Eighth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology

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    Title: Eighth Annual Report
           of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the
                  Smithsonian Institution, 1886-1887, Government Printing
                  Office, Washington, 1891

    Author: Various

    Editor: John Wesley Powell

    Release Date: March 8, 2007 [EBook #20784]

    Language: English

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The two “Accompanying Papers” that make up the bulk of this book are also available as individual texts from Project Gutenberg:

Victor Mindeleff, A Study of Pueblo Architecture, Tusayan and Cibola: e-text 19856.

James Stevenson, The Ceremonial of Hasjelti Dailjis and Mythical Sand Painting of the Navajo Indians: e-text 19331.

The files are identical except that in the present text a few more typographical errors have been corrected, and some illustrations have been replaced.

A few words in these two papers use some uncommon letters:

ā, ē (vowel with macron or “long” mark)
Ĕ, ĭ, ŏ (vowel with breve or “short” mark)
ⁿ (small raised n).

These words include alternate transcriptions as mouse-hover popups: Tanā’shkiji. Errors are similarly marked. The “cents” sign ¢ has been used in place of the rare symbols Ȼ and ȼ.

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All brackets and parenthetical question marks are in the original. The cover picture is conjectural; it was used in Annual Reports 7, 9 and others.

#### EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT

###### OF THE

## BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

###### TO THE

##### SECRETARY OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

#### 1886-’87

###### BY

#### J. W. POWELL

###### DIRECTOR

##### WASHINGTON

###### GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

###### 1891

III

#### CONTENTS.

##### REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR.

IV

#### ACCOMPANYING PAPERS.

###### A STUDY OF PUEBLO ARCHITECTURE, TUSAYAN AND CIBOLA, BY VICTOR MINDELEFF.

This article is in a separate file. As in the printed original, it includes a duplicate table of contents and list of illustrations; the Index was added by the transcriber.

###### CEREMONIAL OF HASJELTI DAILJIS AND MYTHICAL SAND PAINTING OF THE NAVAJO INDIANS, BY JAMES STEVENSON.

This article is in a separate file. As in the printed original, it includes a duplicate table of contents and list of illustrations; the Index was added by the transcriber.

VII

#### ILLUSTRATIONS.

Plates I-CXI and Figures 1-114 accompany Pueblo Architecture; the remaining Plates and Figures accompany Hasjelti Dailjis. Each article is in a separate file.

XIII

### REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR.

XV

#### LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

Smithsonian Institution,
Bureau of Ethnology,
Washington, D.C., October 1, 1887.

Sir: I have the honor to submit my Eighth Annual Report as Director of the Bureau of Ethnology.

The first part presents an explanation of the plan and operations of the Bureau; the second consists of a series of papers on anthropologic subjects, prepared by my assistants to illustrate the methods and results of the work of the Bureau.

I desire to express my thanks for your earnest support and your wise counsel relating to the work under my charge.

I am, with respect, your obedient servant,

Prof. S. P. Langley,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

XVII

#### EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT

###### OF THE

### BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY.

##### By J. W. Powell, Director.

#### INTRODUCTION.

The prosecution of research among the North American Indians, as directed by act of Congress, was continued during the fiscal year 1886-’87.

The general plan upon which the work has been prosecuted has been explained in former reports and has not been changed. After certain lines of investigation had been decided upon, they were confided to persons trained in their pursuit, with the intention that the results of their labors, when completed or well advanced, should be presented from time to time in the publications of the Bureau provided for by law. A brief statement of the work upon which each one of the special students was actively engaged during the fiscal year is furnished below, but this statement does not embrace all the studies undertaken or services rendered by them, since particular lines of research have been suspended in this, as in former years, in order to prosecute unto substantial completeness work regarded as of paramount importance. From this cause delays have been occasioned in the completion of several treatises and monographs, already partly in type, which otherwise would have been published.

Invitation is renewed for the assistance of explorers, writers, and students who are not and may not desire to be officially connected with the Bureau. Their contributions, whether in XVIII the shape of suggestions or of extended communications, will be gratefully acknowledged, and will always receive proper credit if published either in the series of reports or in monographs or bulletins, as the liberality of Congress may in future allow.

The items now reported upon are presented in three principal divisions. The first relates to the publication made; the second, to the work prosecuted in the field; and the third, to the office work, which largely consists of the preparation for publication of the results of field work, with the corrections and additions obtained from the literature relating to the subjects discussed and by correspondence.

##### PUBLICATION.

The only publication actually issued during the year was the Fourth Animal Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Smithsonian Institution, 1882-’83. It is an imperial octavo volume of lxiii + 532 pages, illustrated by 83 plates, of which 11 are colored, and 564 figures in the text. The official report of the Director, occupying 39 pages (pp. xxv-lxiii), is accompanied by the following papers:

Pictographs of the North American Indians, a preliminary paper, by Garrick Mallery; pp. 3-256, Pls. I-LXXXIII, Figs. 1-209.

Pottery of the Ancient Pueblos, by William H. Holmes; pp. 257-360, Figs. 210-360.

Ancient Pottery of the Mississippi Valley, by William H. Holmes; pp. 361-436, Figs. 361-463.

Origin and Development of Form and Ornament in Ceramic Art, by William H. Holmes; pp. 437-465, Figs. 464-489.

A Study of Pueblo Pottery, as illustrative of Zuñi culture growth, by Frank Hamilton Cushing; pp. 467-521, Figs. 490-564.

##### FIELD WORK.

The field work of the year is divided into (1) mound explorations and (2) general field studies, embracing those relating to social customs, institutions, linguistics, pictography, and other divisions of anthropology.

XIX

###### MOUND EXPLORATIONS.

###### WORK OF PROF. CYRUS THOMAS.

The work of exploring the mounds of the eastern United States was, as in previous years, under the charge of Prof. Cyrus Thomas.

Although Prof. Thomas and his assistants have devoted a large portion of the year to the study of the collections made in the division of mound exploration and to the preparation of a report of its operations for the last five years, yet some field work of importance has been done.

Prof. Thomas in person examined the more important ancient works of New York and Ohio. He gave special attention to the latter, with a view of determining where new and more accurate descriptions, surveys, and illustrations were necessary. It was found requisite to undertake a careful resurvey and description of a number of the well known works in Ohio. This reexamination was the more necessary in view of the light shed on the origin and use of these monuments by the explorations which had been carried on in West Virginia, western North Carolina, and eastern Tennessee.

Mr. J. P. Rogan continued his work as assistant until the close of November, when he voluntarily resigned his position to enter upon other engagements. A portion of his time during the first month was occupied in arranging and preparing for shipment the collection purchased of Mrs. McGlashan, in Savannah, Georgia. The rest of his time was employed in exploring mounds along the upper Savannah River in Georgia and South Carolina and along the lower Yazoo River in Mississippi.

Mr. J. W. Emmert continued to act as field assistant until the end of February, when the field work closed. His labors, with the exception of a short visit to central New York, were confined to eastern Tennessee, chiefly Blount, Monroe, and Loudon counties, where numerous extensive and very interesting groups are found in the section formerly occupied by the Cherokees. Prof. Thomas thought it necessary to devote considerable attention to the ancient works of that region, as it is XX probable that there and in western North Carolina is to be found the key that will materially assist in solving the problem of the peculiar works of Ohio. The results of these explorations are of unusual interest, independent of their supposed bearing on the Ohio mounds.

Mr. James D. Middleton, who has been a constant assistant in the division since its organization, after completing some investigations begun in southern Illinois, visited western Kentucky for the purpose of investigating the works of that section, but was soon afterwards called to Washington to take part in the office work. During the month of June he visited and made a thorough survey of the extensive group of works near Charleston, West Virginia, of which Colonel Norris had made a partial exploration, the latter having been prevented from completing it by the sickness which immediately preceded his death. During the same month Mr. Middleton commenced the survey of the Ohio works before alluded to, obtaining some valuable results in the short time before the close of the year.

Mr. Gerard Fowke was also engaged for a short time in field work in western Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Kentucky, but was called early in autumn to Washington to assist in office work.

###### GENERAL FIELD STUDIES.

###### WORK OF MR. A. S. GATSCHET.

During October and December Mr. Albert S. Gatschet was engaged in gathering historic and linguistic data in Louisiana, Texas, and the portion of Mexico adjoining the Rio Grande, which region contains the remnants of a number of tribes whose language and linguistic affinity are practically unknown. After a long search Mr. Gatschet found a small settlement of Biloxi Indians at Indian Creek, five or six miles west of Lecompte, Rapides Parish, Louisiana, where they gain a livelihood as day laborers. Most of them speak English more than their native tongue; in fact, about two-thirds of the thirty-two survivors speak English only. The vocabulary obtained by him discloses the interesting fact that the Biloxi belong to the Siouan linguistic family.

XXI

He heard of about twenty-five of the Tunika tribe still living in their old homes on the Marksville Prairie, Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana. An excellent vocabulary was obtained of their language at Lecompte, Louisiana, and a careful comparison of this with other Indian languages shows that the Tunika is related to none, but represents a distinct linguistic family. He was unable to collect any information in regard to the Karankawa tribe, concerning which little is known except that they lived upon the Texan coast near Lavaca Bay.

Leaving Laredo County, Texas, he visited Camargo, in Tamaulipas, Mexico, finding near San Miguel the remnants of the Comecrudo tribe, or, as they are called by the whites, Carrizos. Only the older men and women still remember their language. The full-blood Comecrudos seen were tall and thin, some of them with fairer complexions than the Mexicans. Subsequently the Cotoname language, formerly spoken in the same district, was studied and found to be a distinctly related dialect of Comecrudo. Both of them belong to the Coahuiltecan family. From the Comecrudo Mr. Gatschet obtained the names of a number of extinct tribes which formerly lived in their vicinity, but of which no representatives are left. These are the Casas Chiquitas, Tejones (or “Raccoons”), Pintos or Pakawas, Miakkan, and Cartujanos. He next visited the Tlaskaltec Indians, who live in the city of Saltillo. Of these Indians about two hundred still speak their own language, which is almost identical with the Aztec, although largely mixed with Spanish.

###### WORK OF MR. JEREMIAH CURTIN.

Mr. Jeremiah Curtin was engaged from the middle of March to June 1 in completing investigations begun the previous year into the history, myths, and language of the Iroquois Indians at Versailles, Cattaraugus County, New York. The material obtained by him is of great interest and value.

###### WORK OF DR. W. J. HOFFMAN.

Dr. W. J. Hoffman proceeded early in August to Paint Rock, North Carolina, to secure sketches of pictographs upon the canyon walls of the French Broad River near that place. XXII Owing to disintegration of the sandstone rocks, the painted outlines of animals and other figures are becoming slowly obliterated, though sufficient remained to show their similarity to others in various portions of the region which it is believed was occupied by the Cherokee Indians. Similar outlines were reported to have been formerly visible on the same river, as well as on the Tennessee, near Knoxville, Tennessee, though no traces of them were found.

The next place visited was a few miles distant from and northwest of Liberty, Tazewell County, Virginia, where some painted characters still remain in a good state of preservation. They are on the sandstone cliffs near the summit of the mountains and consist of human figures, birds, and other forms, appearing to resemble artistically those of North Carolina. Five miles eastward, on the same range, is a single diamond-shaped cluster of red and black marks, no other forms being visible. This rock is known in the surrounding country as the “Handkerchief Rock,” because of its resemblance to an outspread colored handkerchief. He then proceeded to Charleston, West Virginia, obtaining copies of petroglyphs on Big Horse Creek, 12 miles southwest of that place, and at several points along the Kanawha River. It was learned that 20 miles south of Charleston, on the reputed trail leading from the Kanawha Valley into Kentucky, “painted trees” formerly marked the direction of the trails leading into the Cherokee country, and into Kentucky. These trees bore various marks in red, but no accurate information pertaining to the precise form of the characters could be ascertained. At the other points mentioned characters were noticed resembling in general those found in other portions of the Eastern and Middle States known to have been occupied by tribes of the Algonquian linguistic family.

The “Indian God-Rock,” 115 miles north of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, on the Alleghany River, was next examined and sketches were made of the figures. This rock is an immense bowlder, the sculptured face of which is about 15 feet high and from 8 to 10 feet broad, and lies at the water’s edge. The figures upon the lower surface are being gradually XXIII obliterated by erosion from floating logs and driftwood during seasons of high water, while those upon the upper portions are being ruined by the visitors who cut names and dates over and upon the sculptured surfaces. Another place visited was on the Susquehanna River, 3 miles below Columbia, Pennsylvania. Here a small stream empties into the river from the east, along whose course several rocks were found bearing deeply cut and polished grooves, indicating a nearly east and west direction. These rocks are believed to be on the line of one of the Indian trails leading to the Delaware River, similar to that at Conowingo, Maryland, which was the last locality inspected, and which is known as “Bald Friar.” A large mass of rock projecting from the bed of the river is almost covered with numerous circles, cup-shaped depressions, human forms, and ellipses, strongly resembling characters from other points in the regions formerly occupied by the Algonquian family. Measurements and sketches of these petroglyphs were made, with a view to future reproduction upon models.

##### OFFICE WORK.

The Director, Maj. J. W. Powell, has continued the work of the linguistic classification of the Indian tribes in North America north of Mexico, and in connection with it is preparing a map upon a linguistic basis showing the original habitat of the tribes. The work is now far advanced.

Prof. Cyrus Thomas, as previously stated, has devoted much of his time during the year to the study of the collections made, and in preparing for publication the account of field work performed by himself and assistants. That account will form the first volume of his final report, and will consist almost wholly of descriptions, plans, and figures of the ancient works examined, narrative and speculation being entirely excluded. It will also include a paper by Mr. Gerard Fowke on the stone articles of the collection. The second volume will be devoted to the geographic distribution of the various types of mounds, archeologic maps and charts, and a general discussion of the various forms and types of ancient works. The preliminary lists of the various monuments known, and of the localities XXIV where they are found, together with references to the works and periodicals in which they are mentioned, which Mrs. V. L. Thomas, in addition to her other duties, has been engaged upon for nearly three years, is now completed, and is being used in the preparation of maps. It will be issued as a bulletin.

Mr. Gerard Fowke, in addition to assisting in the preparation of the final report on the field work of the mound exploration division, has made a study of the stone articles of the collection made by it.

Mr. H. L. Reynolds has made a study of the copper articles collected, and has prepared a paper which is nearly completed.

Mr. J. D. Middleton’s office work has consisted entirely in the preparation of maps, charts, and diagrams. These are of two classes— (1) those made entirely from original surveys, which constitute the larger portion, and (2) the archeological maps of States and districts, showing the distribution of given types, which are made from all the data obtainable, including additions and verifications made by the mound exploration division of the Bureau.

Mr. J. C. Pilling continued his bibliographic studies during the year, with the intention of completing for the press his bibliography of North American languages. After consultation with the Director and a number of gentlemen well informed on the subject, it was concluded that the wants of students in this branch of ethnology would be better subserved if the material were issued in separate bibliographies, each devoted to one of the great linguistic stocks of North America. The first one selected for issue related to the Eskimo, which was prepared during the year, and when put in type formed a pamphlet of 116 pages. The experiment proved successful, and Mr. Pilling continued the preparation of the separates. Late in the fiscal year the manuscript of his bibliography of the Siouan family was sent to the Public Printer. It is the intention to continue this work by preparing a bibliography of each of the linguistic groups as fast as opportunity will permit.

Mr. Frank H. Cushing continued work upon his Zuñi material, so far as his health permitted, until the middle of December. XXV At that time he gave up office work and left for Arizona and New Mexico, intending to devote himself for a time to the examination of the ruins of that region with the view of obtaining material of collateral interest in connection with his Zuñi studies as well as in hope of restoring his impaired health.

Mr. Charles C. Royce, although no longer officially connected with the Bureau, devoted much time during the year to the completion of his work upon the former title of Indian tribes to lands within the United States and the methods by which their relinquishment had been procured. This work, delayed by Mr. Royce’s resignation from the Bureau force, is reported by him as nearly completed.

Mr. William H. Holmes has continued the archeologic work begun in preceding years, utilizing such portions of his time as were not absorbed in work pertaining to the U.S. Geological Survey. A paper upon the antiquities of Chiriqui and one upon textile art in its relation to form and ornament, prepared for the Sixth Annual Report, were completed and proofs were read. During the year work was begun upon a review of the ceramic art of Mexico. A special paper, with twenty illustrations, upon a remarkable group of spurious antiquities belonging to that country, was prepared and turned over to the Smithsonian Institution for publication. In addition, a preliminary study of the prehistoric textile fabrics of Peru was begun, and a short paper with numerous illustrations was written. As in former years, Mr. Holmes has superintended the preparation of drawings and engravings for the Bureau publications. The number of illustrations prepared during the year amounted to 650.

He has also general charge of the miscellaneous archeologic and ethnologic collections of the Bureau, and reports that Prof. Cyrus Thomas, Mr. James Stevenson, and other officers and agents of the Bureau have obtained collections of articles from the mounds of the Mississippi Valley and from the ruins of the Pueblo country. A number of interesting articles have also been acquired by gift. Capt. J. G. Bourke, U.S. Army, presented a series of vases and other ceremonial objects obtained from cliff dwellings and caves in the Pueblo country; Mr. J. B. XXVI Stearns, of Short Hills, N.J., made a few additions to his already valuable donations of relics from the ancient graves of Chiriqui, Colombia, and Mr. J. N. Macomb presented a number of fragments of earthenware from Graham County, North Carolina. Some important accessions have been made by purchase. A large collection of pottery, textile fabrics, and other articles from the graves of Peru was obtained from Mr. William E. Curtis; a series of ancient and modern vessels of clay and numerous articles of other classes from Chihuahua, Mexico, were acquired through the agency of Dr. E. Palmer; a small set of handsome vases of the ancient white ware of New Mexico was acquired by purchase from Mr. C. M. Landon, of Lawrence, Kansas, and several handsome vases from various parts of Mexico were obtained from Dr. Eugene Boban.

Mr. Victor Mindeleff was engraved during the fiscal year in the preparation of a report on the architecture of the Tusayan and Cibola groups of pueblos, which appears in the present volume. This report contains a description of the topography and climate of the region, in illustration of the influence of environment upon the development of the pueblo type of architecture. It also contains a traditionary account of the Tusayan pueblos and of their separate clans or phratries. A description in detail of the Tusayan group treats of the relative position of the villages and such ruins as are connected traditionally or historically with them. A comparative study is also made between the Tusayan and Cibola groups and between them and certain well preserved ruins in regard to constructive details, by which means the comparatively advanced type of the modern pueblo architecture is clearly established. Maps of the groups discussed and of the topography of the country and ground plans of houses and apartments were prepared to illustrate the report and give effect to the descriptions and discussion.

Mr. Cosmos Mindeleff devoted the early part of the fiscal year to the preparation of a report upon the exhibits of the Bureau of Ethnology and the Geological Survey at the Cincinnati Industrial Exposition, 1884; the Southern Exposition at Louisville, 1884; and the Industrial and Cotton Centennial XXVII Exposition at New Orleans, 1884-’85. The report includes a descriptive catalogue of the various exhibits. As these consisted largely of models, and as the locality or object represented by each model was described in detail, the report was lengthy. It was finished in October and transmitted to the Commissioner representing the Department of the Interior. During the remainder of the year the portion of time which Mr. Cosmos Mindeleff was able to devote to office work was employed in assisting Mr. Victor Mindeleff in the preparation of a preliminary report on the architecture of Zuñi and Tusayan. The portion assigned to him consists of an introductory chapter devoted to the traditionary history of Tusayan, arranged from material collected by Mr. A. M. Stephen, of Keam’s Canyon, Arizona.

The modeling room has remained in charge of Mr. Cosmos Mindeleff. The preparation of a duplicate series of the models made in the last few years and now deposited in the National Museum was continued, a large portion of the time being given to that work. During the year the following models were added to this series: (1) model of Shumopavi, Tusayan, Arizona; (2) model of Etowah mound, Georgia; (3) models of Mashongnavi; (4) model of Zuñi; (5) model of Peñasco Blanco; (6) models of Etruscan graves, being a series to illustrate ancient Etruscan graves, from material furnished by Mr. Thomas Wilson.

Mr. E. W. Nelson, during 1886, and continuously to the end of the fiscal year, has devoted much time to preparing a report upon the Eskimo of northern Alaska, for which his note books and large collections obtained in that region furnish ample material. During 1886 the vocabularies, taken from twelve Eskimo dialects for use in Arctic Alaska, were arranged in the form of an English-Eskimo and Eskimo-English dictionary. These dictionaries, with notes upon the alphabet and grammar, will form one part of his report. The other part will consist of chapters upon various phases of Eskimo life and customs in Alaska, and will be illustrated by photographs taken by him on the spot and by specimens collected during his extended journeys in that region. His notes upon Eskimo legends, festivals, and other customs will form an important contribution.

XXVIII

Mr. Lucien M. Turner is also engaged in the preparation of a similar report upon the Eskimo, in the form of a descriptive catalogue of the large amount of material collected by him during a residence of several years at St. Michaels and in the Aleutian Islands. When these two reports shall be completed the amount of accurate information concerning the remarkable people to whom they relate will be materially increased.

Mr. Henry W. Henshaw has continued in charge of the work upon the synonymy of the Indian tribes of the United States, which was alluded to in some detail in the annual report of last year. This work has been temporarily suspended, and Mr. Henshaw has assisted the Director in the preparation of a linguistic map of the region north of Mexico and in the classification of the Indian tribes, a work which properly precedes and forms the basis of the volume on synonymy.

Col. Garrick Mallery was steadily occupied during the year in the work of the synonymy of the Indian tribes, his special field being the Iroquoian and Algonquian linguistic stocks, and his particular responsibility being the careful study of all the literature on the subject in the French language. He also, when time allowed, continued researches in and correspondence concerning sign language and pictographs.

Mr. James Mooney has been occupied during the entire year, in conjunction with Col. Mallery, in that portion of the work of the Indian synonymy relating to the Algonquian and Iroquoian families.

Mr. John N. B. Hewitt has continued the linguistic work left unfinished by Mrs. Erminnie A. Smith. During the year he has been engaged in recording, translating, and tracing the derivation of Tuscarora words for a Tuscarora-English dictionary. He has thus far recorded about 8,000 words.

Mr. Albert S. Gatschet has devoted almost the entire year to the synonymy of Indian tribes, and has practically completed the section assigned to him, viz, the tribes of the southeastern United States.

Mr. J. Owen Dorsey continued his labors on the Indian synonymy cards of the Siouan, Caddoan, Athapascan, Kusan, XXIX Yakonan, and Takilman linguistic stocks. He resumed his preparation of the dictionary cards for contributions to North American Ethnology, Vol. VI, Part II, and in connection therewith found it necessary to elaborate his additional ¢egiha texts, consisting of more than two hundred and fifty epistles, besides ten or more myths gained since 1880. This work was Interrupted in March, 1887, when he was obliged to undertake the arrangement of a new collection of Teton texts for publication. Mr. George Bushotter, a Dakota Indian, who speaks the Teton dialect, was employed by the Director from March 23, for the purpose of recording for future use of the Bureau some of the Teton myths and legends in the original. One hundred of these texts were thus written, and it devolved on Mr. Dorsey to prepare the interlinear translations of the texts, critical and explanatory notes, and other necessary linguistic material, as dictated by Mr. Bushotter. Besides writing the texts in the Teton dialects, Mr. Bushotter has been able to furnish numerous sketches as illustrations, all of which have been drawn and colored according to Indian ideas. His collection of sketches is the most extensive that has been gained from among the tribes of the Siouan family, and it is the first one contributed by an Indian.

Dr. Walter J. Hoffman and Mr. Jeremiah Curtin, when not in the field as above mentioned, have continued to assist in the work of the synonymy of the Indian tribes.

##### ACCOMPANYING PAPERS.

The papers contained in the present volume relate to the Pueblo and Navajo Indians, who occupy a large territory in the interior southwestern parts of the United States. The prehistoric archeology of the Pueblos in the special department of architecture is the most prominent single subject presented and discussed, but the papers also include studies of the history, mythology, and sociology of that people, as well as of their neighbors and hereditary enemies the Navajo. All of these correlated studies are set forth with detail and illustration.

XXX

###### A STUDY OF PUEBLO ARCHITECTURE, TUSAYAN AND CIBOLA, BY VICTOR MINDELEFF.

This study relates to the ruins and inhabited towns found in that immense southwestern region composed of the arid plateaus which is approximately bounded on the east by the Rio Pecos and the west by the Colorado River, on the north by Central Utah, and which extends southward to yet undetermined limits in Mexico. The present paper is more directly confined to the ancient provinces of Tusayan and Cibola which are situated within the drainage of the Little Colorado River, and the intention is to follow and supplement it by studies of other typical groups in the region, but the necessary comparisons and generalizations now presented apply to all the varied features which are observed in the remains of Pueblo architecture now scattered over thousands of square miles. The work of surveying and platting in this vast field, together with the consequent coordination of studies and preparation of illustrations, has occupied the author and Mr. Cosmos Mindeleff a large amount of time since the year 1881, though it did not include all of their duties performed during that period.

The title of the paper, which only indicates architecture, fails to do justice to the broad and suggestive treatment of the subject. It would be expected, indeed required, that the surveys should be accurate in details and that the physical features of the region should be exhaustively described, but while all this is well done, much more matter of a different though related class, and of great value to ethnology, is furnished. The history, prehistoric and recent, the religion, the sociology and the arts of the people, with their home life and folklore, are studied and discussed in a manner which would be creditable in essays devoted to those special subjects, but are so employed as to be thoroughly appropriate to the elucidation of the general theme.

The chapter on the traditional history of Tusayan, which is the individual compilation of Mr. Cosmos Mindeleff, is an important and interesting contribution relative to the history, migrations, and mythology of the people. The traditions are, however, used with proper caution, the fact being recognized that they seldom contain distinct information, but are often of XXXI high value from their incidental allusions and in their preservation of the conditions of the past which influenced the lines and limitations of their growth.

The classification and account of the Pueblo phratries and gentes form an important contribution to anthropology, and the discussion upon the origin and use of the kivas is more explanatory and exhaustive than any before made on that subject. This word of the Tusayan language is adopted to take the place of the Spanish term “estufa,” which literally means a stove, and is misleading, because it strictly applies only to the sweat houses which lodge-building Indians use. The kiva is the ceremonial chamber of the ancient and modern Pueblo peoples. They are found wherever the remains of Pueblo architecture occur, and are distinguished from the typical dwelling rooms by their size and position and generally by their form. The author dwells instructively upon the antiquity, excavation, access, exterior masonry, orientation, and general construction, furniture, and ornaments of these remarkable chambers, and upon the rites connected with them. He also gives an original and acute suggestion to account for the persistence of the structural plan of the kivas by its religious or mythologic signification.

The designation of the curious orifice of the sipapuh as “the place from which the people emerged,” in connection with the peculiar arrangement of the kiva interior with its change of floor level, suggested to Mr. Mindeleff that these features might be regarded as typifying the four worlds of the genesis myth that has exercised such an influence on Tusayan customs. He was also led to infer that it typifies the “four houses” or stages described in their creation myths. The sipapuh, with its cavity beneath the floor, is certainly regarded as indicating the place of beginning, the lowest house under the earth, the abode of Myuingwa, the Creator; the main or lower floor represents the second stage; and the elevated section of the floor is made to denote the third stage, where animals were created. At the New Year festivals animal fetiches were set in groups upon this platform. It is also to be noted that the ladder to the surface is invariably made of pine, and always rests upon the platform, never upon the lower floor, and in XXXII their traditional genesis it is stated that the people climbed up from the third house (stage) by a ladder of pine, and through such an opening as the kiva hatchway. The outer air is the fourth world, or that now occupied.

Another apt observation is connected with the evolution of ornament, and was prompted to the author by the common use of small chinking stones for bringing the masonry to an even face after the larger stones forming the body of the wall had been laid in place. This method of construction in the case of some of the best built ancient pueblos resulted in the production of marvelously finished stone walls, in which the mosaic-like bits are so closely laid as to show none but the finest joints on the face of the wall, with but little trace of mortar. The chinking wedges necessarily varied greatly in dimensions to suit the sizes of the interstices between the larger stones of the wall. The use of stone in this manner probably suggested the banded walls that form a striking feature in some of the Chaco houses. In connection with these walls the seams of stone of two degrees of thickness, which are observable in the cliffs, naturally suggested to the builders their imitation by the use of stones of similar thickness in continuous bands. The ornamental effect of this device was originally an accidental result of adopting the most convenient method of using the material at hand.

The author exhibits the result of thoughtful study in his expressed views upon the mooted questions of racial origins and diffusions. He noted that some of the ruins connected traditionally and historically with Tusayan and Cibola differ in no particular from those stone pueblos widely scattered over the southwestern plateaus which from time to time have been invested by travelers and writers with a halo of romance and regarded as the wondrous achievements in civilization of a vanished but once powerful race. These abandoned stone houses found in the midst of desert solitudes excited the imaginations of early explorers to connect the remains with “Aztecs” and other mysterious peoples. From this early implanted bias arose many ingenious theories concerning the origin and disappearance of the builders of the ancient pueblos.

In connection with the architectural examination of some of XXXIII these remains many traditions were obtained from the living members of the tribes, several of which are published in the present paper, and which clearly indicate that some of the village ruins and cliff dwellings have been built and occupied by ancestors of the present Pueblo Indians at a date well within the historic period. Both architectural and traditional evidence are in accord in establishing a continuity of descent from the ancient Pueblos to those of the present day. Many of the communities are now made up of the more or less scattered but interrelated remnants of gentes which in former times occupied villages on the present or neighboring sites.

Mr. Mindeleff’s conclusions may be condensed as follows:

The general outlines of the development of architecture, wherein the ancient builders were stimulated to the best use of the exceptional materials about them both by the difficult conditions of their semidesert environment and by constant necessity for protection against their neighbors, can be traced in its various stages of growth from the primitive conical lodge to its culmination in the large communal village of many-storied terraced buildings which were in use at the time of the Spanish discovery, and which still survive in Zuñi. Yet the various steps have resulted from a simple and direct use of the material immediately at hand, while methods gradually improved as frequent experiments taught the builders to utilize more fully the local facilities. In all cases the material was derived from the nearest available source, and often variations in the quality of the finished work are due to variations in the quality of the stone near by. The results accomplished attest the patient and persistent industry of the ancient builders, but the work does not display great skill in the construction or the preparation of material.

The same desert environment that furnished an abundance of material for the ancient builders, from its inhospitable character and the constant variations in the water supply, also compelled the frequent use of this material in the change of house and village sites. This was an important factor in bringing about the degree of advancement attained in the art of building. The distinguishing characteristics of Pueblo architecture may therefore be regarded as the product of a defensive XXXIV motive and of an arid environment that furnished an abundance of suitable building material, and at the same time the climatic conditions that compelled its frequent employment.

The cultural distinctions once drawn by writers between the Pueblo Indians and neighboring tribes gradually become less clearly defined as they have been intelligently studied. An understanding of their social and religious system establishes the essential identity in their grade of culture with that of other tribes. In many of the arts, too, such as weaving and ceramics, these people in no degree surpass many tribes who build ruder dwellings. Though they have progressed far beyond their neighbors in architecture, many of the devices employed attest the essentially primitive character of their art, and demonstrate that the apparent distinction in grade of culture is mainly due to the exceptional condition of their environment.

This important and timely paper furnishes new evidence taken from one of the strongholds of sentimental phantasy to show that there is no need for the hypothesis of an extinct race with dense population and high civilization to account for the conditions actually existing in North America before the European discovery.

###### CEREMONIAL OF HASJELTI DAILJIS AND MYTHICAL SAND PAINTING OF THE NAVAJO INDIANS, BY JAMES STEVENSON.

This paper, apart from its intrinsic merits, has a peculiar interest to American anthropologists from its being the last official work of Mr. Stevenson, whose untimely death on July 25, 1888, was noticed in a former report. It shows his personal characteristics, being a clear and accurate statement of the facts actually observed and of the information acquired by him at first hand, without diffuseness or unnecessary theorizing.

Hasjelti Dailjis, in the Navajo tongue, signifies the dance of Hasjelti, who is the chief or rather the most important and conspicuous of the gods. The word dance does not well designate the ceremonies, as they are in general more histrionic than saltatory. The whole of the ceremonial, which lasts for nine days, is familiarly called among the tribe “Yebitchai,” which means “the giant’s uncle,” this term being used to awe the youthful candidates for initiation.

XXXV The ceremony witnessed by Mr. Stevenson was performed to cure a wealthy member of the tribe of an inflammation of the eyes. Twelve hundred Navajo Indians were present, chiefly as spectators, but that exhibition of their interest may partly be accounted for by the fact that they lived while on their visit at the expense of the invalid and occupied most of the time in gambling and horse racing. The very numerous active participants in the ceremonies, who might be called the mystery company, in reference to the early form of our drama, were not directly paid for their services, but acted because they were the immediate relatives of the invalid for whose benefit the performance was given. The tribesman who combined the offices of manager, theurgist, song priest, or master of ceremonies was paid exorbitantly for his professional services. The personation of the various gods and their attendants and the acted drama of their mythical adventures and displayed powers exhibit features of peculiar interest, while the details of the action day after day show all imaginable and generally incomprehensible changes and multiplication of costume and motions and postures and manipulations of feathers and meal and sticks and paint and water and sand and innumerable other stage properties in astounding complexity and seeming confusion. Yet, from what is known of isolated and fragmentary parts of the dramatized myths, it is to be inferred that every one of the strictly regulated and prescribed actions has or has had a special significance, and it is obvious that they are all maintained with strict religious scrupulosity, indeed with constant dread of fatal consequences which would result from the slightest divergence. In connection with this ritualistic form of punctilio, which is noticed in the religious practices of other peoples and lands, the established formal invocation of and prayer to the divinity may be mentioned. It clearly offers a bribe or proposes the terms of a bargain to the divinities, and has its parallel in the archaic prayers of many other languages. Translated from the Navajo, it is given as follows:

> People of the mountains and roots [i.e., the gods, as shown by the context], I hear you wish to be paid. I give to you food of corn pollen and humming-bird feathers, and I send to you precious stones, and XXXVI tobacco, which you must smoke; it has been lighted by the sun’s rays, and for this I beg you to give me a good dance; be with me! Earth, I beg you to give me a good dance, and I offer to you food of humming-bird’s plumes and precious stones, and tobacco to smoke lighted by the sun’s rays, to pay for using you for the dance; make a good solid ground for me, that the gods who come to see the dance may be pleased at the ground their people dance upon; make my people healthy and strong of mind and body.

In addition to his exhaustive account of the Hasjelti Dailjis and of the curious dry-sand painting which the Navajo in common with the Pueblo tribes make a prominent feature of their mysteries, and of which illustrations are furnished, Mr. Stevenson presents translations of six of the Navajo myths, some of which elucidate parts of the ceremony forming the main title of his paper. These myths are set forth in a simple and straightforward style, which gives intrinsic evidence that they retain the spirit of the original. They are certainly free from the pretentious embellishment and literary conceit which have perverted nearly all the published forms of Indian myths and tales hitherto accessible to general readers, and have even misled the numerous special students who had no facilities for verification.

##### FINANCIAL STATEMENT.

Classification of expenditures made from the appropriation for North American ethnology for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1887.

Expenses. | Amount expended. | Amount appropriated.
--- | --- | ---
Services | $27,988.59 |
Traveling expenses | 2,339.89 |
Transportation of property | 164.90 |
Field subsistence | 102.30 |
Field supplies | 204.51 |
Field material | 11.54 |
Instruments | 1.75 |
Laboratory material | 5.00 |
Photographic material | 16.30 |
Books and maps | 176.43 |
Stationery | 133.12 |
Illustrations for report | 411.00 |
Goods for distribution to Indians | 100.00 |
Office furniture | 3.25 |
Correspondence | 11.62 |
Specimens | 2,600.20 |
Bonded railroad accounts forward to Treasury for settlement | 45.65 |
Balance on hand to meet outstanding liabilities | 5,683.95 |
Total | 40,000.00 | $40,000.00

1

### ACCOMPANYING PAPERS.

##### A Study of Pueblo Architecture, Tusayan and Cibola
by Victor Mindeleff. (separate file)

##### Ceremonial of Hasjelti Dailjis and Mythical Sand Painting
of the Navajo Indians
by James Stevenson. (separate file)

287

### INDEX.

Page references in Roman numerals link to the introductory material, included in the present file. Page references in Arabic numerals link to the Mindeleff and Stevenson articles in separate files.

##### A B C D E F G H I J K L
M N O P R S T U V W Y Z

| Page.
A.
Acoma, arrival of the Asanyumu at | 30
direction of kivas of | 116
kiva trap-doors at | 207
Adobe, use in Tusayan | 54, 78
use in Zuñi attributed to foreign influence | 139
necessity for protecting against rain | 156
used in Spanish churches | 224
Adobe balls used in garden walls | 146
Adobe bricks, in Hawikut church | 81
use modern in Zuñi | 138
Adobe mortar, in Tâaaiyalana structures | 90
Cibola and Tusayan use of, compared | 137
Adobe walls on stone foundation at Moenkopi | 78
Áikoka. See Acoma | 30
Aiyáhokwi, the descendants of the Asa at Zuñi | 30
Alleyway, Hawikuh | 81
Altar, conformity of, to direction of kiva | 116
Andiron, Shumopavi | 176
Annular doorway | 192, 193

Apache, inroads upon Tusayan by the | 25, 26, 35
exposure of southern Cibola to the | 96

Appropriations and expenditures for 1886-’87 | XXXVI
Architectural nomenclature | 220, 223
Architecture, comparison of constructional details of Tusayan and Cibola | 100-223

adaption to defense | 226, 227
adaption to environment | 225, 226, 227, 228

Art, textile and fictile, degree of Pueblo advancement in | 227
Arts of Cibola and Tusayan closely related | 224
Asa, migrations of the | 30, 31
language of the | 37
houses of, Hano | 61
Asanyumu. See Asa. |
Awatubi, survey of | 14
Spanish mission established at | 22
when and by whom built | 29
settlement of the Asa at | 30
attacked by the Walpi | 34
description of ruins of | 49, 50
possession of sheep by the | 50
clay tubes used as roof drains at | 155
fragments of passage wall at | 181
Aztecs, ruined structures attributed to the | 225

B.
Badger people leave Walpi | 31
Baho, use of, in kiva consecratory ceremonies | 119-120, 129, 130

Balcony, notched and terraced | 187
Banded masonry | 145
Bandelier, A. F., description of chimney | 173
explorations of | 197
on ancient stone inclosures | 216
Bat house, description of ruin of | 52
Bátni, the first pueblo of the Snake people of Tusayan | 18
Bedsteads not used by Pueblos | 214
Beams, Tusayan kivas, taken from Spanish church at Shumopavi | 76
for supporting upper walls | 144
modern finish of | 149
construction of steps upon | 162
for supporting passageway wall | 181
Chaco pueblos, how squared | 184
Bear people, settlement in Tusayan of the | 20, 26
removal to Walpi of the | 21, 27
movements of | 27, 30, 31, 38
Bear-skin-rope people, settlement in Tusayan of the | 26, 27
Benches or ledges of masonry, Zuñi rooms | 110
Tusayan kivas | 121, 123, 125
Mashongnavi mungkiva | 127
around rooms of pueblo houses | 213
Bigelovia Douglasii (sage brush) used as thatch to Navajo sweat-house | 239
used to produce smoke in sweat house | 240, 244
Biloxi Indians, linguistic researches among | XX

Bins for storage in Tusayan rooms | 109, 209, 210
Blankets formerly used to cover doorways | 182, 188, 189, 194

Blue Jay people, settlement in Tusayan of the | 26, 27
Bond stones used in pueblo walls | 144, 198
Boss, or andiron, Shumopavi | 176
Bourke, Capt. J. G., Pueblo vases, etc., presented by | XXV
Boundary line, Hano and Sichumovi | 36
Boundary mark, Shumopavi and Oraibi | 28
Boxes for plumes | 210
Bricks of adobe modern in Zuñi | 138
Brothers (The), Navajo myth | 280-284
Brush, use of, in roof construction | 150
Brush shelters | 217-219
288 Burial custom of K’iakima natives | 86
Burial inclosures at K’iakima | 147
Burial place of Zuñi | 148
Burrowing Owl people, settlement in Tusayan of the | 26
Bushotter, Geo., work of | XXIX
Buttress, formerly of Halona, existing in Zuñi | 88, 89
Buttress projections, Zuñi | 111
Tusayan rooms | 109, 110
girders supported by | 144
chimney supported by | 172, 173
support of passageway roofs by | 181
C.
Cages for eagles at Zuñi | 214
Canyon de Chelly, proposed study of ruins of | 14
Tusayan, tradition concerning villages of | 19
early occupancy of, by the Bear people at Tusayan | 20
occupied by the Asa | 30
use of whitewash in cliff houses of | 74, 145
circular kivas of | 117, 133
finish of roofs of houses of | 150, 151
doorway described and figured | 190
cliff dwellings of | 217
Casa Blanca, traces of whitewashing at | 145
Castañeda’s account of Cibolan milling | 211, 212
Cattle introduced into Tusayan | 22
Cave lodges occupied in historic times | 225
Cave used by inhabitants of Kwaituki | 57
Ceiling plan of Shupaulovi kiva | 123, 125, 126
Ceilings, retention of original appearance of rooms through nonrenovation of | 89
Cellars not used in Tusayan and Cibola | 143
Ceremonial chamber. See Kiva. |
Ceremonial paraphernalia of Tusayan taken by the Navajo | 50
Ceremonies connected with Tusayan house-building | 100-104, 168
Ceremonies accompanying kiva construction | 115, 118
Ceremonies performed at placing of Zuñi ladders | 160
Chaco ruins, character of | 14, 70
compared with Kin-tiel | 92
finish of masonry of | 140, 226
upper story partitions of, supported by beams | 144
finish of woodwork of | 149, 184
symmetry of arrangement of outer openings of | 195
loop-holes in walls of | 198
Chairs, lack of in Pueblo houses | 212
Chair of modern form in Zuñi | 213
Chalowe, description of | 83
Chants in Navajo ceremonial | 245, 246
Charred roof timbers of Tusayan kiva | 120
Children, initiation of, in Navajo ceremonial | 266, 267
Chimney. See Fireplace. |
Chimney-hoods, how constructed | 169-175
Chimneys, traces of in K’iakima | 85
remains of, at Matsaki | 86
Tusayan | 102
Zuñi | 111
described and figured | 167-180
Chukubi pueblo, built by the Squash people | 25
description | 58, 59
fragments of passage wall at | 181
Church, Shumopavi, established by Spanish monks | 75, 76
Hawikuh | 81, 138
Ketchipauan, remains of | 81, 82
in court of Zuñi | 98, 138, 148
See Mission. |
Churches established in Zuñi and Tusayan | 224
Cibola, ruins and inhabited villages of | 80-99
architecture of compared with that of Tusayan | 100-223
See Zuñi. |
Circular doorway of Kin-tiel described | 192
Circular kivas, antiquity of | 116
traditional references to | 135
absent in Cibolan pueblos | 224
Circular room at Oraibi Wash | 54-55
Circular rooms at Kin-tiel | 93
Circular wall of kiva near Sikyatki | 117
Clay surface of pueblo roofs | 151
Clay tubes used as roof drains | 155
Cliff dwellings, Moen-kopi | 54
use of whitewash in | 74
absence of chimneys in | 168
developed from temporary shelters | 217
occupied in historic times | 225
Climatic conditions, effect of, upon pueblo architecture | 140, 227
Clustering of Tâaaiyalana ruins | 89-90

Cochití claimed to be a former Tewa pueblo | 37
Comecrudo Indians, linguistic researches among | XXI
Communal village, development of pueblo architecture from conical lodge to | 226
Consecration of kivas | 129
Contours represented on plans, interval of | 45
Cooking, pueblo method of | 164

Cooking pits and ovens described | 162-166, 176-177

Cooking stones of Tusayan, flames of | 104
Copings of walls described | 151-152
Coping of hatchways | 203
Coping. See Roof-coping. |
Cords, used for suspending chimney | 170
Corner stones of Tusayan kivas | 119
Corrals, Payupki | 59
Sichumovi | 62-63
Hawikuh | 81
Ketchipauan | 81
modern, at K’iakima | 85
how constructed | 146
described in detail | 214-217
Cotton cultivated by the Tusayan | 33
Courts, Mishiptonga | 52
Kwaituki | 56
289 Courts, Chukubi | 59
Sichumovi | 62
Walpi | 63
Mashongnavi | 68
Shupaulovi | 71
Shumopavi | 74
Hawikuh | 81
Ketchipauan | 81
Matsaki | 86
Tâaaiyalana | 90
Kin-tiel | 92
Pescado | 95
Zuñi | 98
Covered way, how developed | 76
Covered passages and gateways described | 180-182
Coyote people, settlement in Tusayan of the | 26
Coyote kiva, direction of the | 116
Crossbars used in fastening wooden doors | 183
Crosspieces of ladders | 159
Crows, Navajo myth concerning | 281
Cruzate, visit to Awatubi of | 49
Culture of pueblo tribes, degree of | 227
Curtin, Jeremiah, work of | XXI, XXIX
Curtis, Wm. E., pottery, etc., from Peru presented by | XXVI
Cushing, Frank H., work of | XXIV, XXV
identifies K’iakima as scene of death of Estevanico | 86
excavations at Halona | 88, 193
opinion concerning western wall of Halona | 89
opinion concerning distribution of Tâaaiyalana ruins | 89-90
on the former occupancy of Kin-tiel | 92
Halona identified as one of the Seven Cities of Cibola | 97
on Zuñi tradition concerning stone-close | 192

D.
Dais of kivas | 121, 122, 123

Dance, in the ceremony of Hasjelti Dailjis | 273-275
Dance ceremony in kiva consecration | 130
Dance rock, Tusayan, reference to snake dance of | 65
Débris, how indicated in plans of ruins | 45
an indication of original height of walls | 90
Decoration, house openings | 145-146
Kiva roof timbers | 119, 120
ladder crosspieces | 159
roof beams | 123, 124
wall of Mashongnavi house | 146
wooden chair | 213
Zuñi window sashes | 196
Deer horns used as pegs in Zuñi | 111
Deerskins, for sweat houses and masks in Navajo ceremonial must be from smothered animals | 242
over the entrance of a Navajo sweat-house, signification of | 242
Defense, wall for, at Bat House | 52
a motive for selection of dwelling site | 56
architecture relied upon for | 58
method of, of Payupki | 59, 60
not a factor in selection of Mashongnavi site | 67
features of, at Ojo Caliente | 69
wall for, at Pueblo Bonito | 70
features of, at Tusayan and Zuñi compared | 76
sites chosen for, inconvenient to sources of subsistence | 77
use of Ketchipauan church for, by natives | 82
the motive of occupation of Tâaaiyalana mesa | 90
provision for, at Kin-tiel | 92, 93
provisions for, in Ketchipauan church | 96
motive for, dying out in Zuñi | 96-97
efficiency of, at Zuñi | 97
not a motive in selection of site of Zuñi | 97
gateways arranged for | 180, 182
loopholes for | 198
adaptation of architecture to | 225
Doors to ground floor rooms of Zuñi | 143
Doors of various lands described | 183-194
Doorway, Walpi kiva, closed with cottonwood slab | 64
Kin-tiel | 93
position of, in Tusayan | 103
stepped form in Tusayan | 109
how sealed against intrusion | 110
window and chimney in one | 121
annular | 193

Doorways, closed with masonry | 183, 187, 188, 189
why made small | 197

Dorsey, J. Owen, work of | XXVIII-XXIX
Drainage of roof, relations of certain roof openings to | 203-204
Drains of roofs described | 153-156
Drains. See roof drains. |
E.
Eagle cages of Zuñi | 214
Eagle people, migration legend of the | 28
Earth used in pueblo roof construction | 150
Eaves, lack of, in Tusayan houses | 102
Echo Cave fireplace described | 168
Emmert, J. W., work of | XIX
Entrances, uniformity of direction of, in Zuñi kivas | 116

Environment, adaptation of architecture to | 225, 226, 227, 228
Eskimo, work on | XXVII, XXVIII
Estevanico’s death, at K’iakima | 86
Esthetle, the first ones, Navajo ceremonial | 264, 271, 272
song of | 272
prayer to | 272

Estufa. See Kiva. |
Etseastin and Etseasun, Navajo myth | 284-285
Expenditures of Bureau of Ethnology for 1886-’87 | XXXVI
290 F.
Families occupying Oraibi | 105-108
Farming outlook, Matsaki used as | 86
near Kin-tiel | 93
Farming pueblos, Cibola | 14
Moen-kopi | 77
Nutria | 94, 95
Pescado | 95-96
Ojo Caliente | 96
Zuñi | 198
Fastenings of doors | 186
Feathers, use of, in house-building ceremonies | 101, 102
Feather wand or baho used in kiva-building ceremonials | 119, 120, 129, 130
Fences of corrals and gardens | 215, 217
Fetiches, where placed during kiva ceremonial | 122
Tusayan kivas | 130, 131
Field work | XVIII, XXIII
Financial statement | XXXVI
Fire gens, Tebugkihu constructed by the | 57

Fire-house or Tebugkihu, Tusayan | 20, 57, 100, 142, 224

Fire people of Tusayan, migration of the | 20

Fireplaces | 102, 109, 121, 125, 163, 167-180

Floor, Mashongnavi house | 109
stone flags, Tusayan kiva | 121
sandstone slabs, Shupaulovi kiva | 123
Floors in pueblo buildings, various kinds described | 121, 135, 148-151
Folk-tale of the Zuñi, describing stone-close | 193
Food sacrifices in Tusayan house building | 101, 102
Foods used during Navajo medicine ceremonial | 236, 257

Fortress houses the highest type of Pueblo construction | 77

Fowke, Gerard, work of | XX, XXIV
Frames of trap-doors, method of making | 206
Framing of windows, method of | 196-198
Fuel, how stored in Tusayan | 103
Fuel used in kivas | 121
Fuel of kivas, where stored | 124
Furniture of the Pueblos described | 208-214
G.
Gaming ring of Navajo ceremonial | 238
Gardens and corrals of the Pueblos | 214-217
Gardens and garden walls | 215-217
Garden walls, how constructed | 146
Gateway at Awatubi | 49
Gateway jambs at Kin-tiel, finish of | 181
Gateways, probable existence in Kin-tiel of | 93
Gateways and covered passages described | 180-182
Gateways of corrals | 214
Gatschet, A. S., work of | XX, XXI, XXVIII
Genesis myth of the Tusayan | 16
Gentes of Tusayan, grouping of houses by | 24
land apportionment by | 29
list of traditionary | 38
localization of | 104-108
Georgia, archeologic work in | XIX
Girders supporting upper walls | 144
Tusayan houses supported by piers | 151
Glass used in modern Pueblo windows | 193
Glazing of Pueblo windows | 196, 197
Goat kiva of Walpi, height of | 119
Gourd used as roof drain | 154, 155
Grass, use of, in roof construction | 150
Graves, probable existence of, in Kin-tiel | 93
Gravestones at K’iakima | 85, 86, 147
Greasewood, the ordinary kiva fuel | 121
Grinding stones. See Metate; Milling. |
Ground plan, Mashongnavi room | 108
Shupaulovi kiva | 125
Ground plans of Zuñi and Tusayan compared | 76
of mesa villages influenced by prevailing winds | 182
Guyave or piki oven | 173, 175
Gyarzobi or Paroguet kiva, roof timbers of | 120
Gypsum used as whitewash | 73, 74, 172
H.
Hairdressing among the Tusayan | 37
Halona, description of | 88, 89
remains of the nucleus of Zuñi | 97, 98
walls of the nucleus of modern Zuñi | 138
stone-close at, described | 193
“Halving” of timbers in kiva trap-frames | 206
Hampassawan, description of | 83-85
Hand-holds cut in faces of cliffs | 191
Hand-holds in frames of trap-doors | 192
Hano, Asa group occupy site of | 30
description of | 61, 62
direction of kivas of | 115
kiva, ownership of | 134
kivas, list of | 136
rude transom over roof beam in | 187
sealed openings in | 199
Hano people, length of time spent in Tusayan by the | 35
received by the Tusayan | 36
trouble between the Walpi and | 37
Hanomuh, the inhabitants of Hano | 17
definition of | 36
Hano traditions regarding settlement in Tusayan | 35
Harvest time, how determined in Zuñi | 148
Hasjelti and Hostjoghon, mythical history of | 277
Hasjelti Dailjis and Navajo sand painting, notice of paper by James Stevenson on | XXXIV-XXXVI
paper by James Stevenson on | 229-285

Hatchways to pueblo houses | 110, 120, 121, 124, 127

Hawikuh, description of | 80, 81
Hawikuh church, durability of masonry of | 138
Hemenway Southwestern Archeological Expedition, excavations at Halona | 193
Henshaw, Henry W., work of | XXVIII
Hewitt, John N. B., work of | XXVIII
High-house people, a Navajo clan | 30
291 Hinged sashes not in use in Zuñi | 196
Hinges of Pueblo doors | 184
Hodge, F. Webb, on stone-close of Halona | 193
Hoffman, W. J., work of | XXI-XXIII, XXIX
Holmes, William H., work | XXV, XXVI
on ruins of the San Juan | 147
Homólobi, the early home of the Sun and Water peoples | 29
legend of Water people concerning | 31
Hopituh, the native name of the Tusayan | 17
Hopituh marriage within phratries and gentes | 24
Horn House, description of ruin of | 50, 51
Horn people migration legend | 18
early settlement in Tusayan of the | 19
House-building rites of Tusayan | 100-104
House clusters in Zuñi, arrangement of | 98
Hungo Pavie, finish of roofs in | 150
I.
Indian synonymy, work on | XXVIII
Interior arrangement of pueblos | 108-111
Interior of Zuñi house described | 110
Irrigation of gardens near Walpi | 217
J.
Jackson, W. H., on ruins of the San Juan | 147
photographs of pueblo ruins by | 147
describes fireplace of Echo Cave | 168
Jar of large size used for storage | 210
Jars used in chimney construction | 180
Jeditoh group of ruins | 52, 53
Jemez oven-opening described | 165
K.
Kaékibi, an ancient pueblo | 30
Kaiwáika. See Laguna | 30
Kápung. See Santa Clara | 37
Katchina kiva of Oraibi | 135
Katchina people depart from Oraibi for eastern Tusayan villages | 26, 27
Katchinkihu, occurrence of, in ruined kiva near Sikyatki | 117
described | 121, 123
Shupaulovi kiva | 126
Mashongnavi mungkiva | 127
Kentucky, archeologic work in | XX
Ketchipauan church built of stone | 224
Ketchipauan, description of | 81-83
Kiáini. See High-house people | 30
K’iakima, description of | 85, 86
upright stone slabs at | 147
Kikoli rooms occupied in winter | 103, 104, 131
Kin-tiel, description of | 91-94
compared with Nutria | 94
compared with Pescado | 96
plan of, prearranged | 100
compared with Oraibi | 114
occurrence of upright stone slab at | 147-148
beams of ruins of | 149
upper room of, paved with stone | 151
fireplace in room of | 163, 168
defensive gateway at | 181
finish of gateway jambs at | 181
circular doorway at, described | 192, 193
openings at, of uniform height | 194
site of | 224
Kisákobi, description of pueblo of | 21
Kishoni, or uncovered shade | 217-218
“Kisi” construction | 217-219
Kitdauwi—the house song of Tusayan | 118-119
Kiva, study of construction of | 14
remains of, at Payupki | 60
Mashongnavi | 66
of Moen-kopi | 78
origin of the name | 111
ancient form of | 116, 117
native explanation of position of | 118
duties of mungwi, or chief of the | 133
ownership of | 133-134
motive for building | 134-135
significance of structural plan of | 135
measurements of | 136
hatchways of | 201-202, 205-207
openings of, at Acoma | 207
See Mungkiva. |
Kivas, excavated, at Awatubi | 50
Hano | 61
Sichumovi | 62
Walpi | 63, 64, 65
Shupaulovi | 72
Shumopavi | 74
Kin-tiel and Cibola compared | 93
Zuñi, where located during Spanish occupancy | 99
in Tusayan | 111-137
typical plans of | 118-129
dimensions of | 118, 136
of, measurements of | 118, 136
annually repaired by women | 129
uses of | 130
nomenclature of | 130, 223-223
Tusayan, list of | 136
nonuse of chimneys in | 178
Zuñi, stone window-frames of | 197
circular, absent in Cibolan pueblos | 224
Kótite. See Cochití. |
Kwaituki, description of ruin of | 56-57

Kwálakwai, Hano tradition related by | 35
Kwetcap tutwi, the second pueblo of the snake people of Tusayan | 18

L.
Ladders, arrangement in Tusayan kiva | 121
withdrawal of rungs to prevent use of | 113
significance of position of, in kivas | 135
described | 156-162

second-story terrace of Tusayan reached principally by | 182
openings for, in roofs | 205
Laguna, arrival of the Asanyumu at | 30
Lalénkobáki, a female society of Tusayan | 134
Land apportionment by gentes in Tusayan | 29
Language of the Asa and Hano of Tusayan | 37
Languages of Tusayan, tradition regarding difference in | 36
Las Animas ruins, trap-door frames in | 206

292 Latches of doors | 186-187
Latch strings used on Zuñi doors | 183
Lathing or wattling of kiva walls | 126
Ledges of masonry in kivas | 121
Ledges or benches around rooms | 213
Lenbaki, society of Tusayan | 18
Light, method of introducing, in inner rooms | 207
Lighting, method of, in crowded portions of Zuñi | 99
Lintels of old windows embedded in masonry | 200
Lizard people move from Walpi | 31, 38
Lock and key of wood, how made | 187
Logs (the floating), Navajo myth | 278
Loom appurtenances | 212
Loom posts of kivas | 128-129, 132
Loophole-like openings in pueblo buildings | 127, 198
Louisiana, linguistic work in | XX
M.
Macomb, J. N., earthenware from North Carolina presented by | XXVI
Mallery, Garrick, work of | XXVIII
Mamzrántiki, an Oraibi society of women | 134
Mandan ladder described and figured | 158
Maricopa, myth of the Water people of Tusayan concerning the | 32
Marriage of the Hopituh within phratries and gentes | 24
Mashongnavi, origin of name of | 26
settlement of Paroquet and Katchina peoples in | 27
settlement of the Water people at | 32
description of ruins of | 48
age of masonry at | 66
description of | 66-70
ground plan of room of | 108
direction of kivas of | 115
description of dais of kiva at | 122
list of kivas at | 136
wall decoration at | 146
notched ladder of | 157-158
pi-gummi ovens at | 163-164
shrines of | 167
chimney hoods of | 170-171
second-story fireplace at | 174
doorway with transom at | 190
corrals of rude stonework at | 214
See Old Mashongnavi. |
Masks representing various Navajo gods, Indian uses of | 248, 249, 253
Masonry, ancient, at Nutria | 94
Ojo Caliente carelessly constructed | 96
exterior, of kivas | 114
Masonry of Pueblo Bonito, skill shown in | 195
Mat close for kiva hatchways | 127, 128
Matsaki, description of | 86
sun symbol at | 148
Meal, sacred, preparation of | 256
votive, used in pueblo house-building | 101
Mealing trough. See Milling. |
Medicine cigarette, in Navajo ceremonial, preparation of | 258
disposition of, after use | 259
Medicine lodge, Navajo, construction of | 237
Medicine tubes in Navajo ceremonial | 241, 244, 246, 250, 257, 258, 264
Medicine water used in Navajo ceremonial | 255, 263, 269
Metate used as roof-drain | 154, 155
Metates, or grinding stones, how arranged in pueblo houses | 109, 110, 210, 211
Mexico, linguistic work in | XX, XXI
Middleton, James D., work of | XX, XXIV
Migration, effect of, upon pueblo architecture | 15
Migration of the Tusayan | 17
Migration of Tusayan Water people | 31, 32
Migration of the Horn people | 18, 19
Migration of the Bear people of Tusayan | 20
Migration of the Asanyumu of Tusayan | 30
Milling troughs of Pueblo households | 109, 210, 212
Mindeleff, Cosmos, work of | XXVI, XXVII
acknowledgments to | 14, 15
on traditional history of Tusayan | 16-41
Mindeleff, Victor, work of | XXVI, XXX
notice of paper on pueblo architecture by | XXIV
paper on pueblo architecture | 3-228
Mishiptonga, description of ruin of | 52-53
Mission buildings of Shumopavi | 27, 75-76
Mission house at Walpi, timbers of, used in Walpi kiva | 119
Missions of Tusayan | 22, 49
Mississippi, archeologic work in | XIX
Moen-kopi surveyed and studied | 14
description of ruins of | 53-54
description of village of | 77
Mole people, settlement in Tusayan of the | 27
Montezuma Canyon ruins, use of large stone blocks in | 147
Monument marking boundary of Oraibi and Shumopavi | 28
Mooney, James, work of | XXVIII
Morgan, L. H., Mandan ladder described by | 158
on trap-door frames in Las Animas ruins | 205
Mormon and Pueblo building compared | 148

Mormons, effect of the, upon development of Moen-kopi | 77
establishment of woolen mill at Moen-kopi by the | 78
fort built by, at Moen-kopi | 184
lock and key contrivance of | 187

Mortar of adobe mud | 137
Mortars used in Pueblo households | 212
Mortised door in Zuñi house | 110,186
Mummy cave, Arizona, ruin in | 64
finish of roofs in ruins of | 150
Mungkiva, Mashongnavi | 127
of Shupaulovi | 113, 122
Tusayan | 134
293 N.
Naiyenesgony and Tobaidischinni, mythical history of | 279-280
Nambé, Tewa pueblo | 37

Navajo, Asa of Tusayan live among | 30
huts of, closed with blankets | 189
method of sheep-herding compared with Pueblo | 214
paper on Hasjelti Dailjis ceremonial and sand painting of | 229-285

Nelson, E. W., work of | XXVII
graves unearthed by | 86
collection of stone-closes by | 193
New York, archeologic work in | XIX
ethnologic work in | XXI
Niches, use of, in kivas | 121, 122
Niches formed in old window openings | 110, 200, 208-209
Nomenclature of Tusayan structural details | 220-223
North Carolina, work in | XXI-XXII
Notched logs used as ladders | 157-158
Númi. See Nambé. |
Nutria, compared with Kin-tiel | 91
description of | 91-95
Nuvayauma, old Mashongnavi tradition related by | 47-48
Nuvwatikyuobi kiva | 120
O.
Oak mound kiva, Tusayan, decadence of membership of | 135
Office work | XXIII-XXIX
Ohio, archeologic work in | XIX, XX
Ohke. See San Juan. |
Ojo Caliente, a modern village | 54, 96-97
chinked walls of | 142
Old man and woman of the first world, Navajo myth | 284-285
Old Mashongnavi, tradition concerning occupation of | 47-48
Openings, splayed, in Ketchipauan church | 82
walls of Tâaaiyalana structures | 90
Kin-tiel walls | 92, 93
oblique Zuñi | 98, 207-208
to kivas | 113-114
in wall of Zuñi kiva | 114
in lee walls | 182
Openings of Pueblo houses banded with whitewash | 145-146
Oraibi, retirement of Sikyátki inhabitants to | 24
departure of Ketchina and Paroquet peoples from | 27
settlement by the Bears of | 27
traditions regarding first settlement of | 27
settlement of the Water people at | 33
affray between the Walpi and | 35
description of | 76-77
families occupying | 105-108
direction of kivas of | 115-116
rare use of plastering on outer walls of | 144
notched ladders described and figured | 157-158
stone steps at, figured | 161
corral walls at, laid without mortar | 147
distribution of gentes of | 104-105
kiva for women | 134
list of kivas of | 137
kiva, hatchway of | 201
corrals at, large size of | 214
Oraibi-Shumopavi boundary stone | 28
Oraibi wash, ruins on the | 54-56
Orientation of kivas | 115-116
Ovens at Pescado | 95
upon roofs | 151
various kinds described | 162-166
in Zuñi | 164-165
Oven-shaped structures described and figured | 167
Oven-surface imbedded with pottery scales | 139
P.
Paintings on kiva walls | 131
Palát Kivabi, the pristine habitat of the Squash and Sun people of Tusayan | 25, 29
Palmer, Dr. E., Mexican clay vessels presented by | XXVI
Paneled doors in modern pueblos | 184-186
Parallelogramic form of Tusayan buildings | 102-118
Paroquet people, settlement in Shumopavi of the | 37
Partitions in Ketchipauan church | 82
Partitions of upper story supported by beams | 144
Passageways, Shupaulovi | 72
Shumopavi | 74
rarity of, at Oraibi | 76
description of | 180-182
Paving Shupaulovi kiva | 126
Paving stones of kiva floor, how finished | 125
Payupki, tradition concerning pueblo of | 40
migration legend | 40
description of | 59-60
finish of masonry of | 143
fragments of passage wall at | 181
Peaches planted by the Asa people | 30
Pegs, deer horns used as, in Zuñi | 111
Pegs for suspending kiva fuel | 121
Peña Blanca formerly inhabited by the Hano | 35
Peñasco Blanco, occurrence of upright stone slab at | 148
method of roof construction at | 150
Pescado compared with Kin-tiel | 91
description of | 95-96
corral walls at, how constructed | 147
outside steps at | 160
ovens at, described and figured | 165-166
fragment of stone close in steps of | 193
stone inclosure in court of | 214
Pennsylvania, work in | XXII-XXIII
Pestles or crushers used with Pueblo mortars | 212
294 Petroglyph, or sun-symbol at Matsaki | 86
Ketchipauan church | 82
legend of the Tusayan concerning | 32
Phratries, Tusayan | 24, 38
Pictograph on Oraibi-Shumopavi boundary monument | 28
Piers of masonry for supporting girders | 151
Piers. See Buttresses. |
Pi-gummi ovens of Mashongnavi | 163
Piki or guyave oven | 173-175
Piki stone, process of making | 175
Pilling, J. C., work of | XXIV
Pima, myth of the Water people of Tusayan concerning the | 32
opinion of the, as to ancient stone inclosures | 216
Pinawa, description of | 86, 88
Pine invariably used for kiva ladders | 135
Pine boughs, application for removing disease in Navajo ceremonials | 247, 250
disposition of, after ceremony | 248, 251
Pink clay used in house decorations | 146
Pits for cooking | 163
Plan of villages, traditional mention of | 104
Plans and descriptions, Tusayan ruins | 45-60
inhabited villages | 61-79
Cibolan ruins | 80
Zuñi villages | 94-99
Plan of pueblo houses not usually prearranged | 100-162
Planting time, how determined in Zuñi | 148
Plaster, frequent renewal of, at Shumopavi | 73
Plastering, renovation of rooms by frequent | 89
on outer walls in Ojo Caliente | 96
custom formerly observed in | 102
on floor in Mashongnavi | 109
kiva walls | 115
Shupaulovi kiva, condition of | 124-125
Shupaulovi kiva | 126
on walls | 140
on masonry | 144
chimney hoods | 169, 172
side hole of door for fastening | 183-184
Platform in floor of Tusayan kiva | 121
Platform at head of steps | 161-162
Plaza. See Court. |
Plume boxes | 210
Plume stick, baho, or feather wand, used in Kiva consecratory ceremonials | 119-120, 129, 130
Plume-stick shrines at Mashongnavi | 167
Pojoaque, a Tewa pueblo | 37
Pokwádi. See Pojoaque | 37
Polaka, Hano tradition given by | 35
Poles for suspension of blankets, etc. | 110, 189, 208, 214
Ponobi kiva of Oraibi, wall lathing of | 126
Population, enlargement of pueblos necessitated by increase of | 70
Porch posts | 81, 82
Posówe, a former Tewa pueblo | 37
Posts of porch, remains of, at Hawikuh and Ketchipauan | 81, 82
Posts sunk in floor forming part of loom | 212
Pots used in chimney construction | 179-180
Pottery fragments, Horn House ruin | 51
Kwaituki | 57
ruin on Oraibi wash | 55
used in mud-plastered walls | 139
Pottery of Payupki, character of | 60
Poultry house of Sichumovi | 167
Powell, J. W., work of | XXIII
Prayer, on offering medicine tubes to Navajo gods | 244
to the Esthetle | 272
Prayer plume, or baho, used in kiva consecratory ceremonials | 119, 120, 129, 130
Prayer sticks, how prepared for Navajo ceremonial | 242-243, 264
Props used for fastening wooden doors | 183
Publication during year | XVIII
Pueblo architecture, notice of Mr. Victor Mindeleff’s paper on | XXX, XXXIV
study of, by Victor Mindeleff | 8-228
Pueblo Bonito, additions to | 70
the largest yet examined | 92
finish of roof of | 150
stairway described | 160
symmetry of arrangement of outer openings of | 195
skill shown in masonry of | 195

Pueblo buildings, mode of additions to | 70, 97, 98, 102, 148-149

Pueblo construction in Tusayan and Cibola, details of | 137-223
Pueblo Grande. See Kin-tiel. |
Pueblo models constructed | XXVII
Pueblo openings, carelessness in placing | 196
Pueblo remains, area occupied by | 13
Pueblo revolt of 1680 | 89
Pueblos of Tusayan and Cibola compared | 80
Pueblos, inhabited | 61-79, 94-99
Pyramidal form of pueblo house rows | 61
R.
Rabbit-skin robes used to cover doorways | 182, 194
Racks for suspending clothes | 208, 214
Rawhide thong used in pueblo construction to fasten lock | 186, 187, 214
Rectangular kivas, antiquity of | 116
Rectangular rooms, how developed | 226
Rectangular type of architecture | 72
Reeds, sacred, for Navajo ceremonial, preparation of | 242, 243
Reeds used for kiva lathing | 126
Repair of houses infrequent in Tusayan | 73
Reservoirs, pueblo | 82-83, 91, 92, 97
Reservoir site as affecting selection of dwelling site | 51-52
Revolt of the Pueblos in 1680 | 23
Reynolds, H. L., work of | XXIV
Rites and methods of Tusayan kiva building | 118-137
Rites of house-building at Tusayan | 100-104
Rito de los Frijoles, chimney of, described | 173
Roof construction, pueblo buildings | 120, 149
Roof-coping of Tusayan houses | 102
295 Roof-drains, pueblo buildings | 102, 153-156

Roof-openings, pueblo buildings | 61, 63, 77, 98, 169, 178, 201-208
Roofs, pueblo buildings | 63, 102, 119, 148-151

Roof timbers of kivas | 119
Rogan, J. P., work of | XIX
Rooms, arrangement of, into rows in Tusayan | 49
confused arrangement of, in Walpi | 63
Tâaaiyalana ruins, arrangement of | 90
circular, at Kin-tiel | 93
Tusayan, smaller than in Zuñi | 108
names of, in Tusayan | 223
Rows of houses forming Shumopavi | 74
Royce, Chas. O., work of | XXV
Ruins, method of survey of | 45
Ruins, Tusayan | 45-60
between Horn House and Bat House | 51
Oraibi wash | 54-56
Cibola | 80
Tâaaiyalana | 89
Rungs of ladders, how attached | 158, 159
S.
Sacrifices of food in Tusayan house-building | 101, 102
Sandals of yucca found in Canyon de Chelly | 133
Sand bed used in Navajo ceremonial to absorb disease | 250, 251
Sand painting, Navajo ceremonial, learned by the Navajos from the Pueblos | 236
colors used in | 237
manner of laying on colors | 239-248

disposition of sand after ceremony | 241, 261, 264

description of | 260, 261, 262, 264, 265

Sandstone used in pueblo construction, how quarried | 225
San Felipe, return of Payupki to | 41
San Juan, a Tewa pueblo | 37
Santa Clara doubtfully identified with Kápung | 37
Santo Domingo, settlement of the Asanyumu | 30
Sash of rude construction in window openings | 196

Sealing of doorways of pueblo buildings | 110, 183-184, 198-201

Seats of stone in Tusayan kivas | 132
Selenite used in pueblo windows | 196, 197
Semisubterranean kivas of Tusayan | 113
Seven cities of Cibola. See Cibola. |
Sheep, introduced into Tusayan | 22
possessed by the Awatubi | 50
introduction of, among the Pueblos | 214
mountain, Navajo myth concerning | 282-284
Shitáimu pueblo | 28, 48, 49
Shelters in pueblo fields | 60, 198, 217-219
Shelves, pueblo buildings | 109, 173, 209
Shrine, Matsaki | 86
court of Shupaulovi | 71
court of Shumopavi | 75
Tâaaiyalana | 90
Shrines, pueblo | 72, 148, 167
Shumopavi, Spanish mission established at | 22
by whom built | 27
removal of portion of Bear people from | 27
description of | 73-76
kivas of | 113, 114, 137
primitive andiron at | 176
piki stone at | 176
fireplace and chimney of | 176, 177
ground cooking-pit of | 178
Shumopavi-Oraibi boundary stone | 28
Shumopavi people, removal of, to mesa site | 23
Shupaulovi, settlement of Paroquet and Ketchina peoples in | 27
when established | 29
settlement of Bear people at | 30
settlement of the water people at | 32
description of | 71-73
mungkiva of, described | 113
direction of kivas of | 115
description of dais of kiva of | 123
ground and ceiling plans of kiva of | 125
list of kivas of | 136
description of chimney-hood at | 171, 172
passageway at, described | 181
Sichumovi, settled by peoples from Walpi | 31
derivation of term | 38
description of | 62, 63
direction of kivas of | 115
ownership of kiva of | 134
list of kivas of | 136
poultry-house of | 167
fireplace and mantel of | 173
piki stone at | 175
Sikyatki, ruin of | 20, 21
pueblo of | 24
ancient kiva near | 117
Sikyátki people dispute with the Walpi | 24
slaughtered by the Walpi | 25
Sills of doors | 110, 186, 194
Sióki. See Zuñi | 30

Sipapuh, Tusayan kivas | 117, 121, 122, 123, 126, 130, 131, 135
Sites of pueblo buildings, why selected | 63, 66, 90, 97, 112, 223

Slabs of stone in pueblo architecture | 147
Slavery among the Tusayan | 41
Smallpox prevalent in Tusayan | 38, 134
Smoke escape through roof-opening and transoms | 189, 204, 206, 207
Snake dance, relation of dance-rock to | 65
Snake people, the first occupants of the Tusayan region | 17
construction of modern Walpi by the | 23
Snow, use of, as water supply by the Zuñi | 91
Spaniards, early visit of, to Tusayan | 21, 22
Spanish authority, effect of, upon purity of Zuñi kiva type | 112

Spanish beams in Tusayan kivas | 119, 123, 124, 125, 126
Spanish churches at pueblos, Hawikuk | 81, 82, 138
Spanish influence in Zuñi and Tusayan | 169, 180, 196, 213, 224

296 Spanish missions established in Tusayan | 22
Spider people, settlement in Tusayan of the | 27
Spider woman, the, Navajo myth | 284
Splash-stones described and figured | 155, 156
Splayed openings in Ketchipauan church | 82
Squash people, settlement in Tusayan of the | 25
Stakes used in construction of stone walls | 147
Stearns, J. B., relics from Chiriqui presented by | XXVI
Stephen, A. M., material on traditional history of Tusayan collected by | 16-41
opinion on Walpi architectural features | 72
acknowledgments to | 100
on distribution of Oraibi gentes | 104, 105
on orientation of Tusayan kivas | 115
discovery of ancient kiva type near Sikyatki | 117
typical kiva measurements by | 122
on wattling or lathing of kiva walls | 126
on significance of structural plan of kiva | 135
collection of primitive andirons or bosses by | 176
Steps and ladders described | 156-162
Steps cut in faces of cliffs | 191
Steps or foot-holes of Walpi trail | 65
Steps to kivas | 114
Stevenson, James, notice of paper on Hasjelti Dailjis and Navajo sand painting by | XXXIV-XXXVI
paper on ceremonial of Hasjelti Dailjis and mythical sand-painting of | 229-285
Sticks, painted, bundles of, used in Navajo medicine ceremonial | 252, 254
Stone, size, character, and finish of, in pueblo ruins | 55, 58, 60, 138
means of obtaining, in Zuñi | 139
effect of use of, in chimney hoods | 172
corrals | 214
flags used to floor Tusayan kiva | 121
inclosures in Southern Arizona | 216
roof drains, curious forms of | 154
shelters, possible remains of, at Payupki | 60
slabs formerly used to close doorways | 188
Stone-close anciently used | 192, 193
Stone wedges used in pueblo wall finish | 140, 142
Stonework, Shumopavi | 75
at Oraibi | 144
Mormon and Pueblos compared | 148
Stone steps, Pescado | 95
Tusayan | 157
Stools used by the Pueblos | 212, 213

Storage facilities of pueblo dwellings | 57, 62, 103, 109, 143, 144, 182, 209

Straw adobe made by Spaniards | 138, 224
Structural features of kivas similar | 129
Subterranean character of kivas | 63, 72, 112, 113
Suds of yucca used in Navajo medicine ceremonial | 251, 257, 258
Sullivan, Jeremiah, Payupki tradition obtained by | 40
Sun, Navajo myth concerning creation of | 275, 277
Sunflower stalks used in chimney construction | 170
Sun people of Tusayan | 29
Supplies, how taken to Walpi mesa | 65
Survey of Tusayan and Cibola, methods of | 44-45
Sweat-houses in Navajo ceremonial, description of | 239
Synonymy of Indian tribes, work on | XXVIII
T.
Tâaaiyalana, relation of K’iakima to | 85
stone inclosures at base of | 85
description of ruins of | 89-91
flight of Zuñis to, during Pueblo revolt | 89
mesa of, temporarily occupied | 223
Tables not used in Pueblo houses | 212, 214
Talla Hogan. See Awatubi | 49-50
Taos formerly partly inhabited by the Tewa | 37
Tceewáge. See Peña Blanca. |
Tcosobi or Jay kiva, roof timbers of | 120
Tebowúki, an early pueblo of the fire people of Tusayan | 20
Tebugkihu or fire-house, description of | 57
fragments of passage-wall at | 181
Tennessee, archeologic work in | XIX
Terraced doorways | 190-191
Terraced gardens | 217
Terraced roofs of Tusayan, names of | 104
Terrace cooking-pits and fireplaces | 174-177
Terrace rooms, half open, not seen in ancient pueblos | 187
Terraces, Sichumovi form of | 62
Oraibi, formed by natural causes | 76
Zuñi | 97, 98, 144
ancient pueblos, how reached | 156
Tusayan names of | 223
Tesuque, a Tewa pueblo | 37
Tetsógi. See Tesuque. |
Tewa conflict with the Ute | 36
Tewa, language of the | 37
Tewa. See Hano. |
Texas, linguistic work in | XX
Thomas, Cyrus, work of | XIX, XXIII
Timbers for roof, kind used in kiva-building | 19
Time for planting and harvesting, how determined in Zuñi | 148
Tiponi of Tusayan explained | 131
Tlaskaltec Indians, linguistic researches among | XXI
Toneennili, the water-sprinkler, song addressed to, in Navajo ceremonial | 259
Topography, houses of Walpi constructed to conform to | 64
of Shupaulovi | 71
Tradition, historical value of | 15
297 Tradition, Tusayan | 16-41
Hano | 35
regarding Hano and Tusayan languages | 36
concerning Payupki pueblo | 40
concerning occupancy of Old Mashongnavi | 47-48
of foundation of Walpi | 63
concerning circular kivas | 135
Zuñi concerning stone-close | 92-193
concerning early occupancy of former pueblos by existing tribes | 225
Traditionary gentes of Tusayan, list of | 38
Trails, Walpi | 65, 66
Tâaaiyalana | 89
Transoms over pueblo doorways | 187-189
Transportation to Walpi mesa, Indian method | 66
Trapdoors, Sichumovi | 63
kivas, no means of fastening | 113
frames furnished with hand-holds | 192
Tunika Indians, linguistic work among | XXI
Tupubi defined | 176
Túpkabi. See Canyon de Chelly. |
Turner, Lucien M., work of | XXVIII
Tusayan, survey of | 15
traditional history of | 16-41
ruins and inhabited villages of | 42-79
house-building rites | 100-104
houses of, owned by women | 101
kivas in | 111-137
list of kivas of | 136
order of settlement of, by various peoples | 29
Tusayan and Cibola architecture, study of, by Victor Mindeleff | 3-228
compared by constructional details | 100-223
details of | 137-223
Tusayan. See Hopituh. |
Tuscarora-English dictionary, work on | XXVIII
Tuwahlki, or watch-house | 217
Tuwii. See Santo Domingo | 30
Twigs, use of, in roof construction | 150
U.
Ute, conflict with, by the Tewa of Hano | 36
inroads of, upon Tusayan | 25, 26, 35
V.
Vargas, Don Diego, visit to Tusayan of | 35
Virginia, work in | XXII
Vocabulary of Tusayan architectural terms | 220-223
W.
Walls, how indicated on plans of ruins | 45
defensive, at Bat House | 52
construction of, in Moen-kopi ruins | 53
curved, instances of | 54
showing precision of workmanship | 54
dimensions in Tâaaiyalana mesa | 90
original height of, indicated by débris | 90
thickness of, in modern Tusayan | 102
paintings on, in Tusayan kiva | 131
pueblo, mode of construction of | 137-148
copings of | 139, 151, 152
strength of | 144
weakness of, in Zuñi | 182
of gardens | 215
Walpi, settlement of Bear people at | 21, 27
Spanish mission established at | 22
construction of, by the Snake people | 23
dispute of, with the Sikyatki | 24
settlement of the Asa at | 30, 31
abandoned by Bear, Lizard, Asa, and Badger peoples | 31
description of | 63-66
court-surrounded kiva of | 114
kivas of | 119, 136
upper story partitions of, supported by beams | 144
use of large stone blocks in garden walls of | 47
cooking pit at | 176, 177
south passageway of, described | 181
Walpi people, attack of Awatubi by the | 34
affray between the Oraibi and | 35
trouble between the Hano and | 37
various pueblos formerly occupied by the | 46, 47
Warp-sticks, mode of supporting | 133
Water, method of carrying, at Walpi | 65
Water family, last to settle at Tusayan | 29
migration legend of | 31
Water jars used in chimney construction | 180
Water supply, Cibola | 80
Ketchipauan | 82, 83
Tâaaiyalana dwellings | 90, 91
Kin-tiel | 92
Zuñi | 97
Water vessels, forms of | 109
Wattling or lathing of kiva walls | 126
Weaving appliances | 212
Wejegi pueblo, loop-holes in | 198
Well or reservoir of Zuñi | 97
West Virginia, archeologic work in | XX
Whitewash on outer walls of Shumopavi | 73-74
on Mashongnavi room | 109
how made and applied in Zuñi | 145
on house walls | 145
used for coating doors | 186
Wíksrun people, settlement in Tusayan of the | 27
Willow wands used in roof construction | 150
Window, doorway and chimney in one | 121
Windows of various kinds described | 194, 201
Wings constructed in court of Pueblo Bonito | 70
Women, house owners at Tusayan | 101
work of, in Tusayan house-building | 101, 102
roof-building performed by | 102
work of, in kiva-building | 129
when admitted to kivas | 134
societies of, and kivas for, in Tusayan | 134
Wood, kinds of, used in Tusayan construction | 102
Wood rack of pueblos described | 103
Wood-working, how performed | 184
Wooden doors not found in pre-Columbian ruins | 184
298 Wooden features of pueblo windows | 196
Woolen mill established by Mormons at Moen-kopi | 78
Workshop, use of the kiva, as a | 129, 133
Y.
Yebitchai, meaning of the term | 235, 236
Yeso used for interior whitewash | 74
Yucca, use of, in lathing | 127
Yucca fiber sandals from Canyon de Chelly | 133
Z.
Zenichi, Navajo gods | 265
Zuñi, survey of pueblo of | 14
arrival of the Asanyumu at | 30
portion of site of, formerly occupied by Halona | 88
tradition as to occupancy of Kin-tiel by the | 92
plans and descriptions of villages of | 94-99
description of pueblo of | 97-99
See Cibola. |

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