Michael Swanwick's Periodic Table of Science Fiction

109

Meitnerium

(266)

Lise Meitner, Physicist

It's not easy making up a story about Lise Meitner, because the life she

really did lead was so much more compelling than fiction could possibly

be. Here are the facts, all true:

Born in 1878, Lise Meitner was denied a Nobel Prize, historians today

agree, simply because she was female. Indeed, as a woman she faced

extraordinary obstacles to merely obtaining an education . Nevertheless,

she managed to attend the University of Vienna and graduated in 1906 with

a thesis on the conduction of heat in inhomogenous solids. Her first job

was at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin, where she had to work in a

converted basement studio because only men were allowed into the

laboratory. There she and Otto Hahn began research into the element

transformations at the high end of the periodic table. Shortly after WWI

(when she volunteered to work as a radiologist in an Austrian field

hospital), she and Hahn discovered the element protactinium. Not long

after that, she was appointed head of the physics department at Kaiser

Wilhelm, an extraordinary accomplishment for somebody they had originally

hidden away in the cellar.

Through the 1920s and into the 30s, Meitner worked on the relationship

between gamma and beta radiation. Then Enrico Fermi determined that when

a heavy element was bombarded with neutrons, a heavier isotope of that

element was formed. Meitner, Hahn, and Fritz Strassmen set out in search

of an explanation for this baffling property of matter. Unfortunately,

when Germany annexed Austria, Meitner, a non-practicing Jew, became

subject to Nazi persecution. With the aid of Niels Bohr, she fled to

Sweden in 1938.

In Sweden, Meitner continued to collaborate with her colleagues by mail.

At her direction, Hahn bombarded uranium with neutrons, with peculiar

results. Puzzled, he wrote to Meitner, who realized that the uranium

nucleus had not merely lost small particles, but had split into barium

and krypton with an accompanying release of several neutrons and a

massive amount of energy. This phenomenon she named fission.

Max Frisch, Meitner's cousin and scientific confidant, immediately shared

this discovery with Niels Bohr, and soon thereafter the two men proved

her ideas experimentally. Frisch and Meitner published a paper explaining

fission in January, 1939. In 1948, the Nobel Prize for physics was

awarded not to Meitner but to Otto Hahn, her collaborator. Disgracefully,

Hahn downplayed her contributions for the rest of his life in order to

enhance his own prestige.

Lise Meitner, however, appears never to have resented the snub. "I am not

important," she once famously said. "Why is everybody making such a fuss

over me?" She had her work, and it was enough. She died on October 27,

1968, in Cambridge, England, where she had gone to retire.

In 1972, four years after her death, the Nobel Prize Committee

retroactively added her name to the prize which all agreed she deserved.

Actually, that last sentence isn't true. I just threw it in to make this

fiction.

The End