Of course, Daughter of Eve," explains Mr. Tumnus.
    "The further up and further in you go, the bigger
    everything gets. The inside is larger than the outside."

  Lucy sees then, that the garden is-contains-a whole world: "I see," she says.
"This is still Narnia, and more real and more beautiful than the Narnia down
below, just as it was more real and more beautiful than the Narnia outside the
Stable door. I see . . . world within world, Narnia within Narnia ...." "Yes,"
says Mr. Tumnus, "like an onion: except that as you continue to go in and in,
each circle is larger than the last."
  She sees not only the layout of Narnia-the desert, Tashbaan, Cair Paravel,
island after island to the End of the World-but even England looking like a
cloud cut off from them by a gap. This, too, is the "England within England, the
real England just as this is the real Narnia." All real countries, in fact, are
like spurs jutting out from the great mountains of Aslan which ring the entire
world.

Lewis's Platonism
  The children thus find the real Narnia and real England of which the others
were only a shadow or copy. In fact, Aslan calls England the "Shadow Lands"!
"It's all in Plato," Professor Kirke keeps explaining. Plato believed that the
real, stable, permanent part of the universe exists in a super-natural, super-
sensible "heaven" as Ideas or Forms. Thus the physical world is only the realm
of appearances, rather than solid reality-illusory, transitory. In this way, it
is a shadow or copy of the "real world." But Lewis places his Platonic reality
not in a far removed, abstract heaven, but rather at the very heart, the center
of all that exists. The children go further up (to Aslan' s country in the
mountains, to Platonic heaven) and further in (to the center of the onion), then
on to a garden containing a Narnia that is even better, and at last to a Narnia
seen from the mountains which is "as different as a real thing is from a shadow
or as waking life is from a dream . . . . It's all in Plato."
  Furthermore, Lewis totally reverses the shadowy Platonic conception of heaven.
We often tend to associate God and Heaven with the "sky" and the "spiritual,"
forgetting that our language is only symbolic and incapable of describing or
understanding them. Consequently, says Lewis, God has become to many "like a gas
diffused in space" or a "mist streaming upward"-vaporous, vague, indefinable,
shadowy. We also have a "vague dream of Platonic paradises and gardens of the
Hesperides" which represent the "heaven" we long for. But in The Last Battle,
the Platonic realm is portrayed as a solid, concrete reality: every rock and
flower and blade of grass seems to "mean more." In The Great Divorce, Lewis
likewise notes that in comparison to the ghostly earthlings stumbling on
heaven's soil, things in heaven are much "solider," even harder in comparison -
you can cut your finger on the grass! Life is weak and flimsy compared to the
solid reality it reflects. Similarly, in Perelandra, Ransom is told, "You see
only an appearance, small one. You have never seen more than an appearance of
anything," and he sadly realizes "I have lived all my life among shadows and
broken images."
  The paradox implicit in the idea of a sphere with a center bigger than its
circumference illustrates how difficult it is for us to believe that this vast
universe came out of something smaller and emptier than itself. "It is not so,"
says Lewis. "We are much nearer to the truth in the vision seen by Julian of
Norwich, when Christ appeared to her holding in His hand a little thing like a
hazel nut and saying, 'This is all that is created.' And it seemed to her so
small and weak that she wondered how it could hold together at all. "3 Instead,
the real power of the center is illustrated in The Last Battle:

    "It seems then," says Tirian, smiling himself, "that
    the Stable seen from within and the Stable seen from
    without are two different places."
    "Yes," says Lord Digory. "Its inside is bigger than its
    outside."

Similarly, the Garden is far bigger inside than outside.

    "Of course," says the Faun. "The further up and the
    further in you go, the bigger everything gets. The in-
    side is larger than the outside."
    "Yes," says Queen Lucy. "In our world, too, a Stable
    once had something insideit that was bigger than our
    whole world."

  In contrast, Hell is smaller than one atom of the Real World; and a damned
soul, writes Lewis in The Great Divorce, is also nearly nothing, "shrunk, shut
up in itself." But we perpetually view reality the other way around, as if we
were looking through the wrong end of a telescope.
  Platonism involves an aspiration, a longing, a crying out of the human soul
from within the unreal world we now know, for a beauty which lies "on the other
side of existence." Lewis himself experienced this longing all his life. Long
before he even enters Narnia, Digory longs for a world with a fruit that could
care his sick mother. Similarly, Shasta says he has been "longing to go to the
north all my life." "Of course you have," Bree responds. "That's because of the
blood that's in you .... You're true northern stock." And not only is he
returned to his home but restored to his proper name.
  Raised a Telmarine, and hearing only fleeting stories about Talking Narnians,
Caspian searches for such people all his life. His old nurse says that she, too,
has always waited for Aslan. As Aslan leads his band of rejoicing, newly-freed
followers through the towns, a school teacher, like Caspian's nurse, feels a
"stab of joy" and follows him. Jill feels a similar sensation as she steps into
Narnia through a hole in the wall; though frightened, she realizes she has
"always been longing for something like this." Reepicheep, questing valiantly
for the End of the World, says the spell of Aslan's country "has been on me all
my life." And finally, Jewel the Unicorn, upon reaching the new Narnia of
Asian's country, stamps on the ground and cries, "I have come home at last! This
is my real country! I belong here. This is the land I have been looking for all
my life, though I never knew it till now. The reason why we loved the old Narnia
is that it sometimes looked a little like this."
  In an essay, "The Weight of Glory," Lewis says we all have a desire for a "far
off country" like an inconsolable inner pang-"a desire for something that has
never actually appeared in our experience. We cannot hide it because our
experience is constantly suggesting it." In fact, he says we were made for
another world. What more poignant illustration of this could there be than the
magical tree from Narnia that grows in Digory's back yard but bends whenever a
breeze blows in Narnia because of the Narnian sap running within it!
  Perhaps we mistakenly identify what we long for as beauty, or memory; but
these are only "the scent of a flower we have not found, the echo of a tune we
have not heard, news from a country we have never yet visited." In Narnia, the
things we long for are associated with the distant mountains of Aslan's country
and the islands of the Utter East. After their unforgettable experience at the
End of the World, Edmund and Lucy cannot describe the smell and the musical
sound carried on the sweet breeze from Aslan's country: " 'It would break your
heart.' 'Why,' said I, 'was it so sad?' 'Sad!! No,' said Lucy."
  Digory experiences the same strange "echo" during his first time in the Wood
Between the Worlds: "If anyone had asked him: 'Where did you come from?' he
would probably have said, 'I've always been here.' That was what it felt like -
as if one had always been in that place." His and Polly's life before this seems
like a dream, a "picture" in their heads. The former life of Strawberry the
horse also seems muddled like a dream, and Aslan's song reminds them all of
"something." After the four Pevensies are Kings and Queens in Narnia for many
years, the "real" world seems like a dream to them, too.
  Only Aslan is able to "wake up" the visitors from earth to the reality he
alone can bring. The children only need to look into his face to feel as though
they have never been alive or awake before. Similarly, in The Horse and His Boy,
after Aslan visits with the children they feel as if awakened from sleep: "But
there was a brightness in the air and on the grass, and a joy in their hearts,
which assured them that he had been no dream." As the Telmarine in Prince
Caspian feels the touch of Aslan's breath, a new look comes into his eyes, "as
if he were trying to remember something."
  By contrast, evil makes us forget. The White Witch cannot even remember being
in the Wood Between the Worlds -that "quiet place"-no matter how often or how
long she was there. Likewise, the gnome, Golg, says that the Green Witch called
them to her world by magic and made them forget about their own world: "We
didn't know who we were or where we belonged. We couldn't do anything, except
what she put into our heads." Puddleglum has to denounce her evil, drowsy
enchantment, which lures them into forgetting the real world, by reasoning,
"Suppose we have dreamed, or made up, all those things-trees and grass and sun
and moon and stars and Aslan himself. Suppose we have. Then all I can say is
that, in that case, the made-up things seem a good deal more important than the
real ones .... We're just babies making up a game, if you're right. But four
babies playing a game can make a playworld which licks your real world hollow."
  But the world we dream of, or remember, or long for is not "made-up." In
Aslan's country, beyond the Stable Door, "The dream is ended: this is the
morning." Lewis uses the Stable Door not only in The Last Battle but also in
several of his other writings as a symbol for the entrance to that Platonic
reality which we have always longed for because we have vague Wordsworthian
recollections of a past glory. We long to be "inside of some door which we have
always seen from the outside .... to be at last summoned inside would be both
glory and honour beyond all our merits and also the healing of that old ache."
Someday, says Lewis, we shall again be permitted to "get in . . . pass in
through Nature, beyond her, into that splendour which she fitfully reflects."
  Lewis makes this vivid in one of the most memorable passages in all of the
Chronicles, when Lucy, in reading the Magician's Magic Book, comes across a
"spell for the refreshment of the spirit." Like the living pictures that Orual
sees while telling Psyche's story at the end of Till We Have Faces, Lucy finds
that she is living in the story as if it were real, and all the pictures were
real, too. It is about a cup, a sword, a tree, and a green hill, and is the
loveliest story she has ever read. But she can neither go back and read it
again, nor really remember it. Ever since that time, though, Lucy defines a good
story as one that reminds her of this forgotten story. Aslan promises her that
he will tell that story to her for years and years. This certainly is Lucy's
glimpse, like the glimpses we have all our lives, of the Great Story which the
children are just beginning to experience at the conclusion of The Last Battle,
"which goes on for ever: in which every chapter is better than the one before."


                                   CHAPTER 5


                                  The Creator
                                      of
                                    Narnia
                                   ---Aslan

                        "If you continue to love Jesus,
                    nothing much can go wrong with you, and
                         I hope you may always do so."
               -C. S. Lewis, Unpublished letter to a little girl

Who is Aslan?
  The one person who makes Narnia worth visiting is Aslan himself-"It isn't
Narnia, you know," sobbed Lucy. "It's you." Aslan, of course, is the magnificent
Son of the Emperor-Over-Sea, King of the Wood and Beasts, Maker of the Stars. He
doesn't actually reside in Narnia, though: "One day you'll see him and another
you won't. He doesn't like being tied down-and of course he has other countries
to attend to." There are 100 years, for example, when the Witch rules in
perpetual Narnian winter and Christmas never comes. Caspian and Tirian have real
difficulty believing in Aslan since they have only heard legends about him.
  Who can forget the image of Aslan singing Narnia into existence-to see that
Singer makes the viewer forget everything else: "It was a Lion. Huge, shaggy,
and bright it stood facing the risen sun. Its mouth was wide open in song." The
experience of his presence is like

    "a sea of tossing gold in which they were floating, and
    such a sweetness and power rolled about them and
    over them and entered into them that they felt they
    had never really been happy or wise or good, or ever
    alive and awake, before. And the memory of that
    moment stayed with them always, so that as long as
    they both lived, if ever they were sad or afraid or
    angry, the thought of that golden goodness, and the
    feeling that it was still there, quite close, just around
    some corner or just behind some door, would come
    back and make them sure, deep down inside, that all
    was well."

  His speed, says Emeth, is like that of an ostrich, his size like an
elephant's, his hair like pure gold, his bright eyes like liquid gold.
  Here, Lewis has succeeded in doing what, in his Preface to Paradise Lost, he
admits is difficult for any author: portraying a totally good character. "To
draw a character better than yourself, all you can do is to take the best
moments you have had and to imagine them prolonged and more consistently
embodied in action. But the real, high virtues which we do not possess at all,
we cannot depict except in a purely external fashion. We do not really know what
it feels like to be a man much better than ourselves."
  Many readers sense that Aslan is a "divine" or "Christlike" figure. As we have
mentioned before, if you do not see Aslan in this way Lewis would not want you
to, because that was not his purpose. But for the moment, we will look at some
of the "hints" Lewis himself has given us, in the stories and elsewhere,
concerning Aslan's "model."
  As will be discussed in chapter 8, the events in The Lion, the Witch and the
Wardrobe remind us of several events in Christ's own life. And in The Voyage of
the Dawn Treader, when the children reach the End of the World, they see a Lamb
who invites them to breakfast; he is so white they can barely look at him.
Suddenly, he is changed and they recognize him: "As he spoke his snowy white
flushed into tawny gold and his size changed and he was Aslan himself, towering
above them and scattering light from his mane."
  Similar "symbolism" is used in Revelation 5:5-6: " . . . the Lion of the Tribe
of Judah, the Root of David, has conquered, so that he can open the scroll and
its seven seals. And between the throne and the four living creatures and among
the elders, I saw a Lamb standing, as though it had been slain." Aslan also
calls himself the great "Bridge Builder" who promises to guide them into Narnia
from their world-another Biblical image, as we will see later. Finally, in The
Last Battle, Aslan looks to them "no longer as a Lion", and we assume he has
taken his human form as he begins to tell them the Great Story, forever and
ever.
  Elsewhere, Lewis makes it clear that Aslan is a divine figure and that
anything "approaching Disney-like humor" would be blasphemy. He wrote the
following explanation to a little girl from Texas:

    As to Aslan's other name, well, I want you to guess.
    Has there never been anyone in this world who (1)
    Arrived the same time as Father Christmas (2) Said
    he was the Son of the Great Emperor (3) Gave him-
    self up for someone else's fault to be jeered at and
    killed by wicked people (4) Came to life again (5) Is
    sometimes spoken of as a Lamb (at the end of the
    "Dawn Treader")? Don't you really know His name in
    this world?"4

  Most child readers--or at least certain types of people--who corresponded with
Lewis had no problem knowing Aslan's real identity. In several of his letters
Lewis indicates that he had received many "lovely, moving letters" from
children, primarily if brought up in Christian homes, who never failed to grasp
the theology of Narnia "more or less unconsciously, and much more clearly than
some grownups." Most grown-ups never see who Aslan is, he said. A perfect
example is a letter written by an 11 year old girl to Lewis's friend, Owen
Barfield:

    "I have read Mr. Lewis's books. I got so envoveled
    [sic] in them all I did was eat, sleep, and read. I wanted
    to write to you and tell you I understand the books. I
    mean about the sy [m] bols and all .... I know that to
    me Aslan is God. And all the son's and daughter's of
    Adam and Eve are God's children. I have my own
    philosophies about the books. If it is possible I would
    like to meet you. None of my friends (well some of
    them) liked the books. I tried to explain to them but
    they don't understand about symbols. I never really
    did until I read the books."5

  In fact, some children understood Aslan so well that they began to love Aslan
more than Jesus. Here is Lewis's response to a worried mother of one little boy:

    "Laurence can't really love Aslan more than Jesus,
    even if he feels that's what he is doing. For the things
    he loves Aslan for doing or saying are simply the
    things Jesus really did and said. So that when Laur-
    ence thinks he is loving Aslan, he is really loving Jesus:
    and perhaps loving Him more than he ever did before.
    Of course there is one thing Aslan has that Jesus has
    not-I mean, the body of a lion. (But remember, if
    there are other worlds and they need to be saved and
    Christ were to save them-as He would-He may
    really have taken all sorts of bodies in them which
    we don't know about). Now if Laurence is bothered
    because he finds the lion-body seems nicer to him than
    the man-body, I don't think he need be bothered at
    all. "6

  Why would Lewis choose, as he suggests, to portray Christ as a Lion? First of
all, we must remember that Lewis did not begin writing his stories with Aslan in
mind. Instead, he says he had been having dreams of lions at the time, and
suddenly Aslan came bounding into the story and "pulled the whole story together
and soon He pulled the six other Narnian stories in after Him." In fact, Lewis
admitted that writing a story about God would be a "tall order": "to imagine
what God might be supposed to have done in other worlds does not seem to be
wrong." Yet it must be emphasized that Aslan is not allegorically Christ; in
other words, no one-to-one correspondence exists between characters and events
and what they "stand for"between the characteristics and acts of Christ and
those of Aslan, for example. Rather, Aslan is "an invention giving an imaginary
answer to the question, 'What might Christ become like, if there really were a
world like Narnia and He chose to be incarnate and die and rise again in that
world as He actually has done in ours?' "'
  After all, we are forced to use symbols for spiritual experience, just as the
Bible uses Scriptural imagery to describe God and heaven. But the use of symbols
leads us into clearer understanding and knowledge of Christ. Similarly, Aslan
says to King Frank, "You know [me] better than you think you know, and you shall
live to know me better yet." And at the end of The Voyage of the Dawn Treader,
Aslan, who has nine names in Narnia, says that in England he has yet another
name: "You must learn to know me by that name. This was the very reason why you
were brought to Narnia, that by knowing me here for a little, you may know me
better there." So we must stretch and exercise our imaginations and
understanding of spiritual reality in order that we may use them in our everyday
world.
  Lewis associates Aslan with two symbols he said he borrowed from the Grail
legend: brightness and a sweet smell. Eustace, for example, notices that
although there was no moon when he encountered Aslan, moonlight shone where the
Lion was. Shasta, too, sees a whiteness and golden light actually coming from
Aslan himself. In many of his other works, Lewis associates God and heaven with
the Biblical metaphor of light (I John 1:5, I Tim. 6:16), especially in his
story "The Man Born Blind." Appropriately, as the children approach Aslan's
country at the end of The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, they notice a "whiteness,
shot with faintest colour of gold, spread round them on every side;" a
"brightness you or I could not bear even if we had dark glasses on." Aslan's
brightness contrasts with the dull red light of Jadis' Charn or the sick
greenish light of the Shallow-Lands.
  Similarly, Aslan's mane gives off a lovely perfume which contrasts with the
foul stench of Tashbaan and its god. Sensing Aslan's warm breath, Shasta knows
the "thing" walking beside him is alive. Falling at his feet, he experiences all
the glory of his power, his fiery brightness and perfume:

    "The High King above all kings stooped towards him.
    Its mane, and some strange and solemn perfume that
    hung about the mane, was all round him. It touched
    his forehead with its tongue. He lifted his face and
    their eyes met. Then instantly the pale brightness of
    the mist and the fiery brightness of the Lion rolled
    themselves together into a swirling glory and gathered
    themselves up and disappeared."

A Terrible Good
  Aslan manifests a variety of qualities--he is awesome, solemn and stern, yet
compassionate and joyful. This paradox of being at the same time both "terrible"
and "good" is a key idea in Charles William's Descent into Hell, where
"terrible" means "full of terror": Pauline "had never considered good as a thing
of terror, and certainly she had not supposed a certain thing of terror in her
own secret life as any possible good .... Salvation . . . is often a terrible
thing -a frightening good." Lewis believed God and the numinous overwhelm us
with a sense of dread and awe.
  He explains this aspect of Aslan in The Lion: "People who have not been in
Narnia sometimes think that a thing cannot be good and terrible at the same
time. If the children had ever thought so, they were cured of it now. For when
they tried to look at Aslan's face they just caught a glimpse of the golden mane
and the great, royal, solemn, overwhelming eyes; and then they found they
couldn't look at him and went all trembly." Digory finds Aslan simultaneously
"bigger and more beautiful and more brightly golden and more terrible than he
had thought," and Emeth notes that Aslan was "more terrible than the Flaming
Mountain of Lagour, and in beauty he surpassed all that is in the world, even as
the rose in bloom surpasses the dust of the desert." The light Shasta sees
radiating from Aslan is more terrible and more beautiful than anything anyone
has ever seen.
  Jill senses the same paradoxical combination of terror and moral glory in her
first encounter with Aslan at the beginning of The Silver Chair. Desperately
thirsty, yet paralyzed with fright at the Lion's presence beside the stream, she
pleads with him for a promise that he will not harm her. But he will make no
such promise, majestically telling her that he has, in fact, "swallowed up girls
and boys, women and men, kings and emperors, cities and realms." When Jill
reluctantly decides to search for another stream to drink from, Aslan informs
her that there is no other. "It was the worst thing she had ever had to do, but
she went forward to the stream, knelt down, and began scooping up water in her
hand .... Before she tasted it she had been intending to make a dash away from
the Lion the moment she had finished. Now, she realized that this would be . . .
the most dangerous thing of all."
  As all the old tales of Narnia indicate, Aslan is wild--"not a tame lion." "
'Ooh!' said Susan, 'I'd thought he was a man. Is he--quite safe? I shall feel
rather nervous about meeting a lion.' " Mrs. Beaver replies, "if there's anyone
who can appear before Aslan without their knees knocking, they're either braver
than most or else just silly." After his resurrection, defying death and evil,
Aslan opens his mouth to roar and "his face became so terrible that they did not
dare to look at it. And they saw all the trees in front of him bend before the
blast of his roaring as grass bends in the meadow before the wind."
  Aslan resembles the "devouring" god of the mountain which Lewis portrays in
Till We Have Faces. But when he hurts, it is for a purpose. First snapping at
Hwin to make the horses hurry, the Lion then scratches Aravis. The scratches, he
explains later, are equal to the stripes her stepmother whipped into a slave
because of her: "You needed to know what it felt like."
  Yet Aslan has another side; "I will not always scold," he assures the
children. He can feel all the pain and sorrow of every individual. When Digory
fearfully asks Aslan to cure his mother and peers up at his face, what he sees
surprises him "as much as anything in his whole life. For the tawny face was
bent down near his own and (wonder of wonders) great shining tears stood in the
Lion's eyes. They were such big, bright tears compared with Digory's own that
for a moment he felt as if the Lion must really be sorrier about his Mother than
he was himself." Later, although he forgets to say "thank you," Aslan
understands without a word from Digory. Likewise, during Caspian's funeral,
Aslan cries great Lion-tears, "each tear more precious than the Earth would be
if it was a single solid diamond." He feels great sadness over Edmund's
treachery, too.
  He can also be joyously playful. Who can forget the lively romp with Aslan
that Lucy and Susan experience after his "resurrection"? It is like playing both
with a thunderstorm and a kitten. He gives them a wonderful ride on his back.
His mane flying, he never tires, never misses his footing. At the end of Prince
Caspian's adventures, Aslan leads the children, animals, new followers, and even
Bacchus himself in a riotous, festive parade through town. He playfully tosses
the disbelieving Trumpkin in the air, then asks to be his friend.

A Guide in Other Forms
  As a Lion, Aslan can show us the full significance of the incarnation--Christ
becoming a man, like us. This is poignantly exemplified in The Lion when Aslan
tells the other lions to join with him in battle: "Did you hear what he said? Us
lions. That means him and me. Us lions. That's what I like about Aslan. No side,
no stand- offishness. Us lions." We cannot read very many pages of a Narnia
story without sensing Aslan's presence, though unseen and often in another form,
and guidance of events. Like God, he is wise and foreknowing. As Puddleglum
reminds the children: There are no accidents; "He was there when the giant king
caused the letters to be cut, and he knew already all things that would come of
them; including this." Tirian describes whatever may befall them in the future
as "the adventure that Aslan would send them."
  In The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, he appears as an albatross, deliciously
breathing "Courage, dear heart," to Lucy, then guiding them away from the Dark
Island. Throughout all of Shasta's adventures-the lions forcing him to protect
Aravis and snapping at the horses; the Cat protecting him at the tombs; the
unseen giant shadow keeping to his left to protect him from the cliff; even his
own coming to Calormen-it is Aslan who guides each step of the way. "You may
call me a giant," he tells Shasta; "Tell me your sorrows." Then he reveals to
him that he is the One Lion that has been with him all along. Shasta later
realizes it isn't "luck" that sent him through the pass in the mountains into
Narnia "but Him." Aravis, too, at first thinking it "luck" that the lion only
gave her ten scratches, is told by the Hermit that in his 109 years, he "never
yet met any such thing as Luck. There is something about all this that I do not
understand: but if weever need to know it, you may be sure that we shall."
  Aslan is ever present to warn the children sternly from time to time not to do
wrong. He reproves not out of anger but because he always knows what is best for
them. Some day, in Aslan's country, they will never do the wrong things and then
"I will not always be scolding," he promises. When they bicker about the gold on
Deathwater Island, suddenly Aslan's growling face appears to remind them of
their wrongdoing. Just as Lucy begins to say the spell in the Magician's Book to
make herself beautiful, Aslan stares gravely at her from the page. In Prince
Caspian a stern look from Aslan is all she needs to tell her that it is truly
her responsibility to follow him, despite the others: " 'It wasn't my fault
anyway, was it?' The Lion looked straight into her eyes. 'Oh, Aslan,' said Lucy.
'You don't mean it was? How could I-I couldn't have left the others and come up
to you alone, how could I? Don't look at me like that... oh well, I suppose I
could.' "
  One cannot help but tell the truth before Aslan's holy stare. Digory is forced
to confess fully to Aslan his responsibility for the Witch entering Narnia: "
'She woke up,' said Digory wretchedly. And then, turning very white, 'I mean, I
woke her.' " Jill, too, confesses that she shoved Eustace over the cliff simply
because she was showing off.
  Later, Aslan has to appear to her in a dream to remind her to repeat the signs
and give her a clue: UNDER ME. Finally, just as Moses is permitted to see only
God's back and not his face because his glory is too great (Exodus 33:21-23),
Aslan wreaks his fury upon Experiment House, but permits the hysterical teacher
and students to see only his back.
  The power of Aslan's wonderfully warm, sweet breath, and the air from his
tossing mane, give such power and peace that it often seems reminiscent of the
power and guidance of the Holy Spirit. The whole trinity is perhaps hinted at
when Shasta asks the "ghostly" companion walking beside him, "Who are you?"
  " 'Myself,' said the Voice, very deep and low so that the earth shook, (God
the Father) and again 'Myself,' loud and clear and gay, (Christ) and then the
third time 'Myself,' whispered so softly you could hardly hear it, and yet is
seemed to come from all round you as if the leaves rustled with it" (The Holy
Spirit).
  Aslan's breath and kiss always empower the children. When he sends Digory to
get the apple seed, Digory doesn't know how he will do it. But Aslan's kiss
gives him such new strength and courage that he "felt quite sure now that he
would be able to do it." When Lucy buries her face in his mane, it makes her a
disciple, for he breathes such lion strength into her that he declares, "now you
are a lioness." He breathes on Edmund so that a greatness hangs all about him,
too. To wake the statues in The Lion, he breathes on their frozen forms,
imparting renewed life to them, just as he breathes on the chosen Talking
Animals when Narnia is created to separate them from the others.
  Because of this Divine Plan and Presence behind events, we are not only to
have faith in Aslan even when we cannot see or know, but we are also to be
content with the present situation and not long for things to be different. The
Green Lady in Perelandra believes that the wave sent to her from God at each
moment is the best wave of all. So too, the children are repeatedly told by
Aslan, "did I not explain to you once before that no one is ever told what would
have happened. " That is not to say that Aslan dictates every event that happens
or will always be present even if not asked. In fact, Lewis clearly illustrates
the importance of free will and prayer in our lives. Aslan does not appear as a
guide and comfort in the form of an albatross until Lucy whispers, "Aslan,
Aslan, Aslan, if ever you loved us at all, send us help now." Even though the
darkness seems to remain, she feels better because of her small faith until he
comes.
  Likewise, in The Last Battle, Tirian cries out "Aslan! Aslan! Aslan! Come and
help us Now." For him, too, the darkness, cold, and quiet seem just the same,
but there is a kind of change inside him: "Without knowing why, he began to feel
a faint hope. And he felt somehow stronger." And help does come. Although no-one
can successfully try to get to Narnia, in The Silver Chair Jill and Eustace
enter not long after they plead with Aslan to let them in: "Aslan, Aslan, Aslan!
. . . Please let us two go into-." We sense that Aslan, like God, wants us to
call on him first. Wondering if Aslan knows how hungry they are without telling
him, Digory and Polly have to have Fledge the horse explain it to them: "I've no
doubt he would," says Fledge. "But I've a sort of idea he likes to be asked."

Obedience
  Aslan usually calls the children from our world into another to perform
certain tasks. In The Magician's Nephew, when Aslan calls the Cabby's wife from
England, Polly realizes that anyone who heard that call "would want to obey it
and (what's more) would be able to obey it, however many worlds and ages lay
between." Thus they learn to obey Aslan and to seek his guidance in all
circumstances. In Prince Caspian, for example, Lucy should have forsaken all the
others and come after Aslan alone. Since she didn't, Aslan bids her once more:
"You must all get up at once and follow me." Christ also told his disciples, "If
anyone wants to be a follower of mine, let him deny himself and take up his
cross and follow me," forsaking all else. Later, after learning his lesson,
Peter assures Lucy that they cannot know when Aslan will act again, but that
nevertheless "he expects us to do what we can on our own."
  Digory's first task is simply to help Polly once Andrew sends her off into
Narnia alone. Later, he must abandon his family and follow Aslan at any cost in
order to get Aslan the apple. Still, Aslan provides him with help-Fledge and
Polly-and special signs to look for-a blue lake, a hill, and a garden. And in
reward for obeying and patiently waiting, he is given a healing apple for his
mother.
  Lucy is told in The Lion to go save others with her magic cordial and not to
stop and wait for Edmund's healing. " 'Wait a minute,' she tells Aslan crossly.
'Daughter of Eve,' said Aslan in a graver voice, 'others also are at the point
of death. Must more people die for Edmund?' " When she returns, Ed looks better
than she had ever seen him. So her patience and obedience are rewarded, too. In
fact, all four children illustrate well the rewards and blessings faithful
Christians receive: for whatever they, as Kings and Queens, "took in hand," they
achieved.
  Shasta's task is to warn King Lune. Though tired and disheartened, he must
continue on alone and he thinks this is cruel. Often, we feel God is asking us
to do more than our share. But Shasta learns, "if you do one good deed your
reward usually is to be set to do another and harder and better one." Likewise,
Caspian selfishly though understandably, wants to abandon his throne in Narnia,
his ship, and his promise to Ramandu's daughter to reach Aslan's country, but he
must return at Aslan's bidding.
  In The Silver Chair, Jill and Eustace are "called" by Aslan out of their world
to do an important task. In their case, Aslan guides them by telling Jill four
important signs she is to follow. Although the signs are quite clear to her in
Aslan's country, he warns her that they will be difficult to recognize in
Narnia. So she is to "remember, remember, remember the Signs. Say them to
yourself when you wake in the morning and when you lie down at night, and when
you wake in the middle of the night." God similarly commanded the Israelites:
"These words which I command you this day shall be upon your heart; and you
shall teach them diligently to your children, and shall talk of them when you
sit in your house, and when you walk by the way, and when you lie down, and when
you rise. And you shall bind them as a sign upon your hand, and they shall be as
frontlets between your eyes" (Deuteronomy 6:6-8, RSV).
  The children, however, don't obey Aslan's commands or stick to their mission.
For one thing, they are tempted by food and shelter at Harfang, and thus walk
right into a giant trap! Puddleglum has to remind them constantly to have faith
and to keep going: "Aslan's instructions always work: there are no exceptions."
Although it seems illogical, they must obey the sign and release the seemingly
mad Prince even though they are unsure of what he will do. They may even die in
the process. But no matter what the consequences, they must obey: "I was going
to say I wished we'd never come. But I don't, I don't, I don't. Even if we are
killed. I'd rather be killed fighting for Narnia than grow old and stupid at
home and perhaps go about in a bath chair and then die in the end just the same,
" Jill proclaims in The Last Battle.

Reactions to Aslan
  An individual's reaction to Aslan reveals what kind of person he is. A curious
thing happens, for example, when all four Pevensies hear the word "Aslan" spoken
for the first time. At the sound of his name, each child feels quite different.
Lewis likens it to the contrast between a terrifying or wonderful reaction to
one dream: "At the name of Aslan each one of the children felt something jump
inside. Edmund felt a sensation of mysterious horror." In fact, he later admits,
he hated the name. "Peter felt suddenly brave and adventurous. Susan felt as if
some delicious smell or some delightful stream of music had just floated by her.
And Lucy got the feeling you have when you wake up in the morning and realize
that it is the beginning of the holidays or the beginning of summer."
  There are similar varied reactions to Aslan's song of creation. The Cabby,
Digory, and Polly drink in the music, for it reminds them of something. The
Witch on the other hand knows what the song is and hates it. Andrew doesn't like
it because it makes him think and feel things he doesn't want to. He tells
himself it is "only a lion" who hasn't really been singing-only roaring. And
soon "he couldn't have heard anything else even if he had wanted to." Aslan
explains that Andrew has made himself unable to hear his voice: "If I spoke to
him, he would hear only growlings and roarings. Oh Adam's sons, how cleverly you
defend yourself against all that might do you good!" Just the sight of Aslan
creates "one single expression of terror" on the mean, cruel faces of the
Experiment House children. A person's attitude also affects his view of Narnia
itselfAndrew, Eustace and the Telmarines all dread the thought of going there.
  Thus "what you see and hear depends a good deal on where you are standing: it
also depends on what sort of person you are." The Dwarfs refuse to believe in
Aslan even when presented with the truth from Tirian. Like Andrew, they sit
huddled up in the Stable and see only darkness instead of the sky and flowers
which the children find in the same place. To the Dwarfs the flowers smell like
stable litter. They can't even distinguish Aslan's voice. And his glorious
feast-pies, tongues, pidgeons, trifles, ices, and wine-tastes only like old
turnips, raw cabbage leaves, and dirty trough water. Andrew and these Dwarfs are
much like Orual in Till We Have Faces, who believes the wine and bread Psyche
gives her are just water and berries. Aslan explains that a person can close his
own eyes to the truth: "They will not let us help them. They have chosen cunning
instead of belief. Their prison is only in their own minds, yet they are in that
prison; and so afraid of being taken in that they cannot be taken out."
  One reason for the tendency to lose faith in Aslan is that he is not always in
Narnia, but comes and goes. Caspian, for example, who has never seen Aslan or
Talking Beasts begins to wonder if they are only stories after all. Nikabrik
actually calls on the power of the Witch rather than Aslan because he has heard
so little about him. After Aslan's resurrection, "He just fades out of the
story," Nikabrik argues. "How do you explain that, if he really came to life?
Isn't it much more likely that he didn't, and that the stories say nothing more
about him because there was nothing more to say?" How similar this is to many of
the arguments we hear about Christ! Even Peter argues that if Narnia or anything
else is real, then they are here all the time. "Are they?" asks Professor Kirke,
hinting at the necessity for faith instead of sight.
  In Prince Caspian, the children's faith determines when and how they see Aslan
during their journey to Aslan's How. Lucy, who loves Aslan perhaps more than
anyone, sees him first. The voice she likes best in the world commands, "Follow
me." Although the others don't believe and grumble loudly, they follow her
nevertheless. Certainly they won't see him at first, Aslan predicts. "Later on,
it depends." Edmund, who after all his misfortunes in an earlier adventure has
learned his lesson, sees the Shadow next; then Peter, and finally, Susan and
Trumpkin. Susan admits that her own attitude kept her from seeing him: "I really
believed it was him tonight when you woke us up. I mean, deep down inside. Or I
could have, if I'd let myself." How much she is like Edmund, who deep down
inside had also known that the White Witch was bad!
  One's response to Aslan is actually indicative of both his relationship to the
Lion, and his faith. Spiritual growth permits an even clearer vision of him.
"Aslan," says Lucy, "you're bigger." "Every year you grow, you will find me
bigger," Aslan explains. When she thumbs through the Magician's Book, then gazes
up from the picture, she sees Aslan. "I have been here all the time," said he,
"but you have just made me visible." One's response to Aslan also reflects his
unique relationship to God. Aslan tells Shasta and Aravis on separate occasions
that "No one is told any story but their own."
  Faith in Aslan must also come from the heart. Emeth is accepted into Aslan's
country because his motives are true: "Son, thou art welcome .... All the
service thou hast done to Tash, I account as service done to me." In contrast,
Susan apparently never really believes in her heart, for she is not granted
final admission to Aslan's country. Bree, like Thomas in the Bible, refuses to
believe Aslan is a real lion and must receive proof before he will believe. Just
as Christ urged Thomas to put his fingers in the nail prints in his hands and
feet, Aslan bids Bree: "You poor, proud, frightened Horse, draw near. Nearer
still, my son. Do not dare not to dare. Touch me. Smell me. Here are my paws,
here is my tail, these are my whiskers. I am a true Beast." " 'Aslan,' said Bree
in a shaken voice, 'I'm afraid I must be rather a fool."Happy the Horse who
knows that while still young. Or the Human either."' When disbelieving and
stubborn Trumpkin doesn't believe Aslan is a real Lion either, Aslan proves his
reality merely by tossing him gently into the air.
  Time and time again, the children are called to simply have faith in Aslan.
When the leopards are afraid to go near the Witch for fear she will turn them
into stone, Peter tells them to simply trust Aslan: "It'll be all right .... He
wouldn't send them if it weren't." As Ramandu's daughter tells Caspian's group,
"You can't know .... You can only believe-or not." Who best illustrates this but
Puddleglum, who tells the Green Witch that even if the world of trees, grass,
sun, moon, stars-Aslan himself-is made up, "the made-up things seem a good deal
more important than the real ones .... I'm going to stand by the play world."
How wonderful that not only is his faith grounded in a solid reality but in a
more perfect reality than he has ever dreamed of!
  In The Lion, the children fail to believe in Lucy's story about Narnia. The
professor uses the following logic: "There are only three possibilities. Either
your sister is telling lies, or she is mad, or she is telling the truth. You
know she doesn't tell lies and it is obvious that she is not mad. For the moment
then and unless any further evidence turns up, we must assume that she is
telling the truth." Lewis uses the same sort of argument in Mere Christianity
concerning belief in the claims Christ made about himself: either he was a
lunatic, or a devil of hell-or the Son of God himself.
  All these varied reactions to Aslan-hate, belief, belief only with proof-
parallel one's reaction to the Witch, so that a person's attitude toward her
similarly reflects his spiritual "guard." Polly immediately dislikes her, just
as Aunt Letty, totally unimpressed, calls her a "shameless hussy!" In contrast,
both Digory and Andrew are awed by her beauty.
  No matter which "side" one is on, once one has been in the presence of either
Aslan or the Witch, his perspective is never the same. After seeing the Witch,
the children find Andrew much less fearsome; after being in the Magic Wood, the
tunnel above their house seems drab and homely. The Apple of Life makes
everything in London pale in comparison: "All those other things seemed to have
scarcely any colour at all. Every one of them, even the sunlight, looked faded
and dingy .... Nothing else was worth looking at: indeed you couldn't look at
anything else."
  Certainly, after meeting Aslan the Lion and being in his secret Country-no
matter what your reaction-you are never the same!


                                   CHAPTER 6


                                  Characters
                                      of
                                    Narnia

                  "It is a serious thing to live in a society
               of possible gods and goddesses .... There are no
                    ordinary people. You have never talked
                              to a mere mortal."
                      -C. S. Lewis, "The Weight of Glory"

Sons and Daughters of Adam
  Although man is not created in Narnia, he nevertheless plays an important role there. The children are "called" into Narnia when there is trouble. And it is significant that only a human can serve as King or Queen. Mr. Beaver knows that:

    When Adam's flesh and Adam's bone
    Sits at Cair Paravel in throne,
    The evil time will be over and done.

  Lewis seems to be clearly affirming that if we are Christians we will one day become kings and queens. All of us have this potential. In "The Weight of Glory" he writes: "It is a serious thing to live in a society of possible gods and goddesses, to remember that the dullest and most uninteresting person you talk to may one day be a creature which, if you saw it now, you would be strongly tempted to worship, or else a horror and corruption such as you now meet, if at all, only in a nightmare .... There are no ordinary people." Narnian life illustrates the difference in values. Where else but in Narnia could a mouse be respected as the most valiant of all the beasts?
  Every individual who enters Narnia is changed and develops qualities he never knew he had! Frank, a simple cabby, feels he is not fit to be a King: "I ain't no sort of chap for a job like that. I never 'ad much eddycation, you see." Yet his voice grows steadily richer, and by the time of his coronation he has a brand new expression of courage and kindness on his face, without an ounce of quarrelsomeness, sharpness, or cunning. Digory too feels himself unfit for his task, but with the helpmates provided for him he achieves his goal and learns to obey. Every single time the children return to Narnia, all their old skills and royal strength are quickly revived. "Once a king or queen in Narnia, always a king or queen."
  Each person in Narnia has a special task to performusually something he doesn't want to do. Digory knows he must put on a magic ring and bravely rescue Polly, and, of course, he must get the apple. Lucy must help the Dufflepuds; Peter must kill Fenris Ulf, and so on. But they are always provided with some kind of help in their tasks. In The Lion, Father Christmas presents three of the children with special gifts that prove invaluable, even in later adventures. The gifts are appropriate to their personalities and generally reflect the roles each will play in the salvation of Narnia: Peter receives a silver shield with the Lion insignia, and a gold sword. Lucy receives a small dagger to defend herself if necessary, and a diamond vial containing fluid that will immediately restore someone who is sick or injured. Susan is given a bow, quiver of arrows and an ivory horn which, if blown, will summon help immediately.
  In every case, if one keeps his eyes on Aslan and not himself, he will find himself made of sturdier stuff than he ever thought possible. J. R. R. Tolkien describes well what we find in the Narnia tales: "Man as a whole, Man pitted against the universe, have we seen him at all'til we see that he is like a hero in a fairy tale?"

Digory Kirke (1888-1949)
  In The Magician's Nephew, twelve year old Digory and his ailing mother are staying with his Aunt and Uncle Ketterley in London while his father is in India. With Polly, Digory witnesses the founding of Narnia, finally bringing back to his mother the curative apple from Narnia. He buries both the magic rings used to transport the children into other worlds and the apple core in his back yard which produces a great tree.
  At the end of his adventure, his parents take him to live in a house in the country with Uncle Andrew. By 1940, when the Pevensie children come to stay with him, he is a famous professor and traveler still living in the grand old country house. He has shaggy white hair on his face as well as his head, and is so odd looking the children have to stifle laughs. His house is a tourist attraction ten miles from the nearest train station and two miles from a post office. He owns the Ketterley House too. He has no wife, only a housekeeper and three servants. When the special Narnian tree he had planted blew down in a storm, he made a wardrobe from the wood, which he now keeps in his country home. By 1942, however, he has become so poor that he has to live in a small cottage and tutor students like Peter to make a living. Then seven years later, as a result of a "reunion" he holds for friends of Narnia, he and the others end up in a fatal train accident.

The Pevensies and their Cousin
  Peter is the oldest Pevensie, followed by Susan, Edmund, and Lucy. Because of the air-raids during the war they are sent from London to stay with Professor Kirke. Peter is 13 years old, Susan 12, Edmund 10, and Lucy 8 on their first adventure. In 1941, they are called back to Narnia to aid Prince Caspian, after which Peter and Susan are told they are too old to return to Narnia. One year later when Lucy and Edmund are sent to Cambridge to stay with their Aunt and Uncle, they join Eustace Scrubb, their cousin, and sail on the Dawn Treader. Peter at this time is being tutored for an exam by Professor Kirke. Their parents, on the other hand, are in the U. S. for 16 weeks while Mr. Pevensie lectures, and Susan tags along since she is "poor at schoolwork" anyway.
  In 1949, Digory and Polly, now 61 and 62 years old, feel they all are "needed" in Narnia, and send Peter and Edmund after the magic rings Digory had buried in London. As the others-Jill, Eustace, Digory, Polly, Lucy, and, by chance, Mr. and Mrs. Pevensie-come to meet them on the train, a train crash kills all of them instantly.
  Peter (1927-1949), the oldest Pevensie, becomes High King of Narnia-"Peter the Magnificent." He is described as deep-chested and a great warrior. Thus his sword is an appropriate gift, for his use of it during battle with Fenris Ulf displays great bravery: "Peter did not feel very brave; indeed, he felt he was going to be sick. But that made no difference to what he had to do. He rushed straight up to the monster and aimed a slash of his sword at its side .... he had just time to duck down and plunge his sword, as hard as he could, between the brute's forelegs into its heart. Then came a horrible, confused moment like something in a nightmare . . . everything was blood and heat and hair. A moment later he found that the monster lay dead."
  Peter is thus a perfect example of the true chivalric ideal, tempering his courage with courtesy and fair-mindedness. He apologizes, for example, for disbelieving Lucy, says it is his fault that Edmund went bad, and refuses to kill Miraz when he has the advantage. Later, Aslan gives him the keys to lock the door upon Narnia after it has been destroyed. It is possible that Lewis appropriately named him after Peter, the "rock" upon whom Christ builds his church, and who is given the keys to the kingdom.
  Lucy (1932-1949) becomes Lucy "The Valiant" as a Queen in Narnia, described as "gay and golden haired." Lucy is one of the most clearly depicted characters in all the Narnia books. It is she who first enters Narnia through the Wardrobe. She and Susan are privileged to accompany Aslan to his sacrifice, and for their faithfulness they experience a joyous ride on his back. In fact, Lucy seems to be spiritually closer to Aslan than anyone else, and they seem to share a special relationship of love!
  During the children's long trek with Prince Caspian, Aslan appears to Lucy before any of the others. His voice, which she has been longing for, is the one she loves best in the world: "She rushed to him. She felt her heart would burst if she lost a moment. And the next thing she knew was that she was kissing him and putting her arms as far round his neck as she could and burying her face in the beautiful rich silkiness of his mane. 'Aslan, Aslan. Dear Aslan,' sobbed Lucy. 'At last.' " We can understand why, at the end of The Last Battle, during all the final indescribable events in Aslan's Country, Lucy silently "drinks in" everything more deeply than the others.
  Since Lucy seems to be the most sensitive of all the children, her gift of healing cordial is appropriate. For example, she compassionately visits the miserable Eustace while he is seasick, offering him her own food and water. She is also the first one to sense his hurt and help him after he has become a dragon. Given the frightening task of looking into the Magician's Book to undo the spell on the Dufflepuds, she tactfully tries to convince them they aren't ugly. She also feels guilty for having left her friends so long.
  In contrast, Susan (1928-1949) becomes Susan the Gentle as Queen of Narnia and is known for her beauty: "Susan grew into a tall and gracious woman with black hair that fell almost to her feet and the Kings of the countries beyond the sea began to send ambassadors asking for her hand in marriage." In fact, Prince Rabadash's vicious attack on Archenland in The Horse and His Boy is triggered by his irrational passion to marry and avenge her. Tender-hearted and skilled at archery and swimming, her gift of arrows is appropriate.
  But one of the most perplexing and disappointing details of all the stories is that in the end Susan is denied admittance to Aslan's Country. She is "no longer a friend of Narnia." We can assume that she never really believed in Aslan in her heart. In Prince Caspian, for instance, she is the last of the children to see Aslan because, she says, she didn't let herself believe. Eustace says that during the final days, "whenever you've tried to get her to come and talk about Narnia or do anything about Narnia, she says, 'What wonderful memories you have! Fancy your still thinking about all those funny games we used to play when we were children.' " Jill says, "she's interested in nothing nowadays except nylons and lipstick and invitations. She always was a jolly sight too keen on being grown-up." "Grownup, indeed," replies Polly. "I wish she would grow up. She wasted all her school time wanting to be the age she is now, and she'll waste all the rest of her life trying to stay that age. Her whole idea is to race on to the silliest time of one's life as quick as she can and then stop there as long as she can." Susan is perhaps symbolic of the superficial Christian whose commitment is too shallow to be real.
  Edmund (1930-1949) commits treachery by succumbing to the Witch's temptation and desiring to be King. Returning from his solo visit to Narnia, he grows increasingly nasty and spiteful and even lies about having been there. But though he is perhaps a seemingly unworthy person, Aslan, who sees the worth of every individual, sacrifices himself in Edmund's place. Edmund's transformation after he realizes the evil nature of the Witch-whom he really believed was bad all along-is remarkable. He and Aslan stroll together alone, and although no one hears what Aslan says, "it was a conversation which Edmund never forgot." Edmund had "got past thinking about himself after all he'd been through and after the talk he'd had that morning. He just went on looking at Aslan." It is thus fitting that during the later adventure of the Dawn Treader, Eustace describes his "undragoning" to Edmund. Ed admits, "You haven't been as bad as I was on my first trip to Narnia. You were only an ass, but I was a traitor." However, Edmund may never have fully realized what Aslan did for him-"it would be too awful .... Think how you'd feel if you were he." As King, Edmund appropriately becomes a "grave and quieter man than Peter, and great in council and judgement. He was called King Edmund the Just."
  Eustace Clarence Scrubb (1933-1949), the Pevensies' cousin, "half-deserved the name," says Lewis, which means both "a person of little account, insignificant," and "to scratch at one's body." Both, of course, adequately dedescribe an individual whose experience vividly illustrates the most drastic kind of change that Aslan can produce in a person!
  His "up-to-date" and "advanced" family is clearly portrayed. Eustace calls his parents, Harold and Alberta, by their first names. They are vegetarians, non-smokers, teetotallers, wear special underclothes, have little furniture, and sleep with the windows open. After Eustace changes for the better, his mother insists that he has become "tiresome and commonplace."
  At the beginning of The Dawn Treader, Eustace is a puny, bossy bully, with no ability to imagine or make things up, who tries to impress others with his infinite superiority. We can just hear him bawling about "art" and "Plumptree's Vitaminised Nerve Food" and "lodging a disposition" against his companions with the British Consul. His diary of the voyage presents an excellent insight into his personality-his self-centeredness and stupidity: "I have had a ghastly time .... It all proves . . . the madness of setting out in a rotten little tub like this. It would be bad enough even if one was with decent people instead of fiends in human form. Caspian and Edmund are simply brutal to me .... I tried to explain that perspiration really cools people down, so the men would need less water if they were working." He believes that everyone is against him, despises the food and "primitive" accommodations, has a run-in with Reepicheep-"that little brute"-and all the while deceives himself into thinking he is being considerate. How like Eustace to think Calormen the "least phoney" of all the countries!
  But no matter how despicable Eustace is, he can't help but be changed by Narnia. Physically, "his new life, little as he suspected it, had already done him some good." His inner change comes on Dragon Island when he sets off alone, trying to escape work. But he doesn't enjoy himself for long: "He began, almost for the first time in his life, to feel lonely." His greediness and inner nastiness is, of course, made tangible and visible by his transformation into a dragon. Yet the experience vastly improves him. Realizing the nuisance he has been, he begins to examine his thoughts about himself and the others. Then Aslan gets hold of him and "from that time forth," Eustace really begins to be a different boy. The change doesn't occur overnight. "He had relapses. There were still many days when he could be very tiresome. But... the cure had begun."
  Eustace and his friend Jill Pole provide good examples of what Lewis perceives as dangerous trends in American and British educational systems. They attend Experiment House, a "coeducational" or "mixed" school for both boys and girls. "Some said it was not nearly so mixed as the minds of the people who ran it. These people had the idea that boys and girls should be allowed to do what they like." Elsewhere, Lewis attacks so-called "democratic" education which, so no one will feel inferior, levels courses so that there is less distinction between "intelligent" and "stupid" students.
  At his school, Eustace reads only books of information with "pictures of grain elevators or of fat foreign children doing exercises in model schools." They discuss "exports and imports and governments and drains" in great detail but say little about dragons. So, since Eustace has read none of the right books, he has no idea what a dragon is and consequently has to turn into one before he learns! These children also have no Bibles, so they don't even know about Adam and Eve, nor do they have any idea how to tell a story straight (so Eustace has difficulty in describing what happened). Eustace cares only about grades, not about learning a subject for its own sake, and he likes dead beetles pinned to cards.
  At the beginning of The Silver Chair, Jill and Eustace are so miserable at Experiment House, at the mercy of bullying classmates and subjected to other "horrid things," that they are desperate to escape into Narnia. Not only do they escape, of course, but Aslan comes back with them to wreak vengeance on the school. The Head of Experiment House becomes hysterical and is "made an Inspector to interfere with other Heads. And when they found she wasn't much good even at that, they got her into Parliament where she lived happily ever after." Once she and others have been expelled, Experiment House becomes quite a good school after all.
  Even in Narnia, though, education can go bad. "The sort of 'History' that was taught in Narnia under Miraz's rule was duller than the truest history you ever read." Aslan rescues a poor schoolgirl, Gwendolen, stuck inside a typical girls' school: "The walls became a mass of shimmering green, and leafy branches arched overhead where the ceiling had been. Miss Prizzle found she was standing on grass in a forest glade .... Then she saw the lion, screamed and fled, and with her fled her class, who were mostly dumpy, prim little girls with fat legs." Even Cor fears that once he is restored to princedom again, "education and all sorts of horrible things are going to happen to me." One of the acts of the four Kings and Queens is thus to "liberate young dwarfs and satyrs from being sent to school." For the children from England, going to Narnia greatly compensates for the faults of their schools. "Why don't they teach logic?" asks Professor Kirke. "What do they teach them at these schools?"

Animals
  Lewis believed that the presence of beings other than humans, who behave humanly-"giants and dwarfs and Talking Beasts"-is a central element in all fairy tales. There are two reasons for this. First, the writer can give these animal characters a child's carefree life with no domestic or other responsibilities, yet they are like adults because they can do what and go where they wish. Second, they can portray personality types most succinctly. For example, where do we see courage more clearly than in the swashbuckling Reepicheep, a two foot mouse, proudly and fearlessly defending and jabbing with his small sword? Lewis writes about the importance of animals in stories in his poem "Impenitence":

    All the world's wiseacres in arms against them
    Shan't detach my heart for a single moment
    From the man-like beasts of the earthy stories--
      Badger or Moly . . . .

    Not that I'm so craz'd as to think the creatures
    Do behave that way, nor at all deluded
    By some half-false sweetness of early childhood
      Sharply remembered ....

    Look again. Look well at the beasts, the true ones ....

    Why! they all cry out to be used as symbols,
    Masks for Man, cartoons, parodies by Nature
      Formed to reveal us

    Each to each, not fiercely but in her gentlest
    Vein of household laughter.

  Lewis certainly has a convincing way of combining their humanness with their innate animal characteristics-the "cawing, cooing, crowing, braying, neighing, baying, barking, lowing, bleating, and trumpeting;" the "wagging tails, and barking, and loose slobbery mouths and noses of dogs thrust into your hand." Mrs. Beaver is a particularly memorable stereotype of the practical housewife who takes time to pack clean hankies, ham, tea, and sugar-"I suppose the sewing machine's too heavy to bring?" Bree snobbishly worries about his looks, considers humans "funny little creatures," speaks to the mare, Hwin, instead of her mistress, Aravis; patronizes Shasta, and, worst of all, doubts that Aslan is a real lion. But how "horsey" he is, too, doing that which he likes best and is afraid of losing in Narnia: "rubbing his back on the turf and waving all four legs in the air."
  Lewis's most engaging and memorable creations though are Reepicheep and Puddleglum:

Reepicheep
  Although mice were not originally Talking Beasts, Aslan gave them this honor because they nibbled away at the cords which held him to the stone table after his sacrificial death. Chief Mouse is Reepicheep, most valiant of all the Talking Beasts of Narnia, who won undying glory in the second Battle of Beruna: "It was a Mouse on its hind legs and stood about two feet high. A thin band of gold passed round its head under one ear and over the other and in this was stuck a long crimson feather. (As the Mouse's fur was very dark, almost black, the effect was bold and striking.) Its left paw rested on the hilt of a sword very nearly as long as its tail. Its balance . . . was perfect, and its manners courtly." It twirls its whiskers like a long moustache.
  The mouse's small size deceptively hides his abundant, often impulsive courage. In Prince Caspian, for example, he graciously offers his men's services in Caspian's army: " 'There are twelve of us, Sire,' he said with a dashing and graceful bow, 'and I place all the resources of my people unreservedly at your Majesty's disposal.' Caspian tried hard (and successfully) not to laugh." Naturally, it is he who first offers to step through Aslan's door to the island of the Telmarines.
  In The Voyage o f the Dawn Treader, we get an even better look at Reepicheep who voluntarily serves as sentry over the water and indignantly jabs for his honor at Eustace, who mockingly swirls him through the air by the tail. Of course, he is first to volunteer to fight single-handedly against dragons. He even plays chess daringly by sending his knight into the combined danger of queen and castle, "For his mind was full of forlorn hopes, death or glory charges, and last stands." Only Reepicheep wants to press on to the Dark Island for, he argues, "here is as great an adventure as ever I heard of, and here, if we turn back, no little impeachment of all our honours." For the same reason, he refuses to leave Aslan's Table: "This is a very great adventure, and no danger seems to me so great as that of knowing when I get back to Narnia that I left a mystery behind me through fear." Then, he is the first to believe in the safety of the food and the truthfulness of Ramandu's daughter: "I will drink to the lady," he cries, as he valiantly raises his cup in the air.
  His quest to reach the World's End has an Arthurian flavor: "The spell of it has been on me all my life," he says.
  Quivering with excitement at the adventure's end, he is determined to go on: "While I can, I sail east in The Dawn Treader. When she fails me, I paddle east in my coracle. When she sinks, I shall swim east with my four paws." As he throws his sword into the sea, it stands up with its hilt above the surface like Arthur's Excalibur, a sign of valor. Indeed, he does reach Aslan's Country, for who else but Reepicheep later welcomes the children at the golden gates of Aslan's garden!
  Reepicheep's courage and dignity are so extraordinary, however, that Aslan expresses concern that he may be overcome by vanity. In Prince Caspian, the mouse loses his tail and thus his balance in battle; so he requests a new tail, because "a tail is the honour and glory of a Mouse."
  "I have sometimes wondered, friend," says Aslan, "whether you do not think too much about your honour."
  Reepicheep replies, "Permit me to remind you that a very small size has been bestowed on us Mice, and if we did not guard our dignity, some (who weigh worth by inches) would allow themselves very unsuitable pleasantries at our expense."
  Aslan grants him his wish, not because of his dignity, but because of the love and kindness of his people.
  Reepicheep seems not only immune from fear and loss of dignity, but also from greed and envy. Surprisingly, he comforts Eustace when he is a dragon, telling him stories of greater people who have fallen, and "Eustace never forgot it." He also keeps out of the quarrel over the gold on Deathwater Island.

Puddleglum
  Puddleglum the Marshwiggle is perhaps Lewis's most unique creation, described as follows:. He has

    "a long thin face with rather sunken cheeks, a tightly
    shut mouth, a sharp nose, and no beard. It was wear-
    ing a high, pointed hat like a steeple, with an enor-
    mously rude flat brim. The hair, if it could be called
    hair, which hung over its large ears was greeny-grey,
    and each lock was flat rather than round, so that they
    were like tiny reeds. Its expression was solemn, and its
    complexion muddy, and you could see at once that it
    took a very serious view of life."

  He has very long legs and arms, and webbed hands and feet, like a frog. Like all Marshwiggles, who enjoy their privacy, he lives in a wigwam in the reedy marshes.
  Lewis, according to Hooper and Green, based the character of Puddleglum on his gardener Fred Paxford, who was similarly unusual and given to "gloomy prognostications": "an inwardly optimistic, outwardly pessimistic, dear, frustrating, shrewd country man of immense integrity." Indeed, poor Puddleglum always expects the worst of every possible situation: "Very likely, what with enemies, and mountains, and rivers to cross, and losing our way, and next to nothing to eat, and sore feet, we'll hardly notice the weather."
  Yet isn't he the perfect guide for Eustace and Jill on their mission to save Rilian? His cold-blooded clear-sightedness and reliability are invaluable in the frozen lands of the North. His pessimism keeps him from too readily succumbing to giants or witches, and he remembers Aslan's rules when the children fail. During the Witch's enchantment, for example, he stout-heartedly stamps out the fire with his webbed foot and solidly denounces her world: "I'm on Aslan's side even if there isn't any Aslan to lead it. I'm going to live as like a Narnian as I can even if there isn't any Narnia."

Rogues
  Various other characters provide good satires of common personality types and sometimes receive humorous and ridiculous "rewards" for their actions. Uncle Andrew, the proud and foolish dabbler in magic, is always out for his own skin. Apparently he has mismanaged all of his sister's money, and if his vanity isn't bad enough, he greedily plots the commercialization of Narnia by burying coins or valuables and letting them spring up into trees. What a fitting punishment when the animals plant him-fortunately, right-side up-and then the elephant appropriately hoses him. Each animal kindly feeds him with nuts, worms, and globs of honey (plus bees). Aslan calls him simply an "old sinner" who cannot hear his voice, and puts him to sleep.
  In The Horse and His Boy, Rabadash receives a similar judgment. He impetuously attacks Archenland for his own private purpose of getting back at Susan and fulfilling his premature desire for the throne. His reward is to be suspended from the castle wall in battle, hooked by his own chain-shirt to a peg in the wall. Still, he indignantly threatens vengeance on Lune's forces for this undignified insult. Although Aslan warns him to cast aside his pride and anger, he bombards them with curses until his nemesis: his ears become pointed and covered with gray hair; his face grows long and thick; then he stands up on all fours until he is "simply and unmistakably, a donkey." Yet Aslan's justice is tempered with mercy, for as long as Rabadash does not stray from Tash's temple, he will remain a human.
  In The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, Gumpas is the bilious governor of the Lone Islands and the stereotype of the "progressive" politican. How fitting that "gump" means dolt or numbskull! He sticks mechanically to his appoint ment schedule, forms, rules and regulations, ledgers, records, minutes, dossiers, and documents. He measures progress by economic development through slavery, as proven by statistics and graphs. Fittingly, he is ousted by clever trickery and a single word from Caspian. Lewis be lieved that no one is fit to own or dominate another person.
  Although the Dufflepuds are probably based on a fabulous medieval creature (see "Monopod" entry on page 151 of Index), they too are some of Lewis's most unforgettable creations. A "duffer" means an incapable, foolish, stupid, inept, unproductive person. Once dwarfs and servants of Coriakin the Magician, they disobeyed his reasonable request that they obtain water from a nearby stream instead of trudging half a mile away to a spring. Coriakin, who because of their illogic, must rule by rough magic and not by wisdom, is being punished for something he did and is in charge of them. He puts an "uglifying spell" on them. To avoid seeing each other's ugliness, they put a spell on each other making themselves invisible. And, of course, Lucy makes them visible again, at their request.
  As Lewis's own drawing showed, they are like mushrooms with three foot stalks and an "umbrella" attached to each: "Each body had a single thick leg right under it . . . and at the end of it, a single enormous foot-a broadtoed foot with the toes curling up a little so that it looked rather like a small canoe." The foot keeps off sun and rain, can be used as a boat, and bounces them up and down like a spring. But they are very conceited and illogical: washing dishes before dinner and planting boiled potatoes to save time! They constantly repeat every trivial and obvious pronouncement from their Chief.
  One can't help seeing in the Dufflepuds a little of his own relationship to God. Although the Magician wants the best for them, they persist in going their own foolish ways or changing what they are for something worse. Instead of allowing Coriakin to rule them by wisdom, they view him in all the wrong ways: "One minute they talk as if I ran everything and overheard everything and was extremely dangerous. The next moment they think they can take me in by tricks that a baby would see through-bless them!"


                                   CHAPTER 7


                                   Creations
                                      of
                                     Evil

                "When we seek our own pleasure as the ultimate
                     good we place ourselves as the center
           of the universe. . . but nothing created is the center."
                    -Madeleine L'Engle, A Wind in the Door

            "Where Maleldil is, there is the centre . . . . . There
                   is no way out of the centre save into the
                Bent Will which casts itself into the Nowhere."
                                  -Perelandra

  Some people argue that fairy tales frighten children, especially if they
vividly portray battles and wicked characters. Narnia certainly contains a
diversity of evil-"ogres with monstrous teeth, and wolves and bull-headed men;
spirits of evil trees and poisonous plants;" cruels, hags, incubuses, wraiths,
horrors, efreets, sprites, orknies, wooses, ettins, ghouls, boggles, minotaurs,
spectres, people of the toadstools, "and other creatures whom I won't describe
because if I did the grown-ups would probably not let you read this book."
  Lewis is opposed to the idea that we must protect a child from the knowledge
that he is "born into a world of death, violence, wounds, adventure, heroism and
cowardice, good and evil." Such protection may breed in him a shallow escapism.
Since he will undoubtedly meet cruel and horrifying enemies, he should also hear
of and admire brave knights, heroic courage, comforters and protectors. So let
there be "wicked kings and beheadings, battles and dungeons, giants and dragons,
and let villains be soundly killed at the end of the book."

Charn
  The essence of evil worlds is always a perversion of the good. Entering the
cloud of vague, whirling shapes through one of the pools in the Wood Between the
Worlds, Digory and Polly find themselves in Charn. Once a great city, "city of
the King of kings," "wonder of all worlds," it is now a dying world. Once
bustling with slaves, chariots, and ritual drums and sacrifices in the temple,
it is now a cold, dead, empty silence devoid of any life. Only temples, towers,
palaces, pyramids, and bridges remain. Courtyard after courtyard stand in ruin.
The sun is older than ours, giving off a dull, steady, red light in a dark sky.
And a stale wind blows. Where once a river flowed which was turned to blood
there is only a ditch. Then, at the very end of The Magician's Nephew, the
little pool which once led to Charn becomes a dry hollow, signalling the end of
its existence and giving a subtle warning to the race of Adam and Eve. Just how
did this world fall to such ruin?

The Witches
  Jadis, the White Witch, is one-half giant and one-half Jinn. The Jinn are
descended from Lilith who, according to Jewish mythology, was Adam's first wife
but refused to obey him and became Satan's dam. Although she is "bad all
through," Jadis is exceedingly beautiful, with a look of such fierce, wild pride
that she seems "ten times more alive than most people in London." Often compared
to Hans Christian Andersen's Snow Queen, she is seven feet tall and dressed all
in white fur, with a gold wand and crown: "Her face was white-not merely pale,
but white like snow or paper or icing sugar, except for her very red mouth. It
was a beautiful face in other respects, but proud and cold and stern." She is
also physically powerful and can even hear men's thoughts.
  Jadis' history begins as she battles against her sister who refuses to yield
her the throne of Charn. In revenge, Jadis speaks the "Deplorable Word" which
destroys all living things when spoken. This word, known only to the great
monarchs of her race, was learned in a "secret place" and paid for by a
"terrible price." With the word she casts all of Charn and its inhabitants into
a frozen enchantment. Under one of her spells, the Witch promises to sleep among
them like a statue until someone strikes a bell to awaken her.
  Digory and Polly, of course, discover her asleep in the courtroom. On a four
foot high square pillar is a golden arch from which hangs a golden bell and
beside it lies a golden hammer inscribed on its side with the following words:

    Make your choice, adventurous Stranger;
    Strike the bell and bide the danger,
    Or wonder, till it drives you mad,
    What would have followed if you had.

  Wild with curiosity-"I wonder . . . I wonder... I wonder"-Digory finally
strikes the bell. At first it gives off a sweet sound, which, instead of dying
away, grows unbearably loud until it awakens the Witch. Later, Digory admits to
Aslan that he simply wanted to know what would happen if he struck the bell-he
wasn't really enchanted by the letters. The children escape to the Wood between
the Worlds by touching their yellow rings, but Jadis, first grabbing Polly's
hair and then Digory's ears, stays with them until they are back in London.
  Later, the Witch enters Narnia by Digory grabbing hold of her ankle. Rebelling
against this, another new world, she hurls the iron bar from the lamp-post in
England at Aslan's forehead. But it comes to life where it falls, growing up as
a young lamp-post. Afterwards, this lamp shines day and night in the Narnian
forest, and the area where it stands is called Lantern Waste.
  The Witch flees north and the Tree of Protection keeps her from Narnia for 897
years. Then Jadis returns to rule Narnia as Queen for 100 years. As we see in
The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, her reign is accompanied by continuous
winter and Christmas never comes. But in this story, she meets her end. Although
she can turn other people to stone with a flick of her wand, she is weaker than
Aslan: "Turn him into stone? If she can stand on her two feet and look him in
the face it'll be the most she can do." When she challenges his promise to die
for Edmund, one mighty roar from Aslan sends her running. She believes she is
victorious in killing Aslan on the Stone Table, but she is ignorant of the
Deeper Magic which invalidates all her claims to the victim and reverses Death
itself. "With a roar that shook all Narnia from the Western lamp-post to the
shores of the Eastern sea," Aslan flings himself into battle against Jadis.
"Lucy saw her face lifted towards him for one second with an expression of
terror and amazement," before she is killed.
  Jadis is not to be confused with the Green Witch in The Silver Chair, ruler of
the Shallow-Lands, though they are of the same lineage. Like Jadis, she is
deceptively beautiful: she wears "a long fluttering dress of dazzling green" and
laughs in the "richest, most musical laugh you can imagine." But her true nature
is revealed when she changes into a serpent, traditionally the symbol of Satan
and evil.

Temptation
  Lewis deals with temptation in many of his novels, especially Perelandra, and
it occurs in various guises in the Narnia books as well. He makes it plain that
evil must be fought within two levels-as spiritual warfare as well as physical.
The Narnia tales are filled with conflict against evil forces which attempt to
dominate individuals' wills and lives.
  Temptation is frequently experienced in the desire to know. Digory, for
instance, is directly responsible for awakening Jadis because of his
uncontrollable curiosity to know what will happen if he hits the bell. Later,
Aslan sends him on a special mission. He is told to go to a green hill at the
end of a lake. There he finds golden gates, facing east, that say:

    Come in by the gold gates or not at all,
    Take of my fruit for others or forbear.
    For those who steal or those who climb my wall
    Shall find their heart's desire and find despair.

  Central within the garden is a tree of life. Aslan has commissioned Digory to
bring back one of its silver-gold apples, with seeds to plant in the newly-
created Narnia. Such hunger and thirst overcome Digory that he longs just to
taste the fruit. He sees the Witch eating an apple, but notices that it makes a
horrid red stain on her mouth. If he doesn't listen to her, she warns, he will
miss some "knowledge that would have made you happy all your life:" "It is the
apple of youth, the apple of life. I know, for I have tasted it; and I feel
already such changes in myself that I know I shall never grow old or die. Eat
it, Boy, eat it; and you and I will both live forever and be king and queen of
this whole world."
  Although this appeal certainly is tempting, an even greater temptation for
Digory is Jadis' suggestion that he take an apple to save his mother first,
before completing his task for Aslan: " 'All will be well again. Your home will
be happy again. You will be like other boys.' 'Oh!' gasped Digory as if he had
been hurt, and put his hand to his head." Digory now realizes the "terrible
choice" that lies before him. The Witch urges him to follow her suggestion by
reasoning that the Lion hasn't done anything that would make Digory his slave
and can't help him in this world anyway. Besides, what would his mother think?
Such a wild animal must have made him cruel to make such silly promises. Polly,
in fact, could stay here, so no one would need to know. This last suggestion is
so patently mean that Digory realizes the falsehood and hollowness of the
Witch's "logic."
  As a result of her eating of the fruit, all apples become a horror to her.
Aslan explains that this will happen to all those who pluck and eat fruits at
the wrong time and in the wrong way-who disobey him and satisfy their own
prideful lust for power: "The fruit is good, but they loathe it ever after."
True, Jadis is granted her desire for strength and endless days-but she receives
eternal misery, as well. Thus Uncle Andrew's "prophecy" that "No great wisdom
can be reached without sacrifice" comes true.
  Greed-for wisdom, for power-is seen in Andrew himself. Not only does he dabble
in magic in order to discover new, unseen worlds, and then trick the children
into doing his dirty work for him, but he also tries to capitalize on Narnia's
ability to grow gold and silver trees from coins! In The Lion, the Witch and the
Wardrobe, greed is vividly portrayed when the witch tempts Edmund with Turkish
Delight. This is a candy that makes you want it more than anything else, so that
you would eat it till you kill yourself. Edmund's greed also appears in his
desire to be King, as the Witch promises, and to have all his brothers and
sisters under him. Of course, the Witch tosses in a few other ploys as well: she
enlarges upon his handsomeness and tricks him into not telling the others about
her.
  Food becomes the main bait in The Silver Chair when the children's obsession
for the giant's food, as promised by the Green Witch, distracts them from
looking for Aslan'ssigns. Gold and riches are also common objects of temptation,
and on Deathwater Island lust for gold makes the children so greedily
quarrelsome that only a stern glare from Aslan reminds them that they have
sinned. And what better image of greed can we discover than Eustace snoozing on
the dragon's treasure, his pockets bursting with jewels. Filled with dragonish
thoughts, Eustace turns into a dragon quite like the one Lewis describes in a
poem:

    Lord that made the dragon, grant me thy peace,
    But say not that I should give up the gold,
    Nor move, nor die. Others would have the gold.
    Kill rather, Lord, the Men and other dragons.
                            -The Dragon Speaks

  Lucy undergoes two different temptations as she reads the Magician's Magic
Book. First she discovers a spell to make her beautiful beyond the lot of
mortals. She sees herself throned and lovely, with all the Kings fighting for
her so that even her sister Susan is jealous. But Lucy has the feeling she
mustn't succumb to this temptation, and a growl from Aslan confirms her
intuition. But she does give in to the temptation to have the forbidden
knowledge of knowing what her friends think about her, perhaps spoiling the
potential for lifelong friendships.
  Probably the most vivid example of the wiles of the witches is the enchantment
of Jill, Eustace, and Puddleglum in The Silver Chair. The Green Witch flings a
green powder into the air and strums a mandolin, both of which confuse their
minds, making thinking difficult. Through her enchantment she begins to convince
them that their world is but a dream and her lamp the real sun: "You can put
nothing into your make-believe without copying it from the real world, this
world of mine, which is the only world." Appropriately, she turns into the
symbolic serpent of evil at the end of her temptation.

Pride
  Pride is the root problem of most who are sucked in by temptation or are evil
themselves. Jadis boasts of her power as ruler of Charn and her possession of
the Deplorable Word: "Ours is a high and lonely destiny." As Queen of Charn,
Jadis believes her people exist only to do her will. Digory notes that she never
seems interested in objects or people unless she can use them, concentrating her
attention on those she needs at the moment. In The Last Battle, Shift, who
defines "true freedom" as "doing what I tell you!", echoes this attitude.
  Uncle Andrew, though certainly a feeble parallel to Jadis, is much like her.
He is vain enough to think that he called Jadis to England and even deludes
himself that she is beginning to love him! Once he gets into Narnia himself, he
worries about his own fate: "What about me? They don't seem to think of that. No
one thinks of me." In fact, Andrew speaks Jadis' very words: "Men like me who
possess hidden wisdom are freed from common rules just as we are cut off from
common pleasures. Ours, my boy, is a high and lonely destiny." Digory
perceptively realizes that all Andrew really means is that "he can do anything
he likes to get anything he wants." The Witch, Andrew, and their like have no
rules. How unlike Aslan who obeys even his own rules!
  Caspian, though not as self-centered as these two, slips into selfishness when
he longs to abandon his ship and country and sail on to the End of the World.
Reepicheep sternly warns, "You shall not please yourself with adventures as if
you were a private person." This is a hard lesson, learned over and over again
by the children and other Narnians. They must obey first and help others, not
themselves. Digory, for instance, must get the apple seed before Aslan will help
his mother; and surprisingly, when he does succeed in his task, he feels no
conceit at all. After his long bout with the Witch, Edmund, too, finally stops
thinking about himself-"He just went on looking at Aslan." Even vain old Bree,
who perpetually worries about his looks and social respectability, has to learn
that he won't be anyone special in Narnia, and through Aslan he loses his self-
conceit. As Aslan teaches, if you feel yourself self-sufficient, it is proof
that you are not!
  Other effects of evil can readily be seen. An obvious example is the
comparison of the worlds of Aslan and the mock worlds conceived by evil-Charn
and the ShallowLands. These are nothing but dead worlds. The Witch turns even
Narnia into an icy white enchantment where the frozen animal "statues" seem to
reflect nature's retreat as a consequence of evil. In The Last Battle, deception
results in the cutting down of trees, the silencing and harnessing of talking
horses; and the same kind of slavery, sadness, fear and gloom that can be found
in the ShallowLands.
  Evil also sets out to corrupt the truths about reality. The Green Witch claims
that her lamp is real and the sun a fake, and Telmarines like Miraz call all
stories about Narnia and Aslan false-"old wives' fables." These examples
illustrate what can happen when our experiences of God and heaven become further
and further removed from the experiences of the ancient biblical writers. We
begin to view what they say as simply metaphors rather than solid facts.
  Evil tries to set up false gods. Shift, of course, creates a parody of Aslan
and tries to make the creatures believe that Aslan is not the one they have
longed for and believed in. These Narnians actually begin to doubt their belief
altogether, thinking the changes in Narnia are punishment for a terrible wrong.
Next, Shift's group tries to confuse Aslan and Tash by merging them into
Tashlan. The god Tash, whose name appropriately means "blemish," is the
Calormene god who requires human sacrifices: "It had the head of a bird; some
bird of prey with a cruel, curved beak. It had four arms which it held high
above its head, stretching them out Northward as if it wanted to snach all
Narnia in its grip; and its fingers-all twenty of themwere curved like its beak
and had long, pointed, bird-like claws instead of nails." Its deathly smell is
vastly different from the fragrant breath of Aslan!
  As Shift and the others begin to equate Tash and Aslan, the Narnians wonder
how a god who feeds on blood could be the same as the good Lion by whose blood
all Narnia was saved. Even worse, perhaps, is the "enlightened" philosophy of
Ginger the Cat, who is cockily convinced that neither god exists. Sadly for him,
he discovers that Tash exists, all right. Lewis vividly shows the reality of
demons: " 'It seems, then,' said the Unicorn, 'That there is a real Tash, after
all."Yes,' said the Dwarf. 'And this fool of an Ape, who didn't believe in Tash,
will get more than he bargained for! He called for Tash: Tash has come.' "
Because Rabadash similarly calls on Tash, Aslan allows him to be a man in Tash's
temple, but a donkey if he leaves!
  Edmund is a prime case study in the gradual effects of sin. After he returns
home from Narnia, he first lies about having been there, then his behavior
becomes nastier and nastier as the sin eats away at him. Feeling snubbed, he
increasingly resents his brother and wants to get even with him. The Beavers
note the evil look in his eyes, the "horrible ideas" in his head. Worst of all,
he mocks Aslan, painting an impertinent moustache on a lion statue.
  Finally, evil makes us forget the glimpses and glimmers of the numinous that
appear to us all through our lives. The Witch has no recollection of ever having
been in the quiet place of the magic Wood Between the Worlds. And under the
enchantment of the Green Witch, Rilian says he cannot even remember his true
self. But evil never conquers totally. Rilian is allowed to be himself one hour
a day!

Problems in Discerning Evil
  No matter how obvious its effects, evil itself is not always easily detected.
The problem of perceiving and understanding what is evil is defined well by
Edmund: "Which is the right side? How do we know the fauns are in the right and
the Queen . . . is in the wrong. We don't really know anything about either."
"How do we know?" he queries. Certainly part of the White Witch's magic, says
Lewis, is that she can make things appear to be what they aren't. She certainly
doesn't look like our usual conception of the Devil! The Green Witch, too, is
disguised as a beautiful woman in a green garment. With her lovely voice, she
not only deceives Rilian into believing she is all good, but the children also
fail to recognize her as the green serpent.
  In The Last Battle, Shift uses both false appearances with the lion's skin and
also a deceptive logic and a cunning twisting of the facts. Note how he
misinterprets every one of the signs for Puzzle, then tricks poor Puzzle into
doing what he wants. In Prince Caspian, Lucy hypothesizes about the
deceptiveness of evil which may come to our world: "Wouldn't it be dreadful if
some day in our own world, at home, men started going wild inside, like the
animals here, and still looked like men, so that you'd never know which were
which?"
  So, how do we perceive evil? Quite often in the tales, the children are told
they can recognize friends who have been in Narnia, or evil people, simply "by
their eyes." At Aslan's Table, when Edmund is skeptical about whether or not
Ramandu's daughter can be trusted and the food is safe to eat, she says, "You
can't know . . . . You can only believe or not." But more often, we may really
find the answer deep within us. Down deep inside, for example, Edmund says he
knew that the Witch was really bad and cruel. As we have seen, one's response to
a witch or to Aslan reflects the kind of person he really is.


                                   CHAPTER 8


                              Christian Concepts
                                    in the
                                 Narnia Tales
                                  --A Summary

               "A man may well discover truth in what he wrote;
                     for he was dealing all the time with
                things that came from thoughts beyond his own."
                              -George MacDonald,
                          "The Fantastic Imagination"

  Many readers cannot help but notice how Aslan "reminds" them of Christ, or how
the stories "teach" them certain religious values. In fact, a monk named Brother
Stanislas wrote to the New York C. S. Lewis Society that he had read the Narnia
tales three times in three years. "They have been for me about the most
spiritual books I have read in my 16 years as a monk," he commented. But did
Lewis intentionally include these theological elements in the stories? In Of
Other Worlds Lewis wrote: "Some people seem to think that I began by asking
myself how I could say something about Christianity to children; then fixed on
the fairy tale as an instrument; then collected information about child
psychology and decided what age group I'd write for; then drew up list of basic
Christian truths and hammered out 'allegories' to embody them. This is all pure
moonshine." The Christian elements welled up more or less unconsciously into the
narrative as Lewis wrote it.
  What Lewis did see is how stories like the Narnia tales could "steal past" the
inhibitions and traditional religious concepts we are often raised with in
childhood: "Why did one find it so hard to feel as one was told one ought to
feel about God or about the sufferings of Christ? I thought the chief reason was
that one was told one ought to. And obligation to feel can freeze feelings. And
reverence itself did harm. The whole subject was associated with lowered voices;
almost as if it were something medical. But supposing that by casting all these
things into an imaginary world, stripping them of their stained-glass and Sunday
school associations, one could make them for the first time appear in their real
potency? Could one not thus steal past those watchful dragons?"8
  If a reader does not discover any religious parallel whatsoever, "Don't put
one in," warns Lewis. The moral inherent in them should arise unconsciously from
"whatever spiritual roots you have succeeded in striking during the whole course
of your life."
  Although biblical principles are very much present in the Narnia series, they
are certainly not allegory-characters and events in Narnia do not "represent"
anything. If one tries to find such correspondences-for example, a comparison of
Aslan's sacrifice with Christ's crucifixion-he will be disappointed. Instead,
Lewis believed that a writer, as "creator" in a sense, "rearranges" elements God
has already provided in his world and which already contain his meanings. George
MacDonald, a writer who greatly influenced Lewis, explains this process in his
essay on "The Fantastic Imagination":

    One difference between God's work and man's is,
    that, while God's work cannot mean more than he
    meant, man's must mean more than he meant. For in
    everything that God has made, there is layer upon
    layer of ascending significance; also he expresses the
    same thought in higher and higher kinds of that
    thought: it is God's things, his embodied thoughts,
    which alone a man has to use, modified and adapted
    to his own purposes, for the expression of his
    thoughts; therefore he cannot help his words and
    figures falling into such combinations in the mind of
    another as he had himself not foreseen, so many are
    the thoughts allied to every other thought, so many
    are the relations involved in every figure, so many
    the facts in every symbol-9

  Furthermore, Lewis believed that the world of the supernatural and spiritual
was both an important element of good stories and a way to create believable and
significant "other worlds." To him, the plot, which is really only a series of
events in the story, is important merely as a "net" to catch something else.
That something else is the "numinous," the sense of the spiritual, of God.
  Since spiritual truths are often profound and beyond our experience, our
attempts to describe them must be constantly changed in order to avoid the
narrowness of any one description. Lewis's books help us see these truths from
totally new perspectives. Several terms might be used to describe his
techniques. One, of course, is supposition: what if God were to appear in a
different form in a different world? Seeing the aspects of a Lion-gentleness,
majesty, awesomeness, terribleness-may help us learn to understand, know, and
love Christ in a new way. Another way to describe this method is "transposition,
" the restatement of ideas in new terms, just as piano music can be transposed
and scored for other instruments.
  Lewis also uses vivid illustrations that serve to make deep spiritual concepts
concrete. A perfect example is Eustace's undragoning by the process of peeling
away layer after layer of skin-a marvellous picture of salvation and spiritual
regeneration. The gift of description, particularly of Aslan's country and the
World's End, is an aspect unique to Lewis. What other author can so unfailingly
depict for us what heaven and true joy and purity may be like? His imagery-the
garden, tree, and stream, for example-is biblically rooted, yet used in a unique
way to give us a totally new perception. All of these methods will be discussed
later in this chapter.
  As we discuss the various biblical concepts that Lewis's books echo, our
effort will be to show how they may remind us of these ideas or help us
understand, perhaps through a simple illustration, what the Bible means. In no
way are the Narnia events exact biblical parallels. But perhaps through seeing
Aslan, evil, and many Christian virtues in another world, we may relate them
better to our own.

Creation
  In Genesis, God created the world by his Word: first, the heaven and earth-
once a shapeless, chaotic void-then light, sky and water, dry land; grass,
plants and trees; sun and moon; sea creatures and birds; wild animals and
reptiles; and at last, man. Aslan also creates Narnia from an empty world-
"Nothing." It is dark and cold, but there is cool, flat earthy substance
underfoot. Then Aslan sings the world into creation: first the stars, planets
and sun; then rivers, valleys, hills, rocks and water; grass and vegetation;
trees; and finally, animals and insects. God's "Let there be's" are echoed by
Aslan's "Be walking trees. Be talking beasts. Be divine waters." Fledge also
echoes the Genesis chapters when Aslan asks him about his flying: "It is good .
. . . It is very good."
  Instead of creating man as the ruler of all living things, Aslan chooses two
of each animal and touches their noses with his. This, of course, reminds us of
Noah in Genesis 6:19 choosing two of each animal, who are to multiply and
inhabit the world after the Flood. With Aslan's breath comes a flash like fire
upon the chosen animals. This image seems to be used throughout the Narnia tales
as a signal of the Holy Spirit, or of Aslan's empowering of his followers. His
warning to them is like that which God makes to man: "Creatures, I give you
yourselves .... I give to you forever this land of Narnia. I give you the woods,
the fruits, the rivers. I give you the stars and I give you myself. The Dumb
Beasts whom I have not chosen are yours also. Treat them gently and cherish them
but do not go back to their ways lest you cease to be Talking Beasts. For out of
them you were taken and into them you can return." Adam and Eve are told that
all the earth is to be subdued under them. But in Genesis 3:19 after their Fall,
God tells them that as they were made from the ground, to the ground they will
return.
  Although man himself is not created in Narnia, he plays an important role
there. Just as he was on earth, man is directly responsible for the entrance of
evil into the new world: " 'You come of the Lord Adam and the Lady Eve,' said
Aslan. 'And that is both honour enough to erect the head of the poorest beggar,
and shame enough to bow the shoulders of the greatest emperor in earth.' " When
Digory succumbs to the temptation to know, he awakens the Witch. Appropriately,
she enters Narnia before it is even five hours old by Digory's grabbing onto her
heel. She kicks him with her heel and cuts him in the mouth. This is reminiscent
of God's punishment of Satan and Eve: "He shall strike you on your head, while
you will strike at his heel" (Gen. 3:15, TLB). Just as Adam and Eve are told
that they must struggle to extract a living from the soil, Aslan asks King Frank
if he can "use a spade and plough and raise food out of the earth."
  But man is also able to bring about the help Narnia needs: "Evil will come of
that evil, but it is still a long way off, and I will see to it that the worst
falls upon myself .... As Adam's race has done the harm, Adam's race shall help
heal it." Is this not like Christ's cure for sin through be coming a man
himself? "Death came into the world because of what man (Adam) did, and it is
because of what this other man (Christ) has done that now there is the
resurrection from the dead" (I Cor. 15:21, TLB). Only members of Adam's race can
be Kings or Queens of Narnia; but they are entreated to rule the creatures
kindly and fairly since all Narnians are free subjects.

The Tree and the Garden
  God planted the Tree of Life and the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil in
the Garden of Eden. But because man disobeyed and ate of the second tree, God
punished him, separating him from both trees (Gen. 2:17, 3:24). Some day,
however, believers will be restored to partake of the Tree of Life (Rev. 22:2),
because of Christ's sacrifice on a tree on a hill.
  Lewis uses these same ideas in Narnia. Digory goes to the Western Wilds where
he finds a steep green hill. On top is a garden with a tree at its center. The
apples of this tree cast a light of their own, and roosting in its branches is a
bird, larger than an eagle,. with saffron breast, head crested with scarlet, and
purple tail. Like Aslan himself, this garden is permeated with a warm, sweet,
golden smell that brings tears to Digory's eyes. The hill itself is surrounded
by a high wall of green turf and trees of blue and silver. Facing east-toward
Aslan's country-are the golden gates.
  Unlike Adam and Eve, Digory does not succumb to the temptation to eat the
fruit. Instead, he takes the apple straight to Aslan. Since Digory has "hungered
and thirsted and wept" for this fruit, he is permitted to sow the seed in Narnia
himself by simply tossing it into soft soil.
  This tree protects Narnia from the Witch for many years. It grows quickly,
casting a light from its apples of silver and sending forth a breath-taking
smell. Like the Tree in Eden, the fruit of this tree can bring joy, healing, and
protection when used in the right way, but death and horror and despair when
taken in selfish disobedience. For example, it is called the "Apple of Life" for
Digory's mother because it is eaten in the right way and time, but gives an
endless life of misery to the Witch because she plucked the apple in her own
way, for herself.
  These same symbols reappear in the last moments of Narnia's story, as we shall
see later.

Sacrifice and Resurrection
  The events of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe remind us in many ways of
Christ's crucifixion and resurrection but in no way exactly parallel the account
in the Bible. They do, however, give us a new understanding of atonement and
rebirth in Christ.
  With Aslan, Christmas comes for the first time in 100 years. The time between
his first arrival in Narnia and the coming of spring is appropriately about 3
months-when Easter occurs. According to Narnian history, the EmperorOver-Sea
sent a Deep Magic into the world from the "Dawn of Time." This Magic permits the
Witch to kill every traitor, and unless she has blood, Narnia will perish in
water and fire. This Law is written on (1) the Stone Table, (2) the Trunk of the
World Ash Tree, and (3) the Emperor's sceptre and is similar to God's Old
Testament Law which is written on the stone tablets, requiring death and the
shedding of blood as the penalty for sin.
  But further back in time is a Deeper Magic about which the Witch knows
nothing. This Law states that when a willing victim who has committed no
treachery is killed in the traitor's stead, the Stone Table will crack and Death
will start working backwards. What a marvelously succinct expression of the New
Testament message! According to New Testament "Law," the Law of Love, when
Christ is sacrificed as the perfect substitute for man, the Old Testament Law is
"cracked"--God's demand is met, paid for, and Death no longer has a hold on us:
"For the wages of sin is death, but the free gift of God is eternal life through
Jesus Christ our Lord .... Yes, all have sinned; all fall short of God's
glorious ideal; yet now God declares us 'not guilty' of offending him, if we
trust in Jesus Christ, who in his kindness freely takes away our sins. For God
sent Christ Jesus to take the punishment for our sins and to end all God's anger
against us. He used Christ's blood and our faith as a means of saving us from
his wrath" (Romans 6:23; 3:23-26, TLB).
  Aslan is sacrificed only for Edmund, though; and this is different from the
biblical idea of one individual's atonement for all mankind. Yet this brings
down to earth the very personal sacrifice involved. Christ died, and would have
died, even for one individual.
  Just as Christ's disciples expected him to help them as their savior who would
deliver them from earthly oppression then and there, so too the children talk
happily of the future battle and of Aslan's leading them in deliverance from the
Witch's forces. "You will be there yourself, Aslan," says Peter. But Aslan
promises nothing. He is, in fact, strangely sad and deep in thought, for he
knows he must pay the price for the Judas-like traitor, Edmund.
  Like Jesus' evening in the Garden of Gethsemane, Aslan's last night is
expectant and troubled. Lucy and Susan, like Christ's faithful disciples, follow
Aslan into the woods, but "his tail and head hung low and he walked slowly as if
he were very, very tired." For perhaps the first time in our lives, we can
visualize what it was like for Christ to know he would have to die: "Oh,
children, children, children, why are you following me?" Aslan asks. He tells
them to promise to stop when he bids them to, so he can go on alone. Until then,
they "walk with him" and comfort him (and themselves) by burying their hands in
his mane.
  Then they watch him go on quietly and alone to confront the Witch and her band
of horrible creatures. Just as Christ was, Aslan is mocked, kicked, hit, spit
on, and jeered: "Puss, Puss! Poor Pussy." "How many mice have you caught to-day,
Cat?" But even when muzzled Aslan looks beautiful and patient. Just as Christ
could have called the angels to rescue him, so too Aslan could have broken out
of his bonds if he had wanted to, Lucy observes.
  Aslan is not sacrificed on a cross but on a Stone Table located on the middle
of an open hilltop in the Great Woods. It is a slab of grey stone supported by
other stones, with strange lines and figures inscribed on it. Stabbing him with
a strange and evilly shaped stone knife, the Witch jeers, "You have given me
Narnia forever, you have lost your own life and you have not saved his." In
Lewis's book Till We Have Faces he uses the stone as a symbol of an ancient,
pagan religion. So he may be using the stone slab, with its strange writing, and
the stone knife as symbols for God's law, which requires death as a penalty for
sin. When the sacrifice is over, the Table is divided in two as was the veil in
the Tabernacle after Christ's crucifixion.
  Lucy and, Susan, who have looked away during the "hopeless and horrid" murder,
later return sadly to the scene of dead calm. They remind us of the women who
returned dejectedly on Easter morning to Christ's tomb. But very gradually,
changes begin to happen. The sky slowly lightens; the mice nibble away at the
cords which hold Aslan to the table. Then they see Aslan himself-resurrected-
more full of life than ever: " 'It's more magic.' They looked round. There,
shining in the sunrise, larger than they had seen him before, shaking his mane .
. . stood Aslan himself." Is he a ghost? The warm breath and rich, perfumy smell
assure them he is not!

Salvation
  While Aslan's sacrifice may not exactly parallel the events of Christ's
crucifixion, it does illustrate his personal sacrifice for Edmund's sin. After
privately walking and talking with Aslan, Edmund is his real self for the first
time in his life. Eustace's undragoning, though, is one of the most striking
episodes in the Chronicles and a wonderful image of salvation and consequent
penetration to the true self. Eustace Clarence Scrubb, the typical stuffed shirt
snob, is turned appropriately into a dragon, in whose likeness, through
loneliness, he learns about friendship.
  But the real change-his undragoning-can only come from Aslan himself. First he
feels Aslan commanding, "Follow me." Then Aslan takes him (from the description
we assume he is taken to the mountains of his Country) to a garden with a well
at the center. Next, the Lion tells him to undress: "So I started scratching
myself and my scales began coming off all over the place. And then I scratched a
little deeper and, instead of just scales coming off here and there, my whole
skin started peeling off beautifully, like it does after an illness, or as if I
was a banana."
  But as he starts going into the well to bathe, he looks down and sees "that it
was all hard and rough and wrinkled and scaly just as it had been before .... So
I scratched and tore again and this underskin peeled off beautifully and out I
stepped and left it lying beside the other one." But the exact same thing
happens, and he scratches off yet another layer. "You will have to let me
undress you," says Aslan. When Aslan tears off the skin with his claws, it "hurt
worse than anything I've ever felt;" but it feels good to have the ugly, dark,
knobbly stuff gone. Aslan then tosses him into the stingingly cold, clear water,
and the pain in his arm disappears. He also finds himself somehow dressed in new
clothes. "The cure had begun." Everyone notices the change in Eustace's behavior
after his undragoning.
  This episode is a perfect illustration of what happens when Christ gets hold
of a sinner and makes him a new creature. We ourselves are unable to peel away
our layers of sin and selfishness; in fact, we find that such ugliness has
penetrated to the very roots, the center of our lives. The experience of letting
Christ do it for us may hurt, but he bathes us in the water of new life, and
reclothes us as new creations. Our behavior cannot help but be changed: "When
someone becomes a Christian he becomes a brand new person inside. He is not the
same any more. A new life has begun!" (2 Corinthians 5:17, TLB).
  In another vivid example, Lewis uses the same biblical symbol of water to show
the regenerating power of salvation. In John 4:13-14 (RSV), Jesus tells a woman,
"Every one who drinks of this water will thirst again, but whoever drinks of the
water that I shall give him will never thirst; the water that I shall give him
will become in him a spring of water welling up to eternal life." Throughout the
Bible, living water and the river of living water flowing from the throne of God
are used to symbolically describe new life and the blessings flowing from the
heart of the believer, which find their source in God (Revelation 22:1-2; John
7:37-39). In The Silver Chair, Jill is thirsty but afraid to approach a stream
because a great Lion is standing on the other side: "I daren't come and drink,"
said Jill. "Then you will die of thirst," said the Lion. "Oh dear! said Jill,
coming up another step nearer. "I suppose I must go and look for another stream
then." "There is no other stream," said the Lion. So Jill kneels and drinks the
coldest and most refreshing water she has ever had and it quenches her thirst at
once.
  Similarly, after Shasta meets and communes with Aslan on the mountain-side, he
notices the deep, large footprint left in the grass. "But there was something
more remarkable than the size about it. As he looked at it, water had already
filled the bottom of it. Soon it was full to the brim, and then overflowing, and
a little stream was running downhill, past him, over the grass." This little
stream provides Shasta with the refreshment he needs. In The Last Battle, Tirian
and his band of followers, while hiding near the Stable by a white rock,
discover a trickle of water flowing down the rock face into a little pool. Just
when they need it most in the heat of battle, they are provided with "the most
delicious drink they had ever had in their lives, and while they were drinking
they were perfectly happy and could not think of anything else."
  Appropriately, the way to Aslan's Country is across a river from all
countries, and Aslan calls himself the great Bridge Builder. To arrive there,
the children scale a Waterfall that leads them to the Golden Gates. In "The
Weight of Glory," Lewis writes, "What would it be to taste at the fountain-head
that stream of which even these lower reaches prove so intoxicating? Yet that, I
believe, is what lies before us. The whole man is to drink from the fountain of
joy."
  The idea of spiritual refreshment also seems to be depicted by Aslan's Table
which the children discover during their adventures on the Dawn Treader. Perhaps
an image of the communion table, Aslan's Table is set by Aslan's bidding for
those who come that far to the World's End. This sumptuous banquet is more
magnificent than the children have ever seen. Like the manna God provided for
the Israelites, the food is "eaten, and renewed, every day," for large white
birds carry away all uneaten morsels. Ramandu is brought a small fruit, like a
live coal, which is set on his tongue-a fireberry which takes his age away
little by little. This episode is very reminiscent of Isaiah 6:6, in which a
seraphim takes a coal from the altar and lays it in Isaiah's mouth, thus purging
him of sin.

End Times and Final Judgment
  In Matthew 24, Jesus warns what events will signal his return and the end of
the world: "Jesus told them, 'Don't let anyone fool you. For many will come
claiming to be the Messiah, and will lead many astray. When you hear of wars
beginning, this does not signal my return; these must come, but the end is not
yet. The nations and kingdoms of the earth will rise against each other . . .
you will be tortured and killed and hated all over the world because you are
mine, and many of you shall fall back into sin and betray and hate each other.
And many false prophets will appear and lead many astray" (Matthew 24:4-11, TLB)
.
  How similar this account is to the changes Narnia undergoes in its final days.
Shift's mock-Aslan is an almost ridiculous anti-Christ figure. There are false
rumors about Aslan; talking animals are sold into slavery and hard labor; there
are wars and betrayals. The centaur tells the children that the stars do not
prophecy the coming of Aslan but rather the coming evil.
  Then in Matthew 24:29-31(TLB), Jesus describes the end of the earth:
"Immediately after the persecution of those days the sun will be darkened, and
the moon will not give light, and the stars will seem to fall from the heavens,
and the powers overshadowing the earth will be convulsed .... And I shall send
forth my angels with the sound of a mighty trumpet blast, and they shall gather
my chosen ones from the farthest ends of the earth and heaven."
  The end of Narnia is much like this. Father Time blows his horn, producing
each change in the landscape, just as Aslan's song had created it. First comes a
downpouring of stars, leaving the sky empty. Aslan's acceptance into his Country
of those animals truly faithful to him is like a final judgment scene: those who
love him pass by him, to his right, into the Door. Those who hate and fear him
cease to be Talking Animals, passing to his left and into his enormous and
terrible Shadow. Giant Dragons and Lizards consume the vegetation, and a wall of
water rises to cover the earth. The red and dying sun and moon burn to nothing,
creating a steam that rises from the blood-red waters. Similarly, in Acts 2:19-
20 (RSV), Jesus prophesies, "I will show wonders in the heaven above and signs
on the earth beneath, blood, and fire, and vapor of smoke; the sun shall be
turned into darkness and the moon into blood." At last, Time has ended; Eternity
has begun.

Resurrection Life
  In The Silver Chair, we join the children in a wonderful glimpse of the
afterlife in Aslan's Country, and the means by which one can truly experience
it. During Caspian's funeral in Narnia, the children are taken to Aslan's
Mountain to walk by that significant stream. Then, in a striking image of the
saving power of Christ's blood and the thorns which pierced his brow to shed
some of that blood, Eustace is told to drive a thorn into Aslan's paw. The blood
splashes onto the dead Caspian and then the miraculous change begins as we see
death truly working backward, fulfilling the Deeper Magic: "His white beard
turned to grey, and from grey to yellow, and got shorter and vanished
altogether; and his sunken cheeks grew round and fresh, and the wrinkles were
smoothed, and his eyes opened, and his eyes and lips both laughed, and suddenly
he leaped up and stood before them." Knowing he has died, they think he is a
ghost, just as Lucy and Susan had thought Aslan a ghost when he appeared before
him after his sacrifice. But "one can't be a ghost in one's own country."
Caspian now has the freedom of no longer wanting or doing the wrong things, and
of never being afraid. This is his real home now, and the children have been
promised that they too will come here to stay one day.
  Indeed, they do come home, leaving our world forever through a train accident.
Alive in Aslan's Country, their end on earth is the beginning of an even greater
and never ending Story. Everyone they have ever heard of or loved and thought
dead is there-except Susan, of course. What will our resurrected bodies be like?
Lewis suggests that we will look the same, only better, just as the lands the
children see in Aslan's Country are the reality of which Narnia and England were
incomplete reflections. The children and animals can run faster without getting
hot or tired, and can even scale a waterfall! But they are not yet as happy as
Aslan means for them to be!

The Stable, Door and Garden
  In his image of heaven, Lewis brings together several rich biblical symbols
which tie all the books together. The children first enter Aslan's Country
through a Stable Door: "In our world, too, a Stable once had something inside it
that was bigger than our whole world." In John 10:9, Jesus said, "I am the door;
if any one enters by me, he will be saved, and will go in and out and find
pasture." The Stable seen from within and without are two different places.
Through the door they see only darkness, the bonfire, and the disbelieving
Dwarfs squatting just inside it. Inside is Aslan's Country.
  It is interesting that Shift had first used this Stable for his false Aslan
and later that Tash hides within it. Lewis may here be illustrating his belief
that many Pagan and false religions in a sense "prefigure" Christianity,
containing elements of truth, even pointing the way to the real God.
  A hill and garden appear not only just inside the Stable Door, but later,
"further up and further in" in Aslan's country. This garden with golden gates
and a delicious smell is also "far larger than it had seemed from outside." Here
is the perfect garden, the image of which Digory had entered to obtain the
apple, the garden (in the story about a cup, a sword, and a green hill) which
Lucy had longed for in the Magician's Book. Whereas Digory had seen a bird
sitting in the tree, larger than an eagle, with saffron breast, head crested
with scarlet, and a purple tail, here we learn that it is a Phoenix. The Phoenix
is a mythological bird said to be larger than an eagle with brilliant gold and
reddish purple feathers. At the end of its 500 year life cycle, it is said to
burn itself on a funeral pyre. Another Phoenix then rises from the ashes with
renewed youth and beauty. This traditional symbol of rebirth and immortality is
fitting for the conclusion-or shall we say, the real beginning-of the children's
adventures.
  Lewis uses the Door, not only here, but in several of his other writings, as a
symbol for the reality we have always longed for and for which Lewis, as we have
seen, longed all his life. We long to be "inside of some door which we have
always seen from the outside . . . to be at last summoned inside would be both
glory and honour beyond all our merits and also the healing of that old ache."
Some day, we shall join the children, Digory, Polly, Reepicheep, Puddleglum, and
all the others and be permitted to "get in . . . pass in through Nature, beyond
her, into that splendour which she fitfully reflects. And in there, in beyond
Nature, we shall eat of the tree of life."


                                   Index of
                                     Names
                                  and Places


KEY TO CONCORDANCE:
( ) after name cites book in which name predominantly appears
LWW-The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe
VDT-The Voyage of The Dawn Treader
SC-The Silver Chair
MN-The Magician's Nephew
PC-Prince Caspian
LB-The Last Battle
HHB-The Horse and His Boy

sources: (OED) = Oxford English Dictionary
         (BDPF) = Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable
         (EDEL) = An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language

ADELA PENNYFATHER (SC) one of the children at Experiment House.

AHOSHTA (HHB) a Tarkaan and new Grand Vizier; 60 years old, with a hump on his
back, a face like an ape, and of base birth! Aravis' stepmother has arranged
that she marry him.

ALAMBIL (PC) star whose name means "Lady of Peace;" its conjunction with the
star Tarva means good fortune for Narnia.

ALBERTA SCRUBB (VDT) Eustace's mother; "Up-to-date and advanced," she and her
husband are vegetarians, non-smokers, teetotallers, and wear special
underclothes; they think Eustace becomes tiresome under the influence of the
Pevensies.

ALIMASH (HHB) Aravis' cousin, Captain of the Chariots.

ANDREW KETTERLEY (MN) Digory's uncle, a dabbler in magic, who gets Digory and
Polly Plummer into Narnia by means of magic rings. He is tall and thin, has a
sharp nose and mop of grey hair and mismanages money.

ANNE FEATHERSTONE (VDT) Lucy's friend whom she hears talking to Marjorie Preston
under a spell in the Magician's Book; Lucy desires to hear what they think about
her.

ANRADIN (HHB) a Tarkaan, Bree's master, who treated him badly and tries to buy
Shasta. "Anrad" means having a single aim or purpose (OED).

ANVARD (HHB) capital of Archenland, site of King Lune's castle.

ARAVIR (PC) morning star of Narnia.

ARAVIS (HHB) Tarkheena, the only daughter of Kidrash Tarkaan and descended from
the god Tash; runs away from home because her stepmother has arranged for her
marriage to Ahoshta. Marries Cor and becomes Queen of Archenland.

ARCHENLAND (MN, HHB) country just south of Narnia below the Southern Mountains.

ARDEEB (HHB) Tisroc descended from Tash-one of Aravis' father's ancestors.

ARGOZ (VDT) (see Seven Lords).

ARLIAN (PC) one of Caspian IX's lords, executed by usurper Miraz for treason.

ARSHEESH (HHB) Calormen fisherman who raises Shasta.

ASLAN (every book) Son of the Emperor-Over-Sea (or EmperorBeyond-the-Sea), King
and Creator of Narnia, the Great Lion. "Arslan" is the word for lion in Turkish
(according to Walter Hooper). Aslan has nine names, we are told.

ASLAN'S HOW (PC) huge mound in the Great Woods with hollowed galleries and
caves; the Stone where Aslan was sacrificed is in the central cave.

AVRA (VDT) Lone Island #3; few people live there; the location of Lord Bern's
estates.

AXARTHA (HHB) Grand Vizier of Calormen.

AZIM BALDA (HHB) Calormen city where many roads meet and the Imperial Posts are
located.

AZROOH (HHB) one of Rabadash's Tarkhaan lords from the eastern provinces, killed
by Lune.

BACCHUS (PC) the irrepressible and riotous god of wine from GrecoRoman
mythology. Known also by the names Bromios, Basareus, and Ram. Lewis portrays
him as a youth in fawn-skin, with vine leaves in his curly hair; in myth, he was
a youth with black eyes and flowing locks.

BAR (HHB) King Lune's chancellor, a traitor, who kidnapped Cor when he heard he
would save Archenland; later killed in battle.

BASSAREUS (PC) wild boy (see BACCHUS).

BEAVERS (LWW) Mr. and Mrs. Beaver help the children escape from the White Witch;
Mrs. Beaver is very practical-packs food for them to eat and even wants to take
along her sewing machine!

BEAVERSDAM (PC) the two brothers of Beaversdam were shut up as madmen under the
usurper, King Miraz.

BELISAR (PC) one of Caspian IX's lords who, under usurper Miraz, was shot
intentionally with arrows on a hunting party. Belisarius was the greatest of the
Emperor Justinian's generals, accused of conspiring, imprisoned, then restored
to favor 6 months later, but his eyes were eventually put out (BDFM).

BERN (VDT) (see SEVEN LORDS) "Berne, Beorn" means "warrior or hero" (OED).

BERNSTEAD (VDT) Bern's estates on Avra.

BERUNA (SC) town at fords in Narnia; means "snug, red-roofed" (OED).

BERUNA, FORDS OF (LWW, SC) fords with a bridge; "Berun" means to run or flow
over the surface (OED). Aslan's forces camp here the night of Aslan's sacrifice.
The bridge is destroyed under Aslan's command in order to free the river god.

BIG BANNISTER (SC) one of the children at Experiment House.

BISM (SC) enchanted subterranean land beneath the Witch's ShallowLands.
Associated with gnomes and salamanders, heat and fire, an intoxicating smell,
and live gems. Because the gnomes plunge headlong into it, Lewis may be
associating it with the heart of reality. "Bism" probably comes from Bisme,
meaning abyss or deep pit (OED). Based on medieval belief that gnomes live in
subterranean fire.

BLACK WOODS (PC) located near the sea and the site of Cair Paravel. The
Telmarine rumor is that the woods are full of ghosts because the Telmarines fear
the sea and let the woods grow as protection from it.

BRAMANDIN (MN) dead world like Charn.

BREE (HHB) Narnian, dappled war-horse who is stolen and becomes Tarkaan
Anradin's horse in Calormen. Runs away with Shasta. He is a skeptic who needs
proof that Aslan is a real lion. "Bree" is short for Breehy-Ninny-brinny-hoohy-
hah, which sounds like the bray of a horse, but can also means disagreement
(OED).

BRENN, ISLE of (VDT) one of the Seven Isles, where Redhaven is located.

BRICKLETHUMB (HHB) a Red Dwarf, one of Duffle's two brothers, who feeds Shasta
when he first enters Narnia. "Brickle" means fragile, delicate (OED).

BROMIOUS (PC) (see BACCHUS)

BULGY BEARS (PC) Three of the Old Narnians; sleepy bears who offer Caspian
honey. One is Marshal of the Lists during Peter's fight with Miraz. "Bulgy"
means swollen or clumsy (OED).

BURNT ISLAND (VDT) island where children find a few animals and ruins of stone
huts blackened by fires; find tiny boat there for Reepicheep.

CABBY (MN) Cab-driver in London who enters Narnia with the children and Witch by
mistake, later becomes King Frank (first King of Narnia); illustrates how a
lowly person can become King.

CAIR PARAVEL castle and capital of Narnia. A "Court Paravail" is an inferior or
lower court; a "Paravail" is one in a position below another but who holds
another beneath like a tenant. Lewis is thus implying that while the Kings and
Queens rule over Narnia, they, in turn, are in submission to Aslan and the
Emperor-Over-Sea.

CALAVAR (HHB) province ruled by Kidrash Tarkaan, Aravis' father.

CALDRON POOL (LB) big pool under the cliffs at the West end of Narnia; given
that name because the water dances and bubbles in a churning motion.

CALORMEN (HHB) country far south of Narnia and four times its size.

CALORMENE (HHB, LB) native of Calormen; Calormenes are known for their dark
faces, long beards. Wear flowing robes, orange turbans, are wise, courteous,
cruel. Worship the god Tash and have rigid hierarchy. "Calor" means heat or
warmth (OED)-appropriate because they come from a southern climate; may also
refer to "color" because of their dark skin.

CAMILLO (PC) hare whom Caspian meets.

CASPIAN (VDT, SC, PC) Caspian I of Telmar conquered Narnia and silenced the
Beasts; Caspian IX is murdered by his brother Miraz. Caspian X defeats Miraz,
then searches for his father's seven lost lords in VDT. He marries Ramandu's
daughter, dies at the end of SC, but is seen resurrected in Aslan's country. The
name Caspian was first used by Lewis in his poem version of Till We Have Faces
(Hooper and Green).

CARTER (SC) student at Experiment House.

CHARN (MN) dead world ruled by jadis the Witch; once the city of the King of
Kings. Is a form of "churn," which means to agitate (OED).

CHERVY THE STAG (HHB) meets Corin with the news of Calormen attack on Anvard.

CHIEF VOICE (VDT) Chief of the Dufflepuds who tells Lucy their story; all the
Dufflepuds mimic what he says.

CHIPPINGFORD (LB) town, site of marketplace in Narnia during the latter days.

CHLAMASH (HHB) one of Rabadash's Tarkaan lords who surrenders. CHOLMONDELY MAJOR
(SC) one of children at Experiment House.

CITY RUINOUS (SC) ruins of a city near Harfang, beneath which is the Green
Witch's kingdom. Witch tells them that a king once ruled there who had inscribed
on the stones: "Though under Earth and throneless now I be,/Yet, while I lived,
all Earth was under me."

CLIPSIE (VDT) Chief of the Dufflepud's little daughter who spoke the spell to
make the Dufflepuds invisible. "Clipsi" means "dark" (OED). Possibly related to
"eclipse."

CLODSLEY SHOVEL (PC) one of Old Narnian moles whom Caspian meets. Sr. Ignatius
Miller (Bulletin of N.Y.C.S. Lewis Society, No. 99) speculates that Lewis read
Charlotte Yonge's autobiography in which she describes her ancestor's embalming
of Sir Cloudsley Shovel, a famous admiral.

CLOUDBIRTH (SC) centaur and famous healer; he heals Puddleglum's burnt foot.

COALBLACK (SC) Prince Rilian's horse.

COLE (HHB) along with his brother COLIN, fights for King Lune against the
Calormenes (also see DAR).

COLIN (see COLE)

COR (HHB) (SHASTA) Corin's twin brother and son of King Lune, who escapes from
Calormen with Bree, Hwin, and Aravis and becomes King of Archenland.

CORIAKIN (VDT) magician and retired star who governs the Dufflepuds as a
punishment.

CORIN (HHB) Cor's twin brother and son of King Lune, called Thunder-fist because
he was a great boxer.

CORNELIUS (PC, VDT) half-dwarf; Caspian's tutor who teaches him the true history
of Narnia. Short and fat, with a long beard and wrinkled face.

CORRADIN OF CASTLE TORMUNT (HHB) one of Rabadash's Tarkaan lords from the
eastern provinces, killed by Edmund.

DAR (HHB) brother of Darrin, both of whom fight against the Calormenes for King
Lune. Obscure variation of "dare" (OED). Several sets of brothers fight for Lune
who, in turn, has twin sons; e. g. Col/Colin, Dar/Darrin, Cor/Corin.

DARRIN (HHB) (see DAR)

DANCING LAWN (PC) location of Great Council of Caspian and his Narnian friends.

DARK ISLAND (VDT) island, appearing as dark spot in the ocean, where dreams come
true.

DAWN TREADER (VDT) galley type ship children use to travel to the End of the
World (thus appropriateness of name). Shaped like a dragon, with green sides and
a purple sail. Lewis loved drawing detailed pictures of ships like this as a
child.

DEATHWATER (VDT) Reepicheep's name for the island where the children discover a
pool that turns all to gold.

DEEP MAGIC (LWW, MN) law of the Emperor-Over-Sea which says that unless the
Witch is given blood for every treachery committed, all Narnia will be
overturned and perish in fire and water (Old Testament Law?).

DEEPER MAGIC (LWW, MN) Deeper than the Deep Magic, this Law of the Emperor says
that if a willing victim is killed in a traitcr's stead, the Stone Table will
crack and Death will start working backwards (New Testament Grace?).

DEPLORABLE WORD (MN) secret word known only to the great kings; if spoken, it
will destroy all living things except the one who speaks it. Jadis pays the
price to learn it and speaks the word during a battle with her sister, thus
putting herself and all of Charn into a frozen enchantment.

DESTRIER (PC) Caspian's horse; means "war-horse" or "charger" (OED).

DIGGLE (LB) one of the 11 dwarfs who don't believe in "anything but themselves"
during the Last Battle. He is the one Tirian picks up in the Stable.

DIGORY (KIRKE) (MN, LB, LWW) as a boy, he visits his Uncle Andrew and is sent by
magic into Narnia, where he is responsible for helping bring evil into it. Takes
back an apple seed from which a tree grows and the magic wardrobe is eventually
made. As an old professor, has famous mansion visited by sightseers. The four
Pevensies visit him at his home and enter Narnia through his wardrobe. Later, he
becomes poor and has to sell his home and tutor students. Lewis probably named
him after his old tutor "Kirke" or Kirkpatrick. But he is also probably modeled
after Lewis himself. Kirke is described as the sort of person who wants to know
everything.

DOORN (VDT) Lone Island #2 where most of the people live.

DRINIAN (SC, VDT) Caspian's captain on the Dawn Treader.

DUFFERS (VDT) (see MONOPODS) means "an incapable or foolish, stupid, inept,
unproductive person" (OED).

DUFFLE (HHB) a "practical" Red Dwarf who feeds and cares for Shasta when he
first enters Narnia. "Duffle" is thick woolen cloth (OED).

DUFFLEPUDS (VDT) (see MONOPODS)

DUMNUS (PC) a faun.

EARTHMEN (SC) creatures living in the Marches of Underland-probably gnomes. They
all look different: some with tails, beards, round faces, long pointed noses,
soft trunk-like noses, blobby noses, or horns on their foreheads-all look sad.
Their real home is BISM.

EASTERN OCEAN great ocean bordering all the countries on the east.

EDITH JACKLE (SC) one of the children at Experiment House-a mean, spiteful tale-
bearer. Name reminiscent of "jackal."

EDITH WINTERBLOTT (SC) one of the children at Experiment House.

EDMUND (LWW, VDT, HHB, PC, LB) second youngest Pevensie child; "traitor" in LWW
who is "converted" by Aslan and for whom Aslan is sacrificed.

ELEANOR BLAKISTON (SC) child at Experiment House.

EMETH (LB) Calormene permitted into Aslan's country because all his worship of
Tash is counted as Aslan's. Here Lewis may be illustrating his belief in many
possible roads to God since Emeth is sincere in seeking truth. Clyde Kilby says
Lewis himself defined the word as meaning "truth, intrinsic validity, rock
bottom reality, something rooted in God's own Nature." In Jewish religion and in
Hebrew, "Emeth" means true and valid.

EMPEROR-OVER-SEA (LWW) Aslan's father; God.

ERIMON (PC) one of Caspian IX's lords executed by usurper Miraz on a false
charge of treason.

ERLIAN (LB) King of Narnia (Rilian's father) who died from fight with giant.

ETTINSMOOR (SC) city north of the Shribble River, a desolate moorland near where
the giants live. Years earlier, Caspian X fought the giants and made them pay
tribute. The Green Witch says they are foolish, fierce, savage. Variant form of
the word "Eten" meaning giant (OED).

EUSTACE CLARENCE SCRUBB (VDT, SC) selfish and egotistical son of Alberta and
Harold Scrubb, student at Experiment House who read "the wrong kind of books."
Turns into a dragon and is undragoned by Aslan.

EXPERIMENT HOUSE (SC) Eustace's and Jill's school. "Co-educational," where girls
and boys are allowed to do what they like. Lewis seems to be attacking the
theory of "democratic education" which demands equal education for all but
results in inferior education for the intelligent.

FARSIGHT (LB) eagle who reports downfall of Narnia to Tirian.

FATHER CHRISTMAS (LWW) Santa Claus, who at last comes to Narnia when Christmas
comes and gives gifts to the children (which they use later in their adventures)
and to the animals.

FATHER TIME (SC, LB) a giant who was once a King in Overland but has sunk into
the Deep Realm where he dreams of the Upper World. He awakes at the end of the
world and helps end Narnia by blowing his horn. Is given a "new name"
(Eternity?) when he is awakened. Traditionally, an old, white-bearded man
carrying a scythe and hour-glass.

FELIMATH (VDT) the first Lone Island, where sheep are kept. Lonely place with
lots of grass and clover.

FELINDA (MN) dead world like Charn.

FENRIS ULF (LWW) a wolf who is Captain of Jadis' Secret Police. This character
is based on Fenrir (or Fenris), wolf of Loki in Scandinavian mythology. At
Ragnarok (Twilight of the Gods), he swallowed Odin but was avenged by Vidar who
stabbed him with a sword-just as Peter kills him with a sword.

FLEDGE (MN) Cabby's horse Strawberry who enters Narnia by accident, along with
the Witch and the Cabby, from London. Becomes the first flying horse in Narnia.
"Fledge" means to acquire feathers large enough to fly or to be able to fly
(OED).

FORDS OF BERUNA (see BERUNA)

FRANK (MN) (see CABBY)

GALE (LB) Ninth Narnian king in descent from King Frank. Sailed into the Eastern
Seas and delivered the Lone Islanders from a dragon and thus was given the Lone
Islands as part of Narnia.

GALMA (VDT) Caspian's first stop on his trip, where great tournament is held.

GARRETT TWINS (SC) two of the children at Experiment House, described as
"loathesome."

GENTLE GIANTS (SC) giants living at Harfang who plan on eating the children.
Witch calls them "mild, civil, prudent, courteous."

GERBIOUS (PC) a faun.

GINGER THE CAT (LB) one of Shift's counsellors in LB, who tells false stories
about Aslan. Seems to illustrate "enlightenment" attitude which believes in no
god at all. At the Kilns where Lewis lived were two cats, one a ginger named
Tom.

GLASSWATER CREEK (PC) creek that leads to the Hill of the Stone Table.

GLENSTORM (PC) centaur who lives in a mountain glen; a noble creature with
glossy chestnut flanks and a golden red beard. Prophet and Stargazer.

GLIMFEATHER (SC) owl who is big as a dwarf. Works for aged Caspian X and looks
after Jill and Eustace, carrying them to Parliament of Owls, then Northern
Mountains. "Glim" means to shine, gleam (OED).

GLOZELLE (PC) one of Miraz's lords who plans Miraz's defeat in PC by tricking
him into accepting Peter's challenge to duel. To "gloze" means to expound upon
or interpret (OED), appropriate since Glozelle talks Miraz into accepting. He is
the one who actually stabs Miraz.

GNOMES (SC) inhabitants of Underworld and Bism. Short, fat, whitish, pig-like
faces, with long tails, a hard comb on the tops of their heads, pink eyes, large
mouths and chins.

GOLDWATER (VDT) Caspian's first name for Deathwater Island because of the pool
there that turns things and people to gold.

GOLG (SC) gnome from Bism.

GRAND VIZIER (HHB) Calormen leader. In Persia and Turkey, this title usually
signifies a high state official like the governor of a province (OED).

GREAT RIVER (PC) river leading to Aslan's How, which children search for in PC.
Extends all the way from Lantern Waste in the west, across Narnia, to Eastern
Ocean.

GRIFFLE (LB) chief of the dwarfs in LB who decide to fight for and believe only
in themselves.

GUMPAS (VDT) bilious, incompetent governor of the Lone Islands, who is dethroned
by Caspian and replaced by Lord Bern. Parody of the politician who insists upon
following schedules and appointments and who sticks to his statistics and
graphs. A "gump" is a dolt, numbskull, foolish person (OED).

GWENDOLEN (PC) school girl in New Narnia who joins with Aslan's band of party-
ers.

HAG (PC) accomplice of Nikabrik, with a nose and chin that stick out like
nutcrackers, and dirty grey hair. Based on the evil spirit or demon, usually
female and usually associated with the Furies and Harpies.

HARDBITERS (PC) badgers whom Caspian meets in his search for Old Narnians.

HARFANG (SC) stronghold of the Gentle Giants, where Jill, Eustace, and
Puddleglum are fed, bathed-and almost eaten.

HAROLD (VDT) Eustace Scrubb's father (see ALBERTA).

HARPA (LB) Emeth is one of his seven sons; a Tarkaan.

HELEN (LB) (NELLY) wife of Frank the Cabby, first Queen of Narnia. A plain
housewife who is yanked into Narnia with soapsuds still on her arms.

HERMIT OF SOUTHERN MARCH (HHB) keeps the horses and the wounded Aravis while
Shasta goes on his mission to warn King Lune. 109 years old, tall, with beard to
his knees and a robe; has a magic pool (almost like a crystal ball).

HOGGLESTOCK (PC) hedgehog whom Caspian meets. "Hoggle" is a laborer of the lower
class (OED).

HWIN (HHB) Narnian talking horse taken as a slave in Calormen; escapes with
Aravis.

HYALINE (SPLENDOUR) (HHB) ship of King Edmund and Queen Lucy. "Hyaline" means
transparent like glass (OED).

ILGAMUTH (HHB) one of Rabadash's Tarkaan lords; killed by Darrin.

ILKEEN (HHB) location of the beautiful palace of Ahoshta Tarkeen.

ISLAND OF THE STAR (VDT) Ramandu's Island (he's a retired star), where Aslan's
Table is.

ISLAND OF THE VOICES (VDT) island where Dufflepuds live.

JADIS (LWW, MN) a White Witch who in LWW is Queen of Narnia. She spoke the
Deplorable Word which destroyed her rival sister, and she rules a dead Charn in
MN. Enters London by accident. Slays most of the inhabitants of Narnia, turns
them to stone, and turns its season to perpetual winter. Tall and beautiful but
proud, with snowwhite face and red mouth. Descended from Lilith and one of the
Jinn on one side, a giant on the other. Lilith was Adam's first wife who became
the devil's dam. Jinn were demons who were created before Adam and assumed many
shapes. A "jade" is a contemptuous name for a woman; "jadish" means worn or
wearied (OED). Jardis was also the name for Psyche's twin brother in Lewis's
poem version of Till We Have Faces (Green and Hooper).

JEWEL (LB) a Unicorn; Tirian's dearest friend. They loved each other and saved
each other's lives in war. Has a blue horn.

JILL POLE (SC, LB) child from Experiment House who goes with Eustace on two
adventures to Narnia. Aslan tells her the four signs.

KETTERLEY (see ANDREW)

KIDRASH (HHB) Aravis' father; son of Rishti Tarkaan, son of Kidrash Tarkaan, son
of Ilsombreh Tisroc, son of Ardeeb Tisroc, descended from Tash.

KIRKE (LWW, MN) (see DIGORY)

LADY OF THE GREEN KIRTLE (SC) tall witch dressed in a thin green garment and
really the Green Witch. Has enchanted Rilian in her Shallow Lands. First appears
to children as a lovely lady with her knight and tricks them into going to
Harfang. Turns into a serpent (thus symbolic color green) and is perhaps a
serpent or Satan symbol. A "kirtle" is a gown or coat (OED).

LANTERN WASTE (MN) area west of Beaversdam where the children first enter Narnia
and where the lamppost grows; where Jadis' kingdom is.

LASARALEEN (HHB) an old friend of Aravis, who helps her escape Tashbaan; a silly
and vain Tarkheena, now married and great. Interested only in clothes, parties,
and gossip. "Lasar" means leisure (OED).

LEFAY, MRS. (MN) in Lewis's original version of the story, Digory's godmother
who has magic powers. In MN, she is Andrew's godmother and has fairy blood in
her. Gives him a box of dust from Atlantis. Probably named after Morgan Le Fay,
famous witch in the Arthurian legend with magical powers.

LETTY KETTERLEY (MN) Uncle Andrew's sister, whom Jadis hurls across the room,
but who seems unimpressed by the Witch.

LILYGLOVES (PC) chief mole who helps plant orchard at Cair Paravel.

LONE ISLANDS (VDT) islands of FELIMATH, DOORN, AVRA, which the Dawn Treader
visits. King Gale of Narnia delivered their people from a dragon and was given
the islands as part of Narnia. Although Lewis hints he may tell us this story in
a future book, he never does.

LUCY (LWW, VDT, HHB, PC, LB) youngest of the 4 Pevensie children who is the
first to visit through the wardrobe. Has task of saying spell to make Dufflepuds
visible. Seems to love, trust, and see Aslan more than anyone else. Undoubtedly
named after Lucy Barfield, to whom LWW is dedicated (see letter at beginning of
LWW).

LUNE (HHB) King of Archenland, Cor and Corin's father; fat and jolly.

MABLE KIRKE (MN) Digory's mother; sick, but cured by apple from Narnia.

MACREADY (LWW) Digory Kirke's housekeeper in his old country mansion.

MARCHES OF UNDERLAND, WARDEN of (SC) Mullugutherum, chief of the Earthmen in the
Underworld realm where the Green Witch rules.

MARJORIE PRESTON (VDT) Lucy's friend whom she overhears talking to Anne
Featherstone under a spell from the Magician's book. Aslan says she is afraid of
the older girl and really loves Lucy.

MARSHWIGGLE (SC) one of Lewis's most famous character creations. Long and frog-
like creatures who do most of the watery and fishy work in Narnia; live in
Wigwams in the marshes just north of Cair Paravel (see PUDDLEGLUM).

MASTER BOWMAN (VDT) sailor on the Dawn Treader responsible for shooting at the
Sea Serpent.

MAVRAMORN (VDT) (see SEVEN LORDS)

MENTIUS (PC) a faun.

MIRAZ (PC) Caspian IX's brother, who usurps the throne and casts out many of his
lords. Caspian X overthrows him in battle. Murdered by his own lord, Glozelle.

MONOPOD (VDT)-also DUFFERS, DUFFLEPUDS. Creatures with one huge leg and foot
like a mushroom, with curled toes. Once plain dwarfs, they were ruled by
Magician Coriakin, who "uglified" them when they disobeyed him. Then, by a spell
from his book, they made themselves invisible. They convinced Lucy to find a
spell to make them visible again. They mimic everything their chief says and are
very foolish and impractical. Lewis seems to have based them on the "Skiapod,"
written about in Medieval literature. A Medieval book, The Bestiary, which dates
from the 13th century, outlines all the fanciful characteristics of various
creatures. It describes a "skiapod," which possesses an enormous foot which it
uses as a sunshade when lying on its back. Sir John Mandeville (Travels)
describes the inhabitants of Ethiopia who have one foot: "And the foot is so
large, that it shadoweth all the body against the sun; when they will lie and
rest them."

MOONWOOD (LB) hare who has such ears he can sit by the Caldron Pool under the
waterfall and hear what is whispered at Cair Paravel.

MOUNT PIRE (HHB) mountain created when Fair Olvin fought the two-headed giant,
Pire, and turned him to stone. Blue mountain with 2 peaks located northwest of
the Tombs of the Ancient Kings. Shasta uses this as a landmark to find
Archenland.

MUIL (VDT) westernmost of the Seven Isles. Variation of the word "moil" which is
a type of hornless cattle (OED). These were probably raised on the island.

MULLUGUTHERUM (SC) Warden of Marches of Underland (see MARCHES OF UNDERLAND).

NAIN (PC) King of Archenland. "Nain" can mean highlander or "one's own" (OED).

NARNIA Aslan's country, created in MN and destroyed in LB, existing for almost
50 earth years, 2555 Narnian years. Land of talking beasts. According to
Marjorie Wright, Narnia is the name of an Italian town mentioned by Livy.

NARROWHAVEN (VDT) town on Isle of Doorn where Gumpas rules.

NAUSUS (PC) a faun.

NELLY (MN) Queen Helen of Narnia (see HELEN).

NIKABRIK (PC) Black Dwarf, with black beard and hair. A sour Dwarf who goes
against Caspian and tries to call on the Witch for help. Killed in a scuffle.

NIMIENUS (PC) a faun.

OBENTINUS (PC) a faun.

OCTESIAN (VDT) (see SEVEN LORDS)

ORRUNS (SC) a faun.

PARAVEL (see CAIR PARAVEL)

PARLIAMENT OF OWLS (SC) a meeting of owls to which the children are carried on
Glimfeather's back. Lewis is obviously having fun here, echoing a famous work by
Chaucer called The Parliament of Fouls.

PASSARIDS (PC) house of lords under Caspian IX. Under usurper Miraz, sent to
fight giants and destroyed. "Passaree" is a nautical term (OED).

PATTERTWIG (PC) magnificent red squirrel, size of a terrier, who can talk; one
of the Old Narnian's whom Caspian meets and who offers him a nut from his store.
Like most animals, his name is descriptive of the sound he makes. According to
Walter Hooper, Pattertwig appears in the "LeFay fragment," a very early version
of the Magician's Nephew.

PEEPICEEK (PC) one of Reepicheep's mouse followers.

PERIDAN (HHB) one of Queen Susan's and King Edmund's lords and advisors in
Tashbaan who leads charge in battle with Rabadash's army.

PETER (LWW, PC, LB) oldest Pevensie child, first High King of Narnia that we
meet after King Frank. Noted for his chivalry in battle. Too old to return to
Narnia after PC. Probably named after the biblical Peter, the rock on whom the
church is built, and given keys to the kingdom in Matt. 16:19. Peter locks the
door on dead Narnia.

PEVENSIE (LWW) family name of Peter, Susan, Lucy, Edmund. Priscilla Drake
(Bulletin of N.Y.C. S. Lewis Society, No. 79) notes that in Rudyard Kipling's
story Puck of Pook's Hill, a brother and sister live on an estate near a ruined
castle by the sea called "Pevensey." In addition, Puck calls them "Son of Adam"
and "Daughter of Eve."

PITTENCREAM (VDT) sailor of Dawn Treader left behind at Ramandu's Island. Went
to live in Calormen and made up stories about the World's End.

PHOENIX (MN, LB) bird sitting in tree in center of Aslan's garden. Larger than
an eagle, with gold and red-purple feathers. Symbol of rebirth and immortality
because it is said to die and be resurrected from the ashes.

PLATO (LWW, LB) Plato believed that the real, stable, permanent part of the
universe is the super-sensible world of Ideas or Forms. The physical world is a
realm of appearances rather than reality, and is thus illusory and transitory.
It is a shadow or copy of the Real World.

POGGIN (LB) one of the first and only dwarfs in the LB who turns to Tirian's
side against Shift and resists the temptation to believe him.

POLLY PLUMMER (MN) Digory's neighbor who enters Narnia with him in MN.

POMONA (PC) greatest of all wood people who puts a spell on the orchard at Cair
Paravel. "Pomona" means goddess of fruits and fruit trees (OED).

PRIZZLE, MISS (PC) teacher in New Narnia.

PRUNAPRISMIA (PC) Miraz's wife; has red hair.

PUDDLEGLUM (SC) a marshwiggle, with long thin face, sharp nose and greeny-grey
hair like reeds, long legs and arms, webbed feet and hands, wearing a high hat.
Has a serious and pessimistic view of life, yet is "brave as a lion," level-
headedly guiding the children in SC against the Green Witch. "Puddle" fits his
marshy home; "glum" fits his mood. Lewis says the character is based on his
gardener, Paxford.

PUG (VDT) one of Gumpas' slavers; a pirate. "Pug" can mean a number of things,
including courtesan, upper servant, punk (OED).

PUGRAHAN (LB) Calormen salt mines.

PUZZLE (LB) simple donkey who puts on false lion costume under Shift's orders
but soon comes over to Tirian's side. His name fits not only the fact that he
"puzzles" the Narnians by masquerading as Aslan, but is himself slow and
confused about whom to believe.

QUEEN OF THE DEEP REALM (SC) Lady of the Green Kirtle, or the Green Witch, who
has enchanted Rilian and rules the Shallow-Lands.

RABADASH (HHB) son of Tisroc of Tashbaan who wants to marry Queen Susan. Attacks
Archenland and is transformed by Aslan into a donkey.

RAM (PC) wild boy (see BACCHUS).

RAM THE GREAT (HHB) Cor and Aravis' son who becomes King of Archenland.

RAMANDU (VDT) a retired star, dressed all in silver, who resides near Aslan's
Table. When he is rejuvenated by the berry provided by the birds, he will once
again tread the Great Dance. Babylonian and Blackfoot Indian legends say that
every star was once a human.

RAMANDU'S DAUGHTER (VDT, SC) marries Caspian X. Falls asleep one day and is
murdered by the Green Witch (a serpent).

RAVEN OF RAVENSCAUR (PC) one of the many creatures who meet with Caspian at the
Council at Dancing Lawn.

REALLY DEEP LAND (SC) (see BISM)

REDHAVEN (VDT) city on Brenn, one of the Seven Isles.

REEPICHEEP (VDT, PC, LB) gallant and brave mouse, most valiant of all the
Talking Beasts and Chief Mouse. (The mice ate Aslan's cords in LWW and became
Talking Beasts.) About 2 feet high, he wears a long crimson feather on his head
and a long sword. Wounded in PC and healed by Lucy, tail restored by Aslan.
Sails on Dawn Treader and is left in Aslan's country at World's End.

RESTIMAR (VDT) (see SEVEN LORDS)

REVILIAN (VDT) (see SEVEN LORDS)

RHINCE (VDT) mate on the Dawn Treader who helps sail the ship with Drinian.

RHINDON (PC) Peter's sword, a gift from Father Christmas, with which he kills
the wolf in LWW.

RHOOP (VDT) (see SEVEN LORDS)

RILIAN (SC) son of Caspian X and Ramandu's daughter who seeks to avenge his
mother's death by green serpent. Enchanted by the Green Witch and rescued by
children in SC.

RISHDA (LB) Calormene captain who helps Shift and Ginger the Cat plot against
Aslan and Tirian; carried away by Tash.

ROGIN (HHB) Red Dwarf, one of Duffle's brothers.

ROONWIT (LB) a centaur, great and golden bearded. Reads the stars and warns
Tirian of danger over Narnia. His forces were supposed to join Tirian; he is
killed by Calormen arrow but is seen in Aslan's country.

RUMBLEBUFFIN (LWW) giant who helps Aslan fight witch in LWW and borrows Lucy's
tiny handkerchief. "Rumble" means to make a lot of noise; "Buffian" means
buffoon (OED).

RUSH RIVER (PC) river that joins Great River at Beruna's Bridge.

RYNELF (VDT) sailor on the Dawn Treader.

SALAMANDERS (SC) live in Bism in the fire-river. Small dragons, witty and
eloquent. According to legend, salamanders, gnomes, sylphs, and nymphs inhabited
fire, one of the four elements.

SALLOWPAD (HHB) old and wise raven who is an advisor to Queen Susan and Edmund;
always quotes pithy sayings. "Sallow" is yellow/ brown.

SARAH (MN) Andrew's and Letty's housemaid.

SCRUBB (VDT) (see EUSTACE, ALBERTA, HAROLD). The name means "a person of little
account and poor appearance, insignificant;" can also mean to scratch one's body
(OED)-appropriate considering Eustace's original personality and the fact that
he scratches at his dragonish scales. Lewis says he "half deserved" his name.

SEA GIRL (VDT) fish-herdress Lucy sees near World's End. They become friends
just by looking at each other. May illustrate kinship one can find in any world.

SEA PEOPLE (VDT) people riding sea horses, whom Lucy sees near World's End. They
wear no clothes, have ivory bodies, purple hair; wear coronets, pearls, gold on
their foreheads and emerald and orange streamers on their shoulders. They are
hunting for fish.

SEA SERPENT (VDT) serpent which attacks Dawn Treader. Green and vermillion, with
purple blotches, head like a horse, enormous eyes, fish teeth, and gigantic
tail.

SEVEN BROTHERS OF THE SHUDDERING WOODS (PC) Red Dwarfs who live in underground
smithy and give armor to Caspian.

SEVEN ISLES (PC) islands, including Bren and Muil, visited by the Dawn Treader.

SEVEN LORDS (VDT) seven Telmarine lords of Caspian IX, sent by usurper Miraz to
sail away searching for new lands beyond the Eastern Ocean. Caspian searches for
them in VDT. Their names are as follows:

  ARGOZ found sleeping at Ramandu's Island. "Argos" means swift, a ship sailing
on an adventurous voyage (like the Argonauts) (BDFM)

  REVILIAN found sleeping at Ramandu's Island.

  BERN found living on a Lone Island under Gumpas; Caspian makes him Duke. From
"Berne/Beorn" meaning warrior, hero (OED).

  MAVRAMORN found sleeping at Ramandu's Island.

  OCTESIAN either killed by dragon or was the dead dragon Eustace encountered.

  RESTIMAR turned to gold on Deathwater Island.

  RHOOP found on Dark Island (where dreams come true). Allowed to recover in a
restful sleep at Aslan's Table.

SHADOW LANDS (LB) Aslan's designation for England because it is only a copy of
the Real England in his country.

SHALLOW LANDS (SC) gnomes' name for the Witch's Underland beneath Narnia.

SHAR (HHB) fights for King Lune against the Calormenes. Obsolete word for
"share" (OED).

SHASTA (HHB) (see COR) "Shasta" is Cor's Calormene name and is similar to other
Calormene words (sh sound). Probably based on Hindu word; "Shastri" is one who
is learned, teaches (OED).

SHIFT (LB) West Narnian ape who persuades Puzzle to wear lion skin and
masquerade as Asian. Example of person who wishes to set up socialistic state
andlor false relision. Possible connection with word "shifty."

SHRIBBLE RIVER (SC, LB) East-West river near southern border of Ettinsmoor.

SILENUS (PC) old man on donkey who accompanies Bacchus. In mythology, he was a
drunken and jovial attendant of Bacchus who rode an ass (BDFM).

SILVER SEA (VDT) Lily Lake near the End of the World.

SLINKEY (LB) fox who fights on Calormen side in LB; appropriate name.

SNOWFLAKE (SC) Green Witch's lovely white horse.

SOPESPIAN (PC) traitor lord of usurper Miraz who helps plan Miraz's defeat by
tricking him into accepting challenge to duel. Peter kills him.

SORLOIS (MN) dead world like Charn.

SPEAR-HEAD (VDT) North-star of Narnia, brighter than pole star.

SPIVVINS (SC) Lewis is not clear who or what this is. Eustace keeps a secret
about Spivvins under torture at Experiment House.

SPLENDOUR HYALINE (HHB) galleon ship (see HYALINE).

"SPOTTY" SORNER (SC) one of the children at Experiment House. A "sorner" is one
who sponges off people (OED).

STABLE HILL (LB) location of the Stable where first Tash, then Asian, are found.
Its inside is bigger than its outside.

STARS (VDT, LB) portrayed as real people, glimmering with silver clothes and
hair. North American Indians believed that stars were people.

STONEFOOT (LB) giant who is part of Tirian's troop in final battle.

STONE KNIFE (LWW, VDT) knife of cruel and ancient shape used by Witch to kill
Asian. Kept by Ramandu at Asian's Table. In VDT, the three lords touch it while
arguing and fall into an enchanted sleep. Stone could be associated with Old
Testament Law.

STONE TABLE (LWW, VDT) table where Asian is sacrificed. A slab of grey stone
supported by four upright stones; old and covered with engraved lines and
figures. Splits in two after the sacrifice. Later placed in central cave
hollowed out within a mound built over it (ASLAN'S HOW). Stones are also
important in ancient religions and Till We Have Faces. Lewis is most likely
basing this on a rich pagan tradition. The fact that the table breaks in two is
reminiscent of the veil being rent in two in the Temple during Christ's
sacrifice.

STRAWBERRY (MN) (see FLEDGE)

SUNLESS SEA (SC) sea which must be crossed in order to reach all outlets from
Shallow Lands.

SUSAN (LWW, HHB, PC) one of the four Pevensie children. Known for her beauty.
Not allowed into Asian's Country because she is "no longer a friend of Narnia,"
latterly interested only in superficial things.

SWANWHITE (LB) queen who lived in Narnia before the days of the White Witch and
the Great Winter. Was so beautiful that when she looked into any forest pool,
the reflection of her face shone out of the water for a year and a day
afterwards like a star by night.

TACKS (VDT) one of Gumpas' slave merchants.

TARKAAN/TARKHAAN (HHB) a great lord in Calormen; known by gold ring on arm.

TARKHEENA (HHB) a great lady in Calormen.

TARVA (PB) star; name means "Lord of Victory." Its conjunction with Alambil
means good fortune for Narnia.

TASH (LB, HHB) Calormen god; its head is like an eagle or vulture, and it has
four arms. "Task" means blemish (OED). In Till We Have Faces, the priest of
Ungit also wears a mask that makes him look like a bird. Tash requires human
sacrifices (like Ungit in TWHF) and really exists, as evidenced in LB. Lewis is
showing the reality of demons.

TASHBAAN (HHB) Calormene city located on an island-one of the wonders of the
world.

TASH-GOD (see TASH)

TASHLAN (LB) Shift's name for the false Aslan, an attempt to equate Aslan with
Tash. An anti-Christ figure?

TEHISHBAAN (LB) Emeth's city, west beyond the desert.

TELMAR/TELMARINES (PC) land beyond the western mountains. Discovered through a
magic cave on an Island in the Southern Seas. After a famine, Caspian I King of
Telmar led the people to the Western Mountains of Narnia and conquered it,
silencing the beasts, trees, fountains, and driving away or killing the dwarfs
and fauns. Because the Telmarines fear the Sea, they fabricate lies about ghosts
residing in the Black Woods. They permit these lies to grow as a protection from
the Sea. "Tel" has several meanings (endure, bear) but "Mar" and "Marine"
obviously refer to the sea. (Full history discussed in Chapter 4.)

TEREBINTHIA (VDT, SC) island visited by Dawn Treader after Galma where there is
a terrible sickness. Caspian seeks Aslan there in SC. Means turpentine-like, or
an area which grows trees from which turpentine is made (OED).

THORNBUT (HHB) dwarf under King Edmund who orders Corin not to fight in the
battle against the Calormenes.

TIRIAN (LB) last ruler of Narnia, seventh in descent from Rilian; fights the
final battle of Narnia. Name probably from "tire," meaning to fail, cease,
diminish, give out (OED)-appropriate, since during his reign Narnia is
destroyed.

TISROC (HHB) ruler of Tashbaan.

TOMBS OF THE ANCIENT KINGS (HHB) tombs north of Tashbaan that look like gigantic
beehives; there are rumors of ghouls there. There Shasta spends the right and
meets Aravis, Hwin, and Bree before their journey back to Narnia.

TRAN (HHB) fights for King Lune against the Calormenes.

TREE PEOPLE (PC) trees in Narnia look like people when their residing spirits
become visible. They retreat in New Narnia but are awakened again by Aslan in
PC. Eat various kinds of soil and wade in the dirt. Birches, beeches, and
larches are girls; oaks are shaggy, wizened, hearty men with frizzled beards;
elms are lean and melancholy. These are based on the dryads of mythology.

TRUFFLEHUNTER (PC, VDT) badger who first helps Caspian in his war against Miraz
and later serves under him when Caspian becomes king. A "truffle" is a round,
underground edible fungus or root (OED).

TRUMPKIN (SC, PC, VDT) nicknamed D.L.F. (Dear Little Friend). Red Dwarf who is
Lord Regent under Caspian X. Tells children story of Caspian X and leads them to
him at Aslan's How.

TUMNUS (LLW, HHB, LB) faun who lives in a cave and befriends Lucy on her first
solo trip to Narnia. Is turned into stone by the Witch for treachery. Appears
again in HHB to plan way for Narnians to escape Tashbaan by feigning a party for
Rabadash. Name reminiscent of "Tumulus" which is a mound of earth-appropriate
since he lives in the ground (OED). Idea for LWW began with a picture in Lewis's
mind of a faun carrying an umbrella.

ULVILAS (PC) one of Caspian IX's lords who, under usurper Miraz, was
intentionally shot with arrows at a hunting party.

URNUS (SC) a faun.

VOLTINUS (PC) a faun.

VOLUNS (PC) a faun.

WATER RAT (LB) rat on a river raft carrying logs from Narnia to sell to the
Calormenes under Shift's orders. One of the first signs to alert Tirian that
something is amiss in Narnia.

WER-WOLF (PC) one of Nikabrik's cohorts, brought to attack Aslan's group. Half
man, half wolf.

WESTERN WILD (LB, MN) area at far west of Narnia where Digory and Polly travel
on the day Narnia is created. Wild land of mountains, dark forests, snow, and
glaciers. Location of hill with garden and apple tree where final events in LB
take place.

WHITE STAG (LWW) stag which would grant wishes if one caught him. The four
children (Kings and Queens) hunt him at end of LWW and rediscover the lamp-post
where they first entered Narnia.

WHITE WITCH (LWW, MN) (see JADIS)

WIMBLEWEATHER (PC) giant of Deadman's Hill and part of Caspian's troops. Spoils
Caspian's surprise attack on Miraz's army. "Wimble" means active, nimble (EDEL).

WINDING ARROW RIVER (HHB) east-west river between Archenland and Calormen.

WOOD BETWEEN THE WORLDS (MN) beautifully quiet, rich and alive woodland where
Digory and Polly end up with their magic rings. Contains dozens of pools which
lead to other worlds.

WORLD'S END ISLAND (VDT) island of Ramandu and Aslan's Table, so named because
for those who sail from it, it is the beginning of the end.

WRAGGLE (LB) satyr who fights on Calormene side in LB. The word means to
struggle or resist (OED).

ZARDEENAH (HHB) Lady of the Night, Calormen goddess. Damsels do service to her
before they are married; they bid farewell to her and sacrifice to prepare for
marriage.


                                    A Note
                                    on the
                                   Names and
                                   Creatures


ANIMALS like moles, badgers, and squirrels have very descriptive names:
Pattertwig (squirrel), Trufflehunter and Hardbiter (badgers). The names Hwin and
Bree are based on horse sounds. Dogs speak in "doggy" language: "We'll help,
we'll help, help, help. Show us how to help, show us how, how. How-how-how?"

CENTAURS are based on Greek mythology and are a race of creatures having the
head, arms, and trunk of a man and the body and legs of a horse. In Narnia, they
have both a man-stomach and horse-stomach, as well. They are portrayed as
majestic and solemn, not easily made merry or angry but when aroused, their
anger is terrible. They are supposed to be prophets, stargazers, and healers and
have names like Cloudbirth, Glenstorm, and Roonwit.

FAUNS are from Roman mythology, where they were deities having a man's body from
the waist up and the horns, legs, and tail of a goat. In Narnia, they have
reddish skin, too. They have appropriately Latin names: Dumnus, Girbius,
Mentius, Nausus, Nimienus, Obentinus, Orruns, Oscuns, Tumnus, Urnus, Voltinus,
Voluns.

DWARFS of at least 2 kinds live in Narnia: black and red. In Norse mythology,
there were black and white dwarfs, and the black were usually evil and
associated with the earth and metal craftsmanship. Red dwarfs in Narnia have
names like Duffle, Rogin, Trumpkin, and Bricklethumb; Nikabrik, an evil dwarf,
is a Black Dwarf.

OTHER CREATURES mentioned in the books are based on tradition or classical
mythology:

GHOULS: evil spirits that rob graves WRAITHS: ghosts of dead people SPRITES:
elves or pixies BOGGLES: hobgoblins OGRES: man-eating giant monsters MINOTAURS:
half man, half bull

DRYADS: wood nymphs who live in trees and preside over woods NAIADS: nymphs who
preside over brooks, springs, fountains SATYRS: wood gods or demons with the
pointed ears, legs, and short horns of a goat, or tail of goat or horse;
associated with Bacchus

HAGS: evil spirits, usually female, associated with Furies and Harpies

UNICORN: usually white and resembling a horse with one horn in center of
forehead, symbol for purity

NARNIAN NAMES (of royalty) seem to have -ian, endings (perhaps deriving from the
name Aslan): Caspian, Rilian, Tirian, Drinian, Erlian.

ARCHENLAND NAMES are predominantly monosyllabic, and brothers have similar
names: Nain, Lune (Kings): Dar/Darrin, Col/Colin, Cor/Corin (brothers).

CALORMENE NAMES have a Persian or Turkish ring to them: Tash, Tashbaan, Ahoshta,
Tarkaan, Lasaraleen, Shasta, Rabadash, Ahoshta, Arsheesh, Ardeeb, Alimash (many
"s" and "sh" sounds).

EXPERIMENT HOUSE children have derogatory names: Eustace Clarence Scrubb (Scrubb
means "an insignificant person," and Lewis says he half deserved the name);
Jackle (Jackal?), Sorner (meaning "sponger"), Winterblott.


                                     Notes


1. Bulletin of the N.Y. C.S. Lewis Society, No. 97 (Nov. 1977), p. 14.

2. Walter Hooper, "Narnia: The Author, the Critics, and the Tale,"
The Longing for a Form, ed. Peter Schakel (Kent State Univ. Press, 1977),
pp. 105-6.

3. "Miracles," God in the Dock, ed. Walter Hooper (Grand Rapids:
William B. Eerdmans, 1970), p. 37.

4. Kathryn Lindskoog, The Lion of Judah in Never-Never Land (Grand
Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1973), p. 16.

5. Hooper, op. cit., p. 109.

6. Unpublished letter to Mrs. Krieg, 615155.

7. Letters of C. S.. Lewis, ed. W. H. Lewis (ICY. and London: Harcourt
Brace Jovanovich, 1966), pp. 261, 283.

8. "Fairy Stories," Of Other Words (ICY. and London: Harcourt Brace
Jovanovich, 1966), p. 37.

9. "The Fantastic Imagination," The Gifts of the Child Christ (Vol. 1),
ed. Glenn Sadler (1893; rpt. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1973),
p. 27.
