BUSINESS MAHARAJAS
by
Gita Piramal


A freelance journalist with a Ph.D. in business history, GitaPiramal is
the author of the best-selling Business Legends and the co-author of a
pioneering work on business history, India's Industrialists.  She has
also contributed to the seminal volume Business and Politics in India-A
Historical Perspective, edited by Dr.  Dwijendra Tripathi and published
by the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad.  She has been writing
and commenting on the corporate sector for over eighteen years for
leading Indian and international newspapers such as the UK's Financial
Times and Economic Times.

Piramal has been involved in the making of television programmes on
Indian business for the BBC and for Plus Channel.

She is married to industrialist Dilip G. Piramal and they have two
daughters, Aparna and Radhika.  Piramal divides her time between Mumbai
and London.

Ess MAHARAJAS

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For

Aparna and Radhika my two little gurus

Acknowledgements

The maharajas for their time

Dilip for his confidence in me

Khozem Merchant, Nishit Kotecha, Subniv Babuta and Sailesh Kottary for
their suggestions

David Davidar for his encouragement

Krishan Chopra for his constructive criticism Sindhu Sabale for my data
bank my parents for their support

Harsh Goenka for the title

Contents

Introduction ix

Dhirubhai Ambani 1

Rahul Kumar Bajaj 85

Aditya Vikram Birla 135

Rama Prasad Goenka 211

Brij Mohan Khaitan 261

Bharat and Vijay Shah 313

Ratan Tara 363

Appendix 408

A Note on Sources 411

Select Bibliography 415

Index 462

Introduction

Like the territorial rajas of the past, businessmen today rule vast
empires, maintain a watchful eye inside and outside their boundaries,
and protect their turf against invaders.  The eight featured here are
among India's most powerful men.  Between them, they control sales of
roughly Rs 550bn through over 500 companies and directly employ at
least 650,000 people.  Switch on a light, sip a cup of tea, have a
shave, listen to music, drive to work, see a movie, snuggle into a
pillow--and you'll find yourself using their products through the day
and into the night.

They are a study in contrasts.  Their businesses are distinct and
varied.  Some are highly educated, others are college drop-outs.  Some
are inheritors, others self-made.  Some topped their chosen field in
their thirties, others didn't approach the starting line until their
fifties.  Some dominate a particular business, others control more than
one industry.  What they do,.  what they think, how they react impacts
the entire economy, not just their customers, shareholders, employees,
and bank managers.  So how do they think?  How do they conduct their
businesses, arrive at complex investment decisions involving

*

Sums have mostly been expressed in millkm,lkm.  The equivalents in of
iakh/crore arc: ten lakhs: one million; ten million: one crc; 100 cro:
of billion

(1,000 million).

x / Business Maharajas billions of rupees, or hire and fire the
executives who manage their dominions?

For me, the challenge has always been to find out why a company behaves
the way it does, to understand the people and the compulsions behind
business events.  Inevitably, therefore, this is a book about business
personalities.  Management gurus love to talk about strategy and
strategic decisions, but the.  more I learn about business, the more
I'm convinced that management decisions are based on the personal
experiences, aims and vision of one person.  Usually it's the head of a
business house or the chairman of a company, but sometimes crucial
decisions can be taken by unexpected people, as I found to my surprise
while researching this book.

I learnt, for example, that the Williamson Magor group's Rs 2.9bn
decision to acquire Union Carbide India was not taken by blue-ribboned
directors in its boardroom at 4 Mangoe Lane but in the tranquil drawing
room of Shanti Khaitan.  In 1994, every financial journal covered the
sale, billed as the biggest takeover in Indian corporate history.
Discussing the deal with the Khaitans, I found that their bid was based
not so much on the advice of bean counters but on human factors.
Worried that their son Deepak was spending too much time in their
stable of three hundred horses and not enough in his garage of
engineering companies, Shanti persuaded her husband, Brij Mohan, to
make an offer for the famous battery maker.  Deepak needed to settle
down, and she was convinced that a big company like Union Carbide would
be just the right ticket.

At one time, Bhiki Shah was a far more worried mother than Shanti.  In
the late '70s,her younger son Vijay had established a tiny office and
:a state-of-the-art factory at Saphadz, outside Tel Aviv.  It did so
well that in 1981 it received the Israeli government's highest export
award and the

Business Maharajas / xi next year, sales surged from $2m to $21m.
Persuaded that the future for him lay in Israel, Vijay--who speaks
fluent Hebrew--wanted to settle there but Bhiki protested.  "My mother
used to hear about bomb scares an dall those things on television.  So
we thought we hhd better settle down in Antwerp," says Vijay.  Thereby
he altered the course of B. Vija3'kumar & Company.

I doubt if there's a more fascinating businessman than Dhirubhai
Ambani.  As a petrol station attendant, he used to dream of heading a
huge company, maybe a global multinational like his first and only
employer, Burmah Shelll All teenagers dream but how many have the
ability and doggedness to turn fantasy into reality?  Ambani founded a
brash, upstart company which challenged the established business houses
and their way of conducting business.  He fought for and seized paper
li'ce0ce, converting them into large textile mills and huge
petro/hemical complexes.

Through the process of building Reliance Industries into a corporate
behemoth, he rewrote management theories, fought with India's most
fearsome newspaper, made friends with prime mitaisters, became the only
businessman to be lampooned as often as Rajiv Gandhi.  He nailed his
nameplate onto an office door in 1966: From next to nothing, within two
decades, sales had ballooned to Rs 9bn, making Reliance one of India's
top ten companies, but Ambani wasn't satisfied.  Sitting at his desk
one day in 1984, he drew up a flow chart.  If he built such-and-such
factory, added a division here and a unit there, ten years down the
road, Reliance could become a Rs 80bn company.  Sceptics laughed when
he announced his plans, but he proved them wrong.  In 1995, sales
nudged Rs 78bn.  Some say Ambani is an acronym for ambition and money.
It's probably true.

In the '80s, Reliance grew at an astonishing 1,100 per cent,

 s

with sales moving up from Rs 2bn to Rs 18.4bn, but it wasn't India's
fastest growing company.  Its expansion trailed behind Bajaj Auto's
incredible growth rate of 1,852 per cent.  Under Rahul Bajaj, the
Pune-based scooter company's sales swelled from Rs 519m to Rs 18.5bn
during the same decade.  Both Reliance and Bajaj Auto are lean and
owner-driven corporations, yet in terms of character, style,
background----every parameter that countsmthere couldn't be two more
dissimilar chairmen than Dhirubhai Ambani and Rahul Bajaj.

Ambani is a first generation entrepreneur, the Bajajs were rich long
before Ambani was born.  Ambani hustled in Bombay's teeming markets
selling yarn and later fabrics.  Bajaj didn't have to hustlemthere were
long queues of people outside his airconditioned office patiently
waiting to be allotted scooters.  Ambani Cultivated political contacts,
Bajaj was born into a family of patriots.  Mahatma Gandhi referred to
Rahul's grandfather as his fifth son; Rahul's father was a Congress
member of Parliament.  Yet the government raided Rahul Bajaj twice,
stalled his repeated applications to build new factories and expand
production, and wouldn't let him diversify.  In 1987 he wanted to buy
into Ashok Leyland, a truck maker, but to clinch the deal, he needed
dollars.  The government wouldn't exchange his rupees and he lost the
opportunity.  Despite the difficult conditions he worked under, Bajaj
established Bajaj Auto as one of India's rare world-class
organizations.

The late Aditya Birla came from a family with as rich a political
legacy as Rahul Bajaj.  Birla had an appetite as voracious or morem if
that's possible--for empire-building as Dhirubhai Ambani.  To feed it,
Birla built 2.3 factories annually, on time and within budget, for
thirty consecutive years.  His corporate feats were so awesome that
every

 s / xiii entrepreneur worth his red ledger and Excel spreadsheet
wanted to know how Aditya Birla ran his operations.  How could he pack
in so much in such a short time?  Could Birla's trade seci'cts be
taught and replicated?  Yet at the end of the day, his wife of thirty
yeas wondered:' "He used to say "I do this for getting more power", but
I don't think that was the case because he never made use of that
power.  So what good was

". Like Ambani and Bajaj, Aditya Birla was a green field man,
preferring to build his own companies rather than buy what others had
erected.  Once they were up and running, he would guard them jealously,
fending off marauders.  Some of the attackers were his own cousins,
which made the battles within the Birla clan even more exciting for
those watching from the sidelines.

In terms of sheer drama, there's little to beat takeovers and buy-outs.
That's why acquisition stories are couched in military terminology.
Cloak-and-dagger secrecy is what makes Rama Prasad Goenka, India's
buy-out specialist, so interesting.  Who's selling and at what price,
who's buying and at what price?  Much can go wrong in deals where
political strings have to be pulled and mega bucks change hands, but
Goenka usually gets what he wants without too many glitches.  There
were only a few ripples when he silently picked up Ceat, a tyre maker,
and later CESC, a power generator and distributor.  In contrast, reams
of newsprint forced Dhirubhai Ambani to abort his bid for Larsen &
Toubro.

The first company Goenka bought was the Calcutta-based Duncan Brothers.
His father had managed to wrangle him a job in the prestigious managing
agency firm as a covenanted assistant on the princely salary of Rs 350
per month, but within a week RP tendered his resignation in protest
against the racism rampant in the Scottish firm.  The Raj was at its
pinnacle, it was

 s

RP's first job, and his father was furious.  RP was forced to swallow
his pride and return--which made the acquisition all the sweeter when
it came through in 1963.  A dozen buy outs later, Goenka entered the
top twenty league but he would become a cover boy only in 1989 when he
shot up the corporate ladder to fourth place from thirteenth.

One of Goenka's closest friends is Briju Babu, the tea baron.  Once,
when he was shopping in London, a bomb hurled Khaitan twenty yards from
the doorway of Harrods.  Nineteen people died.  He survived.  Brij
Mohan Khaitan survived also the riots of pre-Independence Calcutta when
Mahatma Gandhi prayed nightly for peace in the has tis of a city
described as a 'hell-hole'.  He survived too the Naxalite movement,
staying on in Calcutta when other Marwaris abandoned the city for New
Delhi and Bombay.  Khaitan is the only businessman in this book who
employs a private army.  It patrols his tea gardens day and night.

Bodyguards and guns are a way of life for this intensely private and
deeply religious man.  He doesn't like them, but he doesn't have a
choice.  How else will he deal with terrorist groups such as ULFA and
Bodo militants in Assam?  After every murder, Khaitan has to keep high
not only his own morale but also that of those who depend on him.  The
life of this tea maharaja provides an insight into a shadowy world far
removed from glossily printed profit and loss statements, the Calcutta
Stock Exchange and high profile tea auctions.

The world of diamonds is almost as shadowy and dangerous as that of the
tea gardens.  Security cameras unblinkingly eye visitors to the offices
of Bharat and Vijay Shah, and armed guards swing their firearms
warningly in front of massive vaults housing millions of rupees worth
of glittering carbon.  It's a far cry from the clever videos of
gorgeous women clad in little more than a necklace and earrings.

 s / xv

Bharat and Vijay, both college drop-outs, started from scratch like
Dhirubhai Ambani, a fellow Gujarati.  In ten years, the brothers built
a Rs 35bn international empire selling an Indian product which is
globally competitive.  To get to where they are they had to break the
hold of a group of Hasidic Jews, identifiable in diamond markets by
their long flapping black overcoats, curly forelocks and wide-brimmed
dark wool hats.  The tentacles of this trade used to stretch from De
Beers' legendary mines in South Africa and Australia to the auction
rooms of New York and Tel Aviv, Antwerp and London.  The Shahs and
other Palanpuri Jains brought the business to Surat and Bombay, where
nimble diamond cutters cut and polish tiny brown stones, turning dross
into gold.  How did they do it?

To make the Tata group globally competitive is one of the priorities
Ratan Tata, the head of India's biggest business house, has set for
himself.  The group is at a watershed in its 125-year-old history and
Tata knows he has to take urgent steps to prevent the group from
plummeting into terminal decline.  It's hard being a Tara.  The surname
doesn't permit failure and the early years of his business career were
distinguished more by losses than profits.  In the five years since
he's been in the addle, Tara has come a long way.  Under his
leadership, Telco and Tisco, the group's two biggest companies which
between them contribute over half the group's sales and profits, are
performing better than they have ever done before.  The other
eighty-two companies are being spruced up and with every little
improvement, Tata brings the group closer to his goal of 'living in
today's world'.

Restructuring, in fact, is a recurring theme in all seven of this
book's chapters, reflecting the concern of these businessmen about the
future.  The end of the Licence Raj with its corollary of greater
industrial opportunity, stiffer competition from domestic and
international rivals, the financial revolution, the lure of foreign
markets, the shaky promise of globalization, and various aspects of the
liberalization programme have generated considerable debate about the
direction of change and how Indian industry should rise to meet these
challenges.  Virtually all eight businessmen profiled here have either
already initiated or are about to initiate far-reaching changes in
their organizations, and an attempt has been made to outline their
strategies and to explain the rationale behind the individual
responses.

Business Maharajas doesn't limit itself to the top five or ten business
houses but profiles India's most fascinating tycoons.  How were they
chosen?  One guiding principle used was to look both into the past and
the future in order :o make a selection.  They had to be men who
controlled business empires which were established in the twentieth
century and which will flourish in the twenty-first century.  There's
no point picking shooting stars: yesterday's heroes shouldn't turn out
to be tomorrow's nonentities..

There are many superstars who are equally--if not more--interesting,
such as Vijay Mallya, the jet-setting liquor king, or Subhash Chandra
of Zee TV.  There's a whole new crop of steel tycoons s ch as the
Ruias, the Mittals and the Jindals, besides a band of electronic
products magnates led by Venugopal Dhoot of Videocon, the Mirchandani
brothers of Onida and T.P.G. Nambiar of BPL.  India is becoming a major
pharmaceutical player in world markets because of the efforts of men
like Bhai Mohan Singh of Ranbaxy.  These men require a book to
themselves, a book which doesn't look both at the past and the future
as does this one.

Another guiding principle used in the selection was the concept of
territorial dominance.  The profiled businessmen had to be leaders in
their chosen area of activity.  B.M. Khaitan grows 65m kg of tea
annually, which translates into roughly

 s / xvii

50 per cent of the Indian market and five per cent of global tea
production.  According to De Beers, the South African diamond giant,
Bharat and Vijay Shah are the world's biggest diamantaires, annually
cutting, polishing and marketing several billion diamonds.  Producing
over a million vehicles a year, Rahul Bajaj has built the world's
fourth largest two-wheeler company in western India.  For a moment, in
history, R.P. Goenka controlled a massive 35 per cent of India's total
tyre production, though he lost this position and is now in the process
of carving out a place for himself in the power sector.  Before his
tragic death at an early age, Aditya Birla had established himself as
the world's leading producer of viscose staple fibre and palm oil, the
third largest producer of insulators and the sixth largest of carbon
black.  Within India, he was the largest producer of cement, rayon
filament yarn, flax and caustic soda.  From his high-rise office in
Bombay, Dhirubhai Ambani dominates textiles and petrochemicals and
dreams of becoming India's Arco, while Ratan Tara heads India's biggest
business house and is the number one truck and private sector steel
maker.

And what about men like Kistian L. Chugh of ITC or Sushim M. Datta of
Unilever?  Surely their lives and achievements are quite as
extraordinary as those of Ratan Tata or Aditya Birla?  Don't these
outstanding chieftains rule huge corporate empires?  Yes, but the third
guiding principle of this volume is a focus not on the ranks of
professional managers but on picking the best talent from family
businesses.

After so many years of research on entrepreneurship, many ask whether I
have gleaned any ideas on why some people are winners and others are
losers.  Can the elements of success be identified?  I'm as puzzled
today as the day I started out fifteen years ago.

Of the seven profiles drawn in these pages, three are

 s rags-to-riches stories (Ambani, Khaitan, And the two Shah brothers)
and three are about inheritors who have added to their legacies (Birla,
Bajaj, and Goenka).  As a chairman who's been less than five years in
the hot seat, the jury's still out where Tata is concerned.

Only two hold postgraduate degrees: Bajaj is an MBA from the Harvard
Business School and Goenka is an MA from Calcutta University.  Birla
studied at Boston's prestigious MIT and Tata graduated from the equally
famous Cornell, but the matriculate Ambani rolled up his sleeves and
got a job at seventeen, Vijay Shah dropped out of the London School of
Economics when his father died, and Khaitan completed his undergraduate
studies in an undistinguished morning college.

In building theirjagirs, each has developed a unique set of tenets
which stems from his character, background and experiences.  Inevitably
the corporate culture of the companies they head is grounded in these
tenets and reflects the personalities of their chiefs.

Take, for example, the measured growth of Grasim and Hindalco.  In his
twenties, soon after taking over the reins of Indian Rayon, the young
Birla discovered that profitability improved dramatically if he ensured
that the small spinning mill ran to rated capacity and if he kept
adding new machinery in driblets.  This strategy would become the
essence of Birla's corporate philosophy.  "To keep on modernizing,
updating, debottlenecking, cost cutting, increasing production
(including capacities) by technological improvements, this is what we
enjoy.  Running a plant day in and day out in the same manner gives one
no joy.  The basic aim of technological advance should be to reduce the
cost of productionbnot technology for technology's sake," he once
explained.  Today his factories are the cheapest per unit manufacturers
of their given products.

 s xix

Ambani's corporate attitude is radically different from that of Birla.
Instead of creating a 'safe' capacity based on conservative demand
projections, Ambani planned huge factories which from the beginning
would be world-scale in capacity, cost and quality standards---ven if
local demand didn't match or hadn't yet reached such volumes.  Thus,
for example, when he decided to manufacture polyester staple fibre in
1984, he didn't plan a medium size unit with the option to expand if
the company did well.  On the contrary, when local PSF production was
37,000 tpa and another 10,000 tonnes was being imported, Reliance
applied for a licence of 45,000 tonnes, i.e. the total current
production or 4.5 times the current import, knowing full well that half
a dozen PSF licences, albeit smaller ones, had been awarded to other
industrialists.  Dhirubhai once said, "I consider myself a pathfinder.
I have been excavating the jungle and making the road for others to
walk.  I like to be the first in everything I do.  Making money does
not excite me, though I have to make it for my shareholders.  What
excites me is achievement.  I could never do a normal job.  In this
room, extraordinary things must happen."  Birla was cut from quite a
different cloth.

If there's little in common between Ambani and Birla about the road to
success, the viewpoints of Bajaj and Tara are even more divergent. 
Both like to be hands-on managers, well-informed about nitty-gritty
details of their companies, but the similarities end there.  Their
attitude towards partners and strategic alliances symbolizes the
polarity between the two tall, sophisticated, American-educated heads
of giant engineering concerns.  Bajaj is a loner but Tara has over half
a dozen joint ventures.

Defending his positioh, Bajaj once said, "I do not want in my own
country to share power, authority making and ownership with a
foreigner.  I have nothing against foreigners.

 s

That is not the point.  But General Motors does not have foreign
equity.  Nor does Sorry or IBM.  The weak do."  Tata, on the other
hand, feels that there's nothing to be lost and much to be gained by
joining up with others.  "We're too concerned about our individual
sovereignty whereas we should be looking at alliances and aggregation
of companies as it so often happens abroad.  Wh.ere partnerships are
based on human chemistry and there is a business case, then the two
partners really begin to work as one."

Each of the eight businessmen featured in Business Maharajas has hacked
an individual path to his personal throne.  As the profiles reveal, no
two routes resemble each other.  Yet, tangled in the disparities, are a
few skeins which are common to each.

All eight follow two fundamental and simple management rules.  Hire
good people, treat them well and delegate responsibility.  Secondly,
when building factories, try to get them up and running as quickly as
possible.

All eight share three common characteristics: they are highly focused,
they possess a high level of energy, and they are obsessed.  Totally
committed to their ambitions, they work relentless hours.  You could
call them stubborn, even bullheaded, and once an idea has germinated in
their mind, they won't give it up easily.

Indubitably, all eight are bright and talented.  As such, one would
expect them to shine in virtually any economy.  A suitable background
and appropriate training are clearly major advantages, but high
achievers are usually good at most tasks they take up, even those
unrelated to business.  However, all eight partly owe their remarkable
success to two external factors, two elements totally outside their
control, and completely unconnected to their personal abilities.
However talented, a businessman may still not achieve his individual

 s / xxi pinnacle unless these two outside forces come to his aid.  As
far as these men are concerned, each at some point had a mentor who
helped kick him upstairs.  And at the first turning point in each of
their careers, a piece of luck has come their way.  In hindsight, often
the lucky event seems trifling, of no major significance, but had it
not been there, had they missed seeing opportunity and building on it,
none of them would have got the jump-start enabling them to draw ahead
of the crowd.

Without J.R.D. Tata's help, Ratan couldn't have become head of the Tara
Group, and if his chief rival to the post, Russi Mody, had not given an
unguarded interview to the Hindu, Mody and not Ratan might today be
restructuring the Rs 240bn group.  While strolling through Antwerp's
Kring, had Monty Charles, a director of the London-based Diamond
Trading

Company, not spotted the potential in young Vijay Shah, the young Shah
brothers might not today be the world's carat czars, and if the Shahs
hadn't been offered diamond cutting factories in Surat at fire-sale
prices in the '70s, they might not have been able to establish India's
biggest privately held empire.  In Calcutta, soon after the collapse of
the British Raj, there were hundreds of budding tea planters but it was
his friendship with Richard Magor which allowed Khaitan to become a
burra sahib while other Marwari ban ias remained small-time suppliers.
And it was a fluke that a slight connection with John Guthrie led to
Khaitan's acquisition of McLeod Russell, a purchase which overnight
made him India's leading tea producer.

While writing this book, have I been subjective?  Yes, I have.  I don't
see how any biography can be objective.  Objectivity can, in fact, be
counterproductive.  For one, it's impossible to be totally detached,
impartial and completely well-informed.  Secondly, how much detail
should be included?  How big should a biography be before it becomes

 s useful?  is it thirty pages or three hundred?  Business Maharajas
tries to capture snapshots of critical or illustrative episodes in the
action-packed careers of eight extremely busy people.  It doesn't claim
to be definitive or a Ph.D. thesis.

G.D. Birla, no mean writer himself, used to say that no Indian can
write biography.  Be that as it may, there is so much that is of
interest in the lives of these 'maharajas' that one was still tempted
to try.

Chapter 1

Dhirubhai Ambani

The Bombay Stock Exchange

April 30, 1982

hirajlal Hirachand Ambani became famous on the afternoon of April 30,
1982.  He had no inkling when he woke up that morning that in the
future he would be known as India's stock market messiah.  The only
emotion he felt that hot summer morning, as the mercury crossed the 33
C mark, was wrath.  For the past six weeks, a syndicate of stockbrokers
had been hammering his company's shares on the Bombay Stock Exchange,
and he didn't like it.

April 30 was a Friday, the day he could vent his anger, take his
revenge.  On the BSE, alternate Fridays are settlement days when all
transactions which have taken place the previous fortnight are cleared.
Sellers deliver shares to buyers, buyers accept delivery, or either
party asks for the transaction to be postponed to the next clearance
day after paying bad la or compensation for the delay.  This was one of
the settlement Fridays.  It would go down in the BSE's history as a day
of total chaos.

Actually, the stage for this drama was set a few days earlier, on March
18, when a selling hysteria shocked the BSE.  In twenty-five minutes of
panic, starting at 1.35.  p.m."  the price of blue-chips like Century
and Tisco crashed by ten per cent.  They fell like dominoes on the back
of Ambani's Reliance

Textile Industries which fell from Rs 131 to Rs 121 as 350,000 of its
shares hit the market.

The free fall had been engineered by a Calcutta-based bear synd|cate
led by a Marwari industrialist, perhaps a member of the powerful Birla
clan.  Using the technique of short selling--whe're a speculator
believes that prices.  will fall, sells shares he doesn't have, and
covers the sale by buying them at lower prices laterwthe bear syndicate
sold 1.1 million Reliance shares worth over Rs 160m.  They planned to
later pick up these same shares very cheaply and thereby make a tidy
profit on the difference.  For the plan to succeed, it was important
that there should be no big buyers mopping up the stock as it was being
sold.  The rich bears discounted the promoter of the company they were
targeting.  It was unlikely that Ambani, then a modest yarn trader and
budding industrialist, would have the cash to beat off the attack.

The Marwari and his syndicate badly misjudged their victim.  The moment
they unloaded Reliance's shares on March 18, Ambani brokers stepped
into action, collared every share in sight anO pushed the price to Rs
125 before the day was out.  They continued buying the next day, and
the next, forcing the scrip to rise giddily.  In India, technically
managements cannot buy their own companies' shares, so a brand new
organization, the "Friends of Reliance Association', emerged which
bought 857,000 of the bears' 1.1 million shares.

Instead of being pushed around, Ambani neatly turned the tables on the
Marwari.  In an obvious attempt to teach the bear syndicate ales son
for battering at his share price, Ambani delivered the coup de grace on
that fateful Friday by demanding delivery.  Meticulously knowledgeable
about every aspect of his business, Ambani knew that the sellers
couldn't possibly have the shares they had sold.  Caught with their
pants down, the panic-stricken bears bid for every Reliance share in
sight in order to fulfill their commitments.  It wasn't enough and the
bear syndicate was forced to ask for time to deliver the .... elusive
shares.  Ambani's brokers refused any postponement of the deal except
at a staggering Rs 50 bad la charge.

In the bedlam that followed, the BSE had to be shut down for three days
while the exchange authorities tried to bring about a compromise
between the unyielding bull (Ambani) and the flustered bears.  Once it
became clear that no understanding could be reached, the panic buying
began in earnest.  The Reliance price skyrocketed as the syndicate
scoured stock markets across the country.  By May 10, the gap between
sales and availability was almost covered and the crisis was over.

The crisis created alegend out of Ambani but he did not become a stock
market messiah because the BSE had to be closed on his account nor
because he had humbled the bears.  Undoubtedly these feats of corporate
valour were awesome, but he would in time become a cult figure not for
what he did, but because of what he stood form the ordinary
shareholder.

Ambani, known better as Dhirubhai, was the first Indian industrialist
to appreciate the ordinary investor and his needs.  Asked once what was
the secret of his success, he answered: "One must have ambition and one
must understand the minds .. of men."  His support for the small
shareholder stemmed from personal experience.  One, he knew what it was
like to be poor.  And secondly, banks had often turned him away when he
badly needed money to build his factories.  So he turned for support to
the only other option he had: the public.  Mobilizing funds directly
from small investors was a major departure from normal practice at the
time.  Most businesses raise resources for capital investment from
state-owned financial institutions such as the IDBI or 1CICI.  "

Ambani realized that in order to seduce the public into investing in
his schemes, he had to offer them something above and beyond what they
were already used to getting.  And this was the steady appreciation of
their shareholding.  Until he came on the scene, managements rarely
bothered about the price of their company's shares.  The business of a
company was to earn profit and declare dividends, not to dabble on the
stock markets, keeping track of share prices and supporting a scrip
whenever it wobbled.  In contrast, Ambani believed that management had
a responsibility towards its shareholders and should play an active
role in looking after their interest.  The most generous of dividends
could not make a shareholder rich, but capital appreciation of his
shares could, he propounded.

This was an alien concept, an idea Ambani picked up from the West.  It
took him almost half a decade to propagate this philosophy but once it
took root, it changed the entire mindset of corporate India and its way
of doing business.

At the time, Ambani didn't realize that he had mounted a treadmill from
which he would never be able to step off.  Over the next few years,
this treadmill sped ever faster, constantly threatening to whirl out of
control.  In order to retain the public's support, Dhirubhai had to
ensure that the price of Reliance shares kept appreciating, month after
month, year after year.  As long as he kept moving, money poured in. 
He found he could tap the capital markets for bigger and bigger
amounts. His popularity became so great that people rushed to hand
their savings over to him.  Other businessmen's issues might flop, but
not his.

Ambani coined the term 'the mega issue'.  Each year he beat his own
record.  With the exception of 1977 (when Reliance went public),
traditionally the honour of the year's largest issue goes to Reliance.
Up to 1995, Ambani has mobilized Rs 64.23bn from the public.  :

In the process, Ambani made Reliance India's most popular company.
British Gas acquired 3.1 million shareholders after its 1988
floatation.  Reliance Petrochemicals, which went public around the same
time, attracted the world's second largest shareholder population of
1.6 million.  In 1977, Reliance Industries had 58,000 investors.  Today
it has over 3.7 million.

Size brought its own problems and solutions.  Traditional venues for
company annual general meetings were too small to accommodate the army
of shareholders who wanted to see their king, and Reliance started
hiring huge football stadia to host its AGMs.  India's creaky postal
department couldn't cope with the number of share certificates, annual
reports and other correspondence which Reliance entered into with its
family of investors.  The company had to fly executives to smaller
cities with mail as personal luggage which was then posted locally.

Perhaps Dhirubhai's most outstanding achievement has been to introduce
the equity cult to every small town in India.  Fanning out to tap rural
stock exchanges, he taught people who would never have thought of
investing in shares how to buy them, to track the price movements of
scrips, to deal with stockbrokers, and to develop the habit of reading
financial dailies and stock market newsletters.  An overwhelming
majority of Reliance shareholders hold less than 100 shares, and one in
four Indian investors owns shares in Reliance.

Dhirubhai single-handedly energized the Indian capital market.  Before
the huge Reliance Petrochemicals issue, rough rule of thumb
calculations suggested there were three million shareholders in the
country.  In 1988, the government reckoned there were ten million.  To
arrive at this key statistic, it didn't use sophisticated tools of
calculation or market research but simply multiplied the number of
Reliance debenture holders by three.  Ambani was more thorough.  He
painstakingly garnered information on present and potential investors,
and the quality of his data surpassed that of the biggest and best
merchant banks.

Ambani's relentless drive to keep Reliance's price at very high levels
booted the BSE's market capitalization.  A sleepy Rs 54bn in 1980, it
had risen to Rs 510bn in 1990, and shot up to Rs 4,355b.n in 1995.  In
tandem with the trend, Reliance's market cap exploded from Rs 1.2bn in
1980 to Rs 9.96bn in 1990 and Rs 96.2bn in 1995, making Ambani one of
the richest men in the world.

Dhirubhai's modern way of thinking brought into play his second
achievement: the idea that Indian manufacturing could and should be
world class.  He was the first industrialist in India to build
facilities which could be compared to the best internationally, both in
terms of volume of production and quality of output.  "My commitment is
to produce at the cheapest price and the best quality," he insisted
time and time again.  "Think big, think fast, think ahead," he would
exhort colleagues.

Before Dhirubhai, most Indian plants were pigmy-sized, partly because
of their promoters' blinkered horizon.  "The size of Reliance's
facility represented a major departure from the "normal" Indian
business practice of the time.  Instead of creating a "safe" capacity
based on reasonable projection of demand, Ambani applied for world
scale capacity that could meet the cost and quality standards on a
global basis," says Sumantra Ghoshal, head of strategic planning at the
London Business School and author of a major case study oft Reliance.

According to S. P. Sapra, president of Reliance's polyester staple
fibre division, who joined Ambani after a twenty-year career with ICI
India: "The fundamental difference between Reliance's approach and that
of other companies was that

Dhirubhai saw things that were hidden to other companies.  The user
industry was held back by non-availability of supplies.  Other
companies would typically do a market survey that would show the
current usage at, say, 2,000 tpa.  They would project that usage into
the future and arrive at a demand of, say, 5,000 tpa.  They would then
set up a 2,000 or 3,000 tpa facility, depending on their projections of
their market share.  Dhirubhai threw away-that incrementa list mindset.
He created capacity ahead of actual demand and on the basis of latent
demand."

Before he could build his world size plants, he had to get hundreds of
licences.  And for that, Ambani had to change the bureaucracy's mindset
and force it to review the licensing system.  Some
industrialists--Rahul Bajaj, the scooter manufacturer, for
example--shared Ambani's world vision, but lacked the latter's knack or
clout of making bureaucrats listen.  According to Ambani, convincing
the government meant adopting a flexible approach.  "The most important
external environment is the government of India.  You have to sell your
ideas to the government.  Selling the idea is the most important thing,
and for that I'll meet anybody in the government.  I am willing to
salaam anyone.  One thing you won't find in me and that is an ego," he
once said.  His use of the word salaam infuriated the older,
established industrialists.

According to B. N. Umyal, a one-time left-wing journalist friend of
Dhirubhai whom he invited to run his two publications, the Sunday
Observer and the Business and Political Observer, Ambani would spend
hours educating the guardians of the Licence Raj.  "Bureaucrats needed
to be convinced by numbers and details.  Ambani and his team never went
to Delhi without these," says Umyal.  "They would gather the latest
status reports on what was happening in different parts of the world in
their area of interest and distribute copies of these among influential
politicians and bureaucrats: We can't change our rulers, but we can at
least help them learn how to rule us better, he used to tell his
executives."

Through his promotion of the equity cult and his world vision in
manufacturing, Ambani impacted the gconomy and polity as no businessman
has done, not even Jamsetji Tata (1839-1904), the man who brought steel
and electricity to India.  Dhirubhai boldly infringed on the turf of
politicians and bureaucrats, saying, 'l consider myself a pathfinder. 
I have been excavating the jungle and making the road for others to
walk. I like to be the first in everything I do.  Making money does not
excite me, though I have to make it for my shareholders.  What excites
me is achievement.  I could never do a normal job.  In this room,
extraordinary things must happen."  t:

Yet in the same breath Dhirubhai says: "I give least importance to
being Number One.  You know, I was nothing just a small merchant--and
now I have reached this level.  I consider myself fortunate to be in
this position.."  but l have no pride.  I am as I was."  i

Inevitably, his rise has been accompanied by controversy.  The
corporate world is sharply divided between those who feel he is a
visionary and those who consider him to be a manipulator and a crook. A
legion of critics accuse Ambani of leapfrogging the queue in obtaining
licences, of getting faster-than-normal gpprovals for his public issues
and capital goods imports, and of getting policies formulated favouring
Reliance (or disadvantaging its rivals or both).

Many attribute Dhirubhai' ssuccess to political patronage rather than
proficient management and claim that he will go to any lengths to
achieve his motto: "Where growth is a way of life."  Prior to the 1991
New Economic Policy which more or less ended the Licence Raj, Reliance
was criticized for manipulating tariffs to suit its ends at the expense
of its rivals.

To some, he became a symbol of all that is wrong in the Indian economy.
Another set of businessmen felt that Reliance was an out-of-control
monster, a bubble that would burst at any moment.

Outwardly, Ambani appeared unfazed by these allegations.  "Controversy
is the price to be paid for success.  You must understand human
psychology.  Because, not so long ago, I was just a riffraff boy and
people would say: "Who is this Dhirubhai?  He was merely a hawker who
used to wait outside our cabins."  This is the truth andl am not
ashamed of that.  My skin, fortunately, is very thick!  However, the
fact remains that when an elephant walks, dogs tend to bark."

"Reliance would not have reached this level if any of the charges were
true," he continues.  "Look at the past.  I wasn't the only one to get
licences.  But just because the government gives you a piece of paper,
it doesn't automatically mean that you can raise money from the capital
markets, or put up plants in record time.  And give sensible returns to
shareholders.  That's 98 per cent of the work.  The paper work is only
2 per cent."  He does, however, agree that Reliance has often been
granted favourable licences, but claims that there were rejections as
well.

In many ways, Ambani bridged the old and the new.  The first time I
interviewed Ambani, in April 1984, Reliance had just declared its
intention of turning non-convertible debentures into convertible ones,
a move which was being widely criticized.  Smiling at my discomfort, he
floored me.  "Why don't you just come out and tell me I am a crook to
my face?  I know some people think that what I m doing is a fraud, but
before you journalists come to interview me, study what is happening in
the international financial markets.  And then come to me."  That year,
in a tribute to Ambani's entrepreneurship, Imprint, a magazine which
would later hound him, lauded Dhirubhai as 'the best of a new breed
of

Indian industrialists--a creation of the '60s when the
politico-bureaucratic axis that was to determine the future of

I3

the Indian economy had emerged',

Like the elephant he compares himself to, Reliance dominates the
corporate jungle.  The Ambani empire is smaller tl than those of Ratan
Tara and Basant Kumar "BK' Birla, but then, he didn't have the same
head start.  The Birla group has been around for a century, the Tatas
for a century and a quarter,

Like the vigorous pioneer-founders of these groups, Dhirubhai has never
recognized barriers.  As an attendant manning a Shell gas station,
Dhirubhai swore he would one day head a company like Shell, hunt for
oil and refine it.  Sceptics laughed, but he made his dream come true
within one lifetime.  In 1986, he declared that Reliance, then a Rs 9bn
company, would in ten years be a Rs 80bn company.  Sales in 1995 were
Rs 78bn.  The sceptics were silenced: today, he believes Reliance can
be a

Rs 300bn company by the end of the century.

In 1995, the petrochemical, oil and textile manufacturer was India's
biggest non-government company by almost every yardstick including
sales, profits, net worth, and asset base.  Its market capitalization
that year was Rs 96bn.  The previous year, it was the only Indian
entrant in Business Week's list of the fifty largest companies
headquartered in developing countries.  From 1977 to March 1996, its
sales have increased from Rs 1.2bn to Rs 78bn, operating profit from Rs
150m to

Rs 17.Sbn, net profit from Rs 25m to Rs 13 bn, net worth from

Rs 140m to Rs 84bn, and asset base from Rs 310m to

Rs 150bn.  It is an incredible accomplishment.  There is no doubt that
Ambani was helped by political and bureaucratic decisions that went in
his favour, but despite this his achievements are out of the
ordinary--a testimonial to a man with extraordinary business acumen and
vision.

One could be forgiven for thinking there's a sense of atis faction at
Maker Chamber IV, 222 Nariman Point, one of ;ombay's most famous
addresses and the headquarters of the at ion third largest private
sector company.  Curiously, there n't.  On the contrary, inside
Reliance and within the family here is a feeling of being constantly
under siege.  Reliance :ould have gone further, could have done far
more, had its nemies not put up roadblocks.  "The so-called
torch-bearers of ruth have always been trying to poison the minds of
politicians nd civil servanls on behalf of our business rivals," says
mbani.

Ambani is not the only overachiever to experience 'eelings of
persecution.  "Success is a lousy teacher," writes Bill 9ates in his
book The Road Ahead.  Gates, founder of icrosoft, is one of the richest
men in the world and in 1q95 Microsoft's market cap was the tenth
highest among US corporations, according to Fortune.  Given the sheer
number of records Microsoft and Windows, a computer operating system,
have broken, complacency could have taken over.  Instead, Gates says,
"The outside perception and the inside perception of Microsoft are so
different.  The view of Microsoft is always kind of an underdog thing.
In the early years that underdog, almost paranoid attitude, was a
matter of survival."

At Reliance too an edginess, a sense of anxiety pervades the
organization.  This edginess has given birth to all kinds of odd and
dangerous rumours.  Cumulatively, they spread the message--play with
Reliance and you play with fire.

Face to face with the legend, it's hard to believe that there's a dark
side to Ambani.  When he smiles, it's a cheek-splitting ear-to-ear
grin.  Genuine.  Affable.  Genial.  He's quick to break into
infeclious, uninhibited laughter, to rub his hands in glee, or slap his
knee to emphasize a point.  Whether in a white half-sleeved safari or
one of his conservative dark

[]

suits and crisp white shirts with his trademark flamboyant red silk
tie, there's nothing half-hearted about the most talked about
businessman in India.

Legs planted squarely on the ground, his head cocked slightly, his
thitaning hair cropped shorter than a marine's, eyebrows flying over a
broad forehead, Ambani looks relaxed.  It's a habit.  He's at his
coolest when the going is tough.  At sixty-three a few years younger
than Rama Prasad Goenka and a little older than Ratan Tara, Ambani's
level of personal motivation is amazingly high, his drive, if that is
possible, even more insatiable than before.

He freed himself from day-to-day operational management of the group's
manufacturing facilities the moment his sons, Mukesh and Anil, joined
the family firm in the mid-'80s.  At the beginning of the '90s, he
moved away from the chief' executive post (though technically he still
l holds that position) to conceptualize the company's long term goals
as also to spend a little rrrore time with the family.  Dhirubhai no
longer puts in the long hours in the office he used to--he comes in at
noon and leaves three hours later--and spends more time dandling his
grandchildren on his knees than poring over financial reports.  Despite
the shorter hours and the 1 inevitable distancing, his is a crucial
role, beyond that of a visionary and strategist.  Fiercely protective
about the company he founded, he often steps in to smooth its working
through a quiet word with a recalcitrant customer, a judicious
telephone call to a political bigwig, or the occasio hal discreet
meeting with a competitor at a lawyer's flat.  Asked if he had ever
thought of retirement, Dhirubhai riposted instantly: "Ncvcr.  Till my
last breath I will work.  To retire there is only one place--the
cremation ground."

The hectic pace he has always set for himself and the rapid tumble of
hair-raising events have left their mark.  In February

1986, when he was fifty-four, he suffered a paralytic stroke from which
he never fully recovered.  At the time, people whispered he would never
be able to walk again.  Undeterred, Ambani built himself a
well-equipped gymnasium and got to work, teaching his body to respond
to his mind's demands.  Within months, he was at the mike, addressing
his loyal shareholders, who cheered him as if he were movie hero
Amitabh Bachchan himself.

In the autumn of his life, there are few regrets over the twists and
turns it has taken.  But when asked on his sixtieth birthday whether
there was anything lacking in his life, Dhirubhai surprisingly replied:
"Yes.  Business and its expansion takes up all my energy.  I have not
been able to devote enough time for social work and I feel sad about
it.  But, in another sense, 23 lakh shareholders plus countless others
have benefited directly or indirectly from Reliance's success.  Still,
in the area of social work a lot needs to be done."

The admission was a major turnaround for the man who earlier had
stoutly attacked the idea of corporate charity.  "What is our social
commitment?  Helping the blind or doing charity or something like that?
No," he was fond of declaring.  "As an industrialist my job is to
produce goods to satisfy the demand.  Let's be very clear about it.
Everyone has to do his job.  My commitment is to produce at the
cheapest price and the best quality.  If you dabble in everything then
you make a mess of things.  If we can't take care of our shareholders
and employees and start worrying about the world, then that is
hypocrisy."

Ambani's single-mindedness is legendary, and he's proud of it.  "I do
not give attention to anything except Reliance.  I am not a director in
other companies.  I am not actively participating in any associations
or in anything else.  My whole thinking, one hundred per cent of my
time, from morning till evening, is about how to do better and better
at Reliance."  No art previews, no theatre, no films and he rarely
switches on his CD player.

What has sustained this single-minded commitment?  Nasha, says K. K.
Malhotra, head of Reliance's manufacturing operations and a former
managing director of Indian Oil Corporation.  "One day, Dhirubhai and I
were having lunch together at Patalganga.  He ordered soup and a pa pad
|'ordered a one-egg omelette.  Then he said, "This is all we need,
right!  This is all we can consume .. . but the excitement is to
build... Usmc has ha haL"'

In shaping Reliance into a colossus, the largely self-taught Dhirubhai
used his own brand of earthy, practical, bah ia brain aided by an
inexhaustible desire for information.  It's unlikely that he read Tom
"In Search of Excellence' Peters and his 'sticking to the knitting'
mantra.  According to Anil, his father's reading habits don't include
management texts."  He won't read Arthur Steel and Ayn Rand but he will
read Time, Newsweek, the Economist to appease his hunger for news.
Though he won't read the Harvard Business Review, he will say: "Let my
management chaps read that."  He's still an avid reader.  If you give
him a world food market report, he would like to read it, but if you
tell him here is ales son on organization design, he will say: "Sorry,
not my cup of tea."

At Reliance, this habit developed into an almost obsessive interest in
the economy and its strengths and weaknesses.  A full-time brains trust
is continually preparing position papers on subjects as diverse as IMF
loans or the shortfall in the Sixth Plan.  Information gathering has
become as sophisticated as its other operations.  According to R.
Ramamurthy, who joined Reliance from Chemplast, the Ambanis 'are
enormously bold but their actions are influenced by their unmatched
access to information.  They know What is happening in every single
corridor of the government ministries.  They know about their
customers.  They know more about their competitors--even about their
day-to-day operations--than the top managers of those companies .. .
they can judge where the money will flow.  and it is not just about
their immediate business.  They suck up knowledge about everything,
constantly.  Their magic is not just ambition but ambition with
information."

It is traits such as these which make Dhirubhai stand out from the
crowd.  At the same time, if you're looking for sophistication in this
self-made industrialist, you won't find it.  He's never been one for
ceremony--it's quicker to open the car door yourself than wait for the
chauffeur to come round!--and if you're expecting management jargon,
you won't hear it.  "Dhirubhai can talk shop non-stop, mostly in Bombay
Hindi," says a family friend.  "And he can compel the most reticent men
to open up and contribute dozens of sentences.  He provokes and lures
you into talking.  And when he talks, he doesn't bother about mundane
things like correct sentences, grammar, etc.  The meaning is conveyed
in the quickest possible manner, his Hindi phrases filling up the gaps.
If you are used to listening to English with a Gujarati accent like I
am, then you're on a good wicket."

THE ZERO CLUB

In the days before he became the typical reclusive billionaire,
Dhirubhai would often ask journalists to write about his rags-to-riches
background.  "Please mention this in your magazine because I am proud
of it and people should get inspiration from this."  Or he would say,
"I am only a matriculate and I would like you to particularly mention
this fact.  People will have hope that they too can become successful."
Says Udayan Bose, founder of Credit Capital a merchant bank, "He's not
in the old-fashioned mould and always jokes that he belongs to the Zero
Club because he started with nothing."

His lack of higher education seems to have bothered Dhirubhai.  When
his sons were old enough, he would send his sons to Stanford (Mukesh)
and Wharton (Anil).  "It [further education] is most essential,
otherwise I would not have educated my sons.  I learnt the hard way.
Maybe if I had some education my success and growth would have been
quicker."

Despite his self-evident achievements, Dhirubhai's tarnished image in
the early years of his success denied him public recognition.  Business
India, a champion of capitalists, couldn't bring itself to bestow its
prestigious Businessman of the Year award on Dhirubhai until twelve
years after the citation had been instituted  Three Tata men (Russi
Mody, S. Moolgaokar and Ratan Tata) got it before Ambani.  HP.  Nanda,
Rahul Bajaj and Keshub Mahindra were crowned before him.  Ambani
finally received it in 1993.  The citation hailed him as the 'symbol of
the new Indian dream' but the delay rankled.

Dhirubhai was born on December 28, 1932 to Jamna and Hirachand (d.1951)
Ambani, the middle of five children, three boys and two girls.
Hirachand was the local schoolteacher in a village called Chorwad, in
Junagadh district, Gujarat.  Nearby was Porbander, the birthplace of
Mahatma Gandhi.

According to Ramniklal, the eldest son, his younger brother was always
thinking up money-making schemes.  "During the Mahashivratri fair,
Dhirubhai got together with some friends and sold ganthia, a Gujarati
savoury," he recalled.  Adds a Chorwad contemporary, "Dhirubhai was a
familiar sight here, cycling from village to village.  All he needed
was the whiff of a business opportunity and he was off to book the
orders.  '

Schoolteachers aren't paid much.  The salaries are a little better in
cities, but village teachers can't afford higher education for their
own children.  Like his elder brother before him, as soon as Dhirubhai
had matriculated, it was time to shut his books and get to work.
Ramniklal was in Aden, a port city now part of Yemen but then a British
crown colony, and he sent a message back that jobs were available.
Dhirubhai joined him there.  :

Only Natwarlal, the youngest son, would get.  a college education. 
Once the two elder sons had started sending money home regularly,
Hirachand felt they could afford to send Natwarlal to a smart Bombay
college.  It was hoped that the youngest son, if he could become a
graduate, would lift the family from poverty to a middle-class
lifestyle, but it would be Dhirubhai who would achieve this and more,
his activities becoming important enough for Forbes and Fortune, the
Financial Times and the Far Eastern Economic Review to report them.

At seventeen, Dhirubhai reached Aden.  "I wanted to earn a living.  I
wanted to start earning as quickly as possible.  I was not looking at
life from any other angle but the angle of how to earn.  I wanted to
make a success of whatever I did.  That was the paramount thing in my
life, "he would recall several years later.

Shell, who had set up a refinery in Aden in 1953, paid his first salary
of Rs 300 a month.  "He learnt a lot about the oil business," says Anil
Ambani.  "He worked in a petrol station, filling gas, collecting money.
Then he rose to become a sales manager."  Soon he graduated to clerk
dom in a general merchandizing firm, A. Beese & Co (an affiliate of
Burmah Shell), where he worked for the next five years, all the while
improving his Arabic.  By the time he left Aden, his salary had risen
to Rs 1,100.

As a tiny cog in an insignificant subsidiary of Burmah Shell, the
teenager from Chorwad watched the global giant's workings with growing
fascination.  "Our backgrounds were so different.  At that time we were
worried about spending even ten rupees and here this company would not
hesitate to send a telegram worth, five thousand rupees.  They didn't
care.  Whatever information must come, must come.  In those days there
were no telexes.  So they used to send telegrams of five thousand
words, even twenty thousand words.  It wasn't an extravagance.  It was
the need for doing the right thing at the right time."  Dhirubhai's
fertile mind soaked up the lessons.  "I had dreams of starting a
company like Burmah Shell."

Dhirubhai lived and worked in Aden for almost eight years before
calling it a day.  "I wag very happy there.  I had my own car and fiat,
but a time came when I wanted to do something on my own.  Yes, I could
have done some business in Aden itself but I wanted to do something in
my own country.  So on December 31, 1958, I landed in Bombay to start
my own business with a few thousand rupees."

When Dhirubhai left Aden, he wasn't alone: he had a son and a pregnant
wife.  Kokila R. Patel and Dhirubhai were married in March 1954 at
Chorwad.  Mukesh was born in Aden three years later.  Anil was born in
Bombay's Cumballa Hill Hospital in June 1959.  Dipti Dattaraj
Salgaonkar was born in January 1961, and Nina Shyam Kothari in July the
next year.

Jamna had chosen Kokila for Dhirubhai and her judgement turned out to
be faultless.  Now very much the family matriarch, Kokila rules over a
luxurious household which needs a foods and beverage manager brought in
from the Taj Mahal Hotel; takes the brood of Ambani, Salgaonkar and
Kothari grandchildren on five-star holidays together; and sits in the
front row at Reliance's mammoth annual general meetings with the other
women of the family.  At sixty, there are traces still of the slim and
fair village belle Dhirubhai had married in a simple ceremony in
Chorwad.  In the early days, with her husband shuttling between the
group's plants and

Delhi, Kokila quietly took over the job of rearing their children and
looking after the extended family, cooking, cleaning and ironing the
crisp white shirts Dhirubhai favoured, making ends meet.

The young couple decided to settle in Bombay.  Hirachand had died in
1951 when Dhirubhai was nineteen and still unmarried, and there was
little to draw them back to Chorwad.  The entire family uprooted
itself, from Jamna downwards, and rented a flat at Kabutarkhana... "Do
you know where Kabutarkhana is?  Do you know where Bhuleshwar is?"
asked Anil.  "That's where Maganlal Dresswalla is.  That's where the
doodhwallas are.  We used to stay in a place called Jai Hind Estate on
the fifth floor.  It's a big chawl with 500 families staying in it.  It
was cheap.  What was it?  It was a one-bedroom house.  My dad, my
mother, my grandmOther, my uncle, my brother and myself lived in one
room.

"We used to play in the chawl.  There used to be this big corridor
running alongside twenty pigeonhole type flats on one floor.  We used
to be there, looking at the activity in the street below.  Why is it
called Kabutarkhana?  It's a huge place where all the pigeons descend
and people feed them chana.  Next door there's a temple.  So everybody
goes into the temple, prays, comes out and throws chana to the pigeons.
There's a milk market in a locality called Panjrapole.  The embroidery
business is right there.  Oh, there's a lot of hustle and bustle in
Kabutarkhana."

Dhirubhai took a loan and started the Reliance Commercial Corporation,
a trading firm, with a capital of Rs 15,000, operating out of a corner
in a borrowed office in Bhaat Bazaar.  "I was primarily involved in
general merchandizing," recalls Dhirubhai.  "Reliance Commercial
Corporation was an export house which dealt basically in commodities
like ginger, cardamom, pepper, turmeric, cashew nut etc.  We had a lot
of connections in Aden and we exploited these connections to export a
wide range of commodities.  Aden being a free port had tremendous
demand for a range of commodities."

"My father was not only exporting spices, he was also exporting sugar,
ghee, and, soil, anything that had the potential," said Anil.  Soil?
Apparently an Arab had asked Dhirubhai to send him a consignment of
Indian soil in which to grow roses in the desert.  Was this a
legitimate business deal or one of Dhirubhai's creative schemes?  "That
was a onetime thing.  The Arab sheikh opened the letter of credit and
we got the money.  Now if the sheikh dumps the soil into the sea or
drinks it up, who cares?  See the opportunity and strike."

As the money started flowing in, Dhirubhai shook off his village
mentality--which perhaps he never did have--and learnt to spend money,
city-style.  In his eyes, it wasn't extravagance, but a broadening of
the mind, another lesson picked up from Burmah Shell.  "Suppose you and
I go to the Taj to have drinks," he explained once.  "One bloody drink
costs sixty-five rupees.  But all the same we have a few drinks and
come out as if nothing has happened.  If a person from my village comes
to know that I have spent five hundred rupees on just a few drinks,
he'll be shocked.  He'll say this fellow has gone mad, saala company ka
diwala nikaal deyga.  What I am trying to say is that I have developed
a broadness of mind which my friends in the village cannot think of
having."

One of those who often shared a drink or a round of bridge with the
upcoming ty:oon was Murli Deora, president of the Bombay Regional
Congress Committee and like Ambani, then an impecunious yarn trader.
With a wry smile, Deora recalls business trips to Delhi where since
neither could afford a hotel room, they had a storage arrangement with
Ashok Hotel for their briefcases and returned to Bombay by the last
flight.

Sunday evenings were reserved for the family and they would roam
Chowpatty beach or Dadar Circle for the best snacks and juice parlour
in town.  Remembering those days, Anil said, "We had a great deal of
attention from both my father and my mother.  Somehow he used to find
the time.  My father believed that the childhood years are when
character and motivation are developed  Sundays were very important in
our lives.  He used to take us out to football or hockey matches.  At
that time, the options were very clear.  We had the choice of two
snacks or one drink and one snack.  We used to jump when Sunday arrived
and we would be thrilled because we would be taken to an Udipi
restaurant for idli sambhar.  Sunday was an important day."

Most excursions were by bus.  As a school kid, Dhirubhai's biggest
ambition had been to own a jeep.  "I was a member of the Civil Guards,
something like today's NCC.  We had to salute our officers who went
around in jeeps.  So I thought: one day I will also ride in ajeep and
somebody' else will salute me."  In the mid-'60s, the government
introduced an export promotion scheme where earnings from the export of
rayon fabrics could be used for the import of nylon fibre.  Ambani's
attention switched from spices to the textile trade.  And he bought
himself not a jeep but a Mercedes.  A few years earlier, he had got a
dull black Cadillac with dark tinted windows.  Thirty years later, he's
still using it.  It's the most famous car in Bombay.  And yes, there's
no shortage of people waiting to salute him.

"GROWTH IS A WAY OF LIFE'

At first, there was little to differentiate Ambani from other yarn
traders.  Like them, he worked Bombay's hot and teeming yarn markets,
living off tea shop snacks and endlessly chewing paan.  As his mind
'broadened', he started pulling away from the crowd: In February 1966,
at about the same time as the late Aditya Birla, BK's son, was
negotiating the purchase of Indian Rayon, Ambani built a spanking new
mill at Naroda, twenty kilometres from Ahmedabad.  Both were spinning
mills and produced roughly the same product.  Birla paid Rs 3m to bty
Indian Rayon while the capital cost of Ambani's mill was one tenth that
at Rs 280,000, which he borrowed.  Ambani was then thirty-four years
old, Birla twenty-three.  Both foresaw synthetics as the fabric of the
future though they arrived at this common ground from opposite routes
and different backgrounds.

Ambani registered Reliance Textile Industries with a paid-up capital of
Rs 150,000 not as a composite mill but as a power loom unit.  "We got
the licence for power loom because the regulation was that you could
not make 100 per cent filament synthetics except on licensed power
looms Aditya Birla latched on to the same idea.  "Not only Reliance,
Gwalior was a power loom factory.  I am telling you, Gwalior's Dornie
looms were also known as power looms  What a fallacy!  People think
composite mills are first class, that power looms ari second class.  I
wanted to remqve that feeling."

As their name suggests, composite mills offer a integrated approach,
producing fabric at one location righ from spinning cotton into yarn,
to weaving, printing an, processing.  In contrast, the power looms of
Bhiwandi an elsewhere tend to be garage operations in size and
structurt small and unorganized.  Typically they buy yarn from out sid
and weave 'grey' or unfinished fabric which they sell process houses.
After printing and other processing, tt fabric--generally unbranded--is
sold to the wholesale trad, which has financed the whole operation.

Ambani had been dreaming of integrating backwards f some time.  "I was
constantly thinking of going in manufacturing," he said at the time.
"My desire was motivated by the fact that we were not able to produce
and supply a quality fabric to the export market.  It was a question of
integrating backwards.  If I had a ready product then I would not be at
the mercy of other units in the industry, and I could ensure the
quality of the products myself."  Over time, backward integration Would
become a core Reliance strategy, the central theme for all strategic
planning, and it remained paramount in family conclaves until
recently.

But, at the time, it was hard to raise the piffling Rs 280,000 he
needed to get into manufacturing, with sceptics outnumbering believers.
Among the former was Viren Shah, a fiery businessman-politician and
chairman of Mukand Iron and Steel.  Like Ambani, Shah traces his roots
to Chorwad where his family was the biggest landowner.  Turning down
Dhirubhai's request for a Rs 400,000 loan, Shah told a friend 'this
project will not fly'.  He couldn't have been more wrong.  In the first
year itself, Seventy workers manning four warp-knitting machines and a
small dyeing section notched up sales of Rs 90m and a profit of Rs
1.3m.  By 1977, the year Dhirubhai went public, the mill was earning a
tidy profit of Rs 43.3m from revenues of Rs 700m.

Each year he added to the mill, and every time a new piece of machinery
was installed, Ambani, a God-fearing man, would call a pan dit and hold
a puja.  Mukesh recalls, "As kids, we used to go around and say: Aaj
kiska puja ho raha had ?  And we would be told that some new st enters
have been bought, so we are praying to them."  The pujas were perhaps
more a manifestation of Dhirubhai's social conditioning, a kind of
insurance taken out from the pantheon of Hindu gods and particularly
(3anesha, the got1 of good beginnings, rather than a matter of personal
belief.  "Yes, I believe in God, but I don't perform a daily puja.  I
don't have any gurus.  Ek baat had,

destiny, koi cheez had," Dhirubhai said reflectively.  "I am not a
believer in religious rituals.  I was brought up in the Arya Samaj
environment which taught us to shun rituals.  Puja, of course, but
simple, elegant and brief."

The prasad flowed as the Naroda complex grew.  Sales were brisk, and
fixed assets rose from Rs 280,000 in 1966 te Rs 145m in 1977, more than
doubling to Rs 370m in 1979.  By 1983, on the eve of its entry into
petrochemicals, Reliance would become India's largest composite textile
mill, sprawling over 280,000 sq.m."  producing three million square
metres o!  fabric per month, and employing 10,000 workers.

To help him manage the exploding business, Dhirubhai turned to his
family and close friends.  Ramniklal shifted from Aden to Ahmedabad to
look after administration and production at Naroda.  Rasik Meswani,
their brother-in-law, and Natwarlal stayed back in Bombay to look after
the finance department.  Also in finance was an old Aden hand, Indu
Sheth, who had been a clerk like Dhirubhai in an export house, lndu's
brother, M.F. Sheth, became the brains behind Reliance's export
strategy.

This habit of plucking talent from wherever available would become a
classic Reliance management strategy.  The Ambanis don't rely on paper
qualifications.  On the contrary, whoever shows initiative, gets the
job.  So Reliance's first marketing manager was one Natwarlal Sanghvi
who used to sell petroleum products.  Its knitting manager used to be
an auto spare parts salesman.  On the technblogical side, however,
Dhirubhai's approach was radically different.  Over the next few years
he systematically poached the best talent from his competitors.
Reliance had to have th best: JK Synthetic's best yarn technologist,
New Swadeshi Mills' chief engineer, Grasim's senior supervisor.  No
major synthetic textile unit was spared.

In building his industrial empire, Ambani shared Aditya Birla's view
that when buying machinery, it must be the latest and the best.  "Play
on the frontiers of technology.  Be ahead of the tomorrows," he kept
telling his new team.  According to Minhaz Merchant, founder-editor of
Gentleman magazine and Business Barons, the matric-pass Dhirubhai has
'an uncompromising commitment to quality and what could almost be
called technological avarice--an obsession to be the first in India
with the finest technology the world can offer'.  In 1975 a World Bank
team visited twenty-four leading textile mills and reported that
'judged in relation to developed country standards, only one mill,
Reliance, could be described as excellent'.  The rest they described as
slums.

"Our expansion was dictated by the exigencies of the export markets.
When there was a very high demand in the international market for
texturized and crimped fabrics, we decided to import texturizing
machinery.  The import entitlements that we were permitted against
exports enabled us to import the most sophisticated and latest
technology from abroad.  Gradually we kept expanding the capacity of
the mills, integrating vertically all the time.  Now we have a fully
integrated composite mill," said Indu Sheth, now retired.

Much of Reliance's investment into state-of the-art equipment was
financed by huge trading profits.  As a private company, Ambani didn't
need to puff his performance.  Until it went public, Ambani used to
plough every paisa of profit into the company, rarely treating himself
to a dividend.

The heftiest profits came from the High Unit Value Scheme which the
government introduced in 1971, through which polyester filament yarn
could be imported against the exports of nylon fabrics.  This was a
game which Ambani already knew how to play.  He admits that Reliance
Commercial Corporation accounted for over 60 per cent of exports under
the scheme and was therefore its larges beneficiary.  Rumours spread
that the scheme had been devise solely for him.  At the Mulji Jetha
market, polyester was thet called chamak.  Ambani became the
chamatkar.

Even at that time, Ambani strongly disputed this argument.  "You can
hardly blame us for taking advantage the schemes when others kept their
eyes shut.  You do require an invitation when there is a profit.  I do
not consider myself cleverer than my colleagues in the industry.  If
there was a very large margin of profit, why did they not take
advantage of it?  If anybody says that Reliance benefited immensely
from the High Unit Value Scheme, they are giving me credit at the
expense of their ignorance.

"The scheme remained in force for eight years.  Many companies
participated in it.  If others did not do well, perhaps, they could not
export their goods.  We used to hold fashior shows in Russia and in
Poland and exported our fabrics.  W took planeloads [of fabrics] to
Zambia, Uganda and even Saud Arabia.  At that time our strategy was to
export because expor gave a lot of prestige with the government.

"You have to look at the economy in its totality.  Imports, and exports
have to be combined together to get a totality profit.  Against exports
of rayon fabrics we were getting imporl entitlements for nylon fibre.
In some areas, some cash incentives were also available.  The premium
on nylon filamenl yarn was 100 to 300 per cent.  It only once touched
700 per cent.  We were exporting rayon fabrics and importing nylon
fibre and supplying it to mills.  The profits were between 15 per cent
and 25 per cent net.  We were one of the largest exporter and our
turnover must have ranged between Rs 15 and 2-' lakhs.  When the High
Unit Value Scheme.  came, we were manufacturing and exporting.  We used
to be allowed to imp or polyester filament yarn against export of nylon
fabrics."

When the scheme ended in 1978, Ambani turned to the domestic market.
"About 10,000 metres was being produced when I entered the market.  All
that I needed was a small gap which I could penetrate, and I did so
successfully.  Our only difficulty was that we were not sufficiently
known or established in the domestic market.  Our first priority was to
establish our Vimal brand name.  We therefore launched a crash
advertising programme," recalled Ambani.

Dhirubhai supported Reliance's entry into the domestic markets with an
advertising blitz that was unprecedented in India.  Then and now, it
out spent its competition with a budget which is on par with consumer
giants such as Hindustan Lever.  Billboards, radio, print, and
television--once a distribution network had been established--blazoned
the mill's message, ONLY VI MAL and the baseline, "A woman expresses
herself in many languages--Vimal is one of them."  The brand was named
after Vimal, Dhirubhai's eldest nephew, Ramniklal's

SOIl.

"People don't want the headache of comparing and shopping around.  They
would rather go straight for quality.  Right from the start, I knew
that brand image was the most important part in order to win the
consumer's confidence," says Ambani.  To achieve this objective, "We
tried to emphasize that we were producing a superior fabric by laying
stress on the technological sophistication of our unit in all our
advertising.  Simultaneously we took steps to evolve our own
distribution system as we found that the existing marketing channels
were inadequate and unsatisfactory.  So much of our success in
marketing was a function of three factors--choosing the right product
mix, identifying our market and establishing a viable distribution
structure."

This strategy was enormously successful, so much so that an industry
analyst once commented, "In terms of market positioning, Vimal has
always been a bit of a paradox.  Although it has always been positioned
as an up market product and has also been priced that way, its
customers have stubbornly continued to be in the middle bracket."

Before that happened, Ambani had to jump the first of many hurdles.
"When Reliance entered the domestic market it met with a lot of
resistance from the traditional cloth market whose loyalties
understandably were to the older mills," sad a Mulji Jetha market
trader at the time.

Confronted with a problem, Ambani thinks laterally, in this case, he
bypassed the traditional wholesale trade, oPened his own showrooms,
tapped new markets and appointed agents from non-textile backgrounds.
According to Ghoshai, while Ambani did not pioneer the concept of
company stores--Reliance's competitor Bombay Dyeing had innovated this
practice--he 'pursued this strategy on a grand scale'.

Ambani untiringly toured the country, offering franchises to
shareholders.  To those who agreed and had the shop-space, he promised
that Reliance would provide financial and advertising support.  Many
accepted.  In his drive to achieve high volumes, Ambani spotted an
entirely new market--the non-metro urban segment--and opened it up.
Other mill-owners watched enviously as Ambani scooped rich profits from
fabric marketing in smaller towns, as the first to both recognize and
exploit their potential.

For three years, between 1977 and 1980, almost daily new and exclusive
Vimal retail outlet would open its doors to business.  "In fact, on a
single day in 1980 we opened as many as one hundred Vimal showrooms,"
said K. Narayan, president of the textile division, who prior to
joining Reliance in the '70s had been a professor of commerce in a
local college.  By 1980, Reliance fabrics were available all over India
through twenty company owned retail outlets, over 1,000 franchised
outlets and over 20,000 regular retail stores.  Ambani's success in
franchising and his speed in opening retail outlets is perhaps
comparable to that of Benetton, the Italian knitwear company, or
McDonald's, the American hamburger chain.

In his relationship with his dealers, Dhirubhai established a
paternalistic attitude.  According to Narayan, who is one of his oldest
managers, "I used to tell my trade---doing business with us is risk
free.  If you lose, come back to us.  If you make profits, they are
yours.  Textiles is a trade driven product.  Consumer acceptance is
necessary but then trade must help too.  Most traders are small
entrepreneurs.  So when I specify targets to a trader he should do his
damnedest to perform."

Traditional stockists, however, still hesitated to buy Vimal's
synthetics range because it was too up market too expensive.  Indian
entrepreneurs had not yet begun manufacturing man-made yarns and fibres
locally.  The government believed that India was too poor to indulge in
synthetics and so discouraged imports by levying stiff customs
tariffs.

Ambani questioned this we-know-best attitude.  "For a poor country, for
poor people, fro fn the utility point of view, synthetics are the best.
More and more people don't mind paying a little more provided they have
the assurance of quality," he insisted.  "Do you remember Bri-nylon?
When'it first came, anyone who came in wearing a Bri-nylon shirt would
be walking two inches above the ground!  That is how people felt and
seeing that, I chose to go in for synthetics.  And at that time the
duties were not so costly.  That came later."

The government refused to listen, hiking duties and capping production.
As local supply fell short of demand, smugglers got into the act.
Dhirubhai's research showed that a staggering Rs 30bn worth of textiles
were annually smuggled into India in the '80s.  In arriving at this
number, Dhirubhai painstakingly collected data on supplies reaching the
United Arab Emirates from such sources as Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Hong
Kong and Singapore--and became an authority on smuggling in India.  His
insight into consumer patterns may have been due to his personal
background.  He didn't look down on consumers or take them for granted.
The polyester pasha had stumbled on a huge market which the older mills
had missed completely.

By 1980, sales were Rs 2.1bn and growing, but Reliance's production
couldn't meet demand.  Ambani stretched the mill's production capacity
to its outer limits, continuously upgrading the technology and
replacing slower looms with faster ones, but he couldn't install more
looms.  The government's licensing policy favoured the powerioom sector
and large mill owners even Ambani, found it difficult to get sanctions
for capacity expansion.  To overcome this constraint, Ambani started
sourcing grey fabric from the power looms of Surat, processing it at
Naroda and selling it under the Vimal brand name.

The Naroda mill was a watershed in the Ambani saga.  It transformed
Dhirubhai from a mere yarn trader into a mill-owner, the top of the
Christmas tree in Bombay's high society and that of Ahmedabad, the two
cities which mattered most to him.  Often referred to as the
Manchesters of India, Bombay and Ahmedabad have grown rich on cotton
textiles.  Most mills were set up during the British Raj, their brown
owners acting as blue-blooded as the Prince of Wales.  Generations of
Mafatlals, Sarabhais, Wadias and Lalbhais dominated western India's
banking circles and the Taj Mahal Hotel's ballroom off Bombay harbour.
In this rarefied atmosphere, the earthy Ambani with his swarthy
complexion and robust hail-fellow-well-met manner was a powerful
presence.

As a yarn trader, Ambani used to kick his heels outside the
custom-designed offices of the big serfs, waiting for the opportunity
to make a sale.  Some bought from him, others didn't.  One of those who
didn't was Nusli Wadia of Bombay Dyeing, a young Parsi mill-owner of
impeccable pedigree who would later clash with the older, brash,
go-getting trader (of which more later).  Today, the boot is on the
other foot, but "I call them my serfs still because I can't forget my
old days," says Dhirubhai.  "This is my nature, my culture."

Under the se ths often third and fourth generation scions raised on a
rich diet of culture and bon ton, the Indian textile industry was
beginning to look as if it had gone into terminal decline.  More often
than not, it was referred to as a 'sunset' business, one where there
was no fresh investment, no aggression.  Whereas the old mills
resembled cobwebbed museums, Reliance's Naroda unit could have been in
any developed country.  "Once I had successfully put up a textile
mill," said Ambani, "I decided I must have a world scale, fully
integrated plant.  All I wanted was to be competitive with countries
like Japan, Taiwan, Korea."

Like first generation trail-blazers in the mould of Mafatlal Gagalbhai
(1873-1944) who started out hawking cotton cut-pieces on wayside roads
and ended up founding one of India's largest business dynasties,
Dhirubhai infused the textile industry with his dynamism and confidence
in the future, it took Bombay Dyeing a hundred years to reach a sales
turnover of Rs ibn.  it took Ambani under a dozen.

Ambani's success bred jealousy.  Whispers started wafting through
textile circles that Reliance's phenomenal success owed less to good
management and more to manipulation.  The allegations forced a protest.
"We have always worked within the laws of the country and the
guidelines set by government.  People are jealous," Ambani grumbled.
"Many of these people were cotton mill-owners and they started to say
this when we threatened their leadership in the industry.  There is
no

Jat difference between our methods and those of anybody bu else--the
only difference is that our motivation and dedication he is much
greater."  na

During his days as a Mulji Jetha yarn trader, a rival once floated the
rumour that Ambani had gone bust.  This was not se,

the first time Ambani would have to fight for his reputation,

and it would not be the last.  Dhirubhai reacted by scrawling a frl
public notice on the market board inviting everyone to whom he owed
money to come and collect their loans.  "He didn't have

E'

a single rupee in his pocket at that moment," says Umyal, 'but

he had a tremendous faith in himself.  He knew that once he offered to
pay back the loans, nobody would ask him for them.  ti

And none of them did.  He truly understood the minds of men."

Another time, Ambani was accused of black marketing, sl

Defamation had gone too far, he felt.  To counter this latest a:

attack, he asked D.N. Shroff, the then president of the Silk and

Art Silk Mills Association and a long-time friend, to call a meeting of
its executive committee.  Most were big names in the synthetics
business.  Looking them straight in the eye,

Dhirubhai lashed out: "You accuse me of black marketing, but

which of you has not slept with me?"  Since each of them had at one
stage or another bought yarn from or sold it to Ambani at the going
rate, that one question silenced them all.

Reliance out paced the rumours.  Sales doubled every two years from Rs
49m in 1970, to Rs 127m (1972), Rs 302m (1974), Rs 628m (1976), Rs
1,201m (1978) and Rs 2,097m

(1980).

It was time to shift from Kabutarkhana to more salubrious environs.
Ambani bought a flat in Usha Kiran, then the poshest block in town,
paying half a million rupees.  Later he would buy two more, one each
for his brothers.  In the lift, once in a while, Dhirubhai would bump
into another mill-owner,

gdish Prasad Goenka, scion of one of Calcutta's oldest siness families,
an art collector of rare Indian miniatures and ad of Swan Mills.  As
the days went by, Goenka's mashkars would become less enthusiastic, the
smiles forced.  nbani's star was in the ascendant, but Goenka seth's
star emed to have forsaken him.  Swan Mills' financial troubles
ultiplied so badly that he abandoned it in 1987.  Reliance went am
strength to strength.

QUITY CULT

few years before shifting to Usha Kiran, Ambani went ablic.  In
November 1977, as in 1967, Dhirubhai had a hard me convincing people to
trust him with their money.  D.N. lroff tried to persuade friends in
government to buy Reliance lares but with practically no luck.
According to Anal, "If we sked somebody to buy a hundred shares, he
would back out nd buy ten instead."

Fifteen years later, Reliance toppled Tisco as the most faded company
in India.  In 1993, Reliance's daily turnover gas 386,000 shares or Rs
97.6m; Tisco's 161,800 and s 35.7m.

No one understands the psychology of capital markets and of the Indian
investor better than Dhirubhai.  Riding the crest n 1985, he
ebulliently declared: "My holding is 16 per cent, ut I can't keep
control over the company by my shareholding.  I keep control over the
company by showing performance and winning the confidence of the
shareholder.  I have never been afraid to expand my capital base
because I know that I have the confidence of the shareholders.  I don't
mind if my shareholding gets diluted--and it is getting
diluted--because as you must be knowing, very few chief executives of a
COmpany are loved by their shareholders as I am loved."  The Words
would haunt him during the fight for Larsen & Toubro.

To keep his shareholders happy, he made sure that the price of Reliance
shares performed better than the BSE index.  For example, the High Unit
Value Scheme ended shortly after Reliance went public.  Ambani
stumbled.  To buy time, Reliance's annual accounts were extended by
three months, ostensibly to bring Reliance's financial year ending into
line with the calendar year (this at a time when mosi companies were
shifting over to a March year ending).  Despite the dip in profits,
Ambani declared a 27 per cent dividend.  He had given 15 per cent in
1977.  The next year (1979), in addition to a 25 per cent dividend,
Ambani issued bonus shares on a 3:5 ratio.  The share appreciated by
450 per cent.

Dhirubhai has a knack of introducing innovative financial instruments
and giving fresh twists to old ones.  In 1979, Reliance needed money to
finance a worsted (wool-blended) spinning mill and Dhirubhai picked up
a forgotten financial instrument, the partly convertible debenture.  It
was not an innovation--Standard Alkali had issued them earlier--but
Dhirubhai found it difficult to get permission from the controller of
capital issues.  Arguing that it gave investors a guaranteed return
through, interest as well as offering the prospect of capital
appreciation through the conversion into shares, Dhirubhai relentlessly
lobbied the government until it accepted the concept.  Investors liked
the idea so much that the 1979 issue was oversubscribed six times and
convertible debentures (both partly convertible and fully convertible)
became the instrument of choice for managements and investors.

Between 1979 and 1982, Reliance made four successful debenture issues.
The 1979 issue (for the worsted mill) was quickly followed by one in
1980 (for modernizing its textile mill), 1981 (to finance PFY
manufacture) and a record Rs 500m one in 1982 at the time of the attack
by the infamous bear syndicate which had forced the closure of the BSE
and made Ambani a national figure.

Later, Ambani would insist that he had had no choice but to defend the
share price.  Reliance's Rs 500re.  debenture issue was slated to close
on May 20, 1982.  It was until then the biggest issue.  The next
biggest offer was that of Telco, which had raised Rs 470m--and Telco
was at that time India's second biggest non-government company, while
Reliance wasn't even in the top twenty.  To place the magnitude of
Reliance's issue in context, it is worth remembering that in 1990, the
BSE raised Rs 1.7bn in a good week but in 1980, Rs 1.7bn represented
the whole year's resource mobilization.  Ambani wanted to raise one
third of that ai one go.  The stakes in this game were phenomenally
high.

Secondly, virtually every company making a public issue pushes, up its
share price just before its issue opens.  Aware of this, bears cash in
by selling short just before the issue--when prices are high--and
deliver after the issue--when prices slump.  During the 1982 bear raid,
Ambani's obdurate stand against the bears ruined several brokers,
earning him some powerful enemies.  Someone began to ask how and from
wlere Ambani had got hold of Rs 120m to pay for those shares.  While
throwing out baits, his fishing expedition hooked an unexpected nugget,
one which shook the credibility of the finance minister and questioned
the sanctity of Parliament.

it was quite a fluke, in answer to a spate of questions on July 26,
1983 in the Rajya Sabha on the nature and extent of NRi investments in
Indian companies, Pranab Mukherjee, the then finance minister, named
eleven companies which had invested over Rs 225m in Reliance between
April 1982 and March 1983.  The question was probably aimed at Swraj
Paul's takeover bid of Escorts and DCM.  It found an unexpected target.
But for Mukherjee's reply, nobody would have known that Reliance was
the biggest beneficiary of the controversial NRI scheme.

The names hinted at shady deals.  Could companies called Iota,
Crocodile and Fiasco be for real?  Who would give their companies such
bizarre and funny names?  The Calcutta-based Telegraph picked up the
scent first and in September 1983 broke the news that eight of the
eleven companies were not even in existence in the UK when the
investments were made and that the registrations took place a day after
Mukherjee's statement in Parliament.

When Parliament reopened after a recess on November 15, a number of MPs
drew the finance minister's attention to the Telegraph report and
demanded an explanation.  Two privilege notices were submitted against
Mukherjee, one in the Rajya Sabha by Satpal Malik (Lok Dai), and
another in the Lok Sabha by Madhu Dandavate (Janata).  A khadi-wearing
idealist and dyed-in-wool socialist, Dandavate was then a lowly MP of a
party which had little prospect of ever being in power.  He would play
a pivotal role in Ambani's career in the future.

The Fiasco-Crocodil.-,lota riddle slowly unravelled.  In the first
breakthrough, investigative journalists discovered that the eleven
companies had been registered in the Isle of Man, an international tax
haven, between November 1979 and July 1982 and were owned by several
Shahs, some related; others not.

The clue left more questions hovering in the air.  The companies had
acquired Reliance shares after Ambani's battle with the bears in May
1982.  Was there a link between the two events?  The companies appeared
to act in unison--at least six bought Reliance shares on the same
day--so there was probably one ultimate owner.  Who was he and from
where did the Rs 225m come?  The companies' share capitals were small,
no more than 200 pounds apiece, and only three had borrowed money to
pay for their purchases.  Whoever controlled them also seemed to be
remarkably well informed about Indian regulations.  Three days after
the finance ministry had relaxed constraints on NRI investments (on
August 20, 1983), three companies applied to the Reserve Bank of India
for more Reliance shares.  "

It was all highly embarrassing for the government but as the mystery
man's identity remained unknown and it became clear that technically
the letter of the law, if not tile spirit, had not been broken, the
media's interest fizzled out, especially after an RBI scrutiny
committee appointed for the purpose could not find any chink in
Reliance's exhaustive replies to its numerous queries on the issue.

PATALGANGA

But what happened to the Rs 225m?  Some of it must have gone towards
paying back loans taken out during the big bear fight.  Ambani would
have paid about Rs 120m to buy 850,000 shares and perhaps as much again
to support the share price during its extraordinary swings.  Meanwhile,
at Patalganga, a sleepy village seventy-one kilometres from Bombay
which takes its name from the river on whose banks it is located, the
polyester yarn plant was almost ready to go on stream and bills were
pouring in.

Work on the Rs 800m plant had started in 1981.  Right from the
beginning Ambani had an ambitious vision.  It would be a world class
plant, with the best machinery, all well laid out.

Ambani's keenness for the project was not merely due to his confirmed
belief in backward integration.  He saw in it a way to improve his
competitive position.  As he later explained: "I was a buyer of this
product all over the world and I was observing what was going on--not
only with the producers in India but also abroad.  I went to a major
company in the West and saw how inefficient they were.."  people were
not working were having long lunch hours.  The bosses too were not
committed .. . and the cost of all these inefficiencies was loaded on
to the product and was being passed on to me.  I knew that we could
manage the business a lot better, make more money than them, and yet
supply better and cheaper products to our mills."

Ambani's opportunity to break into PF manufacturing came when the
Indira Gandhi administration threw open the doors of this business to
the private sector in early 1980.  This was the moment Dhirubhai had
been waiting for and Reliance applied immediately for a licence.  So
did forty-three others.  Ambani knew he could build a great plant but
pitched against him were the heavyweights of Indian industry: the
Tatas, the Birlas, the Bangurs, the Garwares, the Mafatlals and the
Thapars.  It was then believed that amongst those whose opinion counted
in the selection process were Veerendra Patil, the then petroleum
minister, and Pranab Mukherjee, who headed finance.  According to the
grapevine, four business houses had been short listed during the first
round, but Ambani's name was not on it.

However, when the selection process was finally over, the winner was
Reliance.  The surprising decision left the Mehras of Orkay, the
Jindals, the Singhanias and the Mafatlals out in the cold.  On the
cocktail circuit, gossip linked the government's decision with
Dhirubhai's formidable political contacts, symbolized by a lavish party
which he hosted in a New Delhi five-star hotel for Mrs.  Gandhi
immediately after the January 1980 Lok Sabha elections.  This was a
crucial election which saw the end of the Janata Party rule (1977-80)
and Mrs.  Gandhi's triumphant comeback despite the excesses of the
Emergency (1975-77).  Dhirubhai's party was almost Mrs.  Gandhi's first
public engagement after becoming prime minister.

Kapal Mehra's name apparently had been on the shortlist.  According to
Perez Chandra of Business India, "The Mehras of Orkay had to make a
representation to Mrs.  Gandhi to get a licence.  They were eventually
granted one in 1985 but even then the licence of 10,000 tpa that
Reliance got was more than 40 per cent above that of Orkay.  In
addition, Pranab Mukherjee's parting gift to Dhirubhai included a
licence to expand capacity to 15,000 tpa."

Dhirubhai disputes the suggestion that his political links played a
role in Reliance getting the licence.  "My proposal was financially
better structured," he claimed.  "I told the government that I was
putting my company's own resources, and that the others would have to
borrow from the financial institutions.  My main edge was that we could
mobilize our own resources."  But what about Pranab Mukherjee's role?
Didn't he help to get this and four other projects cleared?  "People
who wanted to criticize Pranab Mukherjee used me as gunpowder.  Pranab
was in the finance ministry, which does not issue licences.  Also, how
many people have got licences in India, and how many have implemented
these licences?  The country should salute people who implement
projects quickly."

Dhirubhai had already built up a reputation for quick project
implementation.  Earlier, he had set up a worsted spinning plant within
eight months of getting a licence.  At Patalganga, where Reliance
acquired an area twenty times larger than necessary for the polyester
filament yarn project, the villagers didn't know what hit them.  The
PFY plant came up in eighteen months.  Perhaps the best accolade came
from Richard Chinman, the then director of Du Pont International: "In
the US it would take us not less than twenty-six months to erect and
commission such a project."  Later, when building its huge
petrochemical plants at the Patalganga and Hazira (Gujarat) complexes,
Reliance would be driven by a sense of urgency because it couldn't
afford cost overruns.  Ambani, like Aditya Birla, knew that delays in
project implementation could tip profits into losses.  And once plants
were up and running, they had to work at full capacity, round the
clock.

To help him build the PFY plant, Dhirubhai pulled his eldest son Mukesh
out of Stanford where he was studying for his MBA and dropped the
untried, untested twenty-four year-old chemical engineer from Bombay
University into the deep end.

"My father told me: "You will take this over and I will only give you
one person from Reliance.  Everybody else has to be new," recalls
Mukesh.  "So a team had to be established, we had to select the right
technology.  The first thing that happened was that I came to the
office and found there was only one person with whom I would work for
ten or fifteen years.  Gradually we got the other people.  We are a
very professional setup."

"When we started the plant, everybody was recruited on merit.  We
advertised and we were very proud.  The credit for this decision should
go to my father.  I told him that it's a Rs 100 crore project and
shouldn't he hire a guy who has worked twenty-five years in the
polyester industry and maybe pay him Rs 20,000 per month.  He said:
"No, you do it.  If you think you're going wrong you come back to me
but go ahead and do it."  That's the kind of encouragement that is
required today.  Initially everybody was pessimistic, everybody I
talked to said it's difficult.  But we went in with an open mind and
tried our very best.  We were on stream in forty-eight hours."  On
November 1, 1982, bare months after the bear raid which made alegend
out of his father, another Ambani won his spurs.

In selecting technology for the plant, father and son honed in on USA's
Du Pont de Nemours.  Explaining their choice, Mukesh said: "We already
had a good working relationship with them, so it's not that Du Pont did
not know Reliance.  We used to buy fibres from them.  We made a
presentation to them about what we wanted to do and also told them this
could be an opportunity we were losing.  If we didn't do it, somebody
else would.  They kind of stuck to the idea.  After setting up our
plant, their business with India has grown--they've sold technology. to
five joint sector projects.  It was the right decision for them." ',

To get Du Pont to sell him their technology, Dhirubhai promised
everything but equity.  "Technology is available for the asking in the
international bazaar," pointed out Dhirubhai.  "So why do I need to
make a foreign company my partner and give them 51 per cent?"

Some Indian businessmen seek tie-ups with global giants for technology,
a few to share risk and others for funds.  Ambani's need for the latter
lessened as the government reduced restrictions on local companies.  As
he said, "Now I get my rupee funds from my investors.  For my foreign
exchange requirements, I can access the international markets.  But we
are open to consider joint ventures where we have an active role to
play."  By 1994, Dhirubhai had negotiated over fifteen collaborations
with the world's best companies but he refused to take on any of them
as a partner.

Like Rahul Bajaj, Ambani hasn't taken partners because he could never
play second fiddle.  And Dhirubhai likes to move fast.  He could never
accept the conditions under which B.K. Birla worked in Century Enka, a
synthetic yarn maker and a joint venture between the Birlas and
Holland's Enka International.  "At Century Enka, everything needs
Enka's approval," said S.P. Sapra.  "Enka is used to the slow growth
European environment.  So they are incrementa list and cautious, They
slow down the Birlas... If Dhirubhai had created an alliance with Du
Pont everyone in India would have said, "Great, he has got Du Pont in
India."  But it would have slowed everything down."  And passivity is
anathema to Dhirubhai.  D.N. Chaturvedi, a long-time financial
consultant, understates the case when he says, "Once a decision has
been taken, Dhirubhai becomes an impatient man until the project is
implemented."

As a Burmah Shell clerk, Dhirubhai recoglaized that.  'whatever
information must come, must come'.  As an exporter, he had had to
overcome the reluctance of foreign buyers worried about Indian
companies and their unpredictable delivery schedules.  Perhaps that's
why Dhirubhai named his company Reliance.  He met every commitment on
time, regardless of cost.  Narayan, president of the textile division,
provided an example.  "In 1973, the rotary machine at Naroda broke down
on a Friday evening.  The import of the component to be replaced would
have normally taken two or three months.  So I went abroad the same
night, bought the component and got it back on Sunday night and the
plant was in production from Monday afternoon."  :

To meet Dhirubhai's deadlines, Mukesh's young project team discarded
several established business practices in favour of unconventional
methods which have now become part of Reliance's corporate culture. 
One of these was letter writing and paper shuffling, which Mukesh
sought to abolish totally.  "Problems were discussed at face-to-face
meetings with contractors and decisions were communicated directly.  If
each contractor were to write to the other and then to us, we would
have wasted valuable time," said Mukesh.  Another tenet dispensed with
was that of choosing the lowest bid in a tender.  "Sometimes we
accepted tenders which were two and a half times higher than the lowest
bid," he recalled.  Reliance's criterion was whether the contractor
could deliver on time.

In his climb to the top of the corporate ladder, Dhirubhai had already
absorbed and adopted the two key strategies of self-reliance and speed.
In implementing the PFY project, Ambani adopted two other co-related
strategies: size and sales.  He would use this set of four values over
and over to drive Reliance's spectacular growth.

At a time when the size of the PFY market was 6,000 tpa, Ambani built a
10,000 tpa plant with a built in provision for a further 15,000 tpa
expansion.  According to H.T. Parekh, who as head of ICICI sanctioned
Reliance's first institutional loan, "Dhirubhai always spoke of
international standards and sizes.  Initially I admit that I had some
doubts whether he would really be able to carry it through.  But he has
disproved me by his resourcefulness."

Most businessmen, uncertain of demand, played safe by building small
plants.  Ambani turned the concept on its head.  According to Sapra:
"Dhirubhai would systematically remove the barriers that were
constraining demand."  In the case of PYF, Ambani felt that there was
tremendous latent demand, but that it was curbed because at the time
the government reserved PYF for small-scale weavers in the 'art-silk'
industry.  The big mills had to use cotton.  This was the key barrier
to consumption and a limited market.

To get round this problem and stimulate demand, Ambani launched a 'buy
back' scheme where Reliance sold its "Recron' brand of yarn to small
power looms who then sold the grey cloth back to the company for
finishing and eventual sale under the Vimal brand name In a sense this
was a repeat of the Naroda experience where Dhimbhai had used power
looms to get round government limitations on production, He would also
repeat the careful nurturing of suppliers just as fabric vendors had
been nurtured during the hectic days of 1977-80 which saw a new
Reliance outlet opening virtually every day.  Huge capacities in a
relatively underdeveloped'market put intense pressure on Reliance's
sales and marketing teams.  "We gave a fantastic amount of financial
support to the little weavers," said Sapra.  "We gave them ninety days
credit to create demand."  Once the positive loop of supply-led demand
creation became fully operational, the company would revert to its
tight-fisted operating policies.  "Today, 90 per cent of our sales is
on cash basis.  Whatever we ship today, payment is received by 2 p.m.
tomorrow."

By 1983, PFY had replaced textiles as the major revenue earner in
Reliance's portfolio.  Ambani kept adding to capacity, upgrading
technology and modernizing.  "This continuing growth allowed Reliance
to emerge as the lowest cost polyester producer in the world," says
Ghoshal.  'in 1994, its conversion cost was 18 cents per pound as
against the costs of 34, 29 and 23 cents per pound for West European,
North American and Far Eastern producers."

Before this happened, there was a major hiccup.  Or.  the night of July
24, 1989, a vigorous monsoon downpour filled to overflowing the nearby
'apology of a river' and Reliance's Patalganga complex was damaged by
flash floods.  Technical experts from Du Pont flown in at considerable
cost estimated a minimum period of ninety to a hundred days before the
complex could be operational again.  Local newspaper reports, based on
the opinion of India's best experts, were even less optimistic.
Reliance had the entire complex fully functional in twenty-one days.

K. K. Malhotra, head of manufacturing operations, explained how they
did it: "Understand the havoc.  After the water receded, we had to
remove 50,000 tonnes of garbage--silt, dead animals, floating
junk--before we could get to the actual recovery work.  All our
sophisticated electronic and electrical equipment had been under water
for hours... We set up a control room to connect the site with the
outside world.  Then we took time to carefully look at the damage and
quantify the work.  Based on that quantification, we set up objectives
for each plant, when it would be on track.  Each day at 11 a.m."  I
would have a meeting for an hour to review the work.  On the third day,
I asked the Du Pont people, "What do you think?"  We had planned to get
our two huge compressors ready in fourteen days.  They said, "Out of
two, if you can get one ready in a month, you will be lucky."  I phoned
Mukesh that evening and said, "I want those guys out of here.  If they
say this, it will percolate.."  it will break the will."  We had the
compressors one day ahead of schedule, and the whole plant going a week
ahead of plan."

The real secret to speed, according to Maihotra, lay in two things:
careful planning to quantify tasks and then saturating the tasks with
resources.  "Most companies do not quantify the tasks, do not quantify
the resources required... Anyone who says we will do this in
twenty-four months has not done a proper estimation, for only by
accident can the real requirement match such a nice round number ... We
assess the requirement precisely."

He continues: "And then, once the plans are done, we saturate
resources.  We put in the largest amount of resource that the task can
absorb, without people tripping over each other... If I had all the
time in the world, I would optimise.  But given my opportunity cost of
lost production, it almost does not matter how much it costs because,
if I can get the production going earlier, I always come out ahead ..
Only when you put the value of time in the equation do you gel sound
economics and then saturation almost always makes sense."

"And, finally, we follow the dictum: coordinate [operations]
horizontally, when in trouble go vertical.  That dictum--both parts of
it mare also vital for speed."

While Mukesh was proving his mettle at Patalganga, Anil

(a chemical engineer from Bombay's KC College) studying for an MBA in
marketing at Wharton.  On his returr to India in April 1983, Dhirubhai
sent him to Naroda to cut his eye-teeth.  "I left America in four hours
flat after writing my last examination paper," recalled Anil.  "When I
came home I said, "Dad, I've graduated."  He said, "No big deal.  Come
on, let's go to office."  I asked, "There's no rest, no holiday?"  My
dad said, "Nothing doing, no holiday."

Events in Delhi, however, were spinning at roach I velocity.  Hardly
had Anil established a regular routine for shuttling between Bombay and
Naroda than the government finished processing Dhirubhai's applications
for the manufacture of four new products calling for fresh capital
investment of almost Rs 8bn.  Once again Patalganga was humming with
activity as the brothers began implementing two of the approvals.

LOAN MELA

Ambani's philosophy of life is simple.  Based on a loose interpretation
of karma, he believes that every individual is born into an orbit in
which he will probably remain for the rest of his life.  The world is a
series of orbits, hierarchically stacked up with peons and clerks at
the bottom and leading industrialists and politicians at the top.  To
be successful, you must break out of your orbit and enter the one
above.  After a spin in that orbit, you must break into the next one,
and so on until you reach the top.  Even as a teenager, he knew he
would graduate into new orbits.

Ambani crashed through the first orbit when he graduated from being a
petrol pump attendant to a clerk.  He shot through the second when he
chucked up the security of a salaried job for a riskier life as a
self-employed yarn trader.  As a mill-owner, he invaded the fourth.  He
stormed the topmost orbit when he decided to invest in
petrochemicals.

In keeping with his core philosophy of backward integration, he started
with PTA (purified terephthalic acid), one of the petrochemicals from
which PFY and PSF can be made.  Over time, he integrated sideways into
LAB (linear alkyl benzene, used by detergent manufacturers), into
thermoplastics such as PVC poly vinyl chloride), HDPE (high density
polyethylene), LDPE (low density polyethylene, used by plastics
processors), and then worked his way backwards through intermediates
such as MEG mono ethylene glycol), para xylene and n-paraffin, to' the
basic raw material, ethylene and ultimately the source of
petrochemicals, oil.  Work is in full swing on an ethylene gas cracker
and an oil refinery, and Reliance is a regular bidder for oil
exploration contracts.  The former petrol pump attendant is inching his
way to realizing his dream of building a company like Burmah Shell.

Work on the PTA plant started immediately Dhirubhai got the licence in
1984.  His hold on PTA production would become so strong that no one
dared challenge it for over a decade.  Several businessmen, including
Aditya Birla, applied repeatedly to the government for licences but
were consistently turned down.  Only after the Narasimha Rao
administration initiated its liberalization programme were other PTA
plants sanctioned.  The first off the mark was Mahesh Chaturvedi of ATV
Projects who in 1993 announced plans for a 120,000 tpa plant at
Mathura.

In tune with Dhirubhai's strategy of backward integration, the PTA
plant supplied Reliance's PFY facility.  It would also feed a new PSF
plant, coming up fast in the same complex.  Indian textile mills use
both PSF and PFY, and the two are largely substitutable.

Ambani was always a panoramic thinker, and the PSF plant represented
his incredible capacity to take risks.  At the

 s t time Ambani applied for permission to make PS F(1984), it was in
short supply.  Mills preferred to use PSF because it was cheaper than
PFY largely due to higher excise levies on PFY.

Local PSF production was 37,000 tonnes and another 10,000

tonnes was being imported.  Ambani applied for a 45,000 tonne capacity,
or 4.5 times the current import, knowing full well that half a dozen
PSF licences, albeit smaller ones, had been awarded to other
industrialists.

To feed these capital-hungry ambitions, Ambani needed huge injections
of cash.  In 1983, despite the ever-larger public issues and
substantial profits from the Pataiganga PFY plant and the Naroda
textile mill, Ambani was feeling hungry.  The reason for his sudden
appetite was a small but significant change in company tax laws.

A financial wizard, Dhirubhai's amazing tax planning meant that
virtually from its inception, Reliance had paid zero taxes on corporate
earnings.  He could do this because

Reliance's continuous capital investments enabled him to set off the
profits from operations against the tax credits he was allowed on the
investments.  In a bid to make companies like

Reliance actually pay taxes, Pranab Mukherjee, the then finance
minister, announced in his 1983 budget that zero-tax companies would
have to compulsorily pay tax on 30 per cent of their profits.

Reliance, however, managed to retain its zero-tax status.  It changed
its accounting practice.  As against the earlier practice of
capitalizing interest on long term debt obtained for the purchase of
fixed assets till the date of commissioning of the assets, Reliance
capitalized interest for the entire contracted period of the debt. 
This it did on the assumption that

'interest accrues at the time of availment of the loan till the date of
repayment of the said loan, and all loans shall be repaid on due
dates'.

"It's simple," said Anil.  "We had accumulated epreciation.  A lot of
other companies cannot do this because ccumulated depreciation can come
only from massive capital xpenditure.  If you spend more money, you get
more epreciation.  We had projects on hand at that time which were
apital intensive.  The next year's budget removed the ini mum tax."

In early 1984 Ambani was once again suffering his usual ash-strapped
itch.  The Crocodile-Iota-Fiasco money had been shot in the arm, but it
had been all used up.  Mulling over oney-making schemes, a brain wave
hit Ambani.  Why not on vert Reliance's non-convertible debentures into
shares?  As rival said at the time: "Ambani is adept at the intricate
gglery of high finance.  The basic concepts underlying his he mes are
simple, but with a kind of simplicity that borders n genius.  And the
man is an unabashed go-getter."

The only problem was that the scheme didn't quite comply rith the
controller of capital issues' rule-book.  How could an astrument which
was initially sold as non-convertible, which ras priced differently and
offered different rates of interest, be ut in the same category as
convertible debentures?  It would ward some investors at the expense of
others.  But they an aged to convince the finance ministry and
everything went rough smoothly without a hitch.

Four times over the past five years Reliance had issued artly
convertible debentures collectively worth Rs 930m.  The onvertible
parts, worth around Rs 230m, had already been onverted into equity
shares.  The non-convertible parts were uoting at a discount ranging
from 15 to 18 per cent.  Ambani April 1984 offered to exchange every Rs
100 worth of ebentures for 1.4 shares.  The then market price for a
ebenture was Rs 84, that of a share, Rs 115.  For debenture olders, it
was an attractive offer.  It was even more so for

Ambani.  Cash outflows on servicing would go down.  The debentures
carried 13.5 per cent interest.  Even the most generous dividend on a
Rs 10 share would be less.  In Reliance's balance sheet, a huge Rs 700m
debt would disappear (as accountants regard debentures as borrowings),
share capital would go up by about Rs 100m, and it would look healthy
enough for the next round of fund-raising.  Magic!

After the 1982 bear raid "Dhirubhai became the small investor's stock
market deity, but this image got further reinforced when Reliance
offered to convert the nonconvertible port ion of the debentures issued
between 197q and 1982 into equity," says Ghoshal.  This was perhaps the
last time that Ambani could act without rivals snapping at his heels,
without questions being raised in Parliament and in the media, on stock
exchanges and the bazaars, lndira Gandhi was assassinated on October 31
1984.  Her son, Rajiv, became prime minister.

For almost a year, Ambani did not fully appreciate the effect the
changes in New Delhi would have on his business.  And why should he
have?  The new administration was prompt in granting permission for
Reliance's application for a PSF plant.  In fact, according to Anil,
'the first letter of intent to be cleared by Rajiv Gandhi at the first
cabinet meeting was for Reliance.  It was the Rs 460 crore polyester
fibre plant.  Later it approved a number of our projects and schemes
like the PVC and foreign exchange financing schemes.  I don't need to
say anything more."

That year, Reliance made a record profit of Rs 710m.  Dhirubhai was on
a roll.  It seemed as if his juggernaut was unstoppable.  But it was.
And it was a rude awakening.

The man applying the brakes was Vishwanath Pratap "Mr.  Clean' Singh,
Rajiv Gandhi's new finance minister.  While cracking down on corporate
corruption, Singh followed a carrot and stick policy.  On the one hand,
he drew up a June

1986 black list of twenty-one business houses who had large outstanding
excise payments to the government, and unleashed a raid raj of
unprecedented severity, but at the same time, he eased up the Licence
Raj.  As far as Reliance was concerned, they had reduced access to the
finance ministry.  Singh refused to meet any industrialists privately
and Mukesh was photographed sitting at one of Singh's open house
sessions like any other businessman.

The first hint of future trouble was the government's sudden decision
to shift imports of PTA from the open general licence (OGL) to the
'limited permissible list' in the Exim Policy notification of May 28,
1985.  Anyone can import an OGL item, but anything on the restricted
list has first to get clearance from the director general of technical
development.

Most lay persons at first believed that this decision was designed to
help Dhrubhai.  Reliance's new PTA plant was under construction and
would go on stream soon.  The new barriers on imported PTA would help
the sale of his local PTA.  The reality was quite the opposite.  It
would be a year more before Reliance's PTA plant would go on stream.
Until then, Dhirubhai needed to import PTA to feed his PFY plant.  He
could use DMT (di-methyl terephthalate) as feedstock, but the local DMT
was Rs 4,000 per tonne costlier than imported PTA.  His raw material
bill could shoot up by Rs 600m.

Dhirubhai still hadn't lost his old touch, however.  Sniffing out news
of the imminent change, he moved at lightning speed.  Negotiating with
international suppliers, he contracted the purchase of literally a
whole year's supply of PTAwsomething in the region of 60,000 tonnesmand
instructed several banks to open letters of credit for him.  From May
27 to 29, 1985, the Bombay branches of Standard Chartered Bank, Soci.to
Gn6rale, State Bank of India, Canara Bank and Baaque lndoSuez worked
furiously to issue almost a dozen letters of credit worth a stupendous
Rs 1.1bn..  The last one was opened barely a couple of hours before the
government announced the changed policy.

Predictably, the finance ministry was none too happy that Ambani had
managed to double-guess its plans, and struck back with a 50 per cent
import duty which would nullify his gains.  Ambani promptly challenged
the tariff duty but he had lost the round.

Dhirubhai's failure to import PTA at concessio nal rates at first
appeared to be an aberration, an accident.  The next incident was a
public slap in the face..

The Reliance board was to meet on Wednesday, June 11, 1986 in Bombay to
consider the conversion, for the second time, of non-convertible
debentures into convertible ones (the E and F series).  For weeks stock
markets across the country had been humming with excitement in
anticipation of the announcement.  Punters were convinced that Ambani
would pull off the coup this time as he had in April 1984, though the
government had refused countless similar requests from other
companies.

This time V. P. Singh refused to play ball.  On Tuesday evening, the
finance ministry announced that it had decided not to permit such
conversions.  Within the hour, the news was on the agency wires to
newspaper offices, and government officials called Doordarshan with
instructions to carry the news item on the 9.30 p.m. news--an unusual
step for a TV network that didn't carry hard-core financial reports
until the mido'90s.  According to V. P. Singh, he took this step 'to
curb unhealthy speculation'.

Anil Ambani was at Delhi airport, waiting for a delayed flight to take
him back to Bombay in time for the crucial board meeting the next day,
and didn't hear of V. P. Singh's decision until he reached Bombay.  The
next morning the headlines screamed the disastrous news.  The board
meeting fixed for that day was adjourned.  On the BSE, one series of
Reliance's debenture prices halved from Rs 220 to Rs 120, the other
from

Rs 210 to Rs 134 and 1.5 million Reliance investors lost anything up to
Rs 3bn in a few short hours.

V. P. Singh's action was probably influenced by a series of articles
published in a national daily.  Three months earlier, on March 22, the
Indian Express had front-paged an article on debenture conversions
entitled "Sub-rule or subversive rule', and called on the finance
minister to 'prevent this prejudicial tendency from becoming part of
the system'.  The paper and its sister publication, the Financial
Express, had been carrying on a campaign against Ambani for som time.
It ran three articles from May 16 to 18, 1986 on a loans-for-shares
scheme which Ambani had developed in June 1985 and which the paper
dubbed the "Reliance Loan Mela'.

According to the Indian Express, ten or more banks had lent over Rs
600m as overdrafts to a bewildering assortment of sixty investment
companies without any track record against the security of Reliance
shares and debentures.  The newspaper claimed that these companies
belonged to Reliance and that they borrowed money from the banks at 18
per cent interest to buy debentures which earned only 13.5 per cent
interest in one case and 15 per cent in the other.  The only way this
transaction made sense was if the Ambanis planned to convert the
debentures into Reliance's overpriced shares at some stage.

In a knee-jerk reaction, the Department of Banking Operations and
Development in the finance ministry ordered an inquiry.  A senior RBI
team rushed from Bombay to Delhi to help out and Bimal Jalan, the
banking secretary, cautioned that 'while there is nothing illegal in
advancing loans against shares and debentures, the purpose for which
the money is used has to be kept in mind'.  Heads would roll, predicted
banking circles.

The top official of a bank uninvolved in the scheme said: "When I saw
the first article on the Reliance Loan Mela in the May 14 Financial
Express, I nearly dropped my cup of tea.  I must say I was very
relieved, after a close scrutiny of the report, not to find the name of
my bank in the published list of sixteen banks."  Against this, a
banker who was involved said that the scheme was irresistible.  His
bank would advance loans against blue-chip Reliance shares after
providing a 50 per cent margin.  In addition, his bank was assured of a
deposit twice as large as the advance, so that besides risk, fuding the
loan would not pose a problem.

It was commercially sound banking.  Reliance shares were appreciating,
and the scheme promised profits for everyone.  There appeared to be
nothing illegal in Ambani's scheme, nor did it flout any RBI
guidelines.  In the West, such schemes were common.  In India, it
raised a brouhaha.  Eventually the RBI called back the loans.

MURPHY'S LAW

All through the latter half of 1985 and for most of 1986, it seemed as
if Dhirubhai had been overtaken by Murphy's Law which says that
whatever can go wrong, will.  Apart from Nina's glittering wedding to
Shyam Kothari in December 1986, there didn't seem to be any good
news.

Standing on the dais at the wedding reception next to Nina and Shyam,
with Kokila by his side, jocularly greeting friends as they lined up to
wish the happy couple, Dhirubhai's thoughts drifted to another family
wedding two years back.  At Dipti's wedding to Raj Salgaonkar in
December 1983, as the father of the bride, he had hosted a lunch for
the 12,000 workers at the Naroda mill.  To see thi workers
participating in the Ambani family's happiness had multiplied
Dhirubhai's own happiness.  Having once been a blue-collar worker
himself, his attitude

 I 57

towards his workers was genuinely paternalistic, not a management
strategy.

It pinched Dhirubhai to know that there wouldn't be an opportunity to
host a similar function when his second datghter was getting married.
Somewhere along his headlong career, the affinity he used to share with
his workers had disintegrated.  The looms at the Naroda mill were
silent, the workers on strike, and a celebratory lunch was out of the
question.

Dhirubhai felt even more him by clashes between Anil and Ramniklal over
the negotiations with the workers.  Impetuous and outspoken, Anil had
found it difficult to work with uncle Ramnikalal right from the
beginning but now a family split seemed inevitable.  Had sending Anil
to win his spurs at Naroda been a mistake?  At the time, keeping Mukesh
at Patalganga and sending Anil to Naroda had seemed a logical decision.
Natwarlal had already walked out a few years earlier.  Now Ramniklal.
Separating from his brothers was hard for Dhirubhai.  Family means a
lot to him and he and his brothers had been close to each other.  There
was a price to pay for riches and power, and the bill had been
presented.

Smiling his trademark grin, pumping hands vigorously, slapping a
friend's back and cracking the usual wedding jokes, Dhirubhai hid deep
inside him the strain he was going through.  Nothing should mar Nina's
wedding.  He pushed aside his mounting business problems.

Reliance, so often described as a bubble, seemed about to be pricked.
Dhirubhai had not then heard of Bill Gates and The Road Ahead had not
yet been written, but Gates's description of a company in trouble
precisely described Reliance in the mid."80s.  "A company in a positive
spiral has an air of destiny while one in a negative cycle feels
doomed.  The press and analysts smell blood and begin telling inside
stories about who's quarrelling and who's responsible for
mismanagement.  Customers begin to question whether, in the future,
they should continue to buy the company's products.  Everything is
questioned, including things that are being done well," Gates would
write.  He could have been talking about Reliance.

Rumours about technical hitches in the new PSF plant coming up at
Patalganga were gathering momentum.  It had been built in a record
fourteen months and the Ambanis had hoped to get the plant started in
April 1986, but teething troubles delayed commercial production to
August, allowing press speculation to blow up the issue.  Mukesh and
Anil tried to point out that such teething troubles were normal, but
the Ambanis' reputation for quick implementation nose-dived.  More
serious were the problems in implementing the PTA licence.  The Ambanis
had initially thought they would have the plant up and running by
mid-1986.  It would eventually be commissioned in November 1987, more
than a year behind schedule.

What really hurt Reliance badly was a gaping hole in operating profits
caused by a variety of factors.  Sales were booming, moving up by 24
per cent to Rs 9.1 ibn in 1986 but nobody was cheering at 222 Nariman
Point.  Yarn prices crashed after PSF was put on the OGL.  Project
costs of the PTA and LAB plants ballooned by Rs 3bn partly because of a
rise in capacity but also because of cost overruns.  The government
delayed clearing one of Dhirubhai's mega debenture issues.  The
triple-whammy resulted in operating profits plummeting from Rs 710m in
1985 to Rs 140m in 1986.  To narrow the gap, the Ambanis sold off some
of the family silver--Rs 370m worth of UTI units--but were forced to
increase bank borrowings from Rs 380m to Rs 1.36bn and step up
unsecured loans from Rs 700m to Rs 1.44bn.

The Naroda strike, the PSF plant's teething troubles,

Ramniklal and the family divorce, the glitches in the PTA plant, the
crash in yarn prices, the delay in the G series, the hole in Reliance's
profits, the cash crunch--the problems relentlessly stacked up on each
other.  On February 9, 1986 Dhirubhai succumbed to the pressure and
suffered a paralytic stroke from which he would never totally
recover.

Doctors moved him out of the Jaslok Hospital's intensive care unit
within days, but recommended treatment by American specialists in San
Diego.  Typically, Dhirubhai called a board meeting the day before he
left.  And to scotch rumours or a run on Reliance's share price while
he was away, he met with leading journalists in an informal press
conference in his all-white office.  "I had come to attend a board
meeting and thought why not meet some friends before going on a holiday
for a few weeks," he told them cheerfully.  He returned to India for
the abortive June 11 board meeting and the annual general meeting but
left almost immediately for further treatment in Switzerland.  August
of that year saw him on his feet at the EGM, the crowds cheering as
speaker after speaker praised Reliance and its dynamic chairman.

In the years to come, Dhirubhai's health would be the subject of
intense speculation.  Bt/t it was obvious that his legendary will to
succeed would be applied to the matter of his poor health as well.  In
1989, he gave a lively interview to S. N. Vasuki oflndia Today.  To the
poorly punned question, "We would like to have your last word on the
subject," Dhirubhai quipped: "Why do you need my word?  I'm here before
you.  How do you find my health?  I feel fit.  I'm here at the office
as I used to be, doing my hard day's labour."

However, the mind can control the body only up to a point.  After that
1989 interview, Dhirubhai turned reclusive.  He nade a rare public
appearance at Hazira in an informal press conference in August 1991 to
announce the merger of the group's two big companies, Reliance
Industries and Reliance

Petrochemicals, where he 'appeared confident, spoke in

Gujarati, slurring over some of his words'.  This was followe,

by the Reliance AGM in October, where 'ill as he obviously was, looking
tired and wan, and with an almost totally disabled right hand, Mr.
Ambani nevertheless proved that he had lost none of his wonted powers
of persuasion and people management.  Awkward questions were either
avoided altogether, or averted with a charming invitation to "come and
have a cup of tea and clarify everything" with the chairman,"

reported the Times of India.

As Reliance struggled through a negative cycle, Mukesh and Anil looked
for scapegoatsmand identified Nusli Wadia.

Convinced that the elegant chairman of Bombay Dyeing and

Britannia Industries was behind their troubles, they found it difficult
to forgive or forget Jinnah's grandson.

Wadia is ten years junior to Dhirubhai.  Gutsy,

England-educated and with a sharp legal mind, the

Christian-turned-Parsi is as tenacious as the man who created

Pakistan.  His business empire doesn't figure among the top twenty but
Wadia could have been India's number one industrialist.  A favourite of
J.R.D. Tata, Wadia repeatedly turned down his godfather's offers to
head the Tata group.

Interestingly, he has impinged on the lives of half the business
maharajas in this bo0k--Ambani, Aditya Birla, Rama Prasad

Goenka, Brij Mohan Khaitan" and Ratan Tata--almost by accident, but
every encounter would become a turning point.

Wadia told Business India that the Ambanis 'are making me out to be
some kind of James Bond figure, running around the globe.."  and
destabilizing the nation.  It is almost like a

Hindi film.  It has sex, espionage, forged passports--everything for a
blockbuster."  In a sense the war between the young aristocrat and the
older self-made

entrepreneur was inevitable.  The clash stemmed from the unhealthy
nexus between business and politics which had developed during the
'80s.  Both are politically well connected.  Neither hesitated to
involve their political patrons to suit their personal ends.

What sparked the Ambani-Wadia feud?  There are so many stories, it's
impossible to know which is true, especially as neither Wadia nor
Ambani have ever come forward with their versions.  One thing, however,
is certain--it had something to do with Wadia's decision to build a DMT
plant and Dhirubhai's entry into PTA.

Both are raw materials for the manufacture of polyester yarns and
fibres (PSF and PFY).  During the Janata Party rule (1977-79) Wadia
obtained permission to build a 60,000 tpa DMT plant and purchased a
second hand plant from USA's Hercofina, but before his letter of intent
could be converted into a licence, the government changed.  Under the
new Congress administration, his licence was delayed on one pretext or
another until 1981.  His plant was finally commissioned five years
later.

As a PFY manufacturer, Ambani could use either DMT or PTA but Dhirubhai
was convinced his choice was the raw material of the future.  Moreover,
in the days when Ambani used to hawk his yarn from door to door, Wadia
had refused to buy from him.  Now it was Wadia's turn to be
disappointed.

The conflict ignited once Dhirubhai obtained a licence to build a PTA
plant; it would become a fireball after Reliance built its para xylene
facility para xylene is a vital input in DMT manufacture).  Despite
Wadia's bitter opposition the PTA plant came up anyway and the '80s and
'90s saw both tycoons trying to gain an advantage in terms of customs
and excise duties on DMT and PTA in their favour.  There was one
abortive attempt at reconciliation.  In December 1985, Wadia attended
Nina's wedding.  Photographs of the two tycoons shaking hands made it
to every celebrity magazine in town.

It wasn't long before the truce broke down and once again the two went
hammer and tongs at each other.  Reportedly one of the major reasons
for the cease-fire's short life was a campaign launched by the Indian
Express, owned by the late Ramnath Goenka.  Ironically, he was drawn
into the fray as a common friend of the two mill-owners.  When Goenka's
mediation attempts backfired, he backed Wadia and turned against
Ambani.

THE OLD FOX

Described once as 'a paper cannon that fired in eight directions',
Ramnath Goenka (1904-1991) was proprietor of the second biggest
newspaper chain after the Times oflndia.  During the anti-Reliance
exposures, Goenka was criticized for using his paper to fight his
friends' battles but he had always wielded it as a weapon, before
Independence and after.  He gave a job to Feroze Gandhi (Indira's
husband) in the Indian Express at Jawaharlal Nehru's request, but would
run fearless campaigns against Indira for splitting the Congress Party,
for nationalizing banks, for abolishing privy purses, and for
establishing the Emergency.

Completely hands-on, the "Old Fox' hired and fired editors with little
sympathy for their sensitivities, yet every newshound of repute worked
in his stable at some point in their careers.  Goenka loved the Indian
Express and its reputation as crusader.  His editors toppled A.R.
Antulay, the chief minister of Maharashtra, in a cement scandal.  They
puffed up Devi Lal and then brought him down.  For the Reliance
campaign, Goenka hand-picked Swaminathan Gurumurthy, an unknown
chartered accountant from Madras.  To help him, Gurumurthy collected a
small coterie around him, including Maneck Davar,

Dhirubhai A tn bani / 63

then the unknown editor of a small legal newsletter.

But the half decade before Goenka died was not only about

Wadia and Goenka's battles with the Ambanis.  Arun Shourie and Chitra
Subramaniam were unveiling the Bofors scandal.

There were messy leaks about the government's purchases of the HDW
submarines.  The Fairfax case, the clashes between

Rajiv Gandhi and VP.  Singh, Gandhi's locking of horns with cousin Arun
Nehru and old friend Arun Singh, Amitabh

Bachchan's tossing away of his membership of Parliament, the stories
unfolded faster than reporters could type.

Apparently unsophisticated in his crisp white cotton dhoti-kurta and
simple black chap pals and given to language peppered with colourful
Hindi abuse, Goenka's looks were deceptive.  As much alegend as Ambani,
a ban ia like him, and zs doughty as his antagonist, Goenka had a
natural appetite for a fight.  He allegedly flouted regulations and cut
corners to build his empire, but his personal lifestyle was above
reproach.

The living room of the twenty-fifth floor penthouse of Express

Towers where he spent most of his time was a stark room with large
windows, a couple of rexine sofas and bare tiled floors.

By the mid-'80s and at the height of the Indian

Express-Reliance war, Goenka had become bald, his full lips pursed into
a tight grin, but the dark eyes were still sharp behind the thick
glasses although he was beginning to be shunted in and out of
hospital.

Goenka first met Ambani in 1964.  "This is not something

I like to brag about, but I am the man who introduced him to

Dhirubhai Ambani," says Murli Deora.  "They met at a small dinner that
I had organized at the Taj in Delhi.  Ramnathji spent the entire
evening examining Ambani and I could sense that he was trying to
dissect him.  I asked him afterwards what he made of Dbirubbai.  "What
I like about him," be said "is that he is not a hypocrite."  This was
an ambiguous remark but I had the feeling he had taken to Ambani.  And
sure enough he sa a lot of Dhirubhai after that."  I

The two sometimes played cards together on a Sunday afternoo0.  What
turned the publisher against his friend?  There are several conflicting
stories on the provocations which caused Goenka to hound Dhirubhai and
why the Express became Ambani's 'punching bag'.

By one account, at a coincidental meeting on a Bombay-Delhi flight,
Ambani apparently told Goenka that everyone had a price, that Express
reporters were on his payroll, and that even Goenka had a price.  This,
the story went, was later sought to be explained away as an
off-the-cuff jest, but the elderly baron took great offence.  A
variation on this theme was the story that the Ambanis had influenced
the Press Trust of India (PTI) to write an article contradicting an
Express report that the CBI had been asked to investigate Reliance's
affairs.  Goenka, apart from owning the Express, was chairman of PTI.

Vir Sanghvi, editor of Sunday, alea ding political weekly, has his own
theories.  "Mine is simple," he says.  "Goenka believed that Ambani had
betrayed him.  And Ramnathji never forgave what he regarded as
treachery.  Goenka regarded Nusli Wadia as a son.  He thought lhat WaS
ia was being persecuted by Ambani ("Woh bechara Englishman had, mere
jaisa bah ia thodihai").  Because Ambani was a friend, he believed he
could get him to stop persecuting Nusli.  A meeting was set up at
Express Towers.  Dhirubhai promised to lay off.  And then--or so
Ramnathji believed--he went back on his word.  For Goenka, that was the
ultimate betrayal.  And he never forgave Ambani."

"Betrayal!  That's interesting," says Umyal.  "I was present at several
meetings between Dhibhai and RNG (Goenka) during those days.  At every
meeting, RNG would pledge to

Dhirubhai to call off the lndian Express attacks on Reliance, only to
go back to his Sunder Nagar guest house to plan for a fresh assault in
the next morning's edition.  Then he would be the first to call
Dhirubhai in the morning to express regrets for vc tat happened, using
the choicest abuses for his editors for defying instructions.  It all
became almost a daily affair.  Daily war and daily truce."

"Hypocrisy is the armour of a valiant warrior like Ramnathji,"
Dhirubhai once told Umyai with a smile.  "I respect him for trying,
even if I am not totally fooled by such hypocrisy."  Dhirubhai felt
Ggenka's campaign was born of envy.  "Ramnathji was not my enemy.  My
success is my worst enemy.  In conditions where too many try and very
few succeed, the success of someone like me is bound to cause envy, and
the envy becomes ever more intense the more its designs are frustrated.
The sole motivating factor behind Ramnathji's campaign of character
assassination is envy."

With his father in hospital in 1986, Mukesh decided to take the bull by
the horns and sought a meeting with Goenka, but his calls were not
returned.  Dhirubhai then asked Mukesh to barge into Goenka's flat in
Sunder Nagar, even without an appointment if necessary.  Mukesh did
that--and was kept waiting on the doorstep, only to be told that Goenka
could not see him.  He was on his way down the stairs when he was
called back up and thus began a series of meetings between the aging
press baron and the young inheritor.

Goenka hurled charges and recriminations at Mukesh, who nervously
stammered apologies.  He also pleaded that the Indian Express should
stop publishing reports about Reliance until his father was better.
Realizing that Mukesh was not making much headway, Dhirubhai, who had
returned by now from San Diego, himself asked for a meeting and offered
to go across to Express Towers.  But Goenka said the mountain would
come to Mohammed and drove over--minus driver usual--to Ambani's
office, a stone's throw away.  The meeting, which lasted all of
forty-five minutes, was stormy but Goenka promised to refrain from
publishing any fresh stories on Reliance until July, when a new editor
was to take over.

Some feel that the truce might have lasted for longer than the three
weeks it did had it not been for the missiles that the two sides had
already fired at each other.  The whole of June 1986 saw an
unprecedented media blitz where newspapers, magazines and week-end
tabloids unleashed blistering attacks on the Ambanis.  Only the
fortnightly Onlooker took potshots at Wadia.  According to India Today,
the Ambanis through Murli Deora made a last-ditch attempt to stop the
Onlooker article from appearing.  Unfortunately, its proprietor was
away in Tirupati, the.  editor in Cork and the presses kept rolling on.
The truce crumbled.

In time the Ambanis got inured to the attacks, shrugging off
accusations and landing a few punches of their own whenever they could.
"I believe my best defence is my deeds," said Dhirubhai.  "In a few
years from now, what will stand tall above all these so-called
controversies is the work I'll have done and left behind me to make
Indian industry great and big and competitive at home and in the world
market.  I'm not sure how many will really bother to remember the daily
venomous outpourings of the Indian Express.  The campaign has become so
hackneyed that I do not think it necessary or useful for me or for the
paper's readers to defend myself against all the lies, half-truths and
distortions which it keeps printing."

Nonetheless, in the beginning the Indian Express campaign must have
been a frightening experience for Mukesh and Anilmthen in their late
twenties--as they struggled to put up a stiff defenee.  While Dhirubhai
was recovering, they shielded him from the worst onslaughts.  In his
first major interview, on the heels of the Reliance Loan Mela articles,
a visibly flustered Mukesh deftly answered every hard question thrown
at him by the seasoned TN.  Ninan, who was business editor of India
Today.  A few weeks later.  Reliance issued a series of fifteen
advertisements in ten major newspapers across the country, including
the Indian Express.  As a damage control exercise, paid advertisements
are blunt tools with an inherent credibility problem.  However, the
Reliance ones tried to pull the rug from under Goenka's feet by
containing key phrases like 'concern for truth', 'allegiance to
ethics', and 'commitment to growth'.

Goenka hit right back with another hail of headlines.  Among the
reports was one alleging that Reliance had built capacities in excess
of the licences by smuggling extra machines into the country.  This
eventually led to a show cause notice from the Customs authorities and
a duty and penalty claim of Rs 1.19bn on Reliance.  Even as Ambani's
lawyers prepared to battle the case, in July 1986, the government
abolished a customs levy on imported PFY around the same time as a new
Reliance PFY unit was being commissioned.  The finance ministry's
action was triggered by the accusation that domestic producers--and
Reliance foremost--were making windfall profits because of the duty.

This last attack struck the Ambanis right on the bottom line, but Wadia
and Goenka also suffered their fair share of hits.  In the m16e, it was
discovered that Imprint, a magazine edited by R.V. Pandit which had
been particularly vitriolic in its attacks on Reliance, had until 1985
been partly owned by Nusli Wadia and his father.  Neville.  Even more
damaging was the revelation that Goetka, his relatives and friends had
all either acquired or been allotted Reliance debentures.

Perhaps the biggest setback to the WadiaGoenka campaign was the success
of Reliance's G Series.  In December

1986, the Ambanis approached the capital market with a massive Rs 5bn
offer of fully convertible debentures.  The issue was labelled in one
section of the press as a public referendum on Reliance.  The Ambanis
were fighting back the only way they knew--by a direct appeal to the
investing public.  The issue was oversubscribed seven times with an
unprecedented number of 1.75 million applications for allotment before
the offer's closing date.  Despite the allegations and setbacks, they
had retained the confidence of millions of shareholders.  This time it
was an exhausted Goenka who had to be admitted to hospital.

The tide began to turn.  A series of events---the success of the G
Series, a secret meeting (probably in October 1986) between Dhirubhai
and Rajiv Gandhi brokered by Amitabh Bachchan, and the shifting of VP.
Singh from the finance ministry to defence--see me!  to point towards a
revival of sorts.  A number of favourable government decisions
followed.  Some licences, pending for quite a while, were suddenly
cleared.  Imports of PSF were canalized through a state agency, thus
preventing direct imports by end users.  A customs levy of Rs 3 per kg
on PTA (which Reliance was still importing) was abolished.  The
Patalganga complex was granted refinery status, entitling it to a lower
level of excise duties for raw materials like naphtha.  Early
conversion of the G Series debentures into equity was permitted which
resulted in an estimated saving of about Rs 330m in interest costs.
Reliance declared a hefty profit of Rs 800m in the next accounting
year, though this was extended to eighteen months to coincide with the
commissioning of the new PTA and LAB plants.

Murphy's Law seemed to have abandoned Maker Chamber IV in favour of
Express Towers.  A key editor, Suman Dubey, resigned in April 1987.  On
September 1, there was a massive nationwide raid on the Express group,
leading to over

250 cases filed being against it in various courts across India.  The
Delhi office went on strike (October 28) and Goenka's
fifty-five-year-old daughter, Krishna Khaitan, died a few days later.
Goenka's visits to the hospital became longer and more frequent.  After
the Old Fox died in 1991, Vivek Goenka, his successor, lobbed the
occasional grenade but the punch was missing.

cORPORATE DEMOCRACY

In the winter of 1986, Larsen & Toubro, better known as LT, was in
turmoil.  A power struggle among its top executives had erupted as a
result of which embarrassing skeletons started tumbling out:
irregularities in its shipping division, controversial resignations and
financial fiddles such as a company fiat being sold at a throwaway
price.  LT was in dispute with the finance ministry over employee stock
options and with the Company Law Board over its accounts.  As an
independent company whose owners were no longer handling its affairs,
LT was particularly vulnerable.  Its two foreign promoters, S. Toubro
and Henning Holk-Larsen, had left India years ago and the shareholding
was widely dispersed.  By the summer of 1988, LT was ripe for plucking.
Because its management was in a row with the government, whoever got
the powers that be on their side could walk away with it.

The Ambanis were tempted.  It was India's biggest construction company
(sales 1988: Rs 5bn; 1995: Rs 33bn) with an excellent track record, and
promised considerable synergy with Reliance.  Mukesh and Anil got to
work.  They obtained a nod of approval from the finance ministry and
the prime minister's office, elbowed out Manu Chhabria, and got NM.
"Nikky' Desai, its chairman, on their side.  Confident that they had
covered their bases, they acquired a block of LT shares.

In the middle of its Rs 800m convertible debenture issue at a September
23 LT board meeting, Desai moved resolution inviting Mukesh and M.L.
Bhakta, a charte rec accountant and long-time Reliance director, to
join LT'" board.  Both bought the hundred shares a director needs ant
accepted Desai's invitation.  A couple of weeks later, Mukes[ arid
Bhakta were formally inducted as directors.  Anil was coopted as a
director on December 30, and after Desai' resignation on April 28,
1989, Dhirubhai became LT' chairman.

A year later almost to the day, he penned a remarkable letter of
resignation.

What happened in the interim?  The first hint of trouble was Desai's
changed attitude.  When he had invited the Ambanis, he was fighting
with his back to the wall.  LT's other managers were baying for his
blood.  The finance ministry, through the CLB, had issued show cause
notices charging LT and its directors with favouring Desai and his wife
The allegations included allowing them to buy a flat at a rate far
below market value, of donating funds to organizations his wife and
daughter were issociated with, and of misconceived diversifications
leading to huge losses.  Both Chhabria and the Ambanis were keen to
acquire LT, but Desai favoured Dhirubhai as a white knight who could
bail him out.  Above all, Desai agreed to the Ambanis' offer because he
thought he would continue to run LT and that the Ambanis' contribution
would be limited to 'strategic inputs' on long term direction.  It was
a naive view, surprising in a master strategist.  It took Desai all of
foyer months to realize that he'd miscalculated.

At Reliance, the Ambanis are hands-on managers but in LT, they
initially felt they had a good man in Desai.  He had been in LT since
he was twenty-two years old.  After he took

Dhirubhai Ambani / 71

over as chairman, LT's sales, assets and profits had grown
substantially.  The Ambanis needed someone to run LT for them and
automatically assumed that Desai fitted the bill.  But once in LT
House, Dhirubhai revised his opinion, if LT had to deliver the kind of
results the Ambanis were used to in Reliance, the existing management
would have to be overhauled.  It didn't take the Ambanis long to
discover that between 1982 and 1989-during Desai's tenure--LT's return
on revenue had halved from 8 per cent to 4 per cent, as had return on
net worth (from 22 per cent to 10 per cent) and that return on assets
had crashed from 7 per cent to 3 per cent.  So Desai was told--gently
at first nd then not so gently--that he no longer ran LT and that a new
Ambani team would take over.

For Desai, the realization thit LT was no longer his company was hard
to accept.  He had been so keen on the Ambanis that his family had even
sold shares to Trishna Investments, an Ambani company (he later tried
to deny this, but LT claimed that the transfers were on record).  His
attempts to protest before a board meeting in April 1989 resulted in
his exit.

In August 1989 the takeover ran into its second obstacle.  S.
Gurumurthy of the Indian Express started investigating the acquisition
and was outraged by what he found.  He argued that the takeover was
effected by buying shares from financial institutions with a new
company, BoB Fiscal, as the middleman.  But, he said, the institutions
were not allowed to sell to private parties, so a fraud had been
committed.

In mid-1988, four Ambani satellite companies (Skylab Detergents, Oskar
Chemicals, Maxwell Dyes & Chemicals and Pro-Lab Synthetics) had
deposited Rs 300m in an investment company which in turn deposited this
amount with BoB Fiscal.  In July 1988, BoB Fiscal bought 330,000 LT
shares from

LIE, GIC and other Fls.  A few weeks later, Trishna adjusted the
difference and took delivery of the shares.  Bazaar purchases were
added to this nucleus and on January 6, 1989, 390,000 shares under BoB
Fiscal's name in LT's registers were transferred to Trishna
Investments.

In a series of articles in the Indian Express, Gurumurthy wrote that
Reliance needed LT to stay afloat, that the LT acquisition was no more
than a means of funding Reliance Petrochemical's Hazira project.
Reliance had promoted Reliance Petrochemicals, raising Rs 6bn in
debentures from the public but, according to Gummurthy, the Rs 6bn had
already been squandered on unproductive activities such as a support
operation for the Reliance share price and therefore it needed money.
And sure enough, on August 21, 1989, LT announced a Rs 8.2bn debenture
issue.  With this money, LT would give Reliance Petrochemicals
supplier's credit of Rs 6bn.  The Ambanis had finally found the money
they needed to build their petrochemical plant.

In September 1989, the matter moved to the courts.  Two petitioners
challenged LT's issue and questioned the role of the Fls in handing
over LT to the Ambanis.  Justice Kotwal of the Bombay High Court
rejected the petition, ruling that the Ambanis didn't control
LT----despite large advertisements for the issue which referred to it
as a Reliance Group company.  The petitioners appealed and the case
moved to the Supreme Court.  They pointed out innumerable
irregularities in the BoB Fiscal-Trishna transaction.  They also
demonstrated that the family of BoB Fiscal chairman Premjit Singh
profited Rs 0.5m a year from the Ambanis.

Sensing that the case was not going well, the Ambanis offered to sell
the shares back to BoB Fiscal.  At first they wanted a no profit-no
loss transaction, but after the finance secretary (S.  Venkitramanan
had been replaced by GopiArora)

objected, they agreed to take a Rs 120m loss and by November the
transaction had been reversed.  The Ambanis hoped that the matter would
end there but of course it did not.  Several new allegations
surfaced---such as the revelation that LT bad spent Rs 750m on buying
Reliance shares.  As these shares were depreciating in Value, the
petitioners said, this was hardly the best way to spend shareholders'
money.

It was at this point that Ram Jethmalani, the petitioners' lawyer,
called for an EGM to allow shareholders to decide whether the Ambanis
should continue on the board of LT or not.  Despite Dhimbhai's charisma
and reputation as the small shareholder's champion, the call posed a
serious threat.  Rajiv Gandhi had lost the December 1989 general
elections and VP.  Singh was now prime minister.  People expected heads
to roll and they were not disappointed.  Premjit Singh was asked to go
on leave in December 1989, Manohar Pherwani, head of UTI, joined him in
March 1990.  The government decided not to wait for the Supreme Court
judgement and in April asked the LIE to request an EGM and the removal
of four directors from the board: Dhirubhai, Mukesh, Anil and Bhakta.
Replacing them would be faceless bankers and bureaucrats from LIE, UTI,
GI and IDBI.

The Ambanis immediately issued a press release in Bombay: "We have been
anticipating this illegal and anti-democratic move by the government.."
amply demonstrates that this government is spurred only by its petty
pursuits of revenge and repression.."  the government has been misled
on this issue by a vicious disinformation campaign conducted by the
Indian Express... we will take our cause to the people."

Twenty-four hours later, Mukesh faced the Delhi press corps.  "He
seemed nervous, flustered even, but this was perhaps more a reflection
of his introverted personality than a lack of confidence," said Olga
Tellis of Sunday who would later join the Ambani-owned Sunday Observer.
Pointing out that 'the action to remove the Reliance directors is
illegal', Mukesh said that the group would 'go to both the courts and
the people'.  LIE had not assigned any reason for wishing to replace
the directors and this violated the lav.  Moreover LIC's action hurt
Reliance and the Ambanis in their capacity as shareholders. 
Journalists protested that LIE had every right to call for an EGM
whenever it liked and challenged Mukesh to substantiate his charge that
illegalities had been committed.  He began to enumerate some, was
interrupted by the press and the meeting lost its focus.

Realizing he was at a disadvantage, Dhirubhai resigned and D.N. Ghosh
stepped into his shoes in April 1990.  These would prove to be a little
too big even for an ex-chairman of the State Bank of India.  Ten months
later, on a pleasant winter morning, he too would resign.

With his silver hair and bespectacled scholarly face, Ghosh had been
picked by Bimal Jalan, the then finance secretary, for the job.  From
the Ambanis' point of view, the choice was not particularly felicitous.
A few years earlier, in June 1985, at the height of the Reliance Loan
Mela affair, Ghosh had publicly criticized the Ambanis.  "I drafted the
original RB!  guidelines in 1070, when I was a junior officer.  And
this was not the purpose for which banks were supposed to give loans,"
Ghosh had said in anguish at the time.

During Ghosh's ten-month tenure, he cut the size of LT's mega issue to
Rs 6.4bn, denied supplier's credit to Reliance for its petrochemical
projects, and offloaded a chunk of Reliance shares held by LT.

Three months after Chandra Shekhar took over as prime minister from VP.
Singh, Yashwant Sinha, the then finance minister, called Ghosh to Delhi
for a meeting on February 15,

 1991.  Nothing personal, Sinha told Ghosh.  Ghosh made no comment but
simply handed over the resignation letter he had Iad typed in
anticipation.  In Bombay, Anil was getting married to the glamorous
film star, Tina Munim.  He couldn't have asked for a better wedding
present.

Predictably, Ghosh's resignation sparked off a media skirmish.  The
Indian Express protested that LT was once again being sought to be
returned to the Ambani fold.  The BPO took up cudgels in defence.  What
was unusual was the vituperative language used by Umyal, the BPO's
managing editor.  Rarely had media debate fallen to such levels.
Unfazed, Umyai says cheerfully that he 'enjoys invective.  I used to be
in the UK where it's quite common."

Colourful language aside, there were several legal hurdles to overcome
before the Ambanis could be re-inducted into &T.  The Supreme Court
cases were still on.  Parliament was in session, Chandra Shekhar's
problems were multiplying, and unwilling to allow this hot potato to
overshadow House proceedings, it seems likely that the prime minister's
office headed by Kamal Morarka, an idealistic Bombay businessman,
advised the Ambanis to have patience.  In the event, Chandra Shekhar's
government fell after the Congress withdrew its support and general
elections were called.

In June 1991, the Congress Party came to power, and soon after his
appointment as Narasimha Rao's finance minister, Manmohan Singh
promised that if the shareholders approved the Ambanis' return, the Fls
would remain neutral.  Since any

I shareholder with a 10 per cent stake can call an EGM, Trishna

Investments now did so.  The meeting was set for August 26.

Before that, there was a hectic proxy drive.  Mukesh and

Anil worked the phones, calling up large LT shareholders,

asking for proxies.  They hired 800 people to collect proxy forms and
had 83,000 by the time the anti-Ambani camp .... realized what was up.
At the tumultuous EGM, :1 an adjournment and the meeting was postponed
to

17.  Meanwhile, perhaps under pressure from the fina ministry, Trishna
withdrew its EGM request.  rumournunsubstantiated--was floated that
Dhirubhai been arrested, leading to a sharp crash in Reliance shares.

The chairmanship issue remained unresolved.  The go had met
occasionally through the year but in the political climate, the issue
wasn't even placed on the offi agenda until Holk-Larsen suggested to
the finance ministry late September that U.V. Rao be appointed.

No friend of Nikky Desai, Rao had resigned vice-president of the
profitable switchgear and electroni division in 1988 because Desai had
promoted S.R. Subramanium as president instead of Rao.  And Rao away
from the October board meeting and EGM when De helped induct the
Ambanis into LT.  After Desai's exit, th Ambanis mended fences with Rao
and in April 1989 him the managing directorship which he accepted.
After Ra0 became chairman in 1991, however, he joined Subramanium in
distancing himself from the Ambanis.  "We don't want the Ambanis or the
Chhabrias or the Hindujas Swraj Paul.  We LT-ites are capable of
managing company and taking it to greater heights," said Rao.  "We
don't require any outsiders to manage us," echoed Subramanium.

With Manmohan Singh taking a neutral stand and uncertain of victory in
any move to oust Rao and Subramanium, the Ambanis decided that patience
was better part of valour.

For a moment, in 1994, it looked as if the winds were blowing their
way.  The two staunch Ambani o retired in April and the nineteen-member
LT board began tilt in their favour.  D.V. Kapur, an independent
professions was considered an Ambani supporter, four FI nominees were
expected to vote for them and two others might follow their lead.  With
Mukesh, Anil and Bhakta already on the board, that made the Ambanis
ten-strong in a numbers game.  All that remained was the finance
ministry's blessingwwhich Manmohan Singh withheld.  Once again the
Ambanis decided to wait for a more favourable time.

"THERE'S NO INVITATION TO MAKE PROFIT'

It is often said that Ambani is an acronym for ambition and money.  If
Dhirubhai was driven by these, what about the sons?  What do Dhirubhai
and his sons have in common?  And crucially, what are the differences?
The Reliance of today no longer resembles its earlier incarnations. 
Not only is it ten times bigger, but its profit centres have changed. 
Over the years, exports have given way to textiles, textiles to
polyester, polyester to petrochemicals and by the year 2000, the
refinery will become the biggest earner.  His textile background shaped
Dhirubhai, his children are petro kings.  Ambani senior flourished
under the shade of the Licence Raj, the two juniors operate under the
beam of the 1991 New Economic Policy.

Earlier, the last lights to be switched off at the Reliance group
headquarters, after he had typically put in a twelve-hour day, were
those in the Chairman's suite.  Today, Mukesh and" Anil are the last
out.  Designated Co-CEOs by their father, they've been the main
decision makers since the early '90s.  Asked how they see themselves,
Mukesh answered: "As two bright young Indians, without the historical
baggage---of saying we are a great big multinational company, or with a
hundred-year family history.  We have a fire in our belly, ki kuch kar
he dikhana had.  That is what keeps driving us."

As in all Indian business houses, the family is clearly and firmly the
ultimate decision maker, but equally the Ambanis believe that Reliance
is a professionally-run company.  Anil, usually the first person in to
work, insists that 'one must not mistake entrepreneurs who actively
manage the business as unprofessional.  We are equipped with
qualifications from leading educational institutions and are building
professional motivated teams to seize opportunities."

How do they operate?  "As a team.  We revolve areas among ourselves, so
that we are both well rounded.  Control of finance and people are the
most important things.  What kind of training, what kind of people, our
future, we discuss everything," said Mukesh.  Adds Anil: "My role,
along with my father and Mukesh, is one of providing leadership,
vision, strategy and, whenever needed, to be the fire brigade.
Day-to-day we don't run any of our businesses.  Our business leaders do
that."

"They're very close to each other," says one of their associates. 
"They spend three hours a day together.  A list of Mukesh's
appointments for the day is regularly sent over to Anil's office and
vice versa. They're closer than most husbands and wives though there
are many forces trying to split them apart.  They realize it and are
taking precautions."  Was the 'associate' protesting too hard?  To
scotch rumours of sibling rivalry, the Ambanis permitted Business Today
to publish a September 1995 cover story on a reshuffle of its top
management structure.  The move boomeranged.  "Team Reliance' ruffled
sensitive egos down the line.  Nor did it end speculation about company
men aligning themselves to one brother or the other.

Dhirubhai set high targets for himself and those around him. 
"Motivated manpower is the most important thing, I tell you," he once
said.  "At Reliance we work like anything, leave no stone unturned,
work round the clock, to achieve something which is the best.  I have a
rapport with all my people, they can reach me any time they want.  I
myself do not give attention to anything except Reliance."

The Ambanis expect the same devotion from their executives.
Qualifications aren't as important at Reliance as they are at other
corporations of its size, and designations are less important than
responsibilities, but standards of performance are high and burnout
common.  For those who fail to achieve targets, the consequence is
simple and inevitable.  Next time, he's not given an important job. The
best reward in Reliance is to be called by Dhirubhai for special jobs. 
Non-performers are rarely sacked, just sidelined.  They quickly get the
message.  Being seen to be close to the Ambanis is important.

"We do not have formal delegation of authority in our company," says
Prafuila Gupta, a Harvard MBA who joined the Ambanis after working for
almost twenty years around the world with Booz, Allen and Hamilton, the
international strategy consultants.  "There's nothing like in position
X you may have a Y level of signing authority, etc.  If there are two
people at the same level, one may have the authority to sign a cheque
for an eight-digit figure and the other for trivial amounts.  It varies
with the role and the confidence the person can evoke."

According to Ghoshal, "The result of such a structure is a high degree
of ambiguity but also a high degree of flexibility.  People can be
brought into the organization from the outside quite easily;
responsibilities can be adjusted without openly declaring winners and
losers; and positions can be created and abolished overnight."  In his
well-researched study, Ghoshal discovered a senior management team
consisting of people with three very different kinds of background, all
reporting directly to the family.

In the first set are Dhirubhai's early associates, some of them old
Aden hands.  They used to be his intermediaries in his financial
operations, in his relationship with government officials and in
debottlenecking his implementation plans.  By 1994, their role within
the group had diminished though some of them are still involved in a
consulting capacity.

In the second set are top managers brought in from India's largest
companies, mostly the public sector.  "Most private sector CEOs had the
view that the public sector managers were useless bureaucrats rather
than managers, incapable of taking decisions and only good at creating
files that protected their own hides.  Dhirubhai, on the other hand,
recognized that in India only the public sector companies had any
experience of executing projects of the size he was contemplating,"
said one.  It was this group which built the Hazira petrochemical
complex.  Today, these older men are losing their value.  "The PSU
culture cannot drive the organization on the global path," says Akhil
Gupta, chief executive, operations.

The place of the first and second set is being taken over by a younger
group of managers, including a handful of foreigners, carefully chosen
by Mukesh and Anii.  Typically educated in the best management and
technical schools in India and the United States, they often have
considerable experience of working with international suppliers and
customers.

According to Ghoshal, Reliance needs to consolidate these three sets,
but the question is, how."?  Earlier, the spectacular growth had been
fed by outside talent.  There had never been time to create a team
spirit or for systematic development of people from within, but the
lack of teamwork is becoming a constraint.  There's too little
cooperation within the senior management group heading the different
businesses and functions.  Given the diversity of their backgrounds,
each of them has a different style and is the product of a different
culture.  The existing organization provides little incentive for

 them to collaborate horizontally or to build a shared culture acrOSS
the units they manage.  "There's a need to create a more organized
process for nurturing and developing the company's human resources and
this may require a far more radical change in management style than a
change in its formal structure," says Ghoshal.  The development of a
fast track for potentially high calibre executives and greater
transparency in Reliance's promotion policy are two avenues which
Mukesh and Anil are currently trying to establish to deal with this
issue.  "Once there's greater transparency, we hope executives will be
more motivated," says Mukesh.

Dhirubhai's attitude towards his employees was paternalistic.  "I know
that if something goes wrong and my family is in trouble, the Ambanis
would put the entire Reliance corporate muscle behind them to support
me," said K. Narayan.  "And this is not restricted to the top.  What
they do at the top, I do to the people down below.  Often the issues
are not big.  For example, if a clerk's child is seriously sick, I send
a car for him to use at that time."  Will the new generation continue
the tradition?  It's anybody's guess.

Like Ratan Tata, the Ambanis are finding it difficult to get the right
managers.  According to Prafuila Gupta: "Now we are getting into
oilfield development and production.  For these businesses, there is
lots of technical capability in India but not enough management
capability.  At the same time, these are $100m to $1bn plays, and we
must run these with absolutely world class competence.  So we have
three choices.  We can identify suitable people abroad and hire them
and help them get used to working in India as quickly as possible.
Alternatively, we can license or purchase the technology as we did for
polyester, and grow our competence as we go along.  Or we need to
review our strategy with regard to alliances and be willing to get into
more and more partnerships to quickly enter the new businesses,"

To cope with tomorrow's environment, Mukesh and Ai will need to hone
their management team.  Under Dhirubhi, Reliance became India's number
one company.  Today, other are catching up.  Anii admits it's a
formidable challenge: every business that we have, our second largest
competitor a multinational."

According to S.P. Sapra: "The visibility and success Reliance has made
others develop the courage to think big.  Th Reliance formula is no
longer a secret, Also, they will not the impediments we had.  They will
be on tested grounds.  Mort importantly, they will be able to benchmark
themselves against us.  At the same time, there is also a big change in
the global companies.  Earlier, they were not very interested in
India--the country did not have credibility.  Now they see India as a
maj0l growth opportunity.  So they will provide a driving force.  They
will push their technology.."  they will educate our domestic
competitors."

Overall, the easing of entry barriers does not appear to worry the
Ambanis.  As Anil argued: "It would cost Shell $8bn to replicate our
position in India.  Given their worldwide resource needs, they cannot
commit that amount of money to one market."  Nonetheless Dhirubhai,
Mukesh and Anil are huddling with executives to identify the kind of
company Reliance should be in the years to come and to reassess the
group's fundamental strategies.

The first tried-and-tested formula under review relates to
diversification.  The group's historical growth was built on the
strategy of backward integration at a time when other business houses
hedged their bets by investing in a basket of industries.  The company
took great pride in being the only large company in India to be totally
focused in a single vertical chain.  But deregulation has offered a
number of one-time opportunities in potentially giant sectors such as
telecom, power and insurance.  Should Reliance use its proven
competencies in resource mobilization, in creating large new markets
and in managing mega projects to jump into these unrelated businesses?
In order to do so, would they have to take partners?

It's not as if Dhirubhai never considered diversification.  Like Aditya
Birla, he flirted with glass shells and picture tubes used in colour
televisions before abandoning the project in the mid-'80s.  In the
'90s, he debated over and rejected a car project.  In 1995, under
Mukesh and Anil, Reliance is mulling over options such as power,
telecommunications and insurance.  It will be interesting to see the
view they adopt.  As Dhirubhai used to say, "There's no invitation to
make profit.  Assess the situation and make the best of it."

These are the problems of success.  The fires of 1986 and 1989 have
been put out long ago.  Most of their enemies have either died or are
reconciled, at least superficially.  Dhirubhai has cheated those who
predicted Reliance was a bubble which would burst at any moment.  It
didn't then and it's too big to happen now.  As Anil says, "One side of
the coin is criticism, the other side is our results which speak for
themselves.  Perhaps my father's only fault has been that he thought
too big and clearly ahead of his time."

Though he now attends office for only a few hours each day, Dhirubhai's
appetite for growth is undiminished: "Growth has no limit in Reliance.
I keep revising my vision.  A vision has to be within reach, not in the
air.  It has to be achievable.  I believe we can be a Rs 300bn company
by the end of the century."  New ideas come tumbling out in a cascade
of wildly enthusiastic variations on the theme of "Why not let's try
and make something new and exciting?"  There's so much to do.

Sitting comfortably on a favourite marble swing in his terrace garden
overlooking the bright sparkle of the Queen's

Necklace, his grandchildren playing by a pond nearby, there's an aura
9f immortality about Ambani.  Of a tough businessman who hasn't aged or
lost zest for life, money and power.  Others may think that he has
finally arrived, he himself thinks that he has only just begun.

Chapter 2

Rahul Kumar Bajaj

Akurdi

June 17, 1979

he thirteen-year-old boy standing on the veranda edged closer to his
mother, his fingers reaching out for hers.  A thick clump of trees on
one side prevented them from seeing fully what was going on below and a
little way away, but it didn't cut off the sounds of anger and
violence.  The sun had barely risen, it was a monsoon morning, the air
heavy with moisture.  ,

"My mother and I were standing on the balcony of the old house.  There
had been tension in the air all through the night.  At the time I did
not know what was wrong .... Suddenly we saw flames.  Later I found out
that the workers had overturned a police jeep and had torched it.  A
few moments later, there were gunshots," recalls Rajiv Bajaj, now
thirty.

The police firing on that damp morning was the backlash of a labour
dispute which had been simmering through the summer of 1979 at Bajaj
Auto, a scooter company located at Akurdi near Pune.  The union had
recently acquired a new leader, Rupamaya Chatterjee, a fiery young
Bengali socialist keen to establish himself as Pune's Datta Samant. 
The management was headed by Rahul Bajaj, Rajiv's father.  Barely forty
at the time, Rahul's determination to improve the Company's performance
matched Chatterjee's zeal.

Events at Bajaj Auto started getting out of control on th evening of
June 16.  Two workers called for a tool-down strike, but when the
management sought an explanation from Chatter Jee he disowned the.
action.  The management then warned the two workers in writing against
indulging in 'unauthorized' actions.  Interpreting this as a
charge-sheet, they and their supporters walked out and squatted on the
lawns i front of the factory building.  According to the police
commissioner, the security officer's provocative language to the
workers triggered off the trouble.  The workers went berserk and began
breaking the window panes.  When the police were summoned later, they
showered metal equipment spares on them, injuring about twenty-five
policemen.

Before that, they stormed the head office.  Rahul Bajaj was working on
the first floor of the old office building.  "Our chief security
officer's head was gashed from the stone throwing but four watchmen
reached my office before the workers came charging up.  Somehow they
contained them.  There was some slogan mongering and speechofying (sc).
After the police came, they dispersed."

But not to bed.  Tension built up during the night, and management
called in the police to stand in front of the gate to prevent further
damage when the factory re-opened the next morning.  The workers began
trickling in from 6.00 a.m."  but within the hour, were in the grip of
a mob mentality.  About 900 workers turned violent and upturned a
police wireless van and burnt it.  The police fired tear gas shells
which the mob hurled back, along with stones and metal parts.  The
workers threw acid and rolled barrels across the road to prevent the
police from following them.  Then they made bonfires out of wooden
cartons and scrap.  Unableto control the situation, the police fired
twenty-nine rounds.  Two workers and one bystander were killed.  Forty
policemen were injured.

Maharashtra's home minister, Bhai Vaidya--a former trade tn ion leader,
incidentally--immediately instituted a judicial inquiry.  While it
dragged on, Chatterjee and Bajaj arrived at a settlement, and the
factory reopened after five months.  But to date no worker reports for
work on June 17.  On that day, the conveyor belts don't move, there's
no clash of steel on steel, no sparks fly from the welding machines.

Fourteen years after the incident, the Bombay High Court fined
thirty-one workers Rs 100,000 each.  These were the highest ever fines
imposed on workers.  A lower court had earlier sentenced them to three
years of hard labour.  Significantly, there has been no strike at the
Akurdi plant since then (though there was an eight-month lock-out at
the Waluj plant in 1987).

Bajaj attributes this remarkable peace to the fact that 'somehow, we
managed to create a situation of win-win and relations became better
and better, and that is how my relationship with Chatterjee became
excellent.  After that we signed another agreement.  And after
Chatterjee died, we signed another agreement with his main deputy
Ambedkar when everything was beautiful."

Bajaj, the only industrialist at Chatterjee's funeral, is all praise
for his antagonist: "He was a gentleman.  I don't know the inside story
of the man, but he lived simply.  He used to ride a bicycle.  Even in
the '70s, union leaders used to ride in cars, or on scooters at the
very least.  But not Chatterjee.  He used to eat chanas and dressed
absolutely like a worker."  Bajaj has less kind words for the workers.
"After so many years, what is the point of staying away from work,
losing production and wages?"  he asks acerbically.  "Why don't they
work and donate part of their earnings to the families of the three men
who died?"

Such pragmatism is Bajaj's hallmark.  It has earned him a rare
reputation as one of India's most successful industrialists. Successful
people tend to be highly entrepreneurial but oddly enough Bajaj doesn't
quite fit the bill.  Compared to his peers in this book, Bajaj appears
colourless rather than dynamic.  Squeaky clean, he has never been
involved in shady takeovers.  He doesn't engage in street fights with
other industrial magnates, nr has he ever hijacked someone else's
project.  He.  hasn't burnt tyres during a hard drive for meteoric
growth.  On the contrary, he is something of a plodder, routinely
burning the midnight oil, and devoted to the virtues of hard work.  Yet
he is India's most admired industrialist along with Dhirubhai Ambani
and the late Adity.a Birla.

Uday Kotak, India's top merchant banker, makes a pertinent comparison
between Bajaj and Ambani.  "Apart from the fact that they are two very
different personalities, Dhirubhai is a much greater risk taker.  Rahul
is much more analytical.  He moves very cautiously."  Over the past ten
years, the lanky (6'1") and handsome (but balding) Marwari has been on
the cover sixteen times in magazines as varied asAsiaweek and the Poona
Digest.  The Indian business press adores him because he has built
Bajaj Auto (sales 1995: Rs 22bn) into the world's fourth largest
two-wheeler manufacturer.  Non-business journalists keep tuning in to
Pune's BBC (Bajaj Broadcasting Corporation) for his unflinching
frankness and varied opinion on every topic under the sun.

For Bajaj has a view on everything.  Consistency matches conviction. 
In his personal life, this means a ten-a-day Dunhill Red addiction.  In
business, it translates into an abiding determination to stick to the
knitting.  Bajaj has been cranking out scooters since 1964 and is
perfectly happy to continue doing so in the next century.  "If Bajaj
Auto cannot be a world player in its field, I do not deserve the right
to diversify.  You should diversify from a position of strength, not
from a position

 f of weakness," he thunders.  Pune's scooter manufacturer controls 6
per cent of global production in its area, but to date its market is
almost wholly limited to India and its product would need substantial
technological upgrading to make it internationally acceptable.

Curiously, for a man with his formidable track record, Bajaj's appetite
for media coverage is insatiable.  He loves reading about his company
and himself.  His two secretaries, V. Hariharan and Mohan Keyyath,
meticulously file every clipping.  They are also responsible for
keeping his hectic travelling and appointment schedule on track, an
often impossible task.  Bajaj's meetings have a habit of overshooting
allotted time spans  The charitable ascribe this to Bajaj's habit of
getting to the root of a matter.  The uncharitable, to his loquacity.
"He uses a hundred words when ten.  would do," says TN.  Ninan, editor
of Business Standard.  Most meetings are held in Bajaj's vast office
suite dominated by brown leather chesterfields, rich wood panelling,
and a huge picture window overlooking lush gulmohar trees and colourful
lantana bushes.  Facing Bajaj's desk, across a massive expanse of cream
carpeting, hangs a painting of a cumberously turba ned Rajasthani by
the Jaipur artist, Jaya Wheaton.

For such a vibrant man, it is a strangely impersonal office.  There are
no knickknacks to bare-its owner's personality.  Rahut approved the
layout and furniture but his wife Rupa chose the painting.  Three
clocks, part of a motley collection of gifts and trophies, dot his dark
table and the surrounding wall unit.  The outside world intrudes in
this oasis of cultivated calm through a 14-inch television perched
behind his desk.  Normally it is tuned to CNN.  its news bites have
much in common with this restless and somewhat imperious man.  Bajaj
can be amazingly cruel to those not in his mental league.  Nor does he
suffer fools.  His attention span is short but his judgement is
incisive.  This "A' type hyperactive is always fidgeting, his long,
thin arms wheeling around him when he talks.

His innate restlessness is particularly evident when Bajaj sets off for
work every morning at 10.30 a.m. The Bajajs live inside the factory
complex.  The journey is under 150 metres.  After a heart attack in
August of 1984, the walk woukl undoubtedly do him good.  Yet the
left-handed Bajaj prefers to drive his creamy yellow 1990 Mercedes 300D
to work at top speed for all of one minute fiat.  Once he hops out, the
chairman-cum-managing director's vehicle is the only car parked
alongside the spotless kerb.

The Mercedes is the sole status symbol Bajaj allows himself.  As one of
India's most powerful executives, he could have built a ransion as
priceless as the opulent Juhu palace of Viren Shah, his partner in
Mukand Ltd, a special steel rolling mill outside Bombay.  The most
luxurious objects in Bajaj's Akurdi residence are the exotic orchids
which Rupa grows.

A FAMILY OF PATRIOTS

Rahul was born on June 10, 1938, in Calcutta to Savitri and Kamalnayan
(1915-1972) Bajaj, a Marwari businessman.  The family was comfortably
well off and in the process of moving from trade into industry.  He
schooled at Bombay's elite Cathedral and John Connon School, and
graduated from Delhi's St.  Stephen College with aBA (Hons) in
Economics in 1958.  Back in Bombay, Bajaj did a two-year stint at Bajaj
Electricais, clocking in after morning lectures at the Government Law
College.  He spent most of 1961-62 as a junior purchase officer at
Mukand and with some work experience under his belt, he left for
Harvard.  He passed out of the class of '64 with an MBA degree.  In
between (December 1961), he married Rupa Golap, a Maharashtrian beauty
queen and an up-and-coming model.  They have three children, Rajiv
(b.I066), Sanjiv (b.1969) and Sunaina Kejriwal (b.1971).

Like his contemporary the late Aditya Birla, Rahul was raised in an
intensely political family.  Mahatma Gandhi treated his grandfather,
Jamnalal Bajaj (1889-1942), as his fifth son.  His grandfather was also
a close friend of Jawaharlal Nehru.  He contributed to the nationalist
movement and the Congress Party, and was its treasurer for some years.
The political tradition continued into the next generation.  Between
1939 and 1047, most of the adult members of [the Bajaj] family found
themselves behind prison bars in the cause of Indian freedom.
Kamalnayan later became a Congress member of Parliament.  When the
Congress Party split in 1969, he left Indira Gandhi to join the
Congress (O).

Though Bajaj has no personal political ambitions, he likes the company
of movers and shakers.  The Bajajs and the Nehrus have been family
friends for over three generations.  Kamalnayan and lndira Gandhi
studied at the same school for a short time.  Jawaharlai Nehru himself
picked the name Rahul for Kamainayan's first-born, a gesture which made
'lndira Gandhi hopping mad as she had wanted it for her own son',
recalls Rupa.  (Coincidentally, Rahul and Rupa named their first-born
Rajiv, and Rajiv and Sonia Gandhi named their son Rahui).  As prime
minister, Rajiv Gandhi reportedly turned to Bajaj for advice.  Closer
home, Bajaj has been in the kitchen cabinet of Sharad Pawar, four times
chief minister of Maharashtra.

Unlike Birla, however.  Bajaj was brought up in a spartan atmosphere,
unusual for a business family.  Kamalnayan grew up in Gandhi's ascetic
ashram at Wardha.  His children (Rahul, Suman and Shishir) grew up in
relatively more luxurious surroundings, in the leafy by lanes of
Bombay's posh Carmichael Road.  Rahul's upbringing and values owed more
to Mahatma Gandhi than Jawaharlal Nehru, being more middlt class than
aristocratic.  Holidays were often spent playing With the workers'
children in the family's factories.  Given this background, the idea of
living inside an industrial complex did not appear as ludicrous to
Bajaj as it would to his peers in the Marwari aristocracy.  "Actions
speak louder than words.  I did not and do not believe in absentee
landlordism," Bajaj is fond of declaring.

Bajaj's first office was simple: a Godrej table, a Godrej chair, and
not much else.  "Though I was an MBA from Harvard, I didn't have any
fancy ideas that I must have staff, or a secretary," he remarks
virtuously.  His no-nonsense, hard-nosed, direct approach soon created
an aura around India's king of the road.  It is an image which affords
Bajaj immense satisfaction.

His efforts at projecting a 'middle-class' image are, at times, a touch
ridiculous.  Such as the superfluous identikit badge dangling frown the
pocket of his half-sleeved safari suit.  Why does a gold stripe
embellish Bajaj's laminated mugshot when those of his executives are
mere silver?  Would any of the security personnel have the temerity to
question, let alone check, the boss's walkabouts?

Rupa chuckles at the thought.  They have been living in the factory
complex for almost three decades.  On shifting from Bombay to Pune,
they were allotted a 10' by 12' room in a Bajaj guest house.  The rest
of it was reserved for the general manager of Bajaj Electricals, a
group company now run by Shekhar Bajaj.  Dussehra 1965 saw them finally
in a house of their own.  Rupa has no complaints.  Like her husband,
she enjoys colony life despite tense moments such as those following
the police firing in 1979.

"That night we hardly slept.  We received a couple of crank calls
saying it would be better if the children and I go away,

 abe to Bombay.  Rahul and I thought about it.  I said no.  I wanted
to be with Rahul and I didn't want people in the colony to think that
Rahui's wife and children could just take off for Bombay when things
became difficult.  I also thought that if I went away, it would be a
long long time before I could come back.  Once you go away in such a
situation, it is very difficult to feel secure enough to come back.
Since there was firing, an inquiry would take place which would be a
long drawn out thing.  The workers were in a mood to fight the
management fora long time.  I wanted to stay here with him," Rupa
recalls.

But times change.  The next generation has its own views.  "I don't
think one should be rigid.  There are business families who live in big
cities, away from their factories.  I believe it is important to know
how the company works and the kind of management systems it follows,"
says Sanjiv.  Sanjiv might have thought differently had he been in his
father's black Bally sandals on November 26, 1964, the day a twenty-six
year-old Rahul joined Bajaj Tempo Ltd.

TEMPO TANTRUMS

His first job was as a deputy general manager.  "I had to see the
commercial side which included purchasing, marketing, sales, accounts,
finance, audit, everything but the production."  His boss was Naval K.
Firodia (b.1910), then.  chief executive of Bajaj Auto and managing
director of Bajaj Tempo.

Thin and ascetic-looking, his starched white khadi Nehr topi
proclaiming his Gandhian convictions, Firodia was a, lawyer from
Ahmednagar who had spent time in Yerawada prison during the 1942 Quit
India movement, and got to know the Bajaj family in the '20s through
the Congress Party.  Following Independence, Firodia joined the Bajaj
Group, and helped them tie up joint ventures to manufacture
auto-rickshaws and scooters in India.  In August 1957, Bajaj

Tempo was promoted to make three-wheelers using German technology.  The
first Indian Vespa from Bajaj Auto ope ratel out of a garage shed at
Goregaon, on Bombay's outskirts, and Bajaj Auto had its manufacturing
facility at Kurla.  Later both plants were shifted to Akurdi, with a
grass strip separating them.  Today there's a wall on this strip.

The wall is a constant reminder of the rift between the Firodias and
the Bajajs.  Earlier, members of either family would simply stroll
across the strip whenever they felt in the need of company or advice.
Today, even if the wall hadn't been there, neither would dream of
casually walking over to the other side as in the past.  The earlier
friendship between the two families deteriorated into a cold war and by
September 1968, a twenty-year-old partnership lay in tatters.  Rahul
Bajaj resigned from Bajaj Tempo and N.K. Firodia from Bajaj Auto.  The
Firodias walked off with Bajaj Tempo and the Bajajs held on to Bajaj
Auto.  The sales of the two companies were roughly

Rs 70m apiece.  Small beer even in those days.  ll Neither side wants
to talk about why the fight broke out but each feels it got the short
end of the stick.  "I felt they had taken away our company.  Of course,
they have their side of the story," is all that a reticent Bajaj is
willing to say.  The Firodias were equally unhappy.  Though they had
Bajaj Tempo, they felt they should have got Bajaj Auto, a company which
they felt they had built up, which was in a monopolistic market, and
which had great potential, while they considered that Bajaj Tempo's
'immediate prospects were not very bright'.

According to a friend of both families, the relationship between the
Firodias and the Bajajs began to sour shortly after Rahul Bajaj joined
Bajaj Tempo.  "You have to view the fight in the correct perspective,"
he said.  "Even the Bajajs accept that N.K. Firodia played a crucial
role in establishing both Bajaj Auto and Bajaj Tempo and that he and
his brother, HK, are very good managers and have done a lot for the two
companies.  But you have to remember that for many years, Firodia had
been working for.Bachraj Trading at Rs 500 a month.  Later when Bajaj
Tempo and Bajaj Auto were promoted, the Bajaj Group provided the
financing though the Firodias held a quarter share in the managing
agency firm.  But after Rahul joined the business, the Firodias began
buying shares in the market, possibly from mid-1967 onwards, trying to
quietly strengthen their position in Bajaj Auto.  When they found out,
naturally the Bajajs took umbrage, especially young Rahul.  Ironically,
he was looking after-the commercial side of the business, and so the
shares which the Firodias had bought came to him for transfer, which of
course he refused to do.  I believe this was the genesis for the
fight."

Before the parting of the ways, the battle for Bajaj Auto---fought
first in the boardroom, then on the stock market with both the Bajajs
and the Firodias trying to acquire its shares--was fierce.  Initially,
the Firodias had 13 per cent of Bajaj Auto's issued share capital of
104,250 shares but by the end of February 1968, they had managed to
hike it to 23 per cent.  The Bajajs started out with 28 per cent and
gradually built this up to 51 per cent.  One of the better-known
skirmishes in this battle was a bid to acquire a critical 4 per cent
block held by financial institutions such as the LIE and the UTI.
Basing their calculation on the share's market price of Rs 260, the
Firodias offered Rs 262.50 per share for the block.  Rahul Bajaj, on
the other hand, was much more agressive and boldly submitted an offer
of Rs 411.  Outflanked, the Firodas walked out of the auction
disdainfully, saying 'they didn't have money to throw'.

From the boardroom and stock markets, the war progressed to the courts.
In round one, the Firodias moved the Supreme Court in an attempt to
arm-twist Rahul into transferring the shares they had bought from the
stock market.  The Supreme Court refused to oblige.  In 1988,
antagonism flared publicly.  The Sunday Observer carried an interview
where an angry Bajaj declared his 'firm conviction that Bajaj Tempo
will one day be a part of the undivided Bajaj Group'.  "A bullock does
not die as a result of a crow's curse," Firodia countered, quoting a
Maharashtfian proverb.

The mud-slinging and the legal actions didn't subside for two decades
after the war's outbreak and even today the tension between the two
families threatens to blow up any time.  The conflict is partly due to
the fact that both families continue to hold significant chunks of
stock in each other's companies even after the divorce.

The problem was, the Firodias held 23 per cent in Bajaj Auto, which
ensured that Rahul couldn't get a special resolution passed without
their permission.  However, in the early '90s, in order to fund an
ambitious expansion programme, the Firodias gradually sold off some of
their Bajaj Auto shares, bringing down their holding to 13 per cent.
While this move considerably eased the pressure on the Bajaj camp, the
Firodias found their position worsening in Bajaj Tempo.

After the split, the Firodias had carefully built up their stake in
Bajaj Tempo from 13 per cent to 26 per cent, but their expansion plans
forced them to make a number of rights issues which diluted their
holdings.  As their stake plummeted, for a brief moment in 1991-92, the
possibility of a hostile bid arose and cash-rich Bajaj gleefully seized
the tempting opportunity.  Initially, the Bajaj group held 23 per cent
in Bajaj Tempo.  Now Rahul acquired a dangerous extra 3 per cent so
that the Germans, the Firodias and the Bajajs each held 26 per cent
with the balance 22 per cent scattered among the public.  The
opportunity vanished, however, when Bajaj Tempo made yet another issue
(in 1993) and persuaded Daimler Benz to renounCe their rights in favour
of the Firodias.  Currently the Firodias probably have 36 per cent,
Bajaj 26

per cent, and Daimler Benz 16 per cent and Rahul admits there's no
possibility whatsoever of acquiring Bajaj Tempo (sales 1995: Rs
5.65bn).  So why does h hold on to these shares?  What are his
intentions?  Bajaj offers a tongue-in-cheek reply: "It is a good
investment.  The Firodias run Bajaj Tempo very well.  Their track
record shows that.  Whenever I want to sell my shares, I will make a
good profit on them."  This attitude combined with Rahui's ability to
block special resolutions is an Achilles heel which has left the
Firodias feeling vulnerable.  So long as that sentiment endures, and
Bajaj doesn't appear to feel any desire to allay or dispel it, there is
unlikely to be a thaw in the cold war between two of Pune's giants.

Bajaj has an equally tempestuous relationship with another scooter
maker, Piaggio, owned by the Agnellis of Italy.  The powerful
Turin-based family runs an industrial empire which, according to David
Lomax, author of The Money Makers, is 'so big and influential that no
Italian government would dare either to ignore it or to adopt policies
which would damage its overall interests'.

Piaggio and the Bajaj group tied up in early 1960 to assemble scooters
in India.  Vespa in India was as loved as Vespa in Europe, the first
wheels alike of the rich and the poor.  A young Sir Terence Conran, the
British designer, scooted round London on his.  In New Delhi, the
college-going Bajaj found that his Vespa boosted his popularity.  The
technical collaboration ended in 1971 when the lndira Gandhi government
refused permission to extend its term.  Some analysts felt this was a
blessing in disguise.  "With Rahul's tough and disciplined approach,
the company soon found its footing in the market and Bajaj Chetak and
Super became legends," commented one.

On the day the collaboration" officially ended, Piaggio wrote to Bajaj,
thanking him for years of 'really friendly cooperation" and wishing
Bajaj Auto 'the most successful future'.  It was dated April 1--All
Fool's Day--an unintended irony.  A decade later, Piaggio would accuse
Bajaj of pilfering Piaggio designs in a California district court.

Piaggio's move appears to have been a knee-jerk reaction to Bajaj's
export thrust.  Pune's scooter king had started dreaming of becoming a
global player.  Between 1978 and 1981, Bajaj Auto's export sales jumped
from Rs 63.5m to Rs 133.2m.  A euphoric Bajaj even ran a campaign in
Time magazine, perhaps the first Indian advertiser to do so.  But he
was still just a country cousin.  Piaggio's production in 1981 was
905,000 vehicles, that of Bajaj Auto, 173,000.  Piaggio's sales were
L626bn (about Rs 4.7bn at the then current rates).  Bajaj Auto's were
Rs 1.16bn.

Bajaj's euphoria evaporated as Piaggio initiated legal action against
him in the USA and West Germany.  The Italians claimed that Bajaj had
violated the terms of their collaboration, had not returned Piaggio's
original drawings and so had no right to manufacture scooters.

Bajaj claims he had Piaggio's tacit permission.  "How else could it
have been?  We couldn't be expected to invest crores of rupees in plant
and equipment and then one fine day cease to manufacture and let our
investment go to seed.  And, if Piaggio had not acquiesced in our
action, it should have taken legal action then, not ten years later."
Piaggio's lawyers--Indian--took a rather dim view of this attitude.
It's a matter of national importance that Indian companies abide by the
agreements that they enter into with foreign companies.  We want
a.greater inflow of foreign technology.  How can we inspire confidence
if we violate agreements?"

Bajaj brushes aside the argument.  "I remember a whole week in Genoa
with four of my colleagues in 1975.  A deal was about to be finalized.
Everything was done.  Without charging any royalty and fees, without
any equity in our company, Piaggio would give the plans of their
scooters and three-wheelers.  In return we would give them the
worldwide right for exporting our vehicles.  We fixed the minimum value
they would export each year for the next ten years.  It got stuck on
one small point.  We wanted R&D cooperation.  They wouldn't agree to
that.  But we broke amicably as we had done in 1971.  Later our exports
increased a little bit.  They were still chicken feed.  But Piaggio
thought it was a threat."

Hiring Baker-Mckenzie, one of the largest international law firms in
the world, Bajaj poured $1m into his defence.  It was a huge figure for
an Indian company at the time.

The great scooter war ended on a whimper.  In the USA, Piaggio offered
an out of-court settlement.  The millions of dollars compensation
demand was scaled down to $50,000.  Bajaj 'refused to budge and in the
final settlement only gave a promise that he would not sell Bajaj
scooters of Piaggio design in the US.  By then there was no demand for
the scooters in the US anyway."  In Germany, Bajaj Auto lost in the
lower courts but won in the supreme court.

If Bajaj didn't lose, neither did he win.  "The case took four to five
years during which our exports suffered.  Piaggio succeeded in their
aim to that extent.  Our Indonesian and Taiwanese exports, our two
major markets at that time, did not stop.  They stopped later on for
other reasons, local economic and political reasons."  Bajaj is
philosophical.

"Journalists like to dramatize but quite frankly there was no hate.  It
was a serious business fight.  In their position I might have done the
same bloody thing."  What really hit Bajaj between the eyes, however,
was the sight of Piaggio nonchalantly scooting into his lane.  And he
couldn't do a thing about it.

In the mid-'80s, following the relaxation of constraints in the light
commercial vehicles (LCV) industry, the government reluctantly
permitted fresh investments in the two-wheeler industry.  The move led
to a wave of foreign collaborations.  Piaggio was quick to put its foot
into the crack in the door by signing a technical collaboration with
Deepak Singhania of Lohia Machines (better known as LML) and with
Andhra Pradesh Scooters.

Bajaj was and is still sore.  Piaggio came here claiming they had
better technology, a better vehicle and a better deal for the Indian
customer.  "If they were so much better than us, they could have easily
beaten us in America and Germany.  Why did they take recourse to the
courts?  But then, they are in business.  We are in business.  My anger
was directed against the governm:nt of India for allowing them to enter
again.  It made my blood boil.  This was a. wrong policy.  I was not
afraid of competing with them, and time has shown [this].  They should
have been told to withdraw their cases against an Indian exporter and
then come to India."

October 1989 brought signs of an accord.  Piaggio's home turf was under
attack from the Japanese.  In India, LML was doing badly.  The Italians
began to wonder whether the LML investment had been such a good idea
after all.  Giovanni Alberto Agnelli, nephew of the legendary Gianni
Agnelli, the heir to the Fiat empire and Piaggio's vice-president,
brokered a secret visit by Bajaj and his team to Piaggio headquarters
in Pisa to work out a strategic alliance.  A key element was a 10 per
cent cross-holding in each others' companies.  Also on the negotiating
table was a collaboration for spare parts and the ending of a few
remaining bits of the long-running German court battle.

As before, this attempt too fizzled out.  Meanwhile LML slipped deeper
in the red.  To rev up its image, Piaggio picked

@ 25.5 per cnt of its equity for Rs 80m in 1990.  The fresh fuel
injection soon got used up.  In 1993, LML's losses hit

Rs 360m.  From the sidelines, Business India smirked: "Piaggio tried to
dent Bajaj's growing market share but only got its nose bloodied."
September 1993 saw a third futile attempt at reconciliation.  Agnelli
junior flew from Turin to Pune.  Piaggio wanted to replace the
Singhanias with a new Indian partner.

Would Bajaj consider this?  Bajaj instead revived the idea of a

10 per cent cross-holding between their companies.  The talks came
close to success, but broke down when Piaggio apparently started
talking of raising the cross-holdings.

Suddenly LML's asking price began to look too high.  If Bajaj gave in
to Piaggio's demand for more equity, he would expose his soft
underbelly.  In 1993, of Bajaj Auto's Rs 370m share capital, about 51
per cent was controlled by the Bajaj family,

roughly 10 per cent by company dealers, and around 20 per cent by the
Firodias.  If Bajaj gave away more than 10 percent,

his biggest foe could use it as a dangerous lever if things didn't work
out with Piaggio later.

Scenting an opportunity, other Indian industrialists immediately made a
beeline to Italy.  Among them were the

Nandas of Escorts and the Munjals of Hero Idotors.  At one point it
looked as if Rajan Nanda, Escort's vice-chairman, had clinched the
deal.  Eventually, Piaggio decided not to separate from the Singhanias.
Since the Agnellis and Bajaj continue to keep careful watch over each
other, this chapter is still open.

YOU CAN'T BEAT A BAJAJ

Driving through the cavernous manufacturing facilities at Akurdi and
Waluj (near Aurangabad), it is difficult to imagine that this company
has frequently been the victim of government paranoia.  The '70s and
'80s were particularly difficult.  The Bajaj family has had close
connections with the

Congress Party since the '20s, but the goodwill evaporated abruptly
when Kamalnayan spurned Indira Gandhi during the party's 1969 split.
Subsequently, her administration stubbornly refused to allow Bajaj Auto
to expand its manufacturing facilities on socialistic grounds as Bajaj
Auto was a monopoly.

"My blood used to boil.  The country needed two-wheelers.  There was a
ten-year delivery period for Bajaj scooters.  And l was not allowed to
expand.  What kind of socialism is that?"  asks Rahul Bajaj.

His vociferous criticism of economic policy cost Bajaj--who has always
voted Congress--more brownie points.  Outwardly, the relationship
between the Nehru Gandhi dynasty and the Bajajs was cordial, but 'my
family never had the kind of contacts you are talking about.  We were
very much in the freedom struggle but we never used those contacts for
our business purposes.  Maybe some others have.  In any case l don't
think such contacts would have meant anything to the then government in
power, either the Congress government under Madam Gandhi, or when the
[1979 Akurdi] strike took place, the Janata government under Mr.
Morarji Desai."

What about money power?  "Even if giving money could have bought any
licences, I can categorically say we did not give any ministers or any
senior bureaucrat a single penny to get us a licence."

Despite its straitjacket, Bajaj Auto prospered.  In its start-up year
(1962), it manufactured 3,995 scooters.  It immediately initiated a
successful indigenization process which sheltered it when the Gandhi
administration refused permission to extend the Piaggio collaboration.
By 1971, the Bajaj scooter was a completely local product without any
imported Italian parts.  Since 1994, it has been producing over a
million two-wheelers annually.

 Rahul Kumar Bajaj / I05

It's generally accepted that Bajaj Auto's success is largely due to
Rallul Bajaj.  In 1970, after the managing agency System was abolished,
he became managing director, moving up to chairman on his father's
death in 1972.  He made the Bajaj scooter so popular that a flourishing
black market developed.  A customer fortunate enough to be allotted a
Chetak or Super could sell it the next moment at double the price.
Dealers charged customers huge premiumsmunofficially--to jump the
queue.  A Bajaj scooter is still a regular dowry demand among
middle-class families.  In Indian movies, scooter chases were as
popular twenty years ago as computer-generated images are today.

Bajaj refused to exploit the situation.  Holding the price line became
an ethical issue, a modem twist to Gandhian trusteeship concepts
imbibed during childhood.  "Ensuring that the consumer obtains the best
possible product at the lowest possible price and the employee gets a
fair wage for a day's work is the criterion of ethics in business," he
insisted.  The government admitted that Bajaj had not taken 'any undue
advantage of its dominant position', but it still refused to relax
production restrictions.  Lobbying by competitors like UP Scooters Ltd
and Automobile Products of India fanned official anxiety about the
power of big' business

For Bajaj, the Licence Raj was a 'nightmare' and a time of 'great
difficulties'.  "I know how difficult it can get to chase someone in
New Delhi for a licence.  Then some fool delays the whole project by
procrastinating, because he wants something for himself."  India is
probably the only country in the world which threatens to penalize
management for overproduction.  Bajaj thumbed his nose at such rules,
'but thank goodness I was never actually penalized though I was quoted
often for saying that I was ready to go to jail for excess production
just as both my parents had for the freedom struggle."

Interestingly, the long-desired permission for major capacity expansion
came during the Janata Party administration (1977-79).  George
Fernandes, as industries minister, allowed Bajaj Auto to double its
licensed capacity to 160,000 two-wheelers.

There was to be a question mark about this permission.  Rahul Bajaj's
Congresswala image and his personal friendship with Sharad Pawar is
well known.  Why did the Janata Party grant something which the
Congress had withheld for years?  Was there a quid pro quo?  Rumours
centred round Fernandes, a close friend of Viren Shah.  Shortly before
the end of the Emergency (1975-77), an arrest warrant was issued for
Fernandes for his alleged role in the Baroda Dynamite Case (1977). 
Shah claims he 'did not shelter Fernandes', but admits that he knew
where Fernandes was hiding and that he organized interviews with the
international media for Fernandes while he was underground.  Sensitive
to international disapproval about the excesses of the Emergency,
lndira Gandhi called for elections in 1977.  After she lost and the
Janata Party came into power, did a grateful Fernandes repay the debt?
"Rubbish," says Viren Shah.  "Petty Indians will think and say such
things, but George is just not that kind of man.  He is a man of
principles.  He genuinely believes that we have to have more industry,
more factories.  Just look at his record.  During that time, he
permitted so many companies to expand."  Unfortunately for Shah's
protestations, Fernandes is better remembered as the minister who
forced Coca-Cola and IBM to leave India, thereby alienating the
international business community and choking off foreign direct
investment for years, and for comparing the Indian business community
with rats.

Bajaj Auto received its second major permission to expand capacity on
October 7, 1982.  By this time Indira Gandhi had begun to heed her son
Rajiv's views on the need to open up the economy.  "It's true that
Rajiv could not dismantle the industrial licensing system, but he gave
us as many licences as we desired," said Bajaj.  Narain Dutt Tiwari,
who was industry minister, allowed Bajaj Auto to build a 300,000 unit
at Waluj.  The Rs 2bn plant was built in a record fourteen montls.
President Zail Singh inaugurated it on November 5, 1985.  Three years
later, during Rajiv Gandhi's prime minister ship capacity was upped to
a massive one million scooters.

The last permission came just in time.  In the last decade, local and
international competition has been hot ting up, and the fact that Bajaj
Auto has a world-size plant gives it a vital edge.  Economies of scale
help make it an extremely profitable operation.  "Our scooters are 20
per cent cheaper than that of the nearest competitor and we enjoy a 20
per cent profit margin," says Rajiv Bajaj smugly.

"POLITICAL VENDETTA'

Government sleuths keep a watchful eye on these hefty profit margins.
Twice they suspected that government coffers weren't getting their fair
share of them and instituted 'search and seizure' proceedings.  The
first, conducted on May 18, 1976, during the Emergency, was carried out
on the entire group.  The second, on December 17, 1985, when Vishwanath
Pratap Singh was finance minister, was limited to Bajaj Auto.  Each
time the raiders went away empty-handed.  On both occasions, instead of
the Bajaj family being feathered and tarred, it was the government
which came under flak for using its muscle to harass businessmen for
their political convictions.

Ironically, both times, a Congress administration authorized the raids
though ever since the party was formed,

the Bajajs have always voted for it.  So why did they fall out lndira
Gandhi's favour?  Why did she order the mammot three-day raid in 1976
where 1,100 income tax sleuth simultaneously swooped on 114 Bajaj
establishments acros the country?  They questioned even Jankidevi,
Rahul' eighty-four-year-old grandmother, who had renounced a] worldly
possessions after Jamnalal's death in 1942 and wh.  lived in an ashram
at Wardha.

Eighteen months later, Rahul and his uncle Ramkrishn (1923-1994) aired
their suspicions to the Shah Commission, committee set up by the Janata
Party to examine the misuse c political power during the Emergency.  in
a written note rea out by Ramkrishna to the Commission, the Bajajs
claimed th the raid was 'an act of political vendetta'.  Outlining th
background of the raid, Ramkrishna deposed that the family'
relationship with the Gandhi dynasty started deteriorating wit his
brother Kamalnayan's opposition to lndira Gandhi's fir bid for prime
minister ship in 1966.  "Ever since then th previous regime had assumed
that our family was against then" especially as it was their stand that
those who were not wit them were against them."

Ramkrishna had lost favour because he refused to allo the government to
take over the Vishva Yuvak Kendra in Dell of which he was the managing
trustee.  The fact that Wire: Shah, an accused in the Baroda Dynamite
Case, was thei partner didn't help the situation.  The relationship
nose dive after Jayprakash Narayan (1902-1979), a respected socialis
freedom fighter, condemned the Emergency and urged th public to protest
against it from his death-bed in Bombay' Jaslok Hospital.  The links
between Narayan and the Bajaj were strong and several Bajaj members had
visited Naraya during the Emergency, buttressing Mrs.  Gandhi's belief
that th, family was against her.

Rahul Kumar Bajaj / 109

if further kindling was needed, it was provided by the family's
relationship with Acharya Vinoba Bhave

(1895-1982), a staunch Gandhian and aleader of the

Sarvodaya movement for social reform.  In January 1976,

Ramkrishna's brother-in-law, Shriman Narayan, organized a

II

sammelan for the high priest which was partly funded by the

Bajaj Group.  Bhave, who initially had indirectly supported the

Emergency, now turned against Mrs.  Gandhi and used the sammelan as a
forum to protest against the Emergency, calling for its revocation and
the release of all political de tenus  As preparations began for a
second sammelan, the Gandhi regime tried to get it postponed or
cancelled.  Describing the incident to the Shah Commission, Ramkrishna
told an enthralled audience of how a common friend contacted him to
'use' his influence over Shriman Narayan and Bhave himself.

Ramkrishna excused himself.  It would be neither right nor proper.  He
could not help the government.  Delhi was not amused.

Ramkrishna Bajaj's deposition provoked a spat in the income tax
department over who had ordered the raid.  Under persistent grilling by
Justice Shah, part of the truth emerged with the needle of suspicion
pointing to S.R. Mehta, the chziman of the Central Board of Direct
Taxes.  in March 1976,

an assistant director of inspection had been dispatched to

Bombay to collect dirt on the Bajaj group.  The mission was
unsuccessful, but his advice was ignored and a raid was ordered by
Harihar Lal, the director of inspection

(investigation).  Gradually, more sordid details tumbled out about
procedural 'lapses' and a messy 'smirch' Bajaj campaign but very little
extra came to light about who and what exactly triggered off the
raid.

Rupa has her own suspicions.  "Rahul had gone to

Ahmedabad where he made a speech at some meeting where

 /

Business

Maharajas he criticized Sanjay Gandhi or made a negative comment about
years after the endorsement, the government was claiming that him.
Afterwards we were told--but it has never been it was committing income
tax fraud.  With their backs to the confirmed--that perhaps that
sparked the raid."  Rahul is wall, the government officials tried to
justify themselves, the noncommittal: "This is all conjecture.  We
don't know anything thrust of their argument being the high premiums
commanded for sure.  At the Shah Commission hearings the income tax by
Bajaj vehicles.  For example, Bajaj Auto produced nearly officers
concerned gave evidence that there was no 33,000 three-wheelers.  On an
official price tag of Rs 27,000,

justification for the raid, and everyone knew we were against the
premium ranged between Rs 10,000 and Rs 20,000.  In this the
Emergency."  situation, tax officials felt there was considerable scope
for

If political vendetta lay behind the 1976 raid, the reasons
under-reporting income.

for the 1985 raid are even murkier.  Authorized by VP.  "Mr.

According to government sources, their suspicions were

Clean' Singh, then Rajiv Gandhi's finance minister and prime aroused
when a raid on a Bajaj Auto dealer in Patnaled to the
minister-in-waiting, the income tax investigation on Bajaj recovery of
duplicate books showing that Rs 1.2m had been

Auto was part of Singh's campaign to clean up corporate India.  paid to
a top company executive.  The raid report was sent to

During this campaign, 6,000 raids were conducted, about the finance
ministry which authorized further research and a

100,000 residences searched and almost half a million people more
detailed report.  The investigation was entrusted to D.N.

subjected to interrogation.

Pathak, Bombay's newly appointed director of investigation

Apparently keen to demonstrate total impartiality, Singh's who had just
arrived from Uttar Pradesh (Singh's home state).

victims were selected from a broad spectrum: from noted

For five months, Pathak and his team studied the market,

industrialists like S.L. Kirloskar, a visionary Pune-based gathering
information piecemeal, collecting lists of Bajaj entrepreneur, to
doctors, lawyers, film stars, drug barons and dealers.

smugglers.  The scale of attacks and the humiliating media

One day before the raid, a deputy director of intelligence coverage
engineered by Singh's team culled from the visited the Bajaj plant
disguised as a schoolteacher to check

Directorate of Revenue Intelligence, the Directorate of out the various
entry points and sensitive locations.  The Pune

Enforcement and the Directorate of Anti-evasion, initially commissioner
of income tax was requested in a letter sent in a froze businessmen
into numbness.  Once this wore off, mass sealed cover to collect a
hundred people at his office and also hysteria set in, to be replaced
by roars of resentment, ultimately to arrange buses and taxis.  On
December 17 at 7.45 a.m."  285

leading toSingh'stransferfromthefinanceministrytodefence income tax
officials in Pune and Bombay fanned out to

(on January 24, 1987).  sixty-five locations.  Pathak had signed a
hundred and one

As word spread of the nationwide income tax raid on Bajaj search
warrants.

Auto, the initial reaction was one of disbelief.  After all, this

But when the party reached Bajaj's residence, its owner was the company
of which the government itself had declared wasn't there.  He had left
the previous night for Bombay.

that 'despite its dominant position, the company has not tried

Caught off-guard by this elementary gap in their information,

to take undue advantage of its dominant position'.  Barely a few the
party recovered enough to call Bombay and request a local team to be
despatched immediately to Mount Unique, a skyscraper off busy Peddar
Road.  The Bombay-Pune lines hummed with anxious inquiries until the
tax sleuths finally caught sight of the tycoon engaged in his favourite
activity--chatting on the telephone.  Once Bajaj had satisfied himself
about the correctness of their identity, he agreed to their 'request'
to accompany them to his office at Bajaj Bhawan at Nariman Point. 
There he was interrogated for six hours.

After three days of exhaustively searching Rahul Bajaj's house, office
and bank lockers as well as those of his executives and dealers, the
raiders called a press conference where they triumphantly announced the
'seizure of unexplained cash of nearly Rs 20 lakhs, jewellery and other
valuables of Rs 80 lakhs, 1,500 US dollars and a few other currencies'.
The press note added that 'a substantial part of the seized assets have
been admitted by the concerned persons to be their concealed incomes
and wealth'.  Significantly, the note did not mention any names.

Up in arms against the income tax department's press note, Bajaj issued
his own.  Denying any wrongdoing by Bajaj Auto, he claimed that the
premiums were collected by dealers and not by the company.  If he were
allowed to increase capacity and meet consumer needs, the premiums
would automatically disappear.  Asked to counter Bajaj's al legations,
the income tax department sheepishly admitted that the company's
book-keeping was indeed clean as a whistle and that whatever seizures
had been made, were from the dealers.

Ironically, barely five months after his finance minister raided Bajaj,
Rajiv Gandhi invited him to be chairman of Indian Airlines (IA).  it
was the first time someone from the private sector had been selected.
Was the appointment a gesture of atonement?  Bajaj scoffs at the idea:
"No, n6it had aothing to do with the raid.  It might have been a bit of
an rnbarrassment for Mr.  VP.  Singh, but I don't think my ppointment
had anything to do with the raid at all."

The IA chairmanship brought with it free seats on international
flights, greater access to the prime minister, lots f publicity, an
official rendezvous opportunity with :o-director Sharmila Tagore, the
glamorous film star--and a 9oxful of headaches.  The airline's flights
rarely took off on ime, morale was low, customer satisfaction even
lower, and fir craft maintenance dangerously poor because of a
perennial hort age of planes.  Incidents were.  taking place which
ranged from the bizarre and tragic to the ridiculous.  On October 19,
1988, 133 people were killed on a Bombay-Ahmedabad flight.  Earlier, as
279 passengers waited to disembark, an IA airplane fell flat on its
nose because the two pilots were not on talking ems with each other. On
two occasions, pilots apparently or got to open the undercarriage
before landing.  As a aon-executive chairman, Bajaj ruefully realized
he couldn't do thing.

His helplessness rankled.  At a meeting of the Cll iCon federation of
Indian Industries) in Calcutta, he trenchantlyriticized boards of
directors for being mere legal entities with o responsibility for
achieving corporate excellence.  For no nths before this, the media had
speculated about wranglings et ween bureaucrats at the Ministry of
Civil Aviation, oliticians, the airline's management and its board. How
many lircraft should be purchased; should there be more general ales
agents; at what price should IA sell redundant aircraft to Cayudoot (a
smaller, sister domestic airline); what about on-smoking flights .. .
there was too much political nterference and the decision making
process too long drawn ut for the scooter king's patience.  It was no
consolation no ving that squabbles at Air India, headed by Ratan
Tata,

were even more acrimonious.

The disarray immensely pleased the legion of bureaucrats and
politicians who had been against appointing business tycoons to such
positions in the first place.  For example, in March 1987, the powerful
Parliamentary Committee on Public Undertakings had grilled IA officials
over Bajaj's chairmanship.  Even after several hours of questioning,
the committee reproved the officials for being unable to furnish a
satisfactory explanation' as to why Rajiv Gandhi wanted Bajaj and Tata
to be on the boards of the two airlines.

By roping in Bajaj and T'ata, Gandhi had hoped to introduce greater
efficiency and professionalism into the management of the national
carriers, but as an experiment, its success was clearly mixed.  At IA,
on the positive side were a slew of decisions taken by the board to
improve the airline's operations.  "We had set three objectives at the
beginning," recalls Bajaj.  "To increase aircraft availability, to
streamline marketing practices, and to intensify training inputs."  By
the end of his twenty-one-month chairmanship, IA was reporting better
profitability, had inducted over a dozen new aircraft into its fleet,
and was planning to increase the number of sales agents, which had
remained frozen at 400 for five years.  On the downside was the
Ahmedabad crash, the realization that pilot training was way below par
and increasing customer dissatisfaction.  As the howls became louder,
especially around January 1989, a pugnacious Bajaj dug in his heels.
"Io leave now would be cowardice.  I'm not going to be a rat who leaves
a sinking ship," he barked.  His detractors promptly sniped back, "Who
made the ship sink in the first place'?"

The frustrating episode finally ended in December 1989.  Rajiv Gandhi
lost the general elections.  Along with Ratan Tata at Air India, Bajaj
resigned.  The public praised the gracious gesture.  Looking back at
his turbulent chairmanship between

September 1986 and December 1989, Rupa says simply: "The chairmanship
meant a lot to Rahul."

"MONEY ON THE TABLE'

In 1986, the two people who most worried Bajajmthe Firodias and Japan's
Honda Motor Companymtied up with each other to produce scooters in
Bajaj's own backyard.  Eighty-three production facilities in forty
countries makes Honda a fearsomely difficult company to compete
against.  The world's biggest two-wheeler manufacturer boasts an
expertise and innovation in engineering which ensure that rivals choke
on its exhaust fumes.

For years, Honda had been eyeing India and its huge domestic market. 
It was quick to rush through the threshold when the Indian government
cracked open the investment door in the two-wheeler business, and
immediately announced its intention of coming to India with one or more
joint venture partners.  Over 150 applications poured in, and with
typical Japanese conscientiousness, Honda painstakingly narrowed the
list to twelve hopefuls.  In order to further prune the list to the
best three, during 1983-84 Honda executives visited the manufacturing
facilities of all twelve.  It quickly became apparent that Rahul Bajaj,
the Firodias, and Brijmohan Lall Munjal of Hero Motors, a Delhi-based
cycle manufacturer, led the pack by a wide margin.  Back in Tokyo,
Honda directors decided to tie up with the two weakest.  The Firodias
and Munjal were preferable to Bajaj.  A partnership with the latter
would not work because Bajaj 'wanted too much'.  In 1984, Honda entered
into a technical collaboration with the Munjals to make motorcycles
through Hero Honda Motors, and a joint equity venture with the Firodias
to make scooters throug9 Kinetic Honda.

As Honda flexed its muscles in India, Bajaj faced a few anxious
moments.  Sophisticated consumers in the Pune area loved Kinetic
Honda's new scooter, its sleek design, low fuel consumption, and
hi-tech features.  The rest of the country looked at its stiffer price
tag.  Bit by bit, Bajaj relaxed.  In 1993 Kinetic Honda sold 85,000
scooters (11 per cent market share) compared to Bajaj Auto's 538,000
(76 per cent).

Honda, firmly committed to aleadership position in India, viewed these
statistics through a different pair of glasses.  According to Koji
Nakazone, their man in India, Kinetic Honda had done very well in
reaching sales of 85,000 scooters at a time when the market itself had
shrunk by 12 per cent.  In 1993, the Japanese hiked their stake in
Kinetic Honda to 51 per cent, beefed up their representation on the
board, and enlarged its scooter capacity.

Bajaj may be miles ahead today, but he is preparing fo rthe mother of
all scooter wars.  To the merchant banker at Bajaj Auto's road show on
October 20, 1994 in Kleinwort Benson's London office who asked "How can
you expect to win this war with a twenty-five-year-old Vespa model?"
Bajaj gave a snappy reply.  "What do people want from a scooter? 
Shape, fuel economy, cost, and emissions.  Honda brought into India the
latest and best technology, but customers want change, not necessarily
technology.  My engine is as good if not better.  Shape, yes, customers
want a new shape and in 1997 it will get more contemporary."

The hard-as-nails money men walked out of the luncheon meeting eating
out of Bajaj's hand.  Bajaj wanted $150m.  He pulled in $800m worth of
demand.  Bajaj Auto's October 1994 GDR issue was an overwhelming
success with fund managers begging for allocations, but Bajaj was
cooler.  He knows that reputations are at stake here, and that he takes
four years to execute changes which Honda does in two.

Bajaj is readying himself to take on the Honda challenge.

For decades Bajaj Auto had had no marketing department--only, dispatch.
As the golden days of ten.  year-long waiting lists slipped away, he
remedied this.  The new whiz kids he hired drew up a multi-pronged
strategy.  Over a hundred new dealers joined the Bajaj network.  Forty
of these Iad been wooed away from competitors.  Bajaj Auto introduced
four new models and more are on the way, with something for everyone.
Overnight it has become one of India's biggest advertisers with some of
the slickest ads on television.  Lastly a new hire-purchase and leasing
company, Bajaj Auto Finance, was promoted to help cash-strapped
customers.  As his domination of the Indian market surged, the
Financial Times applauded from the sidelines: "Bajaj is one of the few
large Indian companies which competes successfully with the world's
best.."  most recently its market share has been rising."

Meanwhile, Honda was having a rough time on the motorcycle front.  In
1985, Hero Honda ran an outstandingly popular advertisement which
snapped the punchline, "Fill it, shut it, forget it', based on its
motorcycle's fuel efficiency; but by the '90s, Bajaj's new KB 4S (made
in collaboration with Japan's Kawasaki) was racing alongside,
pressuring Honda into pumping on all cylinders in order to maintain its
lead.  A 1995 independent analysis of leadership positions in the
motorcycle industry by Crosby, an international financial services
group, reported that Hero Honda was steadily losing out to Bajaj Auto
in the war of market shares.  Bajaj Auto had roared ahead to 30.54 per
cent, Hero Honda was 28.18 per cent and TVS Suzuki, 13.35 per cent.
Hero Honda started offering free petrol with its model.

What about the future?  In India, the two-wheeler world's biggest
giants--Honda, Yamaha, Suzuki and Piaggio--are jostling with each other
and with the local number one.  On

Bajaj's northern flank is Yamaha, the world's second large: two-wheeler
company, which has a collaboration with Escort and is planning to pour
in money and technology into its India operations.  To the south is
Suzuki and the TVS group.  Piagg/ is perhaps the weakest of the four,
but Bajaj cannot afford I underestimate it as its products are the most
similar to hi Towering above them all is Honda.

"In the case of Yamaha, Suzuki and Vespa, everythir depends on the
strength of the companies back home.  If the remain very strong there,
they will be strong competitors here.  says Bajaj, who is planning to
turn the tables on them b invading their home territories.  For Bajaj
Auto, though th Indian market is growing, the next frontier is very
clearl global leadership.  "Rajiv is very keen to take Bajaj Auto to b
the leader of the world.  I only talk of being number two, aft Honda.
Piaggio and Kawasaki we have already beaten.  Th rest don't matter,"
says Bajaj modestly..

It will be interesting to see how Bajaj plans to conquer th world for
he doesn't have an internationally accept abl product.  Only Indians
and Italians like scooters.  The rest of th, world either uses cars or
motorcycles.  Bajaj Auto doesn't mak, cars.  Motorcycles--mostly
Kawasaki knock-offs--ar currently a small percentage of total
production.

One strategy could be through the acquisition of a existing global
player.  The cash-rich Bajaj could buy Piaggic suggests Pradip Shah,
former chairman of Crisil and now a: associate of George Soros, the
American financier.  "They'v lost their leadership, dgn't forget.  It
is entirely possible that th [Agnelli] family one day could say that we
will concentrate o Fiat and the other businesses."

Does Bajaj want to be an international takeover shark?  H shrugs his
shoulders enigmatically.

Bajaj could attempt to develop a popular range o powerful motorcycles.
The problem is, Bajaj Auto's R&D department is nothing to write home
about, not surprising in a company which sells its production like hot
chappatis.  He needs to acquire technology but will anyone give it to
the potential giant-killer?

Kotak dismisses the argument.  "India is a very large market and
knowing his strengths here, the best thing for anybody would be to get
into Bajaj Auto.  It is Rahul Bajaj who is not willing to tie up with
anybody.  There would be plenty of people who would be prepared to tie
up with him in a manner in which he would get 50 per cent or 51 per
cent."  Bajaj disagrees vehemently: 'i do not want in my own country to
share power, authority making and ownership with a foreigner.  I have
nothing against foreigners.  That is not the point.  But General Motors
does not have foreign equity.  Honda does not have foreign equity.  Nor
does Sorry or IBM.  The weak do."

"I HAVE NOTHING AGAINST FOREIGNERS'

His truculent attitude left Bajaj eating dust at the starting line of
the 1993 car race.  Once the government flagged off the entry of the
private sector into passenger car manufacture, a dozen businessmen went
into top gear to tie up with the world's biggest and best.  One by one
they reached the marriage registry.  General Motors tied the knot with
Chandra Kant Birla of Hindustan Motors, Ford with the Mahindras, the
jeep makers.  Peugeot liked Vinod Doshi of Premier Auto, Mercedes
preferred Ratan Tata of Teico.  Honda decided to make the Civic and
Accord in India with the Shrirams.  Bajaj began to look like the
rejected belle at the ball.

Predictably, Bajaj came in for some heavy ribbing from his friends.  At
a September I 995 seminar organized by the CII, R.C. Bhargava, Maruti's
chairman and managing director, teased Bajaj: "If we'd only known how
keen he was to make a car, Maruti would have tied up with him."  Bajaj
respondetl

badly to the joke, issuing Bhargava 'a standing invitation to head my
company'.  An alert Financial Express reporter promptly buttonholed
Bajaj after the session and the next day published a report quoting the
scooter maker as being in talks

with Chrysler, Renault, and Fuji.  The Bajaj Broadcasting tl

Corporation was working overtime.  "Why open one's mouth

that one's talking with all three?"  asked one of the seminar's
attendees rhetorically, tx

With the best bridegrooms having been snapped up, Bajaj had to make do
with the leftovers.  As Chrysler didn't have a small car suitable for
the Indian market, the Mahindras had already rejected them.  Getting
Bajaj would be a step up for

Chrysler, but compared to Ford (with whom talks had broken down and who
subsequently joined hands with the Mahindras),

getting Chrysler was certainly a step down for Bajaj.  Similarly,

the Hindujas had rescinded their Moll with Renault and were close to
sewing up a deal with Daihatsu, a Toyota subsidiary.

With his insistence on a majority stake, was Bajaj setting too stiff a
price?

"Not at all," says Bajaj.  "Contrary to media reports, this was not an
issue.  Both Fuji and Renault were willing to give me 51 per cent. 
With Chrysler, we were talking of 50:50

partnership, but until and unless the project is right and we have the
right product, we won't get into cars.  What's the point in several
manufacturers making 20,000 cars each?  You've got to make at least
100,000 cars, preferably 200,000, in order to overtake Maruti.  If I
can't do that, I don't want to be in cars."

By mid-'q6, Bajaj Auto was the only automobile-related company without
a foreign partner.  Others in the car business are heaving sighs of
relief.  "Can you imagine how formidable a Bajaj-Toyota combine would
have been?  Together, they would have cleaned out the market.  Toyota
with the Hindujas,

can deal with," said one.  In the event, towards April 1996,
theoyota-Hinduja Moll went the Renault way leaving Toyota rye to come
alone or reopen talks with Bajaj.

A family of four brothers, the Hindujas, according to the nday Times,
are the UK's eighth richest family, richer than e Queen of England.
Vegetarian, non-smoking, non-drinking and his they reportedly made
their fortune in lran in the days before the Khomeini revolution
toppled the Shah.  Today the ,o eldest (Shrichand and Gopichand) are
settled in London, rakash is in Geneva where he heads a bank, and the
youngest, ,shok, lives in Bombay.  From the mid-'80s, the family has
yen linked, rightly or wrongly, to several major controversies, I
particular the Bofors gun deal which eventually led to Rajiv and hi
electoral defeat in 1989.

After signing the Moll with Daihatsu in London, the lindujas weren't
thinking about the controversies.  The agagement would prove to be
short-lived but while it was on,

was celebration time, and the brothers were busy toasting ch other in
grape juice spritzed up to resemble nonalcoholic ampagne.  At a chance
encounter with Bajaj on a on don-Bombay flight, Gopichand flung out his
arms in a fair tempt at commiseration: "I know, i know.  First Ashok
eyland, and now Toyota.  But what can I do?  These things ppen, you
know!"  Seven years ago, the Hindujas had Jtgunned Bajaj for the
Madras-based Ashok Leyland, India's '.cond biggest truck manufacturer
(after Telco).

The Bajaj-Hinduja tussle began in June 1987, when the

It's Rover Group put its 39 per cent shareholding in Ashok eyland on
the auctioneer's block.  Hill Samuel, the merchant takers who held the
mandate, received almost twenty offers from several countries including
India, Japan and Holland.  ccording to press reports, three contestants
led the pack in e first round of bidding in London in September: Bajaj,
the

Hindujas, and M.R..Chhabria, a Dubai-based electronics trader who had
acquired Dunlop India, a tyre company, in partnership with R.P.
Goenka.

Initially analysts reckoned that Bajaj would clinch the deal.  He was
keen (he had been stalking the company for the past three years); he
had experience in the automotive business; he already held 2 per cent
of Ashok Leyland's equity; and the Rover Group knew him.  Bajaj shared
the optimism:" 'l'n told--but there is no evidence of thiswthat the
chairman and the finance director of the Rover Group favoured our bid
because of our track record.  The Hindujas, for no fault of theirs, are
a very wealthy trading family who were not in any industry at that
time, leave alone the automotive industry."

By late September, Bajaj and the Hindujas were running neck and neck
with Manu Chhabria falling behind whis bid was roughly 5m lower than
the others.

Make-or-break point came when all three bidders were invited to London
in the autumn of 1987.  On October 12, the Rover group board met the
Hindujas, and followed it up with talks with Chhabria and Bajaj over
the next two days.  At the meetings, the Rover management stressed
three concerns: the size of the bid, technological support for Ashok
Leyland, and the 'comfort' of the local management.  Shortly before the
Rover board met finally on the 16th, Bajaj upped his bid by 10 per cent
to $27.45m.

Having done all he could to sweeten his offer, Bajaj left London for
Pune without being officially informed about Rover's final decision.
Though his last offer was significantly higher than that of the
Hindujas and with the payment spread over a shorter period, he was sure
they would breast the tape ahead of him.  Months back he had sensed
what Hill Samuel would tell him later that the non-executive Rover
directors preferred the Hindujas.  Why hang around for bad news?  The
for nal announcement came after a short delay, on October 26.  Clearly,
non-financial considerations were involved.  One of the terms had been
the 'comfort' of the local management.  Was Ashok Leyland's managing
director, R.J. 5hahaney, rooting for the Hindujas?  It would be
understandable.  Were Bajaj to take over, he would be a hands-on
manager but the Hindujas, with their strengths in trading and financial
services, could be counted on to leave the management in the hands of a
capable professional manager.  No comments, said Shahaney.

Was it because Bajaj didn't have truck technology?  It could have been
a factor.  This was a big hole, and to plug it, 13ajaj tried to
finalize a tie-up with Italy's Iveco but the talks fell through.
According to an Ashok Leyland director, "If Bajaj had gone ahead with
Fiat lveco, he would have got the company.  He certainly tried hard
enough to get it.  The talks failed, according to Merrill Lynch and ANZ
Bank, because lveco wanted to bring its own technology into Ashok
Leyland whereas Bajaj wanted to keep his options open.  Apparently
Iveco was also unhappy with the composition of the consortium and
disapproved of Bajaj's plans to hold a rights issue in Ashok Leyland if
his bid succeeded."  Nonetheless both parties continued the dialogue
until the end of September, when lveco pulled out in favour of the more
amenable Hindujas.

According to a merchant banker who had a ringside seat, 'the Hindujas
have a lot of influence, from the prime minister lownwards'.  Their
contacts in the UK are equally impressive.  Margaret Thatcher, as prime
minister, for example, attended the Hindujas' annual Diwali party. 
This may have had a role in their success.  Bajaj disagrees.  'it could
have been a minor COnsideration but I don't think British companies
work that way."  Bajaj bid 27.45m, the Hindujas 26m.  "Ours was the
higher bid, but we lost primarily because they had the foreig exchange
and I didn't," he says.

Bajaj Auto had a massive Rs 1.2bn war chest (at a time when $1 was
equal to Rs 20) but no dollars.  Unlike many business houses, the Bajaj
Group has no offshore funtls.  For the acquisition, Bajaj needed
government support to acces foreign exchange.  The Rajiv Gandhi
administration refused to free the necessary foreign exchange and Bajaj
turned to the big international merchant banks.  Merrill Lynch came to
his rescue, putting together a consortium of international investors
who would underwrite his bid.  The Rover Group would be paid by
Merrill, and the consortium repaid through a rights issue once Bajaj
got control of Ashok Leyland.

Today, Bajaj is resigned: "The Rover Group's non-executive directors
were not very happy about the kind of deal I had made.  They made all
sorts of conditions but basically [my] money was not on the table,
whereas with the Hindujas the money was."  At the time, he could barely
contain his exasperation.  "When an Indian company on Indian soil
controlled by a foreign company is put up for sale voluntarily by the
foreigners, the government should consider ways in which a resident
Indian wanting to buy it should not be at a disadvantage as compared to
a foreign company or an NRl.  The Hindujas did nothing wrong.  They had
no foreign exchange constraints, l can't blame them.  I can't blame the
seller.  I can only question our government."

Not for the first time and not for the last.  In 1993, he was at it
again, this time accusing the government of not giving Indian business
ale vel playing field in its mad rush for economic reform.  The protest
splattered Bajaj's whiter-than-white image with the hues of a
protectionist.  He argued in vain that he was not against reforms but
the stain refused to wash out.  "The whole idea got completely
ultofied.

 We want Indian companies to become multinational corporations and for
that Indian firms need to grow... All we were saying was that the
government should enable us to face competition."  Bajaj was not alone.
He had the backing of a group of industrialists, dubbed the Bombay Club
because of the venue of their first meeting at the Belvedere.

In a city of exclusive clubs, the Belvedere probably gets top marks.
Gleaming granite, rich wood panelling, and deep leather chesterfields
in chocolate and maroon carefully orchestrate an aura of tranquil
luxury.  Members enter through a discreet entrance in The Oberoi's
lobby where white-gloved waiters, selected from the hotel group's elite
training college, hover unobtrusively to serve the demanding
clientele.

In the dining area, one entire wall is taken up by huge picture
windows.  It is a favourite of the city's prominent businessmen for
their power lunches--a place to see and be seen.  The cool
air-conditioning and sparkling white napery and exotic foods are an
added bonus.  Just off the lobby leading to the dining room are a
couple of private conference rooms.  Outside, below swaying palm trees,
beggars ply their trade.  Inside, billion rupee deals are made and
unmade-quietly.

On a warm September morning in 1993, as usual, there were a few members
idly sipping pre-lunch aperitifs at the well-stocked bar.  Nobody
looked up when Rahul Bajaj walked in.  The rich and famous walk into
the Belvedere all the time.  A few glanced up curiously when Had
Shankar Singhania entered.  But everybody's attention switched on when
a dozen other big daddies from Delhi, Calcutta and Madras trooped into
the club, heading straight for a private room just off the Belvedere's
lobby.  There were a few gasps of surprise, hastily disguised.  Men
like Lalit Mohan Thapar, M.V. Arunachalam and Dr.  Bharat Ram control
some of India's most valuable companies.  Something was obviously
brewing, but what?  And where did Bajaj fit in?  4

As details of the meeting leaked out, businessmen, politicians,
bureaucrats and economists polarized into pro- or anti-Bombay Club
factions, with the antis winning the shouting stakes.

The bloodthirsty outcry made several wince.  "It was just chance that I
didn't go for that meeting.  I simply got held up by something else.
Given the agenda--about which I didn't know anything when I got the
invitation--I had a lucky escape," said one industrialist with profound
relief.  In private he doesn't mind admitting he shares the Bombay
Club's views, 'but why announce them from the roof top and get
slaughtered?"  Others hestitated to give away even this much.

When asked to join the new forum, some like R.P. Goenka and the Essar
Group's Shashi and Ravi Ruia flatly refused.  Others, like Dhirubhai
Ambani, diplomatically softened their rejection.  "I'm 100 per cent
pro-liberalization.  I don't think any industrialist is against it,"
said Ambani.  "But we should protect our industries from unfair
competition.  The world is in recession and the fear is that we may be
exposing ourselves to recessionary competition and large-scale dumping.
At our stage of development, we cannot afford to do that."

The majority, like Aditya Birla, sympathized but only in the privacy of
their private conference rooms.  Birla was as prompt in declining the
Bombay Club's invitation as a Goenka or a Ruia but according to Dr.
Fredie A. Mehta, an economist-executive with the Tata Group, the
viscose and cement tycoon's image as its vehement critic was a
media-fiction.  "He told me that if the Bombay Club stood for a fair
level playing ground between Indian and foreign industry, he was
totally with the Club.  The public at large had drawn many wrong
inferences from the way the Bombay Club put forth its theses, and it
was necessary for the Club to declare

 that it was not trying to hide under protective walls."  Evidently
the Club stood for the interests of Indian industrialists against
foreign competition, but what exactly was its agenda?  And why did
someone like Rahul Bajaj whose company was rock-solid feel threatened
enough to join hands with a rag-tag band of men with completely
different corporate cultures and ethics?

For Bajaj, the issues were simple.  The government had not allowed
Indian industry to function freely for decades.  When opening up the
economy and laying out the red carpet to foreigners, it owed Indian
industry the chance to put its house in order before forcing it to
compete against global giants.

For the Club's other members, the reasons varied.  Some felt threatened
by a spate of high-profile acquisitions which had taken place a few
months earlier.  Ramesh Chauhan sold his soft drink business and Thums
Up brand to Coco-Cola, Adi Godrej took Procter & Gamble as a senior
partner (an alliance which would subsequently come apart), and the
Tatas shrugged off Tata Oil Mills to a Unilever affiliate.
Multinationals were buying up India, went up the cry.  In the year
2000, would any Indian brands still exist'?

Many Indian managements felt sore that multinationals such as
Colgate-Palmolive had been allowed to hike their equity stakes in their
Indian affiliates at dirt cheap prices but they were forbidden to do so
as it would be a move against the interests of minority shareholders.
But in order to improve their outdated factories, Indian management
needed money.  Companies would have to raise funds, but few businessmen
had the resources to officially subscribe to new issues in order to
retain their holdings.  It was a catch-22 situation brought on by the
draconian income tax laws of the past.  The Bombay Club therefore
demanded non-voting shares or other devices.  The Indian government
would plug the loophole in 1994 but much damage had been done by
then.

Two months after its first meeting, on November 9, 1993, the Bombay
Club presented a thirteen-point charter to Manmohan Singh, the then
finance minister, and Montek Singh Ahluwalia, his special adviser.
These demands Were simple and most centred on new ways to raise money
as well as to lower interest costs.  If that was all that the Bombay
Club wanted, no rationalist could object.

"If we want to make our companies world-class, we also need rules and
regulations that are in line with global corporate and financial
norms," commented Swaminathan S. Anklesaria Aiyar, the editor of the
Economic Times.  "We should not need the Bombay Club to tell us this."
Manmohan Singh promised to be sympathetic and Pranab Mukherjee, then
commerce minister and a former finance minister, added that the
government would not allow Indian companies to be 'wiped out'.

Unfortunately, the line between giving Indian industry a fair chance
and protectionism was a dangerous tightrope.  How much time should
Indian industry be given?  In India, the cost of money is higher than
in the West and the gaps in infrastructure so wide that the playing
field can never be truly level.  There were no easy answers and the
Club was criticized as 'a group of inefficient producers fearing
competition'.  Frightened by the backlash, over the next few weeks,
several founders backed out discreetly.  By the end of the year, the
Bombay Club's membership had been whittled down to Thapar, Singhania,
Arunachalam, B.K. Modi, Bharat Ram and Bajaj.  By the close of 1994,
'it was a club of one', says Bajaj ruefully.

HA MARA BAJAJ

In 1987, the Ashok Leyland takeover had earnethe Hindujas a cover story
in Business India; in October 1993, the magazine published one on Rahul
Bajaj.  Called "Hamara Bajaj'--a takeoff from Bajaj Auto's famous
advertising slogan--the cover photograph showed Rajiv kneeling at his
father's feet.  Both the title and the photograph suggested that Rajiv
was Bajaj Auto's heir apparent.  Was it coincidence or did the reporter
hit the right button?  As of 1995, the Rs 40.25bn Bajaj Group is
parcelled between five active members: Rahul and Shishir (Kamalnayan's
sons); and Shekhar, Madhur, and Niraj (Ramkrishna's).  Excluding Mukand
Ltd, which is a partnership with the Shahs, the group consists of over
twenty companies in a range of engineering businesses and employs
29,000 people.  Bajaj Auto is by far the biggest and most profitable
company in the group.  After Uncle Ramkrishna's death on September 21,
1994, Rahul became head of the group.

Broadly speaking, Shekhar looks after Bajaj Eiectricals (sales 1995: Rs
1.9bn), a consumer electric als company.  Madhur was recently promoted
from being chief executive in charge of Bajaj Auto's Waluj unit to
president of Bajaj Auto.  Niraj is managing director of Mukand (sales
1995: Rs 9.13bn), while Shishir runs Bajaj Hindustan (sales 1995: Rs
1.52bn), a sugar manufacturer.  Rajiv joined Bajaj Auto three years ago
and today is in charge of marketing, production and research and
development.  Waiting in the wings is Sanjiv.  Sunaina doesn't expect
or want a management role in any Bajaj company.  Their eight cousins
(Shishir's two children, Shekhar's two, Mdhur's two and Neeraj's two)
are still in school.

In the Business India cover story, Madhur is conspicuous by his
absence.  Sanjiv--who wasn't photographed in the story either--claims
this was a mere coincidence, that 'the photographer came to Akurdi when
we were at Waluj'.  Quite possible, but the excuse doesn't quite
deflect the

 s uncomfortable fact that the succession issue is one of the
trickiest problems facing the family.  Every time there is a divorce in
another big business family, speculation about the Bajajs breaks out.
Will Rahul Bajaj break away from the group?  Can Rahul Bajaj keep the
family together?  Will Madhur accept Rajiv and Sanjiv or will he feel
threatened enough to ask for a split?  Will Rajiv give Madhur the
respect he should?  Neeraj has as much right to Bajaj Auto as anyone
else, so how long will he accept being shunted off to Mukand?  Does he
want a position in Bajaj Auto?  Most of the time the Bajajs manage to
ignore the whispering around them.

Apparently the way to achieve this difficult task is to accept
realities and work on them.  One member explains: "The family always
maintains that if x brother is not capable of running something, but he
is a Bajaj and a part owner of the whole thing, he will remain there.
Maybe the family has to find the right managers for him."  As for Rajiv
and Sanjiv, 'their careers may have started in Bajaj Auto but at no
point of time can they say that it is their birthright'.  Unwilling at
first to give his views, Bajaj gradually admits that over the past
twelve months several family conclaves have been held on the issue. "If
there is a split, it can be 1:4 or 2:3, there is no other possibility. 
If one guy wants to go, there is no problem.  He just goes, and if the
four don't want to give him anything, he doesn't get anything.  He'll
get his money and his wealth according to his share. But he cannot get
Bajaj Auto, whoever it is, including myself."

"If two want to get out, it depends on which two.  If it is me and my
brother, it is one situation.  If it is me and one of the other three,
it is a slightly different situation.  Then the group would split into
two entities.  So the guys who are three should probably get Bajaj Auto
and the guys who are two would, according to calculations and divisions
or whatever of profit

 or sales--that's a matter of detail--get the rest.  I don't think
Bajaj Auto can be split and it shouldn't be split.  People worry about
a split in the Bajaj group, but according to me they have nothing to
worry about.  Iftwo and three separate, so they separate.  Where
there's 1:4, the picture is not seriously disturbed.  And the way we
know people, it won't happen till I aro there.  After me, I can't say
what will happen'.  "We have to see what happens, l think people get
unduly worried ten years in advance and spoil ten years of a good life,
whether it is business life or married life, in anticipation of
questions like this.  At the worst what will happen?  There will be
brothers fighting.  And the group will break.  I am putting it as if I
am underestimating the implications of that, that's not the point, but
if that happens, that will happen.  The only problem happens when two
exit--which I don't think will occur in the next ten years--so I say
bullshit.  If it happens, we will face it."

A day before this conversation, on the evening of August 12, 1994, the
57-year-old Bajaj stretched himself lazily in his favourite armchair.
Outside, a light drizzle fell, and a gentle breeze wafted in the smell
of grass.  Inside, Rupa was checking dinner.  All three children were
at home, the boys' fiancees were expected.  Picking up the latest copy
of Business WorM, Bajaj started leafing through it.  Its cover story on
India's investment boom made him pause.  All around him, businessmen
were aggressively rooting for new avenues of growth.  New names, people
he had never heard of, were putting up vast infrastructural plants. 
The size of projects had ballooned.  Who spoke of anything less than a
Rs 1,000 crore venture any more?  But what was he doing?  He.didn't
have a Rs 500 crore project on the anvil, much less a Rs 1,000 crore
one.  Was he going to be left behind in the corporate SWeepstakes?  But
did the rat race really matter?

Since childhood, Bajaj has been used to being in the driver's seat.  In
school he normally stood first in class.  "I was a prefect, house
captain, captain of the boxing team and what not."  For three decades,
he had run Bajaj Auto as his personal fiefdom, insisting on overseeing
every detail, signing the smallest of cheques.  Before the current
corporate office Was built, Bajaj's office was right inside the
factory, with windows overlooking every activity.  By the time he was
fifty, he had accomplished all he had set out to achieve.  Was it time
to slow down and let the new generation take over?  Was he actually
getting saddle weary?  In the '80s, Bajaj Auto was the fastest growing
company in India.  During the decade, sales grew from Rs 519m to Rs
18.5bn, making for a 1,852 per cent growth rate.  In contrast,
Dhirubhai Ambani's Reliance Industries grew 1,100 per cent, with sales
moving up from Rs 2bn to Rs 18.4bn.

But if he didn't work, what would Bajaj do?  As a student, the boxing
champ used to play table tennis, but his busy life hadn't left time for
hobbies, even if he had wanted them.  "People say having some diversion
is a good thing.  Maybe it's good for some people, i've never needed
it," Bajaj used to say proudly.  Like all workaholics, he doesn't know
how to spend his leisure hours.  He reads magazines, 'but not a lot'.
Nor does he take holidays.  "This concept that people should take
holidays to enjoy themselves is a cliche.1 believe in enjoying my work.
Between 1965 and 1984, I took only four vacations."  According to
Sanjiv, Rahul likes to watch English movies: "Westerns, thrillers,
action, not just mindless violence but with a story.  Also Eddie Murphy
type movies, with some slapstick.  We all enjoy watching them, so when
he is at home, we sit together."

"Maybe there's no fire in the belly any longer," he muses.  After his
heart attack, he loosened the reins a bit at Bajaj Auto,

allowing senior executives some say in policy and execution,

insisting simultaneously that he 'has delegated, not abdicated.

I am totally with Lee lacocca in one thing--I don't believe in

on sensus decision-making.  I ask for other people's opinions in key
matters and I give them a fair hearing.  But I don't take vote.  I make
the decisions."  These days he doesn't walk around the factory as he
used to earlier.  When he does stroll aver to check scooters ready for
delivery, there is a mild panic.

As a peon rushes off to get petrol, engineers give a silent sigh of
relief as the Chetak Classic kicks to life under Bajaj's foot.

To some extent, Bajaj is coping with he, extra free time at his
disposal by reinventing his job.  He has always taken a keen interest
in trade associations.  Now he is presenting himself not just as the
head of one India's biggest business houses, but as

India Inc's senior statesman in the mould of Sir Harvey Jones af UK's
ICI or the late Akio Morita of Japan's Sorry

Corporation.  Bajaj played a major role in forging the CII into a more
powerful voice than Assocham and Ficci.  For over a decade, he has been
leading the Indian delegation to the annual

Davos symposium organized by the World Economic Forum,

and he is a key patron-member in the lndo-British Partnership

Initiative.

Today, the old warhorse appears surprisingly contenl,.

\

Sometimes articles like the Business Worm one get under his skin but on
the whole he is not much bothered about being left behind.  Or perhaps
it is not so surprising.  In the '80s; analysts criticized him for
sticking to his knitting rather than diversifying, and for preferring
to pay hefty taxes rather than taking advantage of dubious tax
loopholes.  Public opinion never bothered him then.  Why should it
bother him now?

Chapter 3

Aditya Vikram Birla I hapter was completed shortly before Aditya Birla
died on

October 1, 1995.

I1 Palazzo

May 27, 1995

hey say birds of a feather flock together.  The rich do.  In Hong Kong,
it'-s the Peak; in London, Mayfair; in Bombay, Malabar Hill.  Clinging
precariously to the hill's southern slope is I!  Palazzo, a social
climber's dream.  It's a busy block with over a hundred flats.  Towards
evening, the tempo starts winding down, and by eleven o'clock most
lights are out.

The evening of Saturday, May 27, 1995 was no exception.  It had been a
hot day, with the mercury climbing to over 35 C, and long after the sun
had set, the heat continued to lie over the city like a thick duvet.
The building's security personnel loitered listlessly under it, sweat
beading their foreheads even in repose.

The screech of an ambulance pulling up in front of the tall wrought
iron gates snapped them out of their lethargy.  A quick whisper and the
gates were flung open.  A few bored drivers hanging around the open
parking lot strolled over to see what was the matter.  They were
shocked to see nurses and paramedics whisking Aditya Vikram Birla,
lying on a stretcher, into it.  The world-famous industrialist had lost
weight and looked tense, haggard and in pain.  Doors banged as doctors,
family and key executives climbed into a small cavalcade of cars to
accompany Birla to Sahar airport.

The entire exercise was over in a few minutes.  The block was quickly
back to normal.  Few of its inmates saw or even heard the movements
outside.  It would be some weeks before word of mouth spread details
about the panicky night flight on a British Airways aircraft to John
Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, USA.  Nobody dreamt that Birla would not
come back to India alive.

The ambulance and its cavalcade cut straight across the tarmac to the
waiting plane, bypassing the airport's grey administrative building
housing customs and immigration.  The short notice given to British
Airways personnel had been insufficient for them to be able to convert
any part of the plane into a stretcher bay.  Even fully reclined, the
first class seat was a poor option.  Birla's pain intensified.  For the
anxious party accompanying him, the long hours before he could be
wheeled into the famous American cancer hospital were a prolonged
purgatory.

Two weeks later, the Economic Times front-paged an article on Birla's
prostate cancer.  Speaking from Baltimore, his father, Basant Kumar
(BK) Birla airily dismissed the report: "Aditya is suffering from a
slipped disc.  He is speedily recovering and should be all right soon.
We will be returning to India in about two weeks."  As the weeks merged
into months and he remained hospitalized, few were taken in by the
sciatica subterfuge, but went along with it anyway.  There was too much
goodwill for the man who had single-handedly built a billion-dollar
corporate empire and yet had remained a good guy, though not everyone
thought so.  One of the hallmarks of the Birlas is the family feud
which has been consuming them for over a decade.

Unlike American and European proprietors, Indian newspaper barons are
notoriously tight-fisted, so the Birlas were spared the ordeal of
having news hounds sniffing them

Aditya Vikram Birla / 130

outside the hospital or buttonholing doctors and nurses to check out
BK's story.  Instead, reporters took to asking local members of the
family about the condition of the most famous member of the clan.  They
immediately ducked out of sight.  "He has to keep information of his
illness quiet.  Imagine what would happen to share prices!"  said a
cousin before firmly closing the door.

The extended family found the questions highly embarrassing, but not
for the reasons the media believed.  Aditya Birla didn't want to talk
about his illness, especially not to cousins and uncles he didn't
trust.  His friends remained mum.  It was only after the cremation, as
rumours circulated furiously and had to be scotched before they beme
outrageously fanciful, that BK authorized the announcement that Birla
had indeed suffered from prostate cancer.  Was this secrecy imperative,
I asked Rajashree, Aditya's wife of thirty years.  Wasn't it
counterproductive?

"He didn't want people to talk about it to him or be sympathetic about
it, that was the only" reason," she explained.  "Because when one is
sick, people keep talking about it.  That's a sort of reminder to your
mind that you are sick.  Hardly two or three close friends were told
about it.  For instance, like even my mother--he didn't want to hurt
her.  He just wanted to lead a normal life.  And the cancer spread so
fast, before we realized that something had gone wrong.  He didn't
complain of pain, he kept working .... We knew in August 1993--there is
a test called PSA, at the end of May he had a PSA done, and everything
was fine, normal."

His need for privacy was in keeping with the man.  Reclusive to a
fault, the only Indian businessman to routinely make it to Forbes' list
of the world's billionaires wood decline to meet the press unless a
specific aspect of hi business demanded it.  Birla was always more
comfortable running his companies than talking about himself.  In the
late '80s he briefly emerged out of his shell.  When he did, it was
with Style.  A string of dinners in the four major metros to celebrate
his father's seventieth birthday, another set of celebrations for Kumar
Mangalam's wedding, a painting exhibition (of which more later)--Birla
shared these family celebrations with everyone he had come in contact
with, and they flocked to congratulate him.  It's doubtful whether
anyone--from the Ambanis of Reliance Industries down to the smallest
yarn dealeruignored the royal invitations.  The party over, Birla
withdrew into his ivory tower.

Unfortunately, the family feud had a habit of intruding during such
happy moments.  Rajashree recalls a particularly galling moment.

August 8, 1988 started out as one of the happiest days in Birla's
shortnbarely fifty-three years--life.  For the past couple of years,
Rajashree and he had been searching for the perfect match for their
only son, Kumar Mangalam.  In Neerja ('lotus flower') Kasliwal, they
thought they had found her, but like all fond parents trying to put
together an arranged marriage were uncertain about their judgement
until the two youngsters agreed.  The previous night, it looked as if
they might.  By the late afternoon, most of the finer points of the
match had been discussed with his future in-laws.

A call from Calcutta shattered Birla's tranquillity.  "He didn't want
to go," recalls Rajashree.  "He could have been in Bombay calling
people, close friends, those whom he wanted to inform personally, about
the engagement.  He couldn't do that.  I had to do it for him."

On his way to Santa Cruz, Bombay's domestic airport, through the heavy
evening office traffic Birla's thoughts must have been mixed.  Instead
of a delightful celebratory dinner, he was On the last flight out
eating off a plastic tray, and heading towards an unpleasant showdown
with his cousins and uncles.  lie was used to frequent travel, catching
perhaps a hundred flightS annually.  Making a rough calculation, Birla
reckoned the flight from Bombay to Calcutta would take two hours and
twenty minutes.  With luck the drive from the airport to Basant Kumar
Vihar, his childhood home, a rambling bungalow quite unlike the modern
block of flats in Bombay where he now lived, would take well under
forty minutes.  Hopefully he could tumble into bed before 11 p.m. He
needed to be alert the next day.

Resigning himself to the inevitable, the born fidget's fingertips beat
an impatient tattoo on the armrest of the uncomfortable Indian Airlines
club class seat.  In 1994 Birla would treat himself to a neat little
Cessna Citation S-2 ('a business necessity, not a luxury'), but for
now, he had no choice but to travel on commercial flights.  He tried
stretching his cramped muscles but gave up.  Stuffing Some more
cotton-wool into his ears, he attempted to dull the ache from a chronic
childhood ear ailment which made flying a torture.

Once the plane had docked, Birla strode quickly through the terminal to
the car waiting for hirrr.  Few of his co-travellers realized that
Birla had been on the flight: he had an ability to fade into the
wallpaper at will.  His face was squarish, like his thick dark-rimmed
glasses.  His passport description would fit that of most Indian males
of his age: features, regular; skin colour, wheatish; height, 5' 6";
eyes, dark brown.  The first impression was disappointingly ordinary.
Except for his deep, strong voice.  He used words sparingly, but
emphatically, calling a spade, a spade, an unlndian habit.

Be it at a Euromoney Conference in New Delhi or in London's Dorchester
or at the Bombay Gymkhana, only the COgnoscenti could recognize India's
most dynamic billionaire in his dark suits, starched white Swiss cotton
shirts and expensive and muted silk ties.  He made no concession to
fashion: he wore the same cut for three decades but he stopped short of
the neo-colonial safari suits favoured by Marwari businessmen like
Rahul Bajaj and Rama Prasad Goenka.

The next morning, Birla got up at his usual 7 o'clock, Well in time for
the crucial meeting.  He was a man of habit, not one who liked change
for change's sake, with a fetish for punctuality and a brisk
businesslike manner, sharp and to the point.  In the event, the family
conclave proved to be a major triumph.  Aditya had been on the verge of
losing Grasim and Hindalco, two of his biggest companies, to a rival
faction, but he succeeded in twisting near defeat into a major victory.
Coming to Calcutta had been worth it.

Khushwant Singh in his column, With Malice Towards One 'and All, once
wrote, "To most people, the name Birla means just one thing: money."
For thirteen years, six branches of the Birla clan were engaged in
fighting over it.  The row's trigger had been the death of the clan's
founder the legendary Ghanshyamdas Birla (1894-1983), known to all
simply as GD.  On June 11, GD had collapsed outside the Singapore
Airlines' London office on Regent Street.  He died within hours,
leaving behind a tangled legacy.

At stake were assets then conservatively estimated to be worth Rs 30bn,
and probably hugely more; over a hundred companies, half of them
blue-chips; large tracts of prime real estate; and a rich portfolio of
investments.  Not even the income tax department knew exactly how much
the Birlas were worth.

The Birlas tried at first to maintain a dignified and united front.
After the cremation at Golders Green in London, they flew together for
the condolence meetings in Calcutta at the Alipore residence of Laxmi
Niwas, GD's eldest son.  In a noble show of 'rock-like' solidarity, ten
adult male members representing three generations posed together for an
India

Today cover in a classic photograph clicked by Raghu Rai.  In the
accompanying text, the Birlas individually and collectively assured TN.
Ninan, then an upcoming reporter, later to become editor of Business
Worm and Business Standard, that the group would never split up.

It was a classy cover-up.  The family was at war with itself.  While GD
was alive, individuals couldn't, or didn't dare, express their real
feelings.  His word was law.  He gave and he took away.  The best, he
left to BK and Aditya.  The other Birlas felt they had been given the
short end of the stick.

TEMPLE BELLS AND LADDOOS

Back in 1943, however, there were no fumes of acrimony to spoil the
sweet scent of incense burning in the family home.  India was still a
part of the British Empire, and as Mahatma Gandhi's footloose
ambassador, GD was either lunching with His Majesty the King or 'having
to defend Englishmen before Bapu and Bapu before Englishmen', as he put
it in his autobiography, In the Shadow of the Mahatma.  His three sons
and various nephews were busily working in his burgeoning industrial
empire of jute mills, cotton textile units, sugar companies, airline
and trading ventures.  It was a time to build, not snipe at each
other.

So temple bells pealed and laddoos were distributed when a son was born
to Sarala and BK in Room No.3 of Birla House, New Delhi, at 11.07 p.m.
on Sunday, Marg Shirsha Krishha 3, Samvat 2000 (November 14, 1943 in
the English calendar).  Two daughters followed Aditya: Jayashree Mohta
in 1951 and Manjushree Khaitan in 1957.

By all accounts, Aditya and his sisters had a very happy childhood,
enlivened by regular annual vacations where the day would be spent
trekking, sailing, and riding.  In the evenings, the family would play
antakshari and charades.  The

fact that she always had to wear a said and keep her head demurely
covered didn't stop Sarala, a lively woman with a passion for life, and
a perfect foil for her more restrained husband, from pursuing her
interests, in the family album an old black and white photo shows a
radiant Sarala skiing in the Alps, her silk said billowing around her
slim figure.

Aditya spent most of his childhood in Calcutta, living in Birla Park
until 1955, and then in Basant Kumar Vihar which BK built.  (Birla Park
was later converted into the Birla Industrial and Technological
Museum).  His first school was the Mahadevi Birla Shishu Vihar at 4
Ironside Road, founded specially for him.  After two and a half years,
he went on to the Hindi High School.  Classes didn't end at 4 p.m."
there were tutors waiting at home.  After his matriculation, he joined
St.  Xavier's College, graduating in science.

Aditya's school and college track record was commendable, unlike his
father's who admits candidly that he 'was no great shakes in college'.
Just before a major examination, GD asked BK to go abroad.  BK heaved a
sigh of relief.  "Had I failed in my exams, the humiliation and shame
would have haunted me all my life.  Perhaps God sent me on the foreign
trip to save me from that lasting stigma."

After his BSc."  Aditya was keen to study abroad.  He would be the
first Birla to do so.  BK was racked by doubt.  The Beatles, flower
power, and the sexual revolution were shaking up Western society.  What
if his only son succumbed to such influence?  Talking it over with
Aditya, BK warned: "The Birla family has its name, status and
values--uphold the tradition fully.  You must have only one goal--to
study.  Do well in out academic work and successfully return to your
home, your motherland.  In that lies your dignity--and ours."

With Sarala, BK debated whether they were 'doing the right thing in
packing off an eighteen-and-a-haif-year-old to oreign land for such a
long period of time.  He had every ossible comfort in India: his own
personal servant Harshu, a ;ar at his disposal, tutors to guide him,
the care and love of 9adoji, his father, mother, sisters, other members
of the family, md friends.  When needed, a doctor was at hand, who
would ay house calls as often as required.  Never once in Calcutta tid
he find any occasion to ride a tram, bus or taxi.  There would e no
such help available in America.  He would have to do it ill by
himself--cooking, washing dishes and clothes, cleaning is flat,
polishing his shoes, using public transport."

Resolutely, BK put aside his fears.  In September 1962, dit ya flew to
Boston, coach-class.  For the next three years, e was--almost--an
ordinary citizen.  Until he got the measles md had to be hospitalized,
in India, Sarala and BK were frantic ,ith worry.  "Travel abroad in
those days involved a ong-drawn out process of obtaining governmental
permission.  2hachoji quickly arranged to get the P-Forms," recalls

BK.

Rushing straight to the hospital from Boston's Logan ,irport, they
found Aditya sick and demoralized.  He had |uarrelled with his landlord
and had had to change flats.  He :ouldn't understand the American
accent, and liked neither zoo king nor Boston's icy winds.  He was the
youngest boy in he class, the course was tougher than expected and he
was orried that he would be unable to complete it.  Chuckling over he
period, BK remembers buying groceries which Sarala ould cook.  "Our
presence helped him to recuperate fast and ave him a new lease of life.
No more household chore sand lelicious meals into the bargain!"  Not
surprisingly, a maid was tis patched to Boston soon after Sarala
returned to Calcutta.

As expected, Birla had no problems after that in obtaining fis MIT
(Massachusetts Institute of Technology) degree.  Like he other
freshly-minted graduates, he lost no time in getting lew visiting cards
printed.  The typeface he selected reflected his character: bold and
solid, with a complete absence of frilly curlicues or flamboyant
flourishes.  There was a strong pragmatic streak in his make-up.  Asked
once whether his chemical engineering background influenced the groups
choice of projects, Birla retorted impatiently: "If I'd used too much
of my expertise, the group would perhaps have gone bust by now."  He
saw his role as providing leadership, imparting entrepreneurship,
giving direction, enthusing people and encouraging them to work as a
team, 'but one great advantage of my technical background is that no
one can bluff me.  I certainly know what's happening'.

Like his grandfather, early on in his career, Aditya displayed an
incredible hunger for business.  On a bone-chilling November day in
1963, while still a homesick Indian student at MIT, he had written to
his parents in Calcutta:

Respected Ma, Kakoji

Today, is the 5th of November.  My birthday is on the 14th.

Ma, I don't know why, my outlook has changed a lot.  So far, I thought
of only studies--studies and studies.  Now I feel that studies will be
completed in 7 months--thereafter, I have to work.  I now feel that I
should enter business at the earliest--and create something really
big--something really big--really BIG.  I now realize that studies
would be over soon.  Until recently, the aim was to join MIT--then it
shifted to getting the degree from MIT.  Now the aim is to become very
big and important in business.  Big and important not only in
business--but also in other aspects of life.

Nowadays, I keep my room very tidy.  Even when we did not have a maid,
I kept my room very tidy.  Everything is neat and clean.  I now realize
that your advice was correct: the aim to study only--is not very
important.  A person must be perfect also in other finer points of
life.  I don't know how this change in my outlook has come about.
Nowadays I dress well.  Recently I did some shopping, which included
some good clothes.

Sometimes, I really remember you all very much.  When I think of my
birthday--then I remember you even more.  On such occasions, I really
miss you very much.

I am happy.  Please do not worry about me.

Yours lovingly

Aditya

Six months after he returned to India, Aditya was married to Rajashree
(nee Rajkumari) Forma on January 19, 1965.  He had been engaged for
seven and a half years mGD had betrothed the two children in 1957, when
Aditya was fourteen and Rajkumari ten.  By the age of twenty-two,
Aditya was a father.  Kumar Mangalam was born on June 14, 1967, and
Vasavadatta on June 10, 1976.  Recalling her wedding day, Rajashree
comments: "It was like two young children getting married.  He was not
nervous, but quite serious on that day.  Recently I saw our marriage
film and I thought why was he so serious?  Maybe he was taking even the
marriage thing as seriously as he used to take his business, but
basically by nature he was fun-loving, wanting to have adventures."

But Birlas aren't supposed to have adventures.  Family protocol, an
army of devoted retainers, and an abundance of doting affection work
against such a proclivity.  However, once in a while Aditya succeeded
in kicking off the confining traces.  After completing his MIT course,
tired but on a roll, Aditya mapped out a three-week driving holiday to
crisscross the US with flat mates Ashwin Kothari and From Bhalotia
before flying back to India.  An impatient GD refused permission,
demanding imperiously that Aditya return immediately te India.  When BK
and Sarala backed Aditya, GD camped out in New York, pugnaciously
insisting that Aditya phone him three times a day.

Dutifully, Aditya agreed.  Even BK, a nervous father, found such
solicitude absurd.  One day, when Aditya and-his.  friends checked in
an hour ahead of schedule, GD worried that they were driving much too
fast.  BK remonstrated.  If the boys come ahead of schedule, he
worries.  Reach late, he worries.  After three or four hours of
driving, you had better be on the dot---or else worry will pile on
worry!"

"SOMETHING REALLY BIG'

Back in India and shortly before Aditya's wedding, GD wanted to induct
him into Hindalco, an aluminium manufacturer and one of the group's
bigger companies.  BK had other ideas.  While Aditya's American
classmates were still filling out application forms, his doting father
had lined up not one but two projects for his only son.

The first was a small spinning mill for which BK had acquired an
industrial licence.  The Birlas were not the government's favourite
business house at the time and it had taken BK time and patience to
obtain the licence.  Mahatma Gandhi had been dead for a while now, the
Birlas were never really close to the Nehru dynasty and the winds of
socialism were blowing through Indian polity.  Under the British, the
profit motive was a perfectly legitimate and drnirable human trait.
Under Nehruvian socialism, it became a dirty word.  Big business
families were now referred to as monopoly houses.

Handing the valuable licence over to Aditya in July 1964, BK told him,
"This permission is just a piece of paper.  If you are interested, take
it up.  If not, tear it up."  The second job was to overhaul Hindustan
Gas, a Rs 30m CompanY which IS'K had founded in 1944.

The Eastern Spinning Mill wasn't the something big' of the MIT-returned
youth's dreams, but the Rs 8m project offered tremendous opportunity.
Though Dis father kept a watchful eye, the callow graduate had complete
freedom to employ whomsoever he liked, order machinery as he thought
fit, and construct buildings to his own design.  "I wasn't worded,"
recalls BK.  If, in this proceSS, Aditya lost Rs lm-1.5m, it wouldn't
matter.  If he profited from the failures and learnt the right lessons,
it would be a small price to pay for thorough training.

Within a year of setting up the mill, Bil'la was impatient to expand.
Coincidentally, Shantilal Thar, a family friend, showed him the way.
There was a small spin laing mill for sale.  Were the Birlas
interested?  GD was inclined to brush it off.  The seller wanted his
money within a couple of days.  "How, in such a short time, can one
arrange Rs 30 l#khs?  You should have given at least a week's advance
notitTe," he protested.  Aditya's interest was caught, however, and he
wheedled the money from his grandfather.  It would alwayel be so.
Whatever Aditya wanted or needed, arrived on a platter.  "In 1945, our
son Aditya was just two years old.  We wer discussing plans for his
education.  It occurred to us why not open a new school?"  remembers

BK.

Close by and around the same time th at Aditya bought Indian Rayon for
Rs 3m in October 1966, # small unknown yarn trader was building a
spinnin mill at Naroda in Gujarat for Rs 0.3m.  Six months later,
Dhirubhai Ambani's Reliance Textile Industries couldn't produce fast
enough while Birla's investment looked as if it would go up in smoke.

Unaware of the trouble brewing hundreds of miles away, Aditya and BK
were finishing dinner on the evening of April 21, 1967.  They were
spending a few days in Birla House, an exquisite palace just off Napean
Sea Road in Bombay which now belongs to Aditya's nephew, Yashovardan.
It had been a busy day, but father and son were looking forward to
relaxing in the lush gardens at the back or in one of the several
elegant sitting rooms on the ground floor when they received an urgent
call from their manager at Veraval.  A fire had broken out at the
Indian Rayon factory.

It raged fiercely from around eight at night until five the next
morning.  "It was a nightmare," recalls BK.  "The whole night we were
sitting in one room waiting anxiously for news that the blaze was under
controlmthe machinery safe, the factory still standing."  Unable to
control his fears, Aditya paced the room, calling Veraval every ten
minutes or so.  He was just twenty-four years old.  Indian Rayon was
his first major independent business decision, and neither GD nor BK
had thought much of the idea in the first place.

"Aditya was thrilled by Indian Rayon," says BK, but there were problems
from the beginning.  It was too small to be viable and had accumulated
arrears of Rs 37.5m in the books even before the buy-out.  After the
takeover, the workers went on strike, the fire broke out, and losses
spiralled.  GD kept reproaching Thar.  "You mounted Aditya on a
decrepit steed," he grumbled incessantly.  BK demurred.  "But it wasn't
really Shantilal's fault.  We went into this business with eyes open."
His mettle stung and his business acumen under doubt, Aditya went into
overdrive in his bid to turn Indian Rayon into a commercial success.

t Aditya's immediate priority was to run the plant to its full
capacity, the second to raise it to more economic levels.  Yarn
production moved slowly from 5 tpd to 12.5 tpd, rising to 22 tpd by
1971.  After that, progress was faster.  In the weaving division also,
Birla kept adding spinning machines.  To get better prices and chunkier
profits, he pushed up yarn quality, and pioneered coloured yarn. 
Losses became profits.  During the '80s, Birla diversified the
company's product mix, adding cement and carbon black.  In the '90s,
divisions for the manufacture of argon gas and sea water magnesia were
commissioned.

In 1974, when Thar sold Indian Rayon to Birla, neither could have
foreseen that Indian Rayon would become one of India's most valuable
companies in the private sector (23rd in 1995).  After GD inducted
Adity a into Grasim, analysts and the media would refer to the bigger
company as Aditya's flagship, but in a sense Indian Rayon was the
kernel which nurtured Aditya and the phenomenal growth of his group.

Shortly after buying Indian Rayon, Aditya shifted base from Calcutta to
Bombay.  The family gave him a suite of offices in Industry House, an
inconspicuous building in the Backbay Reclamation area, close to
Nariman Point and the Bombay Stock Exchange.

Today, the office is as it was when its occupant was alive.  In a room
bright with fluorescent lighting, one entire wall is a plate-glass
window overlooking a small balcony green with plants.  Birla used to
sit at a large wooden desk topped by a shiny sheet of smoked glass.  On
the right is a red leather diary.  Patterned on the UK's Economist desk
diary, Birla had designed it himself, adding reams of extra information
on India.  Every year he would gift an updated edition to friends and
relatives.  On the same side is a computer monitor, and directly across
it, a luxurious leather suite for visitors.  Behind the plain black
leather executive chair hangs an early M. F. Husain from the artist's
horse series.

The fourth floor suite has a comfortable, somewhat dated but not shabby
feeling, like the rest of the building, with its wood-panelling and art
deco motifs, and quite unlike the clinical severity of Ratan Tata's
office in Bombay House.  Photographs are scattered all over the room.
Frames in silver, wood, and gilt jostle with the usual motley
collection of silver-plated trophies.  Each photograph records a
particular watershed in Birla's life: with lndira Gandhi, with Rajiv
Gandhi, with various world leaders, and at ribbon-cutting ceremonies of
factories, large and small.  Some capture particularly emotional
moments such as the family portrait of Aditya with Rajashree, daughter
Vasavadatta, son Kumar Mangalam, and daugh!er-in-law Neerja,
resplendent in wedding finery.  There is a particularly tender one of
BK smiling at Sarala at the opening of a temple BK had had built.  In
another, a young Aditya sits cozily next to GD.

The office used to be a beehive of activity.  Today, Rajashree quietly
got up from behind the desk to greet me.  The last time I had been in
this room, Aditya had been pacing up and down, telephone glued to ear,
shouting down it, "I want a project.  We've got to have a new project,
otherwise we will be paying out too much in taxes."  His body tense, he
had placed one foot against the table's edge, flexing his hamstrings,
in an attempt to release impatience and restlessness.  He had been
talking to one of his executives, perhaps in Gwalior.  A meeting was
scheduled for the following week, and Birla wanted him to come prepared
with a slew of new ideas for the group's huge investible surpluses.
Birla spent a lot of time in this office, spinning his strategies,
drawing up blueprints, keepig busy his four secretaries (two in Bombay,
one in Delhi and one in Calcutta).

No other Indian businessman can claim to even remotely match Birla's
ability to build factories from scratch.  The only comparable
entrepreneur is perhaps Walchand Hirachand (1882-1953), a visionary who
pioneered India's entry into businesses of national importance such as
shipbuilding and aircraft manufacture as well as building huge
waterworks and key trunk roads.  Like Walchand, Birla inspired others.
One of his many fans was Sanjiv G'oenka, head of CESC and the man
responsible for short-circuiting Calcutta's power cuts.  'i've never
really been in direct touch with him but Aditya Birla is a kind of
idol," said Goenka.  "See what he has achieved in such a short span of
time!  I think if I could achieve one-tenth of it, I would be great."
Within the Birla clan, there was a mixed reaction to its most famous
member.  They respected Aditya for his achievements and the person he
was but found such adulation, constantly voiced, difficult to bear.

Overa span of twenty-five working years, Birla built some seventy
plants manufacturing acrylic fibre, aluminium, aluminium fluoride,
anydrous sodium sulphate, argon gas, bleaching powder, carbon black,
carbon di-sulphide, caustic soda, chlorosulphonic acid, coconut oil,
fertilizer, flax, hose pipes hydrogen peroxide, industrial machinery,
insulators, lightning arrestors and condensors, palm oil, poly
aluminium chloride, paper, polyester filament yarn, polynosic and other
speciality fibres, portland cement, rayon grade pulp, sea water
magnesia, sponge iron, sodium tripolyphosphate, STPP (a detergent
intermediate), sulphuric acid, textiles, viscose filament rayon yarn,
viscose staple fibre, and white cement, besides a string of small power
plants.  A human factory-making factory, other industrialists said, and
acknowledged his achievements by calling him "Aditya babu'.

Age and cancer couldn't diminish his zest.  On the contrary, if
anything, they made him more entrepreneurial.  For a brief moment in
1990, he had paused, saying, "After a point, one has to consider the
load on oneself.  Today, it is not a question of obtaining a licence.
That era has gone and licences are freely available.  Now the things to
consider are the availability of good people, the tying up of the
finance and time.  Perhaps I am becoming more content in the last five
years.  I start thinking of the load on myself and whether a new
project is worth it."  Thi'ee years later, in his fiftieth year, with
the bad news from the doctors ringing in his ears, he declared, "We
will get more aggressive now."

According to Rajashree, during his illness, work became his only hobby.
"He was a fun-loving, very very adventurous person but in the last
three-four years, he was working harder.  Previously we used to go to
plays, watch videos---he used to like Amitabh Bachchan movies--but for
the last few years, it was just work."  Blueprints for vast factories
used to shower like confetti from his desk; after 1993, from his
sickbed.

Coincidentally, around the same time, the Narasimha Rao administration
was opening the doors of several businesses previously reserved for the
government to the private sector.  The liberalization programme enabled
Birla to think and plan big, bigger than anything he had done earlier,
and he prepared a rich smorgasbord of ideas.  Seizing the opportunity,
he outlined humongous plans: a petrochemical complex as large as
Dhirubhai Ambani's at Hazira in Gujarat; a 1,000 MW power station
similar to the one the Hinduja brothers are erecting at Vishakhapatnam
in Andhra Pradesh.  While his backroom boys worked out the details,
Birla pushed to complete an oil refinery, a copper smelter, a hot
rolled coil steel mill, and an entry into the sunrise telecom sector.
Meanwhile there was a takeover deal fermenting in Tanzania, and the
Romanian government wanted to sell him a carbon black plant belonging
to Aperchim, a state-owned enterprise.

AmOng the trophies, however, there is one brass farthing.

It was fortunate for Birla's reputation and bottom lines that in the
one instance where he erred, the group was large enough to absorb its
negative impact.  Few beyond industry insiders and a handful of savvy
analysts supected that his flagship was bleeding badly because of his
gamble in Vikram spat, 6rasim's sponge iron division.

Within the group, it was another story.  There was no attempt to sweep
the problem under the carpet.  According to Rajashree, Aditya 'was
worried about the sponge iron plant because every day a new problem was
coming up.  They used to solve one problem and just after a week a new
problem would start.  He wasn't upset about it, he just took it as a
challenge.  Once when he was giving a speech, the boys asked him, which
is your favourite factory?  So he replied that the one which is in
trouble, because a father always has a soft corner for the weakest
child, l think he was talking about Vikram Ispat."

Sponge iron is a raw material in steel-making and a substitute for
imported steel scrap used by Indian rolling mills.  In 1984, the lndira
Gandhi administration liberalized sponge iron manufacture in an effort
to boost steel production and reduce expensive scrap imports.  Like
half a dozen others, Aditya Birla jumped onto the bandwagon.  After his
mother's assassination, Rajiv Gandhi took over and speeded up the
process.  Practically everyone who applied for a licence got it: the
Ambanis of Reliance, Shashi and Ravi Ruia of the Essar Group, Umesh
Modi of the Delhi-based Modi group, M.L. Mittal of the lspat group,
Neelkant Kalyani of the Bharat Forge group, P.B. Bhardwaj (a
London-based businessman), and, of COurse, Aditya Birla.

The government's unusual efficiency and generosity were greeted by
shocked dismay.  Indian businessmen were in the habit of looking upon a
government approval as an automatic licence to print money but if the
government gave everyone a chance and every letter of intent was
implemented, the current shortage would slip into a case of serious
oversupply.  The government lobbed a second bombshell: Birla and the
Ruias were permitted to build huge 800,000 tpa gas-based plants, the
rest had to be content with 100,000-150,000 tpa coal-based plants.  One
by one promoters backed out, leaving just four in the field: Birla, the
Ruias, Modi and Bhardwaj.

Two years down the road, Modi, Bhardwaj and Birla were still struggling
to implement their licences when the Ruias commissioned their sponge
iron plant on August 1, 1990.  "It was a stroke of luck," says Ravi. 
In a hotel room in Emden (Germany), Shashi was leafing through a bunch
of trade magazines when he noticed an advertisement for a five-year-old
mothballed gas-based plant with two modules having a capacity of
440,000 tonnes each.  Its owners, Nordferrowerk GmbH, had operated it
for barely six months in 1981 before shutting it down because of high
gas prices.  "Buying a second hand plant is like buying a second hand
car.  It could turn out to be a fantastic deal or a dud," continued
Ravi.

On checking it out, the Ruia brothers realized that the Emden plant was
definitely no dud.  In fact, buying it would be the smartest move of
their lives as it bankrolled their push into steel and oil exploration
and oil refining.  From being a small shipping company on ONGC's
fringes, the Essar Group would become one of the fastest growing
business houses of the decade.

What had come down in the West, came up in India.  The Ruias clinched
the deal for the proverbial song.  in January 1987.  It took them
twenty-four months to dismantle, ship and re-assemble the 17,000 tonne
plant, piece by piece, at Hazira.  In all the Ruias had to spend Rs
4.16bn on the plant.  but it was dir cheap.  at the price--and not just
because Birla's spanking new one would cost double.  The Emden plant
had already weathered teething troubles under its previous owners.
"This plant was built by Germans for West Germany and they designed it
to be the Cadillac of sponge iron plants," says Ravi.  "From day one,
it worked like a dream."  The time factor--a two-year lead over the
packwgave the Ruias a crucial advantage.  Despite a 15 per cent cost
overrun, Essar had saved on interest charges and could capture a
sizable chunk of the market.

Birla also took a hit on technology.  The Ruias chose proven technology
while Birla flirted with the unknown.  For his sponge iron plant, Birla
turned to Mexico's Hylsa S.A. de C.V. who promised him the latest and
the best in manufacturing and processing technology.  The only drawback
was, it was also untested.  For the first time in his life, Birla could
not contain costs or remain on schedule.  Two new kids on the block had
breasted the finish tape ahead of "Babu'.  Outwardly Birla appeared
unperturbed, but Vikram Ispat's slow progress must have been galling
for the man who had won his corporate spurs on the back of speedy
project implementation.

Even today, Vikram lspat isn't out of the woods though it has been
commissioned.  Setting the plant on its feet is going to be a major
challenge for Kumar Mangalam, says an industry insider.  "Why' didn't
Mukand and Musco get into the sponge iron business?"  he asks
pertinently.  "They were offered the same project but putting up a
merchant plant doesn't make sense.  Why make a product that competes
with a commodity?  One can never hope to make a profit, Kumar Mangalam
will need to integrate forwards, put up an HRC (hot rolled coil) plant.
At one point, Vikram lspat was bleeding Rs 800m.  The Ruias' project
was different.  They thought like traders and had the devil's own luck
in timing.  They bought the plant and Put it up when there was a
tremendous shortage of scrap.  Within three years, they've made such
good money that they've recouped all that they had spent on the
plant."

INDIA INC.

An astute and cautious businessman, Birla must have deliberated over
these angles before plunging into sponge iron manufacture, but perhaps
he didn't consider them overwhelming enough.  The project offered the
opportunity of getting a toehold into a business for which the Birlas
have hungered for half a century.  One of GD's greatest--and
unfulfilled--desires had been to own a steel mill like J.R.D. Tata's
Tisco.  In the mid-'70s, Aditya too had tried to get into this core
sector but had ended up burning his fingers.

Knowing how much steel-making meant to his grandfather, Aditya had once
sketched out a project report for a pig iron plant.  He had tested his
skills in Eastern Spinning, Hindustan Gas and Indian Rayon, and had
felt ready to take on a new challenge.  Having built one plant and
turned around another, and brimming with the confidence of youth, he
felt confident enough to embfirk on a mega project.  And promptly fell
flat on his face.

A more experienced businessman would have known from the start that it
was an overly ambitious plan.  Where a veteran like GD had failed,
could Aditya succeed?  For a moment it seemed he could.  Travelling to
the USA, the twenty-something managed to convince Kaiser Corporation,
one of the world's biggest metal companies, to join hands with him in
building a $100m plant in Bihar.  Flying back to India, Aditya hugged
himself.

The bubble burst when the Indian government withheld its approval.
Integrated steel plants were, as per government

 I

policy, re sed for the public sector.  The episode was not a total
fiasco, however.  Jawaharlal Nehru, who was prime minister, and T.T.
Krishnamachari, his finance minister, awarded the young lad a
consolation prize in the form of Hindalco.

Returning to the USA, Aditya renegotiated his deal with Kaiser,
switching from steel to aluminium, and Hindalco became one of GD's
'dearest' companies.  But, tenacious as always, Aditya never gave up on
steel.  When regulations permitted it, he would launch Vikram Ispat.
Despite his disdain for acquisitions, he initiated negotiations for
Vizag Steel

| (which broke down).  In December 1991, Century Textiles would
announce its intention to build a Rs 6bn pig iron plant near Midnapore
in West Bengal, and in 1995, the Jayalalitha administration in Tamil
Nadu would sign an Moll with Grasim

| for a Rs 33bn integrated steel plant.

The earlier pig iron foray made a deep impact on Aditya's mind.  Fed up
of red tape and pen-pushing bureaucrats, he looked outside India for
growth opportunities.  "There were so many restrictions.  So many
clearances were required.  So much time was being taken up that I
decided to move out.  Of course,

recognition was probably the motive force.  Everyone wants to make his
own contribution and whatever I might do in India would be only a drop
in the ocean.  Going overseas was the only course if I had to make it
on my own," he said at the time.

And make it he did, by a wide margin.  In computing the size of his
operations, Birla refused to benchmark himself against Indian
yardsticks, preferring to pit himself against the world.  Till 1994,
Birla was the world's number one viscose producer, the largest producer
of palm oil, the third largest producer of insulators and the sixth
largest producer of carbon black.

Strait-jacketed by Indian foreign exchange regulations, Birla's pockets
weren't exactly bulging when he started scouting for projects. 
Anything in America or Europe was Way above his means, but a fistful of
dollars could buy quite a lot in South East Asia.  Moreover, GD and
President Ferdinand Marcos of the Philippines knew each other well. 
Aditya dropped by to visit his grandfather's old friend who promptly
appointed him honorary consul for the Philippines in India.  For the
youngster, granting visas and scribbling his autograph on PaSsports was
a heady feeling.

From a material point of view, however, Thailand offered better
opportunities.  In the late '60s and early '70s, it was opening up its
economy to foreign investment.  Incentives included exemption from
corporate tax and dividend tax for eight years and no duties on the
import of capital equipment.  Birla's first international venture was a
Rs 10m textile mill; his first major order, uniforms for its
air-hostesses' uniforms from Thai Air'ays.  The tiny mill became a
springboard for three more mills, one each in Thailand, Indonesia, and
the Philippines.

These plants spawned other ventures.  By the mid-"O0s, Birla was
operating the world's biggest palm oil refinery in Malaysia, but his
biggest investments were in Thailand.  According to the Nilkei Weekly,
Birla wa snot merely the largest Indian investor in Thailand, but also
its second-largest holder of assets in the country.  Between 1970 and
1980, Birla promoted ten companies in South East Asia with aggregate
sales of $100m.

In 1986, he lost one.  A coconut oil refinery was nationalized after
Ferdinand and hnelda Marcos fled to the USA in the coup which brought
Corazon Aquino to power.  The textile mill remained untouched, however.
Swallowing his disappointment, Birla went back to the drawing board.
As

Aquino gave way to Fidel 'steady Eddie' Ramos, the philippine economy
revived and Birla was back in business.

In 1987 he announced a $55m project to make 23,000 tonnes annually of
rayon fibre.  In 1991, he established his fourth company in the
country, lndo-Phil Corn Chemicals.

In 1990, Birla headed a Rs 12bn overseas empire of twelve companies in
Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines, making his group
perhaps the only true Indian multinational.  By 1995, there were
seventeen companies in fourteen countries with aggregate sales of Rs
52bn.  An overjoyed BK exulted: "Other Indians started ventures in
these countries but, till 1984-85, most of the endeavours had failed."
Within the Birla clan, they wondered, was this merely a father's pride
talking, or was it a snide dig at CK's African enterprises and SK's
Singapore operations?

Until early 1990, few back home knew the extent of 13irla's operations
in South East Asia and the speed with which he was growing there.. 
From Birla's point of view, the less said the better.  The MRTP, FERA
and other regulations didn't encourage transparency.  In any case, very
few bothered to bypass the fuzzy smokescreens to make out the real
picture. Most of his international companies are closely held.  Only
two--Thai Rayon and Thai Carbon--from a stable of thirteen, are quoted
on the local stock exchanges.

After 1990, Birla allowed the smokescreens to melt away.  It was a good
time to showcase his achievements.  He had already reversed his
decision to keep away from the limelight, and most companies were
reporting spectacular profits.  'lnspite of ruthless competition from
the Americans, the Japanese, the Europeans and the South East Asians
themselves, we are making super profits," declared Birla smugly.  "Last
year, we gave 50 to 100 per cent as dividends.  I wish we had kept more
shares for ourselves."

According to an international banker, Birla had an ulterior motive in
handing out the generous payouts.  "Birla's own holdings in his
companies abroad tend to be small, but he controls them through
management contracts except in Malaysia.  In most of his companies,
there are several large NRi investors, mostly Palanpuri Jain diamond
merchants such as Rashmi Mehta of Gembel.  As these companies are
private, investors cannot count their gains through capital
appreciation of shares, so Birla keeps them happy by giving generous
dividends and frequent bonuses," he explains.  On a more worried note,
he continues: "The question is, will Kumar Mangalam be able to maintain
the grip his father had on these companiesT'

The foreign banker's theory undervalued the importance of a core Birla
tenet: Aditya's preoccupation with the bottom line.  Birla's local
companies are amongst the most cash-rich in all of India.  In 1993, for
example, a Business World survey found that Grasim was India's second
richest company, and Hindalco ranked sixth (ICICI, Grasim, Telco, Tara
Chem, HDFC, Hi.ndalco, ITC, Tata Tea, Nocil, Spic).  Birla rarely
entered a business which did not generate a minimum 22 per cent return
on equity.  Dubbed the "Fail-Safe' man by Business Today, Birla was as
risk-averse internationally as in India.

For one, Birla didn't dabble in businesses he wasn't familiar with.
Mostly, his overseas ventures mirrored his Indian experience.  Most
products Birla made abroad, he also made at home.  The lessons in
industrial management learnt in India were applied internationally. 
For example, in 1966, he acquired Indian Rayon, then a small spinning
mill. Three years later, in 1969, he built Indo-Thai Synthetics, a Rs
10m, 12,768 spindle mill.  Similarly, at the same time (1974) that
Grasim was beefing up its rayon programme, Birla established Thai
Rayon, a joint venture between Grasim and Thai entrepreneurs.  In
mid-1988, Birla introduced carbon black into Indian Rayon's portfolio
of products.  From a small 20,000 tpa unit (beefed up to a more
respectable 50,000 tpa in 1989) in India, he gradually built a global
presence with plants in Thailand and Egypt, becoming the sixth largest
manufacturer in the world of this tyre intermediate.  More recently, he
had received offers for carbon black plants in Poland and Romania.

As a further precaution, many products are linked to the country about
whose economy Birla was best informed.  Most of Birla's Malaysian palm
oil is exported to India as are many of his Thai products.

Thirdly, globally and locally, he kept away from consumer products that
needed savvy marketing, and concentrated instead on a spectrum of
industrial intermediates: viscose and acrylic fibre, carbon black,
synthetic yarns, palm oil, fatty acids, detergent intermediates, epoxy
resins, hydrogen peroxide.  Many saw Birla's unwillingness to enter the
high-risk high-profit areas of consumer brands, as a major weakness in
his managerial makeup.

Allegations that he couldn't face competition used to touch Birla on
the raw.  "We are not afraid of competition.  Let competition be afraid
of us," he challenged.  "I thrive on competition," he told me.  "How
many Indian businessmen know how to face international competition?  In
South East Asia, there is no protection.  The Americans, the Japanese,
the Europeans and the South East Asians themselves--all are there in
the market.  We are one of many.  And in the industries we are in, we
are open to ruthless competition.  But we are making SUper profits."

As news of Birla's success spread, heads of state came knocking on
Aditya's door with flowers, trying to seduce him to their countries. 
In February 1993, the King of Bhutin paid a state visit to India.  He
wanted an Indian entrepreneur to exploit Bhutan's limestone deposits,
build a cement plant there and export some of it to Assam and West
Bengal.  The royal homework short listed two names: Aditya Birla and
Suresh Neotia of Gujarat Ambuja Cement.  In November 1994, Chaun
Leekpai, the Thai prime minister, came to personally congratulate Birla
on the silver anniversary of the group's presence in Thailand.  The
king left empty-handed, Leekpai left with promises of $400m in fresh
capital investment.

The Russians followed.  Birla was always short of rayon grade pulp,
would he be interested in a pulp plant in Russia?  If so, they had for
sale a 120,000 tonnes plant employing 700 workers in north-east Russia,
a three-hour flight from Tokyo.  It was going cheap: it had been closed
for the past four months.  In December 1994, a virtually invisible
press release announced the group's entry into yet another country.
Significantly, that year Birla's aggregate Indian production with a 90
per cent market share was 120,000 tonnes, or equal to Indian Rayon's
new purchase.  In one stroke he had doubled his production.

If in India Birla's illness spurred him on to be more dynamic, the
pattern would be repeated in South East Asia.  Thailand is to become
the group's second manufacturing base after India.  But there are plans
for a textile mill in Vietnam, a major expansion of existing carbon
black facilities in Egypt, besides a gaggle of smaller projects in
Malaysia, the Philippines and Indonesia.  An editorial in the Economic
Times patted him on the back: "Well might Mr.  Birla declare that
foreign competition should be scared of him."

GREAT EXPECTATIONS

Inevitably envy trailed Birla's success at home and abroad, and family
members suffered the debilitating emotion more than outsiders.  GD's
death unleashed emotions which had been reined in for too many years.
They resented GD's partiality for 13K and affection for Aditya.  They
were jealous of the fact that GD stayed with BK when he was in Calcutta
and with Aditya when in Bombay.  Respect for GD had forced vocal
restraint, but in private their rancour ballooned under repression.
Under their sober suits and conservative ties, they seethed with envy
every time the media hyped Aditya's Midas touch, or referred to him as
GD's logical heir.  It's hard to be a Birla.  The surname demands
success.

Tensions were exacerbated by the Hindu joint family system.  Some among
the younger generation felt that their inheritance had not been
equitably distributed after GD's death.  They were unprepared to accept
the terms proposed by the older generation and were willing to fight
for what they perceived to be their just rights.  The issue still
hadn't been completely resolved by the time Aditya died.

In reality, the seeds of the Birla mahabharat were probably sown much
before GD's death.  Some trace it to the late '70s when GD inducted
Aditya into Hindalco and Grasim.  They sprouted into green shoots of
jealousy when GD 'made it very clear that he wished Aditya to take over
their reins after his demise'.

In 1983, Birla patriarchs, represented by GD's three sons (Lakshmi
Niwas, Krishna Kumar and BK), and their cousins, the brothers Ganga
Prasad and Madho Prasad, tried to bank down the fires.  At first it
looked as if they would succeed.  During the official mourning after
GD's death, Laxmi Niwas (1910-1994), a talented speculator, prolific
writer and now titular head of India's second largest business house,
spoke to India Today.  "We are not a group in the sense that the public
normally sees us," he was quoted as saying.  "Each member of the family
has his own companies in whose functioning the others do not interfere.
There is no oa'ac central authority and at the end, my father had
direct resp, responsibility of only a few companies that.  were
especially dem- to him."  It was a clear message that GD's wishes were
sacrosanct.

The most important of the 'es[=ecially dear' companies were Hindalco
and Mysore Cement, so it was only 'natural' that one grandson, Aditya,
should assume charge of Hindalco, in which he was already involved;
while the other grandson, Sudarshan (SK), would get charge of" Mysore
Cement.  GD had six granddaughters from his three so us and several
grandsons from his three daughters (Chandral<ala Daga, Ansuyiadevi
Tapuriah, and Shantidevi Maheshw'ari) but.  in a traditional Marwari
family, the baton passes from father to son.  Females don't count
except in dowry exchatages.  Like the Tatas, the Birlas arc no a
particularly fecund ffamily, and old habits die hard.

In executing GD's expressed de, sires, his sons carefully left unsaid
the fact that Hindalco was ten times the size of Mysore Cement.
(Hindalco's sales i n 1983 were Rs 1.87bn, Mysore Ceme.nt's, Rs 178m).
Also left unsaid was the fact that between them, BK and Aditya
controlled the largest and most profitable of the Birla companies. 
"And why not?"  argued Aditya's friends.  After all, wa sta he
responsible for substantially building up many of thse companies in the
first place?

In a rare moment of candour, A.litya once admitted that the Birla most
unhappy with the settlement was Sudarshan.  In the autumn of his life,
even GD appe.rs to have suffered a few guilty twinges.  Shortly before
he died, he allocated Jiyajeerao Cotton Mills and Saurashtra Chemicals
to Sudarshan but the scales were still tipped in Aditya's favour when
he was made chairman of Grasim.  in 1985, the family belatedly made
amends by handing over Cimmco to Sudarshan's son, Siddharth.

By 1986 a revolt against the 1983 settlement was gathering momentum led
by SK and KK.  In 1983, KK, a Rajya Sabha Congress member of
Parliament, had observed that carving up the empire would 'not be easy,
even if someone wants to, and I don't think it is going to happen'.
Post-1986, his unhappiness matched that of his nephew and he was ready
and willing to wield the scalpel.

"I know that KK is bitter about the fact that he has not got any of
GD's major companies.  Grasim, Century, Hindalco and Kesoram have all
gone to BK and Aditya, while KK has got nothing," said one of KK's
friends.  Virtually all KK's companies (Zuari Agro, Texmaco, Indian
Steamship, the sugar units) were founded, acquired or managed from the
start by KK himself.  "The absence of an inheritance may be partly
because KK has three daughters and no sons, partly because KK had
turned down offers from GD to move into one of his companies, and
partly because father and son did not always see eye to eye," said
Ninan.  Bad luck also played a role.  Some of his major units--in coal,
insurance and copper--were nationalized, while a starch unit in Burma,
the family's first overseas venture dating back to the '40s, had to be
sold because of troubled political conditions in Burma.

With so many forces at work, even the genial BK admitted that the
formula was under strain.  "After 1983, it was clear that unless some
kind of division was agreed upon, there would not only be problems in
course of time but also misunderstandings and even unpleasantness."  At
the same time, 'there was, I think, some hesitation in all four of us
about how to start discussing the division."  And where to start.

Unravelling the group would be a difficult task.  An intricate
structure of cross-share holdings bound the group companies together.
This was not a planned strategy such as Ratan Tata was trying to
introduce at Bombay House but a

I t historical legacy from an era when companies floating new ventures.
had to turn to sister concerns for raising funds.  The original four
Birla brothers had promoted enterprises jointly, using manufacturing
companies, family trusts and a clutch of investment companies which
eventually became 'mother' units.  So Century (controlled by BK) held a
substantial stzke in Zuari Agro (KK), while Grasim (Aditya)had a large
holding in Mysore Cement (Sudarshan), and so on.

Management control was often divorced from ownership.  A clean break
would involve selling shares to each other at market prices where the
real beneficiary would be the tax collector.  Apart from the heavy
capital gains tax which everyone would have to pay, the legal bill for
untangling Gordian knots would be hefty.  In 1983, the family had
agreed that for the time being, they would try out GD's principle of
'line of actual control', i.e."  groap companies would be partitioned
but the cross-share holdings would remain intact.  By 1986, everyone
accepted that the knots would have to be snipped-even if they had to
shell out Rs 250m to Rs 500m to the taxman.

The skirmishes were initially limited to GD's side of the clan with the
Braj Mohan and Rameshwar Das branches maintaining a neutral distance.
They would later be drawn willy-nilly into the scuffle because of their
immensely valuable share holdings  No longer were Aditya and SK
portrayed as GD's only grandsons.  "We were four and now again we are
four," reminded the new generation, referring in the first instance to
GD and his three brothers, and in the second toCK and Ashok.  The
advent of proxy battles raised the price of forgotten share
certificates in dusty tijoris.  And as the battleground became
bloodier, family members would join hands with each other to create,
power blocks which would shake the principle of de facto control of
companies and bring about massive upheavals.

During the bitter backroom wrestling, one Birla retained his dignity.
Paying him a tribute, BK wrote: "Ashok's attitude during the
discussions was the best.  He attended only one meeting; he explained
his point of view and told the other members of the family: "This is my
opinion; please give me whatever you feel you want to give me; I don't
want to enter into any wrangling over this matter.  Whatever basic
settlement and valuation is agreeable to Aditya, is acceptable to me."
Lip to the end he totally stuck to his decision."

BK's eulogy, published in A Rare Legacy, came too late.  On February
14, 1990, flight IC 605 crashed at Bangalore airport claiming ninety
victims.  On board had been Asbok, his wife Sunanda, their daughter
Sujata, and many of Ashok's key executives.  They had been flying to
Bangalore for the opening of a new factory, a joint venture with USA's
3M.  The only member of the family to survive was Yashovardan, who was
then studying in the US.

KK triggered the 1986 round of skirmishes by apportioning his companies
among his three daughters.  Shobhana Bhartia provided the immediate
provocation by promptly moving onto the Hindustan Times board,
attending office in Delhi and interviewing prospective candidates for
the paper's editorship.  Some Birlas felt 'this was a bit too hasty,
rushing before formalities had been really been sorted out.  Besides
these members liked to believe that the paper, and the authority that
went with it, belonged to the family as a whole and not to any
particular segment."

In April 1986, at a conclave in Calcutta, Ganga Prasad was asked to
oversee a fresh effort to resolve the deadlock.  The family met on
August 15, Independence Day, for an hour.  The next day, the ten Birlas
resumed their talks.  It was all very civilized: the youngsters
deferred to their elders; those who

 to

/ Business Maharajas spoke, did so in calm, even tones.  It was also
inconclusive, and the tensions were never far below the surface.  But
'after four months of discussions, intense consultations among
ourselves,

much concerted efforts to arrive at an equitable and fair tl division
and allocation, a settlement came in sight', said BK.

The basis for valuation for quoted companies would be the

"I"

market price on August 14; for unquoted companies, it would

"I

be their net worth; and for investment companies, their intrinsic
value.

d.

Within weeks, it was clear that this grand composite plan wasn't going
to work.  "We had hoped that all the major issues would be resolved but
for various reasons, the proposed settlement fell through.  Four months
of serious effort went tl down the drain.  Naturally, an element of
bitterness crept in,"

said BK.  From Rs 150m to Rs 200m, the 'liability' for BK and al

Aditya had apparently swelled to Rs 2bn and they started ht examining
the valuation very closely.  All through 1987, 'the atmosphere was
polluted by arguments, wranglings and antagonisms.  Hope and despair
alternated like day and night,"

BK sighed.

As in 1986, so in 1987, the year's first skirmish involved

KK.  This time it was a straight fight between KK and Ganga

Prasad over Upper Ganges Sugar.  Originally promoted by Braj

Mohan, Ganga Prasad held over 30 per cent of its stock but KK

had been looking after it for several years.  In accordance with the
1983 settlement, KK continued doing so.  In 1986, however,

the tiny company doubled its sales, from Rs 388m to Rs 619m,

showing good profits.  In the vitiated atmosphere of 1986-87,

Ganga Prasad demanded it back.  A hurt KK claimed that 'a gift is not
meant to be returned', and offered to buy Ganga

Prasad's shares, but the issue became deadlocked over price.

In the ensuing scrimmage, the Calcutta Stock Exchange had to step in to
regulate trading.

Tile most embarrassing skirmishes were those when the Ion bid against
each other for blocks of shares held by elatives.  In Bombay, Sudarshan
approached hi.  aunt s family, e Maheshwaris, who owned between 10 and
15 per cent of hares in some key Birla firms, including Pilani
Investments.  'he Maheshwaris thought Sudarshan was buying them for a
9oo1' account.  By the time Aditya knocked on their door, he 1as too
late and failed to get the prize despite a higher bid.  In efence,
Sudarshan explained that he was merely carrying out family commitment
that had been given earlier because the |aheshwaris had said they
wanted to sell.

Sutlej Cotton perhaps witnessed the biggest exercise of e Birlas'
incredible money power.  An ostensibly significant company, in 1986,
Sutlej Cotton's net worth was :ound Rs 95m; sales, Rs 350m.  But it was
a 'mother' ct nit 91ding a valuable portfolio of Birla stocks including
1.85m rasim shares (8.5 per cent of its total equity); 1.24m Hindalco
per cent); lm Zuar.i Agro; 0.Sm Universal Cables; 650,000 atnakar
Shipping; 64,000 Pilani Investments; and 6,750 entury.  In the books,
these shares were valued at a historical gure of Rs 29.8m.  At 1986
market prices, the Grasim shares ere worth Rs 170m, and those of
Hindalco, Rs 120m.  Sutlej's are holding was divided between the
financial institutions 1 per cent), the general public (25 per cent),
and the Birlas 4 per cent).  Of this latter portion, KK owned about
one-third, ',."  20 per cent.

Keen to establish un challengeable supremacy, KK tried strengthen his
grip on it.  First he quietly acquired a part ofneral Insurance
Corporation (GIC) shareholding in Sutlej.  Shortly thereafter he tried
to make a rights issue.  In early 1986, e Hindustan Times carried an
item that Sutlej Cotton oposed to make a rights issue of 240,000 shares
of Rs 10 face luc at a premium of Rs 15 per share.  The market price
was

,

Rs 23.  In effect, the issue would double the company's equity base.

Apparently KK did not discuss the Sutlej rights issue With the rest of
the family before announcing it.  The other Birlas objected, saying
that Sutlej was owned by the family as a Whole and no single branch had
a majority.  The hefty premium also became a hot topic.  However, KK
refused to back down and the action moved to the stock market.  Its
price rocketed from Rs 25 to Rs 35 in August 1986 to an astronomical Rs
118 a year later.  Again the Calcutta Stock Exchange had to intervene.
KK was forced to abort the issue.

The jostling propelled the clan into unexpected alignments.  Ganga
Prasad, Pryamvada (Madho Prasad's widow) and Sudarshan (all net sellers
in the latest settlement) found themselves on common ground and ganged
up against BK and KK (who were net buyers).

Almost imperceptibly, around the same time, KK began to realize he had
more in common with his younger brother BK than he had thouht, ln1987,
KK published lndira Gandhi: Reminiscences.  While writing it, vivid
childhood memories poignantly returned.  And Aditya was not such a bad
lad after all, recalled KK.  During the 1971 Lok Sabha elections, 'my
young nephew Aditya, my brother Basant Kumar and his wife Sarla (sic)
helped me a lot.  They had worked tirelessly and were very disheartened
over my defeat', remembered KK emotionally.  "Aditya was particularly
sad.  He almost broke down; that was the saddest day of his life, he
declared with all sincerity."

For Aditya, Uncle KK's tacit support could not have come at a more
opportutae moment.  The GP-PMP-S combine controlled more than half the
shareholding in two crucial 'mother' units, Pilani Investments and
Jiyajeerao Cotton Mills, which held large investments in key BK-KK
companies.  For noment, the Birlas rocked on a precipice.  There was a
real fear that Aditya could lose Grasim and Hindalco.

Smelling money, outside punters swung into action.  Between July and
August 1987, share prices of Birla companies swung madly.  Jiyajeerao
Cotton shot up from Rs 18 to Rs 34 in one week; Grasim rose from Rs 76
to Rs 100; Hindalco, from Rs 74 to Rs 117.

This was perhaps the most dangerous moment in Aditya;s entire business
career, but he played his cards shrewdly, always a step ahead of the
rival combine.  For the past couple of years, he had been judiciously
shoring up his stakes through 'some clever and timely' purchases on the
market.  Most of his purchases were made in small lots through small
brokers.  In addition he had an ace in his hand which the others
couldn't beat.  In a crunch, the financial institutions who held large
stakes in his companies would surely back him.  Now he played the trump
card.  The others agreed to sell out to him.  By August 1988 a truce
had been hammered out.  Tempers cooled and Aditya was firmly in the
saddle.

Kumar Mangalam's wedding to Neerja was a welcome respite from the
family fireworks, but the truce didn't last long.  As soon as the
wedding was over.  the clan returned to its favourite pastime.  The un
picking process occupied the better part of the next three years, but
by and large, the cross-share holdings had been de linked by 1990.  By
May 1996, a power-sharing formula for Century Textiles, the last
festering sore, had been worked out.  Nobody was completely satisfied
but at least workable compromises of sorts had been achieved and the
clan would stop breathing down each others' necks.  lrhe sums involved
in this exercise were enormous.  BK and dit ya probably made a payout
of between Rs lbn-Rs 2bn to be others and the taxman.

For such an astute man, one with his formidable intelligence and
business savvy, how and why did Birla perrni: himself to be cornered
over Grasim and Hindalco?  "Perhaps he was too trusting," says
Rajashree.  "He was very large hearted and too trusting.  He always
considered the family as a whole and share holdings didn't worry him.
That Such problems could arise didn't even occur to him."

"He really did not bother to consider that his part of the family
didn't have a majority and that another part did because he thought the
whole family was his whereas some other parts of the family, they made
sure that they had a majority," agrees Kumar Mangalam.  "I am not
blaming anyone--1 am just saying that times change and I think as far
as my father was concerned, he, I mean, everyone thought, that it was
impossible for him to lose his companies.  I think the important thing
was that at the end of the day, no one from the family could say that
he was unfair to them, or even that he was rude to them.  It was all
done in a manner that he did not have to have any regrets.

It was all very dignified.  There was nothing surreptitious or |.

underhand about it.  And he did all of this by himself, without any
support from the family."

KALLUVETTUKUZHIYIL MOOSA

On the morning of February 7, 1988, Kalluvettukuzhiyil.  Moosa walked
out of his house to the nearby tea shop to read the newspaper over a
cup of tea.  It was thirty-one months to the day that he had been
following this routine, ever since the factory he worked in had closed
down.  Skimming over the previous day's events, he read an article
saying that once again talks between the Kerala state government and
the management of Grasim's pulp and viscose fibre plant at Mavoor had
broken down.  Folding up the paper, Moosa returned to his house and
hanged himself.

Some would later say that Moosa's death was not in vain.

Twelve other workers had committed suicide before him but

" an' notice This tire th

-e had take" , e Marxist o t", -de a serious effort to treaK Its
deadlock with nment mgover , v so that the plant couitl reo3er,

the 13irla run ""en .... The crux of the conflict was wood.  To fed the
lttlp plant,

the Grasim management had purchased 30,)00 acres of forest rand in
1965.  At the time, the state governthent ha0 promised that these
forests would not be nationalized for sixty years.  The government
changed and the new adminislration rversed the decision.  In 1q74, a
new agreement was hmmereq out where the government agreed to supply
200,100 tons of raw material, or two-thirds of its needs, to th plant. 
From lq81,

even this dwindled and the plant was running to less than one-fifth its
capacity.  Starved of inputs and with mounting losses, Birla shut down
the plant in ]ul 1085, leclaring his willingness to reopen whenever the
gvernrnert supplied it with raw materials at competitive rates.

The plant's closure threw 4,000 Wrkers otat of work, an enticing vote
bank for every politician in Kerala.  The on-off negotiations with
various Marxist mini.trics didn,l help.  There were threats of
nationalization, but eath time the government backed off.  The
brinkmanship finally ended ir January 1989.

The government blinked, not Birla.

Broken promises and other incidents matle Birla cynical about
politicians and the way they rathe country, both at the

Centre and at state levels.  Like his cot| temporary Rahul Bajaj,

Aditya was conscious of his political heritage, but unlike the scooter
king, Birla shunned the comlany of Pliticians, saying simply, "It is
better to keep out of the limelight and let the balance sheet speak for
itself."  In the '00s, When industrialists started coming out in
support of the BJP, lirla refused to be drawn into the debate, merely
COmmenting, curtly, "We must member that we are Indians first.,

In the '60s and '70s, under lndira Gandhi, despite K.I. Birla's
personal rapport with the Congress leader, the clan was in a corporate
doghouse and several of Aditya Birla's proposals were either rejected
or blocked.  Resentful of bureaucratic restraints, Birla had turned his
attention to South East Asia.  As he used to say, "Look, one must enjoy
doing one's job.  If not, it's better to just leave it.  Confrontation
doesn't get you anywhere.  I have the whole world in which I can put up
industries.  I have no compulsions that I must limit my activities to a
particular country.  So I do not need to beg to influence anyone.  All
over the world, if we are doing business, it is on the strength of our
management and people.  Not on the basis of talking to the
governments."

But India was and would always be his home base, and he built wherever
he could.  "In the past one was not guided only by choice or gut
feeling.  A lot of decisions were taken because licences were available
in certain areas.  And this was wrong.  For instance, high growth took
place in the cement industry because it was de licensed  If the
industry had been deregulated, maybe we'd have gone into sponge iron
much earlier," he said.

Characteristically, Birla seized every opportunity for growth that
presented itself, if that happened to be cement, so be it.  in the
'70s, ACC, a Tata group company, was India's largest cement producer.
By the turn of the '90s, Birla was in a race for the leadership
position.  Did he want to be the biggest player in the Indian cement
industry?  "I have no such ambitions.  I'm told we are quite large, but
how we compare in size with others doesn't matter to me.  Whatever we
run should be run efficiently.  I'd like to feel that the units with
which I'm involved are run at excellent capacities and produt:e
quality'.

As the Narasimha Rao administration's liberalization programme gained
momentum, Birla welcomed it but commented warily, "There are too many
rules and regulations and just too much of government in every sphere
of activity.  Now we're taking conscious steps to break away from the
system and I think the government is doing an outstanding and truly
remarkable job.  In a very short time, phenomenal steps are being
taken, but it has to percolate down the line.  To change the culture of
an industrial organization takers several months.  So to change the
culture of a whole country and its government apparatus isn't going to
be easy--it'll take time."

He started drawing up new investment plans, but his wariness towards
politicians and bureaucrats didn't wane.  "We will not put up a
manufacturing unit in India unless there is an inherent advantage in
doing so.  Gone are the days when business plans were finalized keeping
just the Indian market in mind," he warned, it was no more than
expected from a man whom the government had kicked around so much.

Bureaucrats took eleven long years to clear the Mangalore Refinery
project, nine for the sponge iron one, six for the polyester filament
yarn plant, three for the one making argon gas and hydrogen peroxide,
and two for the fertilizer unit.  Birla abandoned the glass shell
projec!  because the government dragged its feet for so long that
business conditions changed and it became un viable  There were many
projects which he could not get cleared at all.  These included Indian
Rayon's proposal for a huge 1,000 MW power station in Andhra Pradesh
which the Narasimha Rao administration eventually awarded to the
Hindujas, a caprolactum plant, a float glass project, and a
petrochemical complex.  The Mangalore Refinery case, in fact, is a
classic example of the frustrations Birla had to put up with.

In September 1985, the cash-strapped Rajiv Gandhi administration,
desperate to increase the country's oil refining capacity, decided to
invite private entrepreneurs to build refineries as joint ventures with
the public sector.  Several

projects were offered, among them Karnai (in Haryana), Auriya (Uttar
Pradesh), and Mangalore (Karnataka).

Coincidentally, Birla was then in the middle of building Indo-Gulf
Fertilizers and mulling over sponge iron.  The Mangalore project caught
his eye as it had a large naphtha cracker attached to its refinery.
Birla had been keenly watching Dhirubhai Ambani's progress in
petrochemicals, and Aditya was keen to have his own cracker.  The
Mangalore project seemed the ideal vehicle.  Moreover, the entire
hydrocarbon sector was opening up.  To get into petrochemicals and oil
simultaneously was a seductive combination

Others had the same idea.  Sixteen business houses jumped into the fray
but Birla gradually inched ahead.  In November 1986, he topped the
petroleum ministry's shortlist.  His nearest competitors were Shashi
and Ravi Ruia of the Essar Group.  Uncle K.K. Birla was in third place.
By early 1987, Birla limped past the finish tape.  Or so he believed.
On February 2, the Centre issued a press release saying it was
'exploring the possibility of entering into a memorandum of
understanding with Indian Rayon Corporation as co-promoter for the
Mangalore petrochemical complex and for preparing a detailed project
report'.  The note raised more questions than it answered.  Why was it
so tentative?  if no decision had been taken, why issue a press
release?  And the note mentioned only a petrochemical project.  What
about the refinery?

Clearly someone was working against the project, but was he gunning for
the state government, Birla or merely trying to stall the project?  The
question remained unanswered when Birla signed an Moll with Hindustan
Petroleum Corporation (HPCL) to jointly build a 3m tpa refinery and a
250,000 tpa naphtha cracker in June.  Provision was built in for the
future addition of six downstream petrochemical units.  Birla rolled up
his sleeves and got to work though all the requisite permissions hadn't
yet come through, confident that he had the backing of the state
government.

Barely had the ink dried on the approval when it came under
low-intensity fire once again.  Birla's most vulnerable moment was to
come in April 1989.  In a highly.  unusual decision, an
inter-ministerial committee meeting directed the Project Investment
Board (PIB) to review the Mangalore project.  The committee justified
its order on a report by Abid Hussain, a member of the Planning
Commission.  Hussain suggested that India should have crackers based on
gas rather than naphtha.  If the suggestion were accepted, the
government's decision would favour Ambani's cracker and indirectly
pencil out Birla's cracker though not the refinery.

The committee's sudden decision to refer the Mangalore project back to
the PIB despite its earlier clearance and the Rs 200m spent by the
promoters sparked parochial resentment in Karnataka.  The Centre had
not discussed the matter with local officials before issuing its
directive.  Karnataka was worried that Uttar Pradesh--which had been
sanctioned a gas cracker at Auriya--would hijack the project.  The
Janata Party and Janata Dal started gearing up to protest.  The project
was by now well and truly enmeshed in political and bureaucratic
intrigue without a brick having been laid.

Birla survived the attack but objections to the project continued under
VP.  Singh's administration.  In December 1989, Veerandra Patil,
Karnataka's chief minister, flew to Delhi to raise the issue with Singh
who had taken over as prime minister from Rajiv Ganlhi on December 2.
Singh, known to be wary of Ambani, promised an answer by February 1990.
Birla allowed his hopes to rise: "I think only three crackers will go
through--ours, Haidia and Dhirubhai's," he told friends.  He was in for
a shock.  In March 1990, the government let it be known that because of
the resource crunch, 'expansion of

existing facilities was preferred to new ones'.  In Delhi, politicians
like Ramakrishna Hegde, a former chief minister of Karnataka who had
become vice-chairman of the Planning Commission, and MS. 
Gurupadaswamy, then petroleum minister and also from Karnataka, lobbied
hard on Birla's behalf, but like the Red Queen in Alice Through The
Looking Glass, they seemed to be running to stay in the same place.

A visionary who had had pragmatism hammered into him during the Kaiser
episode, Birla now seriously reassessed the situation.  He had spent
over five years trying to get permission for the Mangaiore complex. 
His attempts at getting a licence to manufacture purified terephthalic
acid (or PTA, a petrochemical input in synthetic textiles and a
business dominated by Reliance) had gotten nowhere and the proposal was
blocked, gathering dust somewhere.  The government had repeatedly
turned down Grasim's requests to put up an HDPE (a petrochemical used
by the plastic industry) unit as well as one for LAB (a detergent
intermediate).  Birla felt almost certain that the cracker was slowing
down the progress of approvals for the refinery.  Five years had gone
down the drain.  Perhaps it was time to cut his losses, quit pushing
for an entry into petrochemicals, drop the cracker and get on with the
refinery.

At the next meeting of the PIB in November, 1990, however, the powerful
committee didn't take any decisions because of the uncertain political
climate.  Two days later, Chandra Shekhar was sworn in as prime
minister.

This was just the opening Birla needed to make up for lost ground.  One
of Chandra Shekhar's first acts was to grant PIB approval to the
Mangalore refinery, but he didn't stop there.  Throwing the door wide
open, on April 11, 1991, his government showered letters of intent on
all serious applicants.  Much of the earlier rivalry was made
redundant.  Yet somehow

13irla's project was still lost in the woods.

Normally a reticent man, as businessmen have to be, in

April 1992 Birla was pushed into venting his frustration: "We have
created systems that have gone out of control.  There are not many
players in this country who will put up such a mega project.  The
refinery project has been subject to a lot of bureaucratic delays.  The
memorandum of understanding was signed four years back and it has been
hanging fire for God knows what reason--some permission, some clearance
here or there."

Towards the close of 1092, he managed to gather all the ,ecessary
clearances but petrochemicals remained an elusive dream.  Undaunted he
threw down a gauntlet, promising that 'after the refinery, we'll go in
for a petrochemical unit'.  Birla re-applied for a cracker in October
1994, and a PTA licence in 1995, even as the Ambanis were gearing up
for their refinery.  The clash of the titans in direct market
competition for the first time should be interesting.

Were roadblocks being deliberately erected to stall the Mangalore
project, I asked Kumar Mangalam, who in December 1995 was facing
opposition from a group of fisher folk at the refinery's proposed site.
N, no.  The troubles we've had are the normal ones faced by any large
project.  I don't think there is or was anyone's hand behind them," he
denied firmly.

If there were no roadblocks in this case, it's no secret that there
were unseen forces at work slowing down Aditya's entry into hydrogen
peroxide.

The gas is used extensively by the textile and paper industries in
India, and its production had been the monopoly of the politically
well-connected Nusli Wadia for decades.  Until Birla decided to
challenge it.  Nonetheless, it took him over four years to get a
licence.  Once he had all the licences in hand, Birla moved swiftly to
tie up with the USA's FNC, the world's largest producer of the
profitable gas, to help him erect facilities in Madhya Pradesh and
Bangkok.  The Nagda plant never came up but once the Thai plant had
gone into full commercial production, it was time to administer some
sharp taps on a few wrists.

In May 1994, Thailand announced that it was considering slapping a 30
per cent 'punitive tax' on certain Indian companies on the ground that
they were 'dumping' hydrogen peroxide.  The foreign trade ministry's
announcement was prompted by a local company, Thai Peroxide, which was
worried that Indian companies were offering the gas at prices lower
than the cost of production.  India's ex-factory price was Rs 26.60 per
kilo while the export price was Rs 15.36.  If Indian companies kept
dumping their production, local manufacturers would be saddled with a
mounting pile of unsold stock, warned Thai Peroxide.  Indian companies
exporting hydrogen peroxide to Thailand should be asked to give
detailed information on their cost of production, demanded the
Birla-run Thai company with mock virtuosity, knowing full well that
only extreme duress would make any company part with its trade secrets.
Wadia's National Peroxide retreated from the Thai market.

Though the government shot down so many of his proposals, there was one
area where Birla ruled supreme: viscose.  The steady profits yielded by
its manufacture were the source of his greatest strength, his financial
muscle.  Until 1994, Birla was the world's number one viscose staple
fibre producer.  In India, between BK's companies and his own, the duo
control 90 per cent of viscose fibre manufacture and 60 per cent of
viscose filament yarn.  As fiercely as Ambani protects his PTA
hegemony, the Birlas jealously guard their turf.  As Aditya once said,
he wasn't in business just for fun: "I'm a hard-headed businessman."

l Most businessmen know when not to meddle but not

Satish Kumar Modi, an aggressive Delhi-based businessman.  The youngest
of five energetic brothers, he was used to being bossed and had learnt
early on to fight for what he wanted.  During the '70s, the Modi Group
grew f'om next to nothing and by the '80s it was among the top twenty
business housesl of India.  When Modi announced his intention of
setting up a viscose unit, the Birla engine went into overdrive.  :
Right through the '80s, newspaper headlines screamed details about the
Modi-Birla tussle.  Birla, then and later, insisted that there was no
stop-Modi campaign.  "We are not fighting Mr.  S.K. Modi.  If we did
not want to encourage competition, why would we agree to sell a plant
to the Thapars.  Earlier we set up a plant for South India Viscose. But
we are machinery manufacturers and suppliers.  If the Modis want to buy
a plant, naturally I would like to sell my machinery to them.  And if,
according to DGTD regulations, they advertise in a gazette for
machinery, how can we not come forward.  We have the capacity to build
world-class plants having supplied to South Korea, Cuba, Thailand and
Indonesia in the lace of global competition.  We are trying to sell
machinery--not to stop competition."  Considering that Birla's monopoly
remains intact, it doesn't need to be said that Modi is still waiting
for the requisite permissions.

SMALL THINGS COUNT

he do it'?  How did he keep so many balls in the air without dropping
one?  What special managerial skills did he draw upon."?

In an age when B-schools didn't exist, MBA tutors were your father's
trusted managers, and textbooks were ledgers of thick cream paper bound
in red quilting filled with crabby accounts, Indian Rayon provided
Birla's initial management education.  Either it was a very good school
or Birla was a very good student.

In the spinning mills' early days, perhaps the first|

management tenet Adityalearnt was the value of continuous

growth.  Every year he kept adding to Indian Rayon's spinning and
weaving capacity.  This lesson became a crucial con cent one which he
applied to every company under his charge.  On taking over Hindaico
after GD's death, he immediately introduced an expansion programme.  In
1983, the company's production of primary metal was 93,883 tonnes.  Ten
years later, production stood at 157,826 tonnes.  Continuous growth is
today a primary goal in the group's corporate philosophy.

"To keep on modernizing, updating, debottlenecking, cost cutting,
increasing production (including capacities) by technological
improvements, this is what we enjoy.  Running a plant day in and day
out in the same manner gives one no joy.  The basic aim of
technological advance should be to reduce the cost of production--not
technology for technology's sake," he once explained.

Birla's companies are profitable powerhouses not through spectacular
growth but through hundreds of seemingly trifling improvements, in this
he differed diametrically from Dhirubhai Ambani's philosophy.  Ambani's
visions were always 70mm.  He wanted to build the biggest PTA plant in
India and it had to be of global size from day one.  When planning an
oil refinery, he started out by demanding a licence for a 9m tpa
capacity plant.  Birla, in contrast, proposed a 3m one,

Ambani forced the government to change its myopic views on the minimum
economic size of plants and to allow Indian businessmen to build large
plants.  Birla, on the other hand, worked within the government's
parameters, without

applying annually for itmocuous permissions to expand production.  The
end result for both businessmen was probably the same.  Birla
eventually hiked the Mangalore Refinery's capacity to 9 million tonnes,
equalling Reliance, for example, but only after obtaining
clarifications and wringing some concessions on the way.  If AmDani was
India's polyester pasha, Birla was its viscose king.  13ott were
monopolists.  But in Ambani's case, perhaps the going was harder.  Both
were frustrated by bureaucratic red tape shackling their
entrepreneurial drive.

If he picked up the concept of continuous growth in Indian Rayon, Birla
realized the value of quick project impl cmentation during the early
days of empire-building in Sout h East Asia.  A simple business mantra,
it's not unique to Birla.  Others have stumbled upon it and used it
well.  Dhirubhai Amlani learnt it in Aden.  Rahul Bajaj applied it when
he was erecting Bajaj Auto's Aurangabad plant.  Aditya Birla picked it
up in the Philippines.

In 1975, the lndo-Phil Textile Mills lnc was com,nissioned in a record
time of five months and eleven days.  Wittl production in full swing
and cash rolling in, it became clear- to Birla that the project's quick
implementation had not only brought its cost down substantially but
also had a tremendous bearing on profitability.  Having mastered this
lesson, he applied it faithfully.  His next major project was Pan
Century Edible Oils, a partnership with a group of Malaysian investors.
At the time, it was Birla's most ambitious project and is largest
overseas venture.  The plant was constructed withiin twelve months and
started commercial production almost immediately.

IBack in India, reporters watched in awe as Birla rigorously appliied
his mantra and vaporized the chalta had attitude for which India is so
famous, lndo-Gulf Fertilizers, a Rs

7.2bn gas-based ammonia and urea fertilizer complex located at
Jagdishpur (Uttar Pradesh)won kudos from bankers and bureaucrats for
its under-budget and before schedule commissioning.  Within
thirty-eight months of zero date, it began trial runs and went into
commercial production t its rated capacity almost immediately (November
1, 1988).  A few months earlier, Indian Rayon's carbon black plant
achieved 80 per cent capacity utilization within the first year of
commercial production.  Every time and for every proposal, the strategy
paid dividends and Birla's managers down the line recognized that on
this issue the boss would accept no compromise, no excuses.  '

According to Mahesh C. Bagrodia, the most powerful of Birla's
executives, "Babu was willing to do even things he wouldn't otherwise
do to ensure that projects came up on time."  While putting up
lndo-Gulf, problems regarding the gas supply cropped up.  To sort
things out, Birla personally made a trip to Delhi to meet the chairman
of the Gas Authority of India.  "It makes a difference when the
chairman of such a large group takes care to smoothen out even minor
problems.  Suppliers are then aware of the urgency of deliveries and
they do deliver," he said.

Business World once dubbed him the "Big Birla" and the label stuck.
Talking about size, he said: "Even though I believe in diversification,
at the same time, I feel that plants should follow economies of
production and be big.  And this policy has been followed in our
plants.  In viscose staple fibre we are the biggest; in palm oil we are
the biggest in the world; in India, in caustic soda, we are the second
biggest; Vikram Cement is one of the bjggest cement companies at one
site in the world."

While Ambani's Reliance Industries is tightly focused, many of Birla's
companies--the older ones particularly--are highly diversified.  Asked
about his interest in unrelated ausinesses at a time when several
groups are restructuring and toning their core competencies, Birla
replied: "These are all asic requirements.  For instance, VSF is basic
to clothing requirements.  Sponge iron, steel and cement, you need them
to build a house.  We cannot go wrong as far as the demand for these is
concerned provided we give good quality.  And i think 0tr quality is
excellent because of our tight management control.  My philosophy is
that a company should be well-diversified so that the cyclical ups and
downs of each industry will not hit it very sharply."

His entry into hyrdogen peroxide exemplified his attitude to size.  Per
se, it's not a big business, but it is profitable and it was an area
tightly controlled by one businessman.  For four years, Birla doggedly
pursued government approvals.  I once asked Birla why he wanted the
project so badly and whether breaking the monopoly had become the
issue.  "No, no.  I wouldn't like to put it this way," he had
disclaimed.  "We are not trying to break Nusli Wadia's monopoly.  We go
into a product if it is profitable, if there is a demand for it and
whether at that demand level, a plant of the minimum economic size can
be built, and finally if there is an adequate return on a plant of that
size and that cost."

After continuous growth and size, another area in which Birla placed
great importance was quality.  When he lobbied for its introduction
within the group in the '70s, he was flying against a Birla tradition.
GD.  a shrewd bah ia who grew up in an era of shortages, didn't believe
in quality.  Profits were the cornerstone of GD's management philosophy
and in a seller's market, consumers had no choice but to tolerate the
shoddiness of Birla products.  In the bazaar, a cliche was born: Birlas
look after shareholders; the Tatas, consumers.  Aditya took a longer
view on quality than GD and tried to turn the cliche on its head.

"Earlier we used to compromise on quality machinery I realized that it
is better to spend a little extra for better machinery because it pays
in the long run.  If the machinery is good, the product is good, sales
are good and profitability is good," he said.  "Now we produce the best
aluminium, the best insulators.  In our category of suitings, we are
the best.  In carbon black we are the best both in India and abroad and
you can check this with our competitors in Indonesia.  In acrylic fibre
and in sodium phosphate we are the best.  In filament yarn, we are not
the best but one of the best."

Hammering this concept down the management cadres, Aditya's factories
began picking up awards.  In 1974, for example, Grasim's Harihar rayon
grade pulp plant received the Sir P.C. Roy award for the development of
indigenous technology.  Some years later, Grasim built a $7m viscose
staple fibre plant in Korea,.  whose production the Japanese Synthetic
Textile Inspection Institution declared was 'equal to Japanese export
products'.  In 1979 a team of World Bank experts highlighted the
efficiency of lndo-Phil Textile Mills' textile machinery.  More
recently, in October 1994, Indo-Gulf became the first Indian fertilizer
manufacturer to receive the ISO 9002 certification.  Such recognition
meant a lot to Aditya.

GD probably wouldn't have understood what the fuss was all about.
Concerned more with profits, he had no compunction about cutting
corners.  Paying foreigners for technology was might have worked in the
'50s and '60s, but the one such corner.  Why pay when one can copy? 
The strategy quality-conscious engineer inside Aditya baulked.  Instead
he signed one technical collaboration after another with the best
companies in the world.  Aditya's carbon black plant near Bangkok was
set up with know-how bought and paid for from America's Phillips
Petredeum.  Grasim's engineering and development division at Nagda tied
up with Germany'S

Neumag for its capital equipment.

Which is not to say that Aditya didn't respect GD.  On the contrary,
Aditya proudly acknowledged GD's influence in his 'ideals, ethics and
zeal for developing business'.  At the same time, Aditya paid tribute
to BK for teaching him the nuts and bolts of business, and the
'especially important training in how to control companies through the
finance function'.

Under BK's supervision, Aditya acquired a meticulous knowledge of
accounts, particularly the part ha the centuries old traditional
Marwari system of monitoring and financial control.  Though its use was
widespread among Marwari firms in the nineteenth century, most gave it
up gradually.  Today, it is almost unique to the Birlas who use it
extensively.  In the late '80s, Aditya convened a conference of his top
executives from all over the world to discuss the part ha and compare
it with other systems.  By the end of the conference, 'he realized that
through it the group was saving Rs 100 crores.  He was very pleased
about that," recalls Rajashree.

In essence, part ha simply asks "What does it cost to make?"  In a
pre-Lotus spread-sheet era, the Marwaris developed a manual system to
determine input costs and the daily cash profits as compared to
budgeted profits.  GD further refined the system by adding more detail
and insisting on rigid compliance.  Each company had to draw up a
series of informed estimates of how much it should cost to manufacture
a particular volume of production, sell it and generate a specified
profit.  Both BK and Aditya imprinted the system with their own stamps.
In Aditya's case, he considered part ha to be the ideal vehicle for
combining the conflicting needs of central management control and
executive delegation.  "It really gives executives full power to do
what they want and to monitor what is the effect of what they are
doing," he said.

According to Siddharth Birla, one of Aditya's nephews,

"This system has many advantages.  Essentially it emphasizes the speed
of reporting, even sacrificing some accuracy in the process.  There is
mental pressure on the manager to perform daily.  It has a very short
reaction time.  Then costs are carefully monitored, there can be no
fiddling of the accounts, and the law is laid down that if there is
trouble, contact the boss straightaway."  Uncle Ganga Prasad Birla says
the family widely adopted the system during the depression years.
"Money was tight, credit was not easily available, and you had to worry
about money more than anything else."

Anxious to increase operating efficiency, Aditya honed the part ha to
added sharpness.  The system involves analysis on a daily basi of input
costs, and the extent and reason for variance from', pry-determined
operating targets.  These targets are set for each employee and unit of
group companies up to divisional level, after consultation with the
employees and units concerned.  Deviations from the part ha are
reported daily to Birla's Bombay office.  "If you have employed more
labour or used more raw materials on that day, it will show.  If you
have produced less, that will show too," he said.

"During our monthly meetings, I look at three reports.  One is the part
ha the second is the monthly progress review, and then we have the
position paper statement.  The part ha or the costing, is drawn up once
every six months, and executive performance is drawn up according to
how well he does compared to the norm.  At the monthly progress review,
a target is set at the beginning of every month according to market
changes.  In the review, we look at deviations from the target.  If we
haven't achieved it, we discuss the reasons, what steps we will take to
make sure that next month we do achieve the target.  The position paper
statement is like an agenda."  Once targets were set, he left
executives to get on with the job.  This strategy had the effect of
ensuring consistent performance.

while a Tata success depended on the performance of individual
executives, the Aditya Birla group depended on its systems.

lr keeping costs under control, along with the part ha

Birla used a second key tool: benahmarking.  According to

Rahui Bajaj, "I can quite categorically state that he was the one
person who thought about and practiced benchmarking on costs on a
competitive basis almost ten years ago.  His rivals and contemporaries
started doing so only five years ago.

Aditya would personally see to it that his products and costs were
benchmarked against the best in the country and even abroad.  He would
even benchmark his raw materials."

"I remember one incident.  At one of our meetings, Aditya asked me what
Bajaj Auto's overtime policy and expenditure were, and what its ratio
was to our total employee costs.  Then he did some quick calculations,
and found that we had a more favourable ratio than he did.  Suddenly he
turned serious and then, half-jokingly, said: "Rahul, your ratio can't
be better than mine.  I am more efficient than you are."

"I was amazed that the chairman of such a vast industrial empire would
immerse himself in such details.  That's not all.

A few days later, I found that some of his senior managers had got in
touch with us, wanting to know how we were managing overtime costs and
what our policies were.  All this also shows that Aditya was very sharp
and fiercely competitive."

After 1993 and his illness, Birla introduced two major changes in his
corporate philosophy.  Earlier, he had avoided buy-outs, but in 1995,
he began talks with the Romanian and

Tanzanian governments to acquire companies in those countries.  And
right from the beginning he had preferred to work on his own but in
1994 he took a partner: ATT.

In his reluctance to buy companies, Birla stood out from the crowd.
Several of India's most aggressive businessmen,

such as Rama Prasad Goenka of RPG Enterprises, Manu Chhabria of Jumbo
Electronics, B.M. Khaitan, the tea baron, and Vijay Mallya, the brewer,
have built their empires through this route, but not Birla.  Takeovers
were not his style, though he knew how to fend them off and had
demonstrated his skill when members of his own family launched hostile
bids on his group companies.  The buy-out talks after his illness were
a major departure from Birla's normal business philosophy, but by then
he had become a man inn hurry.

"I have nothing against takeovers but the right proposal must come," he
used to maintain.  Hopeful brokers would offer him the best, which was
rarely good enough, in the past he rejected ITC 'because of its excise
problems.  I would not take Jokai because I am not interested in the
eastern tea gardens'.  He admitted that takeovers per se did not excite
him.  "Every person has his own objectives.  My objective is that you
must try to put up new green field projects.  That gives me most
satisfaction because, you are actually creating wealth.  If you take
over an existing company, you are not creating wealth, you are only
acquiring something somebody has already put up.  That does not give me
as much satisfaction."

ALL THE KING'S MEN

According to Shashi Ruin, the key to Birla's success lay in his ability
to organize himself and everyone around him.  "He was very systematic.
And he drove his people hard.  He drove himself hard also, but he knew
how to get the most out of his people," says Ruin admiringly--and
enviously.

Birla knew that in order to translate his paper blueprints into
concrete monoliths, he needed people, good capable people upon whom he
could rely.  His trustful nature allowed Birla to delegate easily and
build up an inner circle of talented professionals on whom he depended.
Explaining how he did this, he once said: "What do you do to attract
people?  You give them tremendous powers and independence while
monitoring their performance.  We give our executives tremendous powers
of decision-making, policy-making.  This along with monitoring is the
reason for our success."

Most had joined the Birla organization in the '60s, more or less around
the same time as their boss.  Today, these men are Kumar Mangalam's
five-star generals.  They know more about the organization and Aditya's
dreams than does the son and they are the grass-root lieutenants who
helped Aditya build seventy factories in twenty-five years.

Key decision makers are the Bangkok-based Shyam Sunder Mahansaria
(chief of Birla's South East Asian operations), S.B. Agarwal (Indian
Rayon), A.K. Agarwala (Hindalco), lndu Hemchand Parekh (Grasim), and
Bishwanath Puranmalka (Indo-Gulf).  The first among these equals is
Mahesh C. Bagrodia, 'the only person besides myself who knows the big
picture', Aditya had once said.

One Birla, rather less successful than his cousin, uncharitably
insinuated that the credit for Aditya's success should go to GD's
carefully selected team which he inherited, but BK denies this,
claiming that when Aditya launched his enterprises in the mid-'60s, he
was encouraged to pick his own men.  "I did not want to give him my
men, as they would have been constantly looking over their shoulders
towards me.  And I must say he picked an excellent team."

Almost to a man, they are Marwaris like their chief.  Most trace their
roots to within a fifty-kilo metre radius of Pilani.  Birla denies
having a bias in favour of his own community.  "I have four
secretaries, two of whom are south Indians and one is Maharashtrian. If
I had a bias, I would have kept only Marwaris for such a confidential
position."  Birla nonetheless agrees that his top management is
Marwari, just as that of the

Tatas is Parsi.  "It is natural.  There is an affinity and I will hey,
feel embarrassed or compromised if there are more Marwari Is there any
group which does not have more people of its o community
percentage-wise?"  he asks.

Mirror images of their chief, Birla's generals tend to teetotalers,
vegetarian, non-smokers, workaholic glob trotters.  It is said that
senior Birla executives are sacked it only two reasons:
misappropriation or a 'loose' lifestyl, Otherwise they can be as
entrepreneurial as they like: "I biggest part of the pay packet is
freedom," Birla had sai Along with this was lifelong job security.  But
there is als intense pressure to deliver and to keeping thinking up he,
projects for the boss.  Birla protested: "We are not a com pan without
a soul.  Each individual president is literally th chairman of that
unit.  It la new project] is his baby."

Today, it's a greying power structure which has its pl and minus
points.  Mahansaria is nudging sixty, Bagrodi fifty-six but Kumar
Mangalam is twenty-eight so the avera8 drops to respectable levels.
However there is a question mar over the future of the old guard.  Will
Kumar Mangalam indu a new team or will he retain his father's?  Birla
generals stay their harness just like their bosses.  Lifetime security
means ju., that.  At the same time, there are many new faces today.
Unlik J.R.D. Tata who weakly refused to tackle a similar problem the
Tata Group, Aditya's succession planning at the senic executive level
has been admirable.

He did a lot of the interviewing and hiring himself.  Before he left
for his last trip to the USA, he tried to ensure that th organization
was a fit fighting machine where 'we have nc just a very strong second
line, but a strong third line too.  A many as 80 per cent of our top
executives have grown alon.  with their companies and there is still a
host of talent wit hi the group waiting to take charge.  Not contented,
wear concentrating now on building a strong fourth line."  It was s.
typical of Birla to leave every detail tidy and ship-shape behind

'n him.

Cast in the sons-of-the-soil mould, none of Birla's generals are
high-fliers a la Darbari Seth or Russi Mody.  Nor do they have fancy
degrees or abbreviations after their name.

)r preference towards chartered accountants similar to Mukesh

:1.

Ambani's partiality towards engineers.

If there are few MBAs,-there are even fewer women.

Denying any prejudice against them, Birla points out that in his
operations abroad, almost 80 per cent, both staff and officers, are
female, in India, he argues that there are few women because of the
traditional nature of the companies'

culture.  One or two women here and there would only feel ia awkward.

;e

As to his preference for CAs, Birla insisted: "I have

'k nothing against MBAs.  They are brilliant boys, extremely

:t bright and enterprising.  There is nothing wrong with the man,

but the training that is given is better suited to multinationals.

CAs have a very good background.  Their whoie educational upbringing is
such that they have a very good grasp of the basics, of all that is
happening in India, in company law, in accounting.  They are also not
anglicized nor do they become brown sahibs.  On the other hand,
management graduates are generalists.  A CA can fit into a specific
slot when he joins business.  He can start by being an accountant and
then go up the ladder.  Business institutes unfortunately have a bias
for sales and also their whole culture is Westernized so they do not
really fit in with Indian culture."

Part of the reason for the disdain for MBAs lay in the fact e i1 that
for years, Birla didn't need marketing whiz-kids.  He has a monopoly in
viscose, and most of his products are industrial materials,
intermediate building blocks used by many industries and there are few
consumer products which need advertising or brand equity building
skills.  Secondly, the organization is strongly finance-driven.  But as
the group moves into new areas big changes are taking place.  More
non-Marwaris are coming in, a new HRD programme is ill place and Birla
head-hunters can be spotted at the campuses of the Indian Institutes of
Management recruiting MBAs for the organization.

A chemical engineer himself, Aditya practised what he preached where
Kumar Mangalam was concerned.  "He's highly qualified.  He's done his
CA (which gives him specific job-related expertise) and MBA (which
gives him wide vision).  I think this is the best combination of
degrees that a person in his position could ask for.  Even in our
organization, there's not a single person who has this educational
combination.  In addition he has been thoroughly trained for two to
three years in every aspect of the business by me.  I hope he is the
most successful amongst all four of us."

His attitude to daughter Vasavadatta, on the other hand, was far more
conservative.  Like most Marwari families, the Birlas saw no point in
teaching girls skills beyond those needed in a well-behaved corporate
wile: a basic graduate degree, cooking and flower arranging.  Around
the time Kumar Mangalam was drawing up lists of possible universities
for a Master's in business administration, I asked Rajashree whether
Vasavadatta would be allowed to go abroad for higher education.  "No, I
don't think we want to go so far.  We are training up Kumar, but for
Vasavadatta, I think a good convent school and then marriage," she
answered firmly.  Five years later, on a flight from London to Zurich,
BK remarked that "Vasavadatta wants to go abroad to study.  We are
thinking about it.  The educational standards of colleges in Bombay
have deteriorated, and she is very keen to go."

If Vasavadatta wants to work, would she be allowed to?  "I would not
object to my daughter joining the business, but I would advise her that
there are better things she could do.  Many women run their businesses
very successfully, but I think they have a far more important role to
play in society.  Bringing up the family, they can contribute to
cultural, social and so many other aspects of life.  Why not do that?"
Aditya had countered then.

"Maybe we were wrong, the thinking has changed now," Rajashree said
sadly.  "Girls should be able to stand on their feet.  Vasavadatta is
learning accounts now.  Let's see how she does."  Recently Rajashree
joined the boards of four major companies.  The winds of change are
blowing, but softly.

"HOW PRIVATE IS THE PRIVATE SECTOR?"

"Aditya Birla doesn't like bankers," a banker confided in me over a
couple of drinks.  I looked up in surprise.  This particular banker was
supposed to be close to the Big B, and had helped him put together some
great deals.  "Because he's so important, he wants the best.  He gets
it, and then he asks what more we can do for him.  And we have to find
ways of satisfying him."  Maybe bankers don't like him?  "No, no.  We
do.  He's straightforward.  He delivers.  You know exactly where you
are with him.  I don't know why he doesn't like bankers."

Maybe Birla had this attitude because bankers weren't always straight
with him.  Once bitten twice shy goes the hoary cliche and Birla knew
the feeling.  Unfortunately, he needed them.  They provided him the
money to grease the wheels of production.  After his executive
managers, they were perhaps the next most important group of people
Birla dealt with directly but the way bankers played around with
Hindalco's

1994 GDR (global depository receipt) issue merely confirrnetl

Birla's distrust of money merchants.  It would be his Worst

experience, but not the first negative one.  |

For an Indian company, tapping the international capital market is a
big deal.  Getting greenbacks from tough Western fund managers brings
in hard cash and wins the acclaim of peers and the finance ministry.
According to Rajashree, her husband 'felt it was a big achievement.
Putting up plants in

India had become routine for him.  He knew how to go about

I.

it, but the Euro-issues were completely new and challenging."

He wasn't the first Indian to issue a GDR offering to tap this market.
That honour belonged to Dhirubhai Ambani, a

man powered by an instinct to pioneer innovations.  Birla was tl
perfectly content to follow in Ambani's footsteps.  Aditya tl wasn't a
trailblazer, he was more interested in the premium he

could get for his equity,

The Ambanis are accused of many sins, but carelessness is not one of
them.  Mukesh and Anil, Dhirubhai's sons, began preparing for the $150m
issue in November 1991.  Conscious fl of the path-breaking role the
issue would play, every angle was

examined, every question anticipated, the offering circular

meticulously worded.  Travel details--the road show would wind its
through most of the financial capitals of the world--were coordinated,
appointments with potential investors checked and re-checked.  As the
months slipped by, i,

the tension at Maker Chamber IV in Bombay, and at Lehman

Brothers' ultra-modern headquarters in Broadgate, London,

was palpable,

Finally, in May 1992, the Reliance team decided to go ahead--and was
promptly plastered by the eruption of the

Harshad Mehta affair.  The stock exchange and banking crisis,

popularly known as the Scam, was triggered by the financial
irregularities in the operations of Bombay's biggest bull,

ars had Mehta.  A judicial investigation into his affairs posed grave
lacunae in India's banking and stock market,gulations.  Nervous fund
managers disappeared into their jr rows

In Industry House, Birla huddled with his executives and erchant
bankers, Citicorp (the book runner and Merrill ynch (joint lead) and
discussed threadbare every aspect of eliance's experiences.  The Tatas
were also due to tap the uro-market, but Grasim was scheduled to be the
second tdian GDR offering.  Hindalco would follow if Grasim went ell.
Birla and his team were ready, in fact had been so for,veral.months,
but the conditions didn't look promising.  really, more time should
have been allowed to elapse before e market was approached, but fund
managers were expecting e issue and a postponement wouldn't necessarily
ensure ,tter conditions with the Scam still unfolding.  Birla resolved
take his chance.

It was a brave decision, but then Birla was never ock-kneed.  The road
show began in November 1992 and 9pped badly: At least Reliance had been
fully subscribed; rasim barely managed to raise $90 out of $100m, even
after icing at a deep discount.

According to Dilip Maitra, a reporter with Business day, even this $90m
was suspect.  Hecalculated that it was dy 60 per cent subscribed.  "In
a desperate bid to beef up the sue, Grasim's management was forced to
turn to Birla's mpanies abroad for succour.  Some of these chipped in
with ound $30m.  As it was difficult to arrange for such a large nount
of cash at a short notice, Citibank came to their rescue ith short-term
bridge loans," wrote Maitra bluntly.

Grasim's difficulties punctured the bubble of Birla's tthusiasm.
Normally as close-mouthed as an oyster, his ccess in Asia had drawn him
into an out-of-style boast.  'i have no problem selling shares abroad,"
he had proudly declared barely a few months earlier.  "It's very easy
for me.  Today, if I put up a new venture in any South East Asian
country, I would have requests for ten times the capital that I have to
float.  It is a difficult job for me to allot capital.  We don't sell,
we allot."  Worse was to follow.  Mangalore Refineries's
non-convertible debentures to raise Rs 5.6bn also bombed.  These were
unlucky days for Birla.

Why did the Grasim issue do so badly, especially as it had several
advantages which Reliance lacked?  Apart from the whiplash effects of
the Scare, the Ambanis had had to leapfrog a number of invisible
barriers.  Fund managers felt the Ambanis had a questionable
reputation.  They felt Morgan Stanley, the issue's joint lead managers,
had an even more questionable one.  At the Reliance road show in
London, at the Savoy Hotel on the Strand, a fund manager from Touche
Remnant asked Morgan Stanley how they could 'realistically bring a deal
like Reliance into the market after getting their research view so
wrong on an Indonesian company'.  Despite the misgivings, the Reliance
issue was subscribed and sold reasonably close to market price.

Grasim in contrast had to be sold at a deep discount though there were
no questions about Birla's integrity.  One possible answer could lie in
the choice of the book runner  According to one jealous syndicate
manager who admits he had lobbied hard--and failed--to get the mandate,
"Citicorp won the mandate because of the relationship they had with
Birla but they are basically a commercial bank.  When the book was
being built, who could they call?  They didn't have an investor base.
Merrill did, but they were joint lead."

The only upside to the Grasim deal was that fund managers made money.
At the time, Birla didn't realize the full implications of this
statement.  He had had to sell his equity cheap and it was a bitter
pill to swallow, but the next time he approached the market he was
surprised to see how happy fund managers were to see him again.  Birla
had made a poor start but he more than made up lost ground in the
following years.  If Dhirubhai was the acknowledged wizard of Indian
stock markets, Bir|a would become the star of the GDR market.

By January 1994, Birla was riding the.  crest.  He had set a record of
sorts for emerging markets when Indo-Gulf and Indian Rayon between them
elicited a demand of $3bn.  He had asked for $250m.  in November 1992,
Birla had sold at discount.  Now he wanted a top dollar rate and got
it.  The $30m hit proved to be cheap at the price.  Surprisingly
enough, Kumar Mangalam, who made his debut during the road shows was
the cooler of the two.  "There was a herd mentality at the time," says
Kumar.  "One investment manager bought a scrip.  Others thought he had
done his research and just copied him.  And every Indian issue,
including ours, did well."

Birla's success made him the target of some unsavoury manipulation. 
His next deal, which happened to be Hindalco's second GDR offer, became
a sitting duck in a shooting match played by skilled marksmen.  They
moved so quietly that neither Birla nor his advisers heard them coming.
By the time they did, it was too late.  Hindalco was hit, badly.

On the evening of Thursday, July 7, 1994, in London, Birla was
cloistered with syndicate managers to price Hindalco's $100m issue and
to institute damage control.  The next morning, each GDR was offered at
$24.

This price meant a discount of 8.5 per cent over its Bombay Stock
Exchange price.  However, right through the road show, Lehman Brothers,
the book runners of the issue with J.P. Morgan as joint lead, had
indicated a price range of $26-$27.  This would peg the new GDRs
slightly cheaper than the old GDRs, then trading at a mid-price of
$29.25.  So why did Birla allow the new Hindalco shares to be sold at
$24?  Especially since in India, Hindalco was quoting at Rs 920 and
there was reasonable demand for the new GDRs in the Euro-market.  A
Lehman spokesman admitted that Hindalco had 'met with good demand, with
balanced distribution between Asia and the USA, and the book was
oversubscribed'.

The answer lay in the wild movements of Hindalco stock.  on the Bombay
Stock Exchange on Wednesday, the day prior to pricing in London.  In a
matter of hours Hindalco's local price plummeted from Rs 920 to Rs 825
before moving up to Rs 860 just before the close of the day.
Reportedly, an I'll had offloaded a huge chunk.  The possible motive?
To force down the local price in order to push down the international
GDR price.  The fund manager could then sell high in India and buy low
in Europe.  On the first day of trading, Hindalco's new GDRs opened at
$26.50.  All those who had bought the issue made a cool profit of $2.50
per share within hours.: I

There wasn't much Birla could do about the situation.  He might have
been soft-spoken, but he was no pushover, and he fired back straight
from the hip in the only way open to him.  On Friday, July 9, Jonathan
Boyer, head of Jardine Fleming India Investment Trust, phoned Birla. 
He was irritated that his fund had not been allocated any Hindalco
stock. "Do you know who I am?"  he asked Birla.  "I'm the most
important FI! there is."  Birla's voice was cool.  "You live in Hong
Kong.  I hear there is a harbour there.  Why don't you jump into it?"

It wasn'tjust European bankers that Birla distrusted.  He wasn't too
fond of Indian ones either.  Although they had obligingly bailed him
out during his battle with the GP-PMPS combine to retain control over
Grasim, Hindalco and Century, he was sufficiently irritated by the
breed in 1090 to launch a campaign on the need to preserve the private
sector from the Fls.  Convinced that they were 'destroying the
privateness of the private sector', for over a year he lobbied the
finance nainistry; wrote articles in newspapers, and distributed
detailed technical notes on the subject..

The crux of his argument was that 'there are a large number of
companies in which Fls own 40 per cent of the equity capital, even 50
per cent and 60 per cent.  Thi is ridiculous.  We are supposed to be a
mixed economy, but if so-called private sector companies are controlled
by the Fls, then where is the private sector'?  in most companies, the
promoter entrepreneurs control 25 per cent of the equity or
thereabouts.  If the institutions control twice that percentage, the
entrepreneurs' feeling of ownership of the companies they control in
theory is eroded.  The result is that the entrepreneur ia spirit is
destroyed and that is the dangerous thing because India's greatest
asset is its entrepreneurs.  The government is destroying this wealth
by allowing Fls to take control of companies."

Angrily, Birla asked: "The funny thing is that the Fls keep complaining
that they are short of funds.  Then why do they grab all the shares of
companies that they can get?  Why do they compete to get control of
companies?  Why can't they liquidate their holdings in existing
companies to generate funds for new investments?"

Birla's outburst surprised many, though had they linked it to its
timing, they might not have found it so odd.  Ambani was in the middle
of his fight to gain control of Larsen & Toubro, whose chairmanship
swung like a pendulum with every change in government.  Birla had
barely begun to breathe freely after several long-drawn battles to
retain control of Grasim and Hindalco from family marauders.  Over at
Bombay House, Ratan Tata was enmeshed in a bloody double-fronted war
against Russi Mody and Darbari Seth.  The events hammered home, even if
GD's advice had faded, which it had not, the truism that businessmen
should hold majority stakes in the companies they manage.

There was a widespread perception that Aditya Birla held large
sharehoidings in his companies, but the campaign hinted that this might
not be the case.  In order to fund his expansion drives, he had been
forced to reduce his stakes, sometimes to dangerous levels.  Way back
in the '80s, GD had warned Aditya of the risks he was taking.  Aditya,
however, was determined on growth and he was the only member of the
Birla clan who could afford to ignore GD's advice.

In 1981, for example, Aditya wanted Indian Rayon to issue convertible
debentures, a financial instrument energized by Ambani.  According to
BK, "My father was opposed to the idea because this would reduce the
family holding in the company from 18 per cent to something lower than
that, and we would be risking our control of the company.  But Aditya
said that he wanted to expand his operations and could not get money
any other way.  So despite my father's opposition, and in fact his
anger at the proposal, Aditya went ahead."  It wasn't that Aditya
disagreed with GD's view, but he had no choice.  In 1993, he managed to
push up his stake from 13.2 per cent to 20.4 per cent through a Rs
3.4bn rights issue.

Eighties onwards Birla was forced to reduce his share holdings every
time he took a loan from an FI because he had to mandatorily sign a
convertibility clause which enabled FIs to acquire substantial blocks
of equity in his major companies.  In his campaign, Birla suggested a
more equitable option: "I think there should be a limit on how much of
a private sector company's equity the FIs can hold.  Perhaps 25 per
cent at most.  If they hold more, let the government pass a law making
the excess holding of a non-voting type.  That way, the private
entrepreneur has a fair chance in the event of a contest.  Right now,
with the FIs holding 50 per cent and the private entrepreneur holding
25 per cent, the latter has no chance."

There were few takers for Birla's advice until Manmohan

Singh became finance minister.  The economist-turned politician may not
have done anything much about it but at least he listened.  And in the
process came to appreciate the blunt tycoon who dit toed the sentiment.
Their rapport was such that Manmohan Singh would be the first to hear
and share good news.  On Sunday, January 14, 1994, the finance minister
was staying at the Tata-run St.  James' hotel in London when he got an
excited call from Birla, who was then staying minutes away at BK's
ground floor flat at Arlington House near the Ritz.  lndo-Gulf had set
a new record by getting a $1.5bn response for its $100m issue.

Their friendship proved to be a mutually beneficial association of the
kind singularly lacking in post Independence India between businessmen
and politicians.  More usual is an attitude of confrontation between
businessmen and politicians, businessmen and bureaucrats, or, for that
matter, bureaucrats and politicians.  A small example proves the
point.

In 1994, the Euro-market for Indian paper was in a tizzy and there was
a desperate need for a strong, big issue to lift the GDR market back to
buoyancy.  VSNL's jinxed issue was waiting to come back along with
forty or so private sector companies.  Tube Investments, DCW and BILT
were small issues and cautiously priced to make sure that they would
not bomb.  In a market as volatile as this, the finance ministry needed
a star performer and after the January 1994 blockbusters, Birla fitted
the bill perfectly.  None of the twenty-odd companies--not even savvy
groups such as Reliance or RPG Enterprises--which tapped the market
around the same time, matched Birla's impeccable sense of timing.  The
market was either going up or down.

In early May, the Flls handling the offering informed B that he should
tap the Euro-market immediately.  The appe for India paper, lukewarm
for so long, was beginning to fi up.  Three issues (Tube Investments,
DCW and Ballar[ Paper) had gone through smoothly and there was a defin
rally in the secondary market.  Birla agreed.  He had be preparing for
this for months and Grasim was ready to tap 1 market for a second time.
Its road show began on May 31 Singapore and ended on June 7 at
Edinburgh.

The odd thing was, nobody--not even Barclays de Zo Wedd and Citicorp,
the lead and joint lead managers--knl until May 21 that Birla was
ready.  They had ten short days get a road show up and running, inform
potential investo build up media hype, book hotels and flights for a
whole tea of specialists, compile an audio-visual presentation and pri
cartons of literature.  And there was one minor hitch.  The finance
ministry hadn't cleared the issue.  Birla picked up t phone and called
Manmohan Singh.  The show was on the roz Priced at $20.50 per GDR at a
small premium, the issue w fully subscribed.  Singh's trust in Birla's
perspicacity had n been misplaced.

THE ARTISTIC SIDE

In between factory blueprints and account ledgers, Bit reserved time
and energy for some serious hobbies.  One these was the Sangit Kala
Kendra, a non-profit cultur.  organization which started operations out
of his office.  For i structure, he borrowed heavily from Calcutta's
Sangit Ka Mandir started by BK in 1945.  Members pay a nominal year fee
and the money is used to organize programmes exclusivel for them.  In
any given year, members enjoy plays in Englis Hindi and Gujarati, vocal
and instrumental recitals, con cer and quiz shows, a talent contest and
a fun-fair.  The Kend offers incredible value: the cost of attending
these events is half the normal rate.  Cards reach members on time,
every performance starts on the dot.  Like everything he did, Birla ran
the club smoothly and efficiently.

A weekend artist, he revealed a closet passion for copying the masters
at a one-man show in September 1990.  The thirteen canvases on display
in B. Vittal's trendy gallery at Bombay's Nariman Point took Birla
sixteen years to paint.  Unwilling at first to allow the public a
glimpse of his hobby, he was pleasantly surprised by the critics'
reaction.  "My exhibition attracted more attention than any of my
multi-crore projects," he said at the time with a wry smile.

Birla discovered his talent when he was laid up in bed for three weeks
in 1974.  Bored, he asked for paint, brushes and an instructor.  His
canvases show a marked taste for portraits and Himalayan scenery:
Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa rubs shoulders with a Svetoslav Roreich
mountain scape  There are no tempestuous paintings in the mould of
Pablo Picasso or Satish Gujrai.  "I paint for relaxation.  When you are
painting, you think of painting, you don't think of business.  These
are moments which give you some peace of mind, some happiness in
creating something... I have yet to paint an original.  Maybe the next
one."  There wasn't to be a next one.

Birla's short life is paradoxical in a family where respect for health
is a big tradition.  Generally, Birlas eat well, sleep early, live
long, and prosper.  GD died handling the reins at eighty-nine.  GD's
brothers, Jugai Kishore, Rameshwar Das, and Braj Mohan died aged 84, 81
and 77 respectively.  According to BK (a cool septuagenarian who enjoys
zipping around Europe), this is a result of a proper lifestyle.
"Smoking, drinking and dancing are bad.  These are taboo in our
family's culture," says the strict vegetarian.  Which explains why the
family is not in the catering, hoteliering or leather industries.

GD in fact had laid down a comprehensive set of rigorous tenets t which
every Birla was expected to adhere: eat only vegetarian food, never
drink alcoholic beverages or smoke, keep early hours, marry young,
switch off lights when leaving the room, cultivate regular habits, go
for a walk every day, keep in touch with the family, and, above all,
don't be extravagant.

Oaly the black sheep of which there are fewmbroke the taboos.  Never
Aditya.  GD's favourite grandson completely absorbed and adopted this
credo in his personal lifestyle.  According to the picture painted by
Rajashree, it was austere.  "He would get up at about seven.  He would
read the newspapers and while reading the newspapers he used to have
his massage.  Then he would have his bath, pray for a few minutes and
get ready for breakfast, and would leave for office between 9 and 9.30.
He would be in the office till about seven normally, but sometimes he
would be late, say 9.30 or 10.  Dinner we used to have at nine whenever
he would come at seven.  Three times a week he would play badminton. 
He didn't generally bring work home, but sometimes he did."  There was
little time for socializing, less for partying.

When in Bombay, Aditya lunched in a private room on the top floor of
Industry House, screened off from the larger dining area used by his
executives.  But wherever he happened to be, the meal was always a
working affair.  In between mouthfuls of uninteresting but nutritious
menus washed down with glasses of freshly squeezed orange juice or
salted la ssi Birla would catch up with the grapevine.  Most days there
would be a guest whom he either wanted to get to know better or with
whom he was planning a deal.  At the table there would generally also
be a couple of regulars such as Gangaprasad Loyalka, Ashwin Kothari,
From Bhalotia, Sunil Daga, Suresh Taparia or Pradip Jajodia whose role
it was to keep the conversation from flagging.  In his will, Birlaleft
sizable endowments for his friends, making them each a crorepati.

A fitness.  enthusiast Birla used to play regularly at the Bombay
Gymkhana, an elite city sports club.  Invited once to flag off a
tournament, Birla sportingly stripped off his suit jacket to lob a
shuttlecock at badminton ace Prakash Padukonemand won a round of
applause along with two points for some fluid stroking.  Shrugging his
jacket back on again, Birla had walked off the court on air, grinning
broadly.  He was also a competent horse rider, and had once won a
school prize in fencing.

The benefits of regular exercise and a strict eye on calories showed.
Birla's favourite holiday was a summer in London when he lost eight
kilos in fourteen days and at fifty, his waist was nearly as trim as
when he was twenty.  Nonetheless, his hairline had begun to recede, and
his thinning black hair had turned salt-and-pepper, but his face
remained youthful and unlined until late 1993 when he suddenly aged ten
years.

Aditya's extraordinary entrepreneurship bequeathed a mammoth legacy on
Kumar Mangalam's young shoulders.  He will not only have to defend his
tuff but also keep his team from being poached.  Despite BK's wealth of
experience backing him, just to keep the Rs 150bn empire intact and
growing on its own momentum, the inheritor will need to be a real
tiger.  Pitched against him in the oil refining business are seasoned
warriors such as Mukesh and Anil Ambani.  In sponge iron and hot rolled
steel, he needs to benchmark himself against Shashi and Ravi Ruia.  Can
he build a copper smelter quicker and better than the London-based
dynamo Raj Bagri of Metdist?  And these are just a few of his many
rivals.  Meanwhile, the handing over of the baton was marred by a
series of disputes: family squabbles in Century, unrest among the
fisher folk of Mangalore, industrial action at Jayshree Textile Mill in
Calcutta.  In one of his early interviews, Kumar Mangalam had said:
"I've got very sharp ears and very sharp eyes.  So I keep them open and
use them to my advantage."  He'll need them.

Chapter 4

2Rama Prasad Goenka

Naini Tal Jail

October 3, 1977

eft alone finally, Rama Prasad Goenka sat on the cold stone oor of
Naini Tal jail and looked about him.  There wasn't much to see beyond
rough walls and iron bars.  Luckily his cell was empty and he didn't
have to share it with a common felon.  He'd been picked up and brought
to the police station early in the morning.  After hours of
altercations and telephone calls, Goenka had resigned himself to the
fact that no judge would give him bail that day at least.  Peering in
at the huddled billionaire, a kindly policeman tossed a blanket to him.
Goenka fingered the coarse, torn, smelly material.  Should he cover
himself with it, or should he sleep on it?  As night approached, it was
getting chilly.  In the end he covered himself.

Naini Tal is an elegant hill resort in the Shivalik Range near India's
border with Nepal, 300 km northeast of Delhi.  Twenty years ago it used
to be a playground of the rich during the summer months.  Its lovely
lake and mountain scenery form a perfect backdrop for romantic movies.
Star-spotting gave it an added attraction.

It's aleisurely place during the off-peak Diwali' holidays.  So how did
one of India's most famous industrialists land up in its jail?  The
answer lay in New Delhi.  Around the same time that Goenka was being
escorted to his cell, the Delhi police moved in to arrest Indira Gandhi
at her 12 Willingdon Crescent residence.  Goenka was one of her closest
corporate disciples.  He was now being asked to pay the price of
fealty.

Goenka's tryst with the Indian penal system was mercifully brief.
Released the next day, he quipped: "One day in jail was quite enough."
More seriously he adds: "Before I was arrested I was scared.  I worried
about what the family would say.  Afterwards, I did not have any fear."
Just as well, for his sangfroid was to be severely tested.  During the
Janata Party administration (1977-79), Goenka's homes and offices were
raided forty-three times.  It was the same administration which lifted
Mrs.  Gandhi's tacit ban on Bajaj Auto's expansion and permitted Rahul
Bajaj to build new capacity.

"Actually I became quite friendly with the officer in charge of the
operation," Goenka remembers.  "You cannot find incriminating documents
every week.  So he would ask me if he could watch cricket on my
television set."

More than the actual arrest, what really pained Goenka was the attitude
of his fellow businessmen.  "Just before my arrest, they treated me
like an untouchable, especially Bombay businessmen.  People who earlier
were running after me to get some introduction or some work done, they
even stopped talking to me."  Also in 1977, Goenka faced one of his
biggest business disappointments.  "We had negotiated to buy Assam
Frontier.  It was a very good deal for about 2 pounds 1 pence, 100 per
cent share and a net valuation of 75 pence per kg.  Jokai Tea was sold
the previous year for Rs 22 per kg.  On March 16, all the approvals
were in hand, but we decided to remit the money a week later, after the
Lok Sabha elections.  The government changed and the deal fell
through."

Shortly before these elections, Mrs.  Gandhi had warned Goenka not to
put all his eggs in one basket, i.e."  the Congress Party.  On the
evening of March 1, 1977, he visited her at the minister's office at 1
Safdarjung Road in New Delhi.  outer sitting room was a m.16e.  R. K.
Dhawan, her and confidante, was trying to keep in order the sundry
misters and future candidates clamouring to meet her.  however, was not
kept waiting.  As soon as he saw Dhawan ushered him into Mrs. Gandhi's
office.  She straight to the point.  Losing the elections was a strong
businessman, he should hedge against this and the opposition. "I told
her, I would rather stand by you."  the press, he defiantly declared,
"I have only one vote and vote will go to Mrs.  Gandhi." Many
businessmen believed RP's full-throated support Mrs.  Gandhi smacked of
political opportunism.  Amongst RP's critics was J.R.D. Tata
(1904-1993), head of India's liggest business house.  In a well
publicized interview given toPritish Nandy of the Illustrated Weekly
oflndia, the normally diplomatic Tata, then eighty-two years old, said
the Tata Group's growth had been hampered by Indira Gandhi's
administration because of its refusal to compromise on principles.  He
was particularly upset by the government's rejection of Tata Chemicals'
application to build a fertilizer plant.  "Later, we heard that it was
turned down because the Tatas are too big.  Though if we had been a
Birla or a Goenka, we would have got it," said JRD.

Goenka's easy access to the prime minister galled JRD.  It contrasted
sharply with his own relationship, which he described as 'inanely
social'.  "She would doodle or pointedly ignore me while I spoke,
cutting open envelopes and pulling out letters.  In all these years, I
have never once been asked by Mrs.  Gandhi: Jeh, what do you think?
Never, never, never even once."  Goenka, on the other hand, was invited
to join the Planning Commission and with the mantle of Mrs.  Gandhi's
approval draped over his shoulders, RP swung deal after deal,

vaulting smoothly over hurdles.

RP himself has always summarily dismissed suggestions that his
friendship with Mrs.  Gandhi, and her advisers such as Dhawan and
Pranab Mukherjee, helped him in his business deals.  "Nonsense.  You
may expect marginal latitude from a favourable government, but no
government will go beyond that.  Dhawan is not going to ring up an
officer and say, "Do this, it is Goenka's work."

Oddly enough, India's most famous takeover artist has no real office of
his own.  The corporate headquarters of RPG Enterprises (sales 1995: Rs
45bn) is Ceat Mahal in Bombay, under Harsh Vardan, Goenka's eldest son.
Sanjiv, Harsh's younger brother, works from Victoria House in Calcutta.
Goenka (RPG to subordinates, Rama Babu to friends) mainly operates out
of a series of five-star hotels, any one of his half a dozen residences
or even the first class cabin of an aircraft.  Once on board, instead
of quietly buckling himself into his seat, the gregarious Goenka
immediately checks out who else is on the flight and settles down to
serious networking.  In the '90s, when the Indian government
liberalized the import of private aircraft, several businessmen
acquired executive jets but not Goenka.  "RP would be miserable sitting
alone in his private jet," teased Neelkant Kalyani, a Pune-based
industrialist.

For the globe-trotter, home will always be a stately Alipore mansion
where the resplendent atmosphere of Calcutta's nawabs mingles with the
traditions of the Raj.  On one side of the vast mansion's ground floor
is a huge ga dda room where you can throw off your chap pals and bury
your toes in sparkling white bolsters while playing 'sweep' (Goenka's
favourite card.  game  Across the passage is a formal sitting room in
mock-Louis Quatorze style, complete with European objets dart and gilt
sofas.

And books.  Over the years, Goenka has accumulated a which lies
uncatalogued and scattered in a dozen He won't disclose the titles of
the books he enjoys, to let people glimpse his personality through
them, keeps them in his private sitting rooms, not in the large
entertainment areas.  A complex man, the short, portly balding Goenka
relishes the idea of being an enigma and hard to keep the mystery
alive.  "In literature, my heroes Nehru and Winston Churchill in
English, and Jaishankar in Hindi.  Amongst contemporary Bengali writers
I try to miss anything written by Shankar and by journalist Sengupta,"
he says.

Travelling, meeting people, reading, collecting modern and antiques,
watching Amitabh Bachchan and Meena movies on video during his daily
half-hour evening Goenka likes to pack something new into each day.  is
probably why he hates the nitty-gritty of day-to-day He is in his
element g, hen on the scent of a possible ui'sition.  An experienced
hunter, he masks his excitement.  If anything, his hooded, bulbous eyes
become more inscrutable, the dimple in his chin more pronounced.  Once
the ill is over, he leaves his sons, Harsh and Sanjiv, to complete the
transaction.  Later, expensive managers from public sector and top
private sector companies are brought in to manage the acquisitions.

Officially, Goerka retired at sixty.  Preparations for the big day
started five years in advance, at Udaipur's sumptuous Lake Palace
Hotel.  Top executives from all group companies met there in January
1985 and received a blunt warning.  'l told them that in 1990 I would
retire and that those who wanted to retire before me, fine, but those
who were going to continue in the group should consider whether they
would like to work under the chairmanship of Harsh.  If they didn't
want to work under him, they should say so now," RP recalls.  Among
those who took RP at his word was P.K. Gupta, one of his most senior
executives, who had been at RP's side for twenty-five years.  RP
shrugged ruefully and moved on.

At one stroke, Harsh (then thirty) became the youngest head of a major
business house.  Sanjiv was quick to back his father's choice, clearly
and unambiguously: "Of course, Harsh is the supremo.  And I have
accepted the second slot."  Cheerfully placing himself on the third
rung of the new hierarchy, RP nonetheless covered his flanks.  Retiring
from the chairmanship did not mean he would 'leave the business'.  "I
do not want to lean on my sons, or go to them for money, or be in a
position where they can say, "Father, take this Rs 50,000."

AS Harsh lived in Bombay, the group's headquarters shifted from
Calcutta to Ceat Mahal.  With his love of politics, why didn't the
group move to Delhi?  "To do what?  Run after politicians?  That is
what I have been doing all my life.  Let them [Harsh and Sanjiv]
establish themselves as businessmen and then they can make their
choice," said RP at the time.

In this triumvirate, where exactly does RP's role end and that of his
two sons begin?  As chairman emeritus, legally he is a figurehead.  He
rarely attends board meetings, and doesn't receive monthly progress
reports of group companies.  Because of this, Tarun Khanna, a professor
at the Harvard Business School, was lulled into describing RP's role as
being limited to 'keeping active in a couple of deals'.  In reality,
nothing happens without his nod.  Sanjiv is the only hands-on
operations man in the troika.  Harsh is mainly responsible for
executive recruitment and lately of strategic planning.

RP also plays the essential role of opportunity spotter and keeps track
of who is in and who is out in the political and bureaucratic scene.
One of the reasons why he handed over the baton was to free himself for
the mammoth task of promoting

 0

lia Petrochemicals, a deal which eventually fizzled out.  much of RP's
energy is directed towards the power and the backroom maneuvering
necessary in a sector ere the regulatory policy is still being
written.

Goenka'sJclutch of twenty-two companies in twenty-six iness areas is
broadly divided into two groups.  Sanjv looks companies in the east and
south including CESC; while playing field is western India and Ceat.
This could lead to sibling rivalry.  By the turn of the , the Goenkas'
investments in power (under Sanjiv)are to overtake their growth in
tyres (under Harsh).  A balance between the brothers could develop into
a RP disagrees: "No, I don't think there is cause for because we are
going into power'in three to four lifferent companies, and not just
one.  So if' there is balance to done with a brother, both have to sit
down and do the

: Today the trio are very close.  They speak every day to whichever
part of the globe they happen to be.  AN three know who is meeting whom
on a virtually ,-hour basis.  The sons' staunch respect for RP is
"Emotionally, I do not get disturbed if there is a or a strike in any
of my group companies.  But the of my children, and the attitude of
Delhi towards ' me--these two things bother me and yes, they do worry
me," remarks Goenka.

in the autumn of his life, Goenka's fondest hope is that his two sons
will work in tandem forever.  The fact that Harsh and Sanjiv to date
have just one son each may help.  Though RP is optimistic, experience
has taught him that keeping a fractious family together makes no sense
at all.  In 1963, the messy divorce between his father and his uncles
made a deep impression on the young RP.  Sixteen years later, the story
repeated itself in RP's acrimonious separation from his brothers,
Jagdish Prasad, fifty-nine and Gouri Prasad, fifty-six.  It was perhaps
the biggest crossroads of his life.

"TOO MANY LAPSES'

Rama Prasad was born on March 1, 1930, in Calcutta, the eldest of five
children, to Rukm3mi Devi and Keshav Prasad (1912-1983) Goenka.  He
schooled in Benaras and graduated from Calcutta's Presidency College
with an honours degree in history.  At the age of twenty, he married
Sushila Kanoria.  Harsh was born in 1957, Sanjiv in 1961.

The Goenkas are blue-blooded members of Calcutta's Marwari aristocracy.
"In our community, we regard them as royalty," gushes B. M. Khaitan,
India's tea maharaja and one of RP's closest friends.  By Indian
standards, RP grew up in a rather Westernized household.  The Goenka
family fortune was founded on links with the British.  Both RP's
grandfather, Badridas and uncle, Hariram were knights of the British
Empire; and Sir Badridas was the first Indian chairman of the Imperial
Bank in 1933.

Marwaris are better known for their commercial enterprise than for
producing scientists, but Sir Badridas was a physics and chemistry
student, possibly the first of his community to graduate from
Presidency College.  His grandson, RP, an MA.  in economics, hungered
for a doctorate from Harvard.  "I spent fifteen days in 1968 in Athens
and three months at Harvard, researching.  I wanted to do a comparison
between Pericles and Chandragupta Maurya but they found too many lapses
in my thesis," he says.

Despite his liberal background, Goenka is an orthodox Marwari at heart.
He expects those younger than him to greet him by touching his feet.
The Goenka women stay at home, looking after the children, and RP
brought up his sons to think the same way.  Lately, change seems to be
in the air.  In early Ma, la (Harsh's wife) started looking into the
affairs of a music company.

In speech, Hindi phrases slip into RP's uneasy English.  At and where
appropriate, he wears a traditional cream silk nely pleated
Bengali-style dhoti.  In the office, prefers half-sleeved white safari
suits, typical of Marwari inessmen of his age.  For many years,
however, Goenka a jodhpuri jacket over Western-style trousers.  It was
a protest against the subtle racism he experienced in his oh .  After
Independence, racism between the British and Indians would be
substituted by that between Bengalis and

In 1991, Sanjiv would be refused membership of swanky Calcutta Club
amidst snide cracks about the need stop the "Bengali tiger [from] being
cornered by the Marwari in the safari suit', but those incidents lay
the future.

At the close of the nineteenth century, the Goenkas the traditional
Marwari occupation of money lending Raj, they acted as bani ans
(commission agents) for managing agency firms such as Rallis India ),
Kettelwell Bullen and Bird Heilgers (English), Duncan Brothers
(ScottiSh).  It was in the latter firm that Prasad obtained a jOb for
RP as a covenanted assistant the princely salary of Rs 350 per month.

Describing his first day at work, RP recalls: "It was May 1, 1951.  I
went to the dining room.  There were many tables.  There were eight
Englishmen and one Indian.  One Englishman called out to another, "I
say, old chap, do we allow people to have tiffin without a tie?"  He
answered, "No."  "Then should I've not ask him to leave?"  I tendered
my resignation and went home."

Keshav Prasad was furious "Why did you go against the traditions of
Duncan Brothers?  They did not say anything to you.  They were talking
among themselves," he railed.  RP was forced to retract his resignation
but all through the fierce Calcutta summer he wore a jodhpuri.

Behind Keshav's recriminations lay dreams of heading Duncan Brothers,
which, besides its flourishing trading activities, owned Anglo-india
Jute and Birpara Tea.  "My only business ambition was to chair the
board, own the company and totally lndianize it," he told reporters
many years later.  Through a series of judicious loans and quiet
tacticsmKeshav Prasad liked to describe his management approach as ah
ista ah ista----he fulfilled the first part of his dream in 1957.  Six
years later, he achieved it in full.  The event was described by the
contemporary press as "one of the biggest corporate coups' of the
time.

As tea profits increased, Duncan Brothers became a rich war chest. 
With his sons by his side, Keshav Prasad hit the acquisition trail:
Coorla Mills (1966), Asian Cables (1966), Jubilee Mills (1969), Swan
Mills (1971), B. N. Elias Group (1973, including Agarpara Jute and
National Tobacco), and Murphy India (1974).  Among the trophies were a
few failures: Rallis India, Balmer Lawrie, Remington Rand (which the
eider "Goenka bagged in a second attempt, from Keshub Mahindra, in
1991, but which was subsequently sold off for Re 1) and Bombay
Dyeing.

The Bombay Dyeing deal was totally RP's idea, and in making a play for
the venerable Parsi institution, RP displayed an odd mixture of
audacity and naivete.

Bombay Dyeing has been owned by the Wadia family for decades. 
Currently the Rs 10bn textile and petrochemical producer is headed by
Nusli Wadia, a corporate samurai who has crossed swords with Vishwanath
Pratap Singh, Rajiv Gandhi, and Dhimbhai Anlbani, among others.  At
age

 '-six, Wadia proved to be a feistier strategist then then
forty-two.

Goenka's play for Bombay Dyeing wasn't a hostile move.  Dyeing's then
chairman, Neville Wadia (Nusli's in 1971 put it on the auctioneer's
block.  Reportedly the was in a financial mess, and the Wadias did not
have h resources to set things right.  Unaware of his father's Nusli
arrived in Bombay after completing his abroad, expecting to find a job
in the mill.

"We had signed the deal with Neville Wadia," recalls "The contract is
still lying in Jaswant Thacker's office.  after Neville Wadia had
signed, Nusli baulked.  Neville offered me Rs 5 lakhs to return the
contract.  Pallonji assured me that if the matter came to court, he
would }uch for the legality of the sale and the presence of the Like an
idiot | told Neville: "If you offer me a drink, prepared to cancel the
deal."  He rushed off to get the finest of Royal Salute.  But I was an
idiot.  There is no room for in business."

Pressure on Goenka to pull out of' the deal came from other, r sources
also.  Among them J.R.D. Tata, who rushed to Nusli s

rescue.  The childless Tata's affection for Nusli was well mown, as was
his estrangement from Pallonji Mistry, a construction magnate whose
shareholding in Tata Sons, a core holding company, was larger than that
of the Tatas themselves.  Mistry owned 40 per cent of Nowrosjee Wadia &
Co, which in turn controlled 7 per cent of Bombay Dyeing.

Fortified by Tata's backing, Nusli drummed up support from within the
company.  He mustered 11 per cent of Bombay Dyeing's equity, some of it
from his sister and their mother Dina, who were equally aghast at the
prospect of Wadia losing his inheritance.  The management cadre rallied
round him and about 700 officers signed a joint statement saying they
had saved money for a rainy day and were willing to offer this for
buying ghe company's shares.  The company union declared its intention
to back the young master.  With these four aces in his hand, Nusli flew
to London for a showdown with his father.  Goenka and the two Wadias
met at the Ritz, a landmark on Piccadilly and lndira Gandhi's favourite
hotel, where Neville was 'staying.  Meanwhile, in India, JRD warned
senior government and Reserve Bank officials that he would lead a
public campaign if the government did not stop the sale from going
through.

Did the controversial deal split businessmen along community lines?"
According to the Business Standard, a 'number of Parsi businessmen
[came together] in Bombay to prevent a Marwari takeover of a Parsi
concern'.  Goenka shrugs off the comment.  If there had been any
anti-Marwari feeling, respected Parsis such as Pallonji Mistry and
Pettigara of Mulla & Mulla would not have supported us."

Later successes such as the acquisition of Cent Tyres and Calcutta
Electric Supply Company (CESC) have made Goenka philosophical about the
petering out of the Bombay Dyeing bid.  At the time, his failure
rankled.  In a sense, the abortive offer symbolized the stagnant phase
the group was passing through in the '70s.  In the '60s, Keshav Prasad
and his three sons had acquired several mills and established a
beachhead in Bombay through Asian Cables.  This decade saw few
accomplishments apart from the takeover of the B. N. Elias group of
companies.  RP felt stifled and wanted to set up his own office,
independent of his brothers.  In the process, he engineered the
splintering of the entire Duncan Group.

"The separation was requested by me.  My brothers did not want it. 
Both argued against it," says RP.  The friction among his three sons
about the direction and pace of growth threw Keshav Prasad into a deep
depression.  The constant bickering

Keshav Prasad down until he finally yielded.  Some time 1979, at his
opulent fiat on Bombay's Carmichacl the disheartened father drew up
three lists.  He called in youngest son, Gouri, showed him the three
columns, and I him to take his pick.  Jagdish, the middle son, chose
next.  last list was given to RP.  In twenty minutes, fifteen with an
estimated combined asset base of 1.45bn changed hands.  Each felt he
had been given the short of the stick.

'. Particularly RP.  Mingled with regret, however, was relief."ould now
put his past aside and start afresh.  From now on, wouldn't have to
consider anybody eise's sensibilities but own, trust no one else's
judgement but his own.  He was to make his own deals.

All through his childhood, RP had lived with the fact that ish was
their father's favourite.  After joining the family arguments with
Keshav Prasad had become a daily affair.  seemed to RP that Keshav
Prasad would scrutinize his far more rigorously than those of his
brothers.  The p between father and son spilled over, souring P's
relationship with his brothers.  "The year 1963 was an difficult period
for RP.  He had spent considerable , on a shipping proposal which his
father scuttled.

"The government had given us permission to put togethera fleet of
twelve ships.  Not that I was thinking in terms of all twelve, but
Cochin Refineries had agreed to use three tankers.  The scheme would
have paid itself back in three years.  My father was conservative.  He
wanted the money back in two and a half years, and the scheme fell
through, l.was having differences with my father at the time," says RP
with classic understatement.

RP's love for politics and politicians was another bone of contention
both with his father and with his brothers.  In 1966,

Indira Gandhi offered RP a place on the Planning Commission.  Excited,
RP nonetheless asked, "Do I get twenty-four hours to respond?"  Back
home Keshav Prasad and his brothers shot down the idea.  "They said it
was bak was [nonsense]."  As a member of a joint family, RP had no
choice but to turn down the prime minister.  Recounting the incident
clearly brought back unpleasant memories.  RP's voice hardened and for
a few moments the thread of our conversation was lost as he stared
ahead of him.

RP's loyalty to Mrs.  Gandhi during the Emergency and after the
Congress debacle in 1977 exacerbated family tensions.  "While she was
in power, sometimes we were out of favour and things would not go well,
but equally something good would also happen.  But when she was out of
power in 1977-79, only the bad was noticed," recalls RP bitterly.

Continuous sniping convinced RP that he was better off striking out on
his on.  He suspected that his two sons would have no future were he to
remain in a joint family.  "By 1979, I was absolutely clear in my mind
that nothing would induce, me to stay."  Jagdish and Gouri were
unprepared for RP's obduracy.  They offered him a bigger slice of the
family pie.  "They even said we are prepared to give you more work,
more authority," says RP with a cynical smile.  The offer amounted to
rubbing salt into an open wound.  A few years earlier, without any
explanation or warning, Keshav Prasad had summarily removed RP from the
management of Anglo-India Jute Mills and handed it over to Jagdish.  It
was the biggest jute mill in the world under one roof, and RP would
suffer considerable loss of face from the demotion.

After 1979, RP was a driven man.  Though all three brothers tried to
maintain a facade of cordiality, the battle lines had been drawn.  Each
was determined to establish a bigger corporate empire than the other.
Franker than his brothers,

openly threw down the gauntlet.  "The question to be is: Ten years
hence, which horse will win?"

,ccording to the terms of the settlement drawn up by Prasad, all three
brothers started out with a clutch of totalling roughly the same sales
turnover: Rs 750 p contained a carbon black company, an input in
manufacturing and an industry in which the Goenkas held 60 per cent of
market share.  Otherwise the companies in tgely in terms of
profitability and potential..  RP's leftovers consisted of Phillips
Carbon Black, Asian and two duds (Agarpara Jute and Murphy India).
picked the textile interests and Anglo-India Jute.  The

Duncan Agro Industries, went to Gouri.  Both RP and felt this keenly.
The tea and cigarette manufacturer, assets of Rs 540m, was 'an
industrial status symbol like Century land] the only Goenka company to
figure in the list of one hundred top private sector companies,"
:ilccording to Business Standard.

The split freed RP and he became more entrepreneurial.  "When we were
together, the desire for business was not greater.  But I was more
careful.  I think there is more adventurism in me now," Goenka says.
"Also, when you are on your own, you can make faster decisions."

And fleet-footed he was.  Selling off Agarpara Jute to generate some
cash, RP went shopping.  His first purchase was Ceat Tyres of India in
1981, acquired just in time for RP to head its silver anniversary
celebrations.  It was then India's third biggest tyre company after
Modi Tyres and Dunlop India.  Profitable, rich with cash reserves and
real estate, well-run and possessing strong brand equity, it was a
dream company.  A subsidiary of Italy's Ceat, it came on the market
because the parent company was in a financial bind.  Yet there were no
takers.

Ceat Tyres of India was first offered to the Tatas, the company's
original promoters.  Moreover there, was some synergy between the tyre
manufacturer and Telco, the Tata Group's truck company.  Telco's
chairman, Sumant Moolgaokar, however, was uninterested and so it
appears was J.R.D. Tata.  When the Tatas turned it down, it was then
offered to the Modis, an aggressive Delhi-based group who had entered
the tyre business in 1971, but the Modis were in ne position to
purchase it.  Modi Rubber was still overcoming teething problems.

Other possible buyers were putoff by the uncertainty in the tyre
business.  During the '60s, tyres had commanded huge premiums,
encouraging large investments in this sector.  By the next decade,
installed capacity had shot up.  At the same time, the prices of raw
materials had ballooned in the waive of the oil crisis of the mid-'70s.
Overnight the premiums vanished.  Ceat Tyres of India's future was
bright but its prospects were decidedly chancy.  Unperturbed, Goenka
snapped it up.  The deal, signed and sealed in Turin, Ceat's
headquarters, was so discreet that not a ripple was felt in India.

Even after documents were exchanged, the only information which either
party would release in India was that various investment companies
belonging to Goenka had bought 11 per cent of Ceat Tyres of India's
equ!t.y for Rs 205 per share (or Rs 12m); and that its 39 per cent
foreign holding was still held by its Italian parent.  The Goeffkas
would, however, manage the company, and on October 15, 1981, Harsh
joined the board as a director.  The share's market price was hovering
around Rs 195.  The announcement immediately aroused considerable
speculation about whylhe Italians had virtually gifted the management
of the company to the Goenkas.  That question remains unanswered till
today, though the Goenkas are known to have strengthened their
holding.

Rama Prasad Goenka / 229

, Goenka's gutsy decision more than paid off.  The parting the parent
company galvanized its Indian managers into better.  RP was also lucky.
The sector turned the Once Ceat Tyres of India(later renamed as simply
Ceat started performing exceptionally well, Goenka had no in dipping
into its impressive reserves.  He bought

(in1982), Searle India (1983), Dunlop (1984, in p with Manu Chhabria),
Bayer (1985, a minority which was subsequently sold off), and HMV
(1988).  The 1989 was particularly spectacular for India's hungriest
specialist.  Analysts watched breathlessly as he dlowed up a power
company, two plantations and a rater hardware concern (CESC, Harrisons
Malayalam, & Co.  and ICIM).

These acquisitions added almost Rs 10bn to group sales Rs 7.7bn in
1988, and propelled RPG Enterprises up from to fourth rank in terms of
size.

The 1979 split had left Goenka with a Rs 700m group.  In RPG
Enterprises joined the $1bn club (Rs 33bn).  By group sales were Rs
45bn with profits of Rs 7bn.

OOD PALS

Each victory whetted RP's appetite for more.  In June 1982, Goenka
started stalking Premier Automobiles Ltd (PAL).

At the time, PAL did not make very modern cars.  In fact, its mainstay
was the Padmini, an outmoded version of Italy's Fiat 1100, of 1966
vintage.  It was also an unprofitable company, saddled with large
debts.  But until Maruti started churning out Suzukis, the Walchand
group company was one of India's two car producers (the other being
Hindustan Motors).  And Goenka wanted to join the exclusive club.

Initially, having a go at PAL wasn't even a remote option in RP's mind.
On the contrary he was mulling over setting up a new car factory.  The
idea and the ambition developed out of a chance meeting between Harsh
and Giovalani Agnelli, chairman of Italy's Fiat.  "I was in London at
that time.  Harsh had gone to Turin, to Ceat's headquarters.  There he
met the chairman of Fiat, which also has its head office in Turin.  The
Fiat chairman offered Harsh know-how for a small car which they didn't
want to give Premier.  So Harsh got a letter to that effect from Fiat.
With that we went to the IDBi office in Bombay.  IDBI suggested that we
join the board of Premier itself.  With that letter from Fiat and the
assurance of a seat on the board from IDBI, we thought why not take
over Premier?"  says Goenka.

Father and sons sat down to do their homework.  The Life Insurance
Corporation (LIE) held the biggest block of PAL's equity: 14.5 per cent
or 115,000 shares.  Within days of a meeting between Goenka and the LIE
chairman, 28,000 shares were sent to PAL's share department for
transfer from LIE to Ceat Finance and Ceat Investments.  More were
picked up from the market, bringing Goenka's holding to 8 per cent.

It was only then that alarm bells started ringing in Construction
House, PAL's magnificent head office at Ballard Estate in Bombay.  "We
were completely taken by surprise.  We did not know what hit us," says
Vinod Doshi, the pipe-smoking, actor-industrialist who was elevated to
PAL's chairmanship by his father.  Doshi panicked.  Collectively the
Walchand group held 56,000 shares or a perilously low 7 per cent of
PAL's equity.  Collectively, financial institutions such as LIE, IDBI
and the Unit Trust of India held 30 per cent.  How much had LIE agreed
to sell to Goenka?  Who else would follow LIC's lead?

Sustained buying pressure by the Goenkas pushed PAL's stock up by
almost 28 per cent in September 1982 and by early October, speculators
in Bombay's towering new stock building got wind of the takeover
attempt.  On 5, the PAL scrip zoomed from Rs 395 to Rs 429.  As AGM
approached on December 20, the air of panic and oom in Construction
House was almost palpable.  iAdvertisements appeared nationally,
listing the achievements of the management.  Individual shareholders
were approached for their support in case a proxy war broke out.

The Walchand family closed ranks.  Vinod Doshi's job to stall the
transfer of Goenka's share purchases.  Ajit Gulabchand, Doshi's cousin
and chairman of the Hindustan

Construction Company, flew to Pune to get Rahul Bajaj, the
0re'l-connected and influential head of India's biggest scooter
company, on their side.  If Bajaj refused, Gulabchand would i' check
whether Bajaj would act as mediator.  His second task was to raise Rs
25m to cover share purchases from the market.  But the role of Sharayu
Daftary, Doshi's sister, was the most sensitive.

Shortly before the AGM, Daflary had paid lndira Gandhi a visit.  After
she left, "an annoyed prime minister summoned Goenka to Delhi and
ordered him to call off the takeover.  He was not to disturb the
company as it belonged to a freedom fighter.

Promising Mrs.  Gandhi that "Lalchandji will not be disturbed in any
way', Goenkaleft her private sitting room, went straight to R.K.
Dhawan's room and phoned Harsh to double his holding.  "She did not ask
me not to buy.  The only assurance was that Lalchandji should not be
disturbed," he says without a blink.

What had really put Goenka's back up was the realization that the
Doshis doubted his word.  Two days previously, Goenka had met Vinod at
Neela House, the Doshi family's mansion on Carmichael Road.  Over a
Couple of drinks--'something special which comes in a cut glass
bottle'--RP promised Vinod that he would call off his bid.  So when
Mrs.  Gandhi summoned him, Goenka was taken aback.  "Vinod and I spoke
just two day ago!  l have never gone back on my word.  Now I wanted
them to feel the presence of RP in Bombay, their very own city."

As PAL's share price climbed, Doshi frantically kept up a hectic
campaign to strengthen his position in the.  company.  Goenka received
phone calls from the Birlas, the Tatas and even Sharad Pawar,
Maharashtra's chief minister, asking him to call off his bid.  Only
after Bajaj pacified them did emotions finally cool down.  At Bajaj's
insistence, Goenka agreed to sell his PAL shares at cost.  "We had to
bear all the charges, so actually we sold them at a slight loss, but we
had accepted Bajaj as a mediator and if that is what he ruled, we had
to obey it," said Goenka.  A grateful Doshi heaved a sigh of relief.

Why did Goenka pull out at the crucial moment?  The meeting with Doshi
was almost a replay of Goenka's meeting with Neville Wadia in the 1969
bid for Bombay Dyeing.  What made him change his mind and call off the
attack?  "Peer pressure, maybe.  I don't think India is ready for
hostile takeovers.  Which raids have succeeded?  Strictly speaking, all
the companies we acquired have been buy-outs," Goenka explains.  There
was a willing seller in every company he seriously wanted.  The only
obstacles to his success were other bidders.  In the Indian context,
takeover skills mean getting a whiff of an upcoming sale before others,
fending off rivals, astute pricing, and political muscle to obtain
government clearances.

"MY THIRD SON'

Another businessman who has had occasion to cross swords with Goenka is
Manohar Rajaram Chhabria.  A trim Sindhi electronics trader from Dubai,
Chhabria is proud of his

 Story as the boy from Bombay's Lamington who made good in West Asia.
For a brief moment during 1982 Asian Games in New Delhi, the promoter
of Jumbo ;ctronics held the title of the biggest Sorry dealer in the In
the mid-'80s, Chhabria stormed India's corporate tad el with a string
of audacious takeovers.  Each buy-0ut fund the next.  By 1990, he had
carved out a Rs 15bn are .  As his juggernaut moved on, MA specialists
shuttled Goenka and Chhabria.

Nobody knows which of the two tycoons was first offered India deal. 
The only person who knew the answered shortly after the sale was
completed. He was Brijesh Mathur, a London-based banker with ANZ
Grindlay, who had been given the mandate to get a buyer for the tyre
manufacturermlndia's eleventh largest company in the private sector--by
its UK parent.  Mathur engineered a curious partnership.  The earliest
indication of the secret conclaves in London was a bland announcement
in mid-December 1984 that U It's Dunlop Holdings plc had sold 9.8 per
cent of its share in Dunlop India to Chhabria and Sanjiv Goenka.
Chhabria moved in as Dunlop India's new chairman; Sanjiv, then barely
twenty-five, as deputy managing director.

In the small, incestuous circle of india's business elite, the news was
greeted with startled disbelief for there could not be two more
dissimilar men than RIP.  Goenka and Manu

Chhabria.  If at all they share anything in common, it is a love of
takeover roulette.  Goenka is the quintessential Marwari aristocrat
with a dash-of Bengali culture while Chhabria is marked and moulded by
his past.  The contrast was specially evident at Gocnka's sophisticated
soirees, where Chhabria would often have to curb his pungent vocabulary
and short t mp r while socializing or talking to Sushila, RP's soign6e
wife.

So why did Goenka tie up with Chhabria?  Simply put, Goenka needed him.
Apart from chipping in with hard cash, Chhabria's involvement would
help overcome foreign exchange (FERA) and anti-trust legislation (MRTP)
restrictions.  As an NRI with considerable financial assets overseas,
Chhabria could easily work out an offshore deal with Dunlop Holdings
without any questions being asked.  The MRTP was another land mine
Ceat's market share was 17 per cent.  With Dunlop India, the Goenkas'
share would top 35 per cent.  RP was worried that rivals would work
through the MRTP Commission to scuttle" his bid for the Calcutta-based
company as Jyoti Basu (West Bengal's communist chief minister), was
already threatening to do so.

Some years later, while working on the Haldia Petrochemicals project,
Goenka would establish a close rapport with Basu.  At the time of the
Dunlop deal, however, Basu regarded Goenka as just another Marwari
industrialist who had abandoned West Bengal for Maharashtra.  In August
of 1984, Basu wrote to Indira Gandhi: "In case the R.P.Goenka group
succeeds in acquiring Dunlop (india), they will enjoy virtual monopoly
in an industry which is a pat't of the vital transport sector."  He
suggested instead that it be acquired by the state-owned Tyre
Corporation of India.

During their short-lived partnership, "Goenka affectionately referred
to Chhabria--then thirty-eight--as his third son.  The only problem
was, few believed him.  Shortly after acquiring Ceat, Goenka had told
everybody that he was scouting around for a big company for Sanjiv to
manage.  Each of his sons should have a 'metropolitan base' from which
they could spread their wings.  After bagging Dunlop India, RP made no
secret of his satisfaction.  Harsh would have Ceat Tyres in Bombay,
Sanjiv would run Dunlop India in Calcutta.  But where would that leave
Chhabria?  Goenka's intimate title for his Sindhi partner began to
sound stretched.  Trouble between the two billionaires would ignite ale
of years later.  During the early days of the partnership,

would be too busy waging a protracted legal battle Shaw Wallace to
spare time for Dunlop India.  After the liquor giant, he began looking
at his investment tyre industry, and found much to dismay him.  He took
Iicular exception to Sanjiv sanctioning advances from h-rich Dunlop
India to RPG group companies but refusing for Orson Electronics, a
Chhabria group company.  At Chhabria demanded the head of Dunlop
India's chief officer, a demand that Sanjiv ignored.

The relationship between the two powerful men dipped as Chhabria
stopped looking up to the (physically

Goenka.  A subtle shift in the balance of personal lt ions also took
place.  Earlier, the association was mutually neficial.  Goenka had
needed Chhabria to clear the legal rdles in the Dunlop India takeover.
As a newcomer to the lian business and political environment, Chhabria
had uired Goenka to guide him through the pitfalls of North and Jth
Block.

Initially Chhabria had found the going tough in a country here business
deals are greased by political intrigue.  His ttempts to obtain
clearance for his half of Dunlop India's r'quity are a perfect example
of his difficulties.  According to 9he observer, he couldn't get
official clearance 'because of aled signal from the finance ministry'.
In contrast, the Reserve Bank of India swiftly cleared Goenka's half of
the purchase.

Chhabria was impressed by Goenka's political contacts.  RP had
published a book on Indira Gandhi, lndira Priyadarshini, and was
friendly with her kitchen cabinet.  He knew all the right politicians,
bureaucrats and businessmen.  By 1986, however, Chhabria had more or
less found his wy round

New Delhi's minefields and no longer needed Goenka's introductions.

"From being my son, he became my chacha [uncle] ," quipped RP.  Did he
feel used?  "No.  No one asked me to do it.  I volunteered.  So I
should not feel bad about it.  The only person to blame is myself."  At
the heart of their falling-out was the question of who should change
gears in the new turbocharged Dunlop India.

The mud-slinging worsened as 'people close to the Chhabrias' and
"Goenka group insiders' began leaking stories of boardroom battles and
behind-the-scenes tussles.  The most public power tussle was over the
appointment of Dunlop's managing director.  The British incumbent
retired on May 20, 1987.  At Dunlop India's AGM in June, a shareholder
suggested that under Sanjiv's stewardship, it had 'moved ahead and he
should be elevated to the post of managing director'.  Chhabria
prevaricated.  "A decision would be taken soon," he promised.  Since he
was obviously not going to be appointed MD, Sanjiv tried to abolish the
post.  He dropped this bombshell at a press conference--about which
Chhabria claimed he was not informed--ostensibly called to announce
Dunlop India's half-year results.

in hindsight, perhaps neither RP nor Sanjiv should have been surprised
by Chhabria's urge to get his hands on the wheel.  The ink had barely
dried on contracts drawn up in 1984 when Chhabria had warned, "It is
not my intention to be an ornamental chairman."  Yet that was exactly
how the Gocnkas treated him.  Gradually he 'began to demand [his] pound
of flesh'.

Goenka claims it was never agreed that Chh.abria would manage the
company on a day-to-day basis.  He points out that Chhabfia had not
objected when Dunlop India's British ex-chairman and managing director
had welcomed Sanjiv as

Raraa Prasad, Goenka / 237

man 'who will look after currerrt operations.  "But now,

ing tasted blood after acquiring Shaw Wall,ace and some

!i ll.  cr companies, he had got too ambitious.  As the rift |dened,
there was a patch-up attempt.  The ensuing llltllagement reshuffle did
little more than postpone the ritual partition by a few months.

Operationally, Dunlop India s performance was on the llnd.  In 1984,
the Indian was in the doldrums tyre industry lld so was Dunlop India.
Its sales then were an impressive2,95bn but profits had dwindled to
twenty million or so.  en other Indian tyre companies started doing
well, Dunlop id better.  1988, sales

Rs 5.23bn; the bottom line,

By were lalthy Rs 992.4m.  International recognition followed.  The
lr.opean Ru,bberJournals 1987 league ranked Du,mop India

, the world s 28th largest rubber company.  USA s Dunlop

ire was in 20th place.

i Despite the kudos Dunlop India and Sanjiv were earning,

Iy late June 1988 RP felt the time had come to cut free.  "Life for
Sanjiv was getting very difficult," he says.  The Goenka trio
tltlanimously felt that a slanging match with Chhabria was not orth it.
Despite the loss of face, they would give up the prize.

But on their terms.

In early July, Goenka went to London, ostensibly for a tooth operation.
Harsh and Sanjiv joined him.  Root canal treatment is always painful,
but the dentist's drilling would be tlothing compared to the drastic
surgery about to take pi ace at

Dunlop.  When Chhabria flew into London to meet them, he had no inkling
of their intentions.  An informal auction was set up: the highest
bidder would get full control of Dunlpp India.

A select panel of bankers, lawyers and tax consultants declared

Chhabria the winner.  The Lamington Road boy had scored over Alipore's
blue blood.

Or had he?  A victorious Chhabria should have felt elated.

Instead, he was smarting.  There was too wide a margin between the two
bids.  Chhabria realized too late that he had been adroitly led into
stuffing a few extra millions into the Goenka coffers.  The master
strategist had struck again, in 1984, the financial media had
speculated that the Dunlop buy-out must have cost the duo 7 pounds 5
pence each.  Four years later, Business India pegged Chhabria's bid at
between 30 pounds 37m.

Apart from Sanjiv's day-to-day hassles with Chhabria, there was a
second, hidden, reason behind the Goenkas' desire to cut free from
Dunlop.  RP strongly suspected that one of the consequences of their
rivalry was the income tax raid on his companies on March 17, 1988.

This raid, unlike the 1977-79 series, was embarrassing because it
occurred when the Congress Party was in power.  The corporate grapevine
sizzled with questions.  Why had the prime minister authorized it? 
What had Goenka done to upset him?  It was true that Rajiv Gandhi
distrusted Goenka, as he distrusted anyone friendly with R.K. Dhawan
and Pranab Mukherjee, lndira "Gandhi's confidantes.  On the other hand,
there was no apparent animosity.  Secondly, the then finance minister,
Narain Dutt Tiwari, was supposed to be close to Goenka.  The business
community was stunned by the headlines.

The raid was carried out with military precision.  At exactly 8.30 on
the morning of Thursday, March 17, a team of 311 income tax officials
armed with search warrants and accompanied by colleagues from the
anti-evasion wing of the customs, the central excise and the foreign
exchange regulation departments simultaneously rapped on the doors of
nineteen offices and residences of RP and his brothers in New Delhi,
Bombay, Ahmedabad, Baroda, Hyderabad and Ranchi.

At his Prithviraj Road residence in Delhi, RP, not an early riser, was
still in his pyjamas.  Though surprised by the

sion, he simply asked for the identity cards of the officials let
them.  get on with their job.  Gouri was in Baroda, getting ' to
address the annual general meeting of Gujarat Carbon.

was in Varanasi.  Though RP's brothers received a fair mt of
consideration, Sanjiv didn't get off so lightly and interrogated for
ten gruelling hours.

government raiders spent four days sifting through ita ins of paper
before calling off the attack on March 21.  evening they called a press
conference to show off their il of seized share certificates, jewellery
and antiques.  If the tax officials had hoped to use the media to
destroy reputation, the plan misfired.  Intimidated, kept silent, too
cowed down to publicly condemn raid, but the financial press jumped to
Goenka's defence.  Business India fired a broadside at the government
for 'into a bully boy against whom there is no protection', Business
World warned that such action 'will be for the country'.  Gandhi was
going overboard in his of populism, suggested Sujoy Gupta, a
commentator the Ananda Bazar Patrika Group of papers.  If he wanted
Robing Hood title held by his ex-finance minister VP.  this was perhaps
not the best way to go about it.  The was even more virulent,
describing the attack on as one more example of the Centre's step
motherly of the communist state.

A defensive Ajit Kumar Panja, the then revenue minister a Congressman
from Bengal, tried to defuse the situation.  g the raid as a 'routine
action, taken in the 'ordinary administration', he insisted that
'searches have to be unearth unaccounted money'.  In Delhi, the finance
linistry defended the investigation, claiming that 'our officers lot of
homework before we go in for a full raid.  It is not a of taking a
sudden decision'.  The words had to be gulped back whe word spread that
in their misplaced enthusiasm, officials had raided Shanti Prasad
Gocnka, a plywood manufacturer, who had no link whatsoever with RP or
his brothers.

Before raids are conducted on any of the big business houses,
permission is usually taken from the prime minister and the operation
is overseen by the finance ministry.  However, S. Venkitramanan, a
former head of the Reserve Bank of India and the then finance
secretary, claims that Rajiv Gandhi 'did not know that a raid was being
planned on RP.  He thought they were going to raid Ramnath Goenka'.
[Ramnath Goenka (1902-1881) was the head of the indian Express Group of
newspapers, and the bte noire of the Gandhi Nehru dynasty].

According to RP, three men knew and planned the raid.  "These were the
revenue secretary, a minister of state, and the income tax
investigation secretary.  They kept the file away from the finance
ministry," he says.  Venkitramanan nods, "Yes, it's true.  Even I
didn't know about the raid."

According to TN.  Ninan, then a reporter with India Today, Panja
ordered the raid.  "The file reached the income tax headquarters in New
Delhi on March 10 and officials placed it before the minister of sthte
for revenue, Ajit Panja.  Panja ordered the raid.  Finance minister ND.
Tiwari initialled it and the file was sent back to Serla Grewal in the
Prime Minister's Secretariat.  Within twenty-four hours it came back
with instructions that the raid be carried out.  Next morning the
action began... Tiwari was believed to be piqued at having been
referred to by someone close to Goenka as being "manageable"," ran
Ninan's version.

But why did RP suspect that the raids were a direct consequence of his
differences with Chhabria?  The clue lay in the choice of companies
under investigation.  The raid was specific and limited to three carbon
black firms.  Carbon black in tyre manufacture and collectively, in
1988, the controlled 60 per cent of the Rs 1.75bn market.  The
companies under fire were Phillips Carbon (run by RP), Carbon (under
Jagdish), and Gujarat Carbon (under When the raiders came, they were
well armed with tiled information of financial irregularities that
would only furnished by industry insiders.

At the time, RP and his sons were discreet.  Asked about Chhabria
angle, Harsh had said: "We have an excellent p with Chhabria.  In fact
he was the first to call and Nonetheless, RP couldn't resist one
pot-shot.  In an he gave to me for the Economic Times a few months the
raid, he declared: "I am surviving and shall continueur ivemnot on
others' weaknesses but on my own strength.  will not indulge in actions
which are aimed at attacking other sinessmen in order to further my own
case.  I have not done to date--and God help me not to do so in
future."  It would RP five years to feel comfortable enough to let down
his "Manu is a fighter.  If he had lost Dunlop, he would not have
missed an opportunity to hurt me anytime, anywhere.  So I simply went
out.  Today the situation in the country is fferent.  I would not be
cowed down by him."  Though Goenka came out of the Dunlop India deal y
richer, its loss left him bleeding.  He needed to buy a big company
quickly to repair his prestige and for Sanjiv to manage in order to
maintain the balance with Harsh.  As he brooded over this predicament,
Chander Dhanuka came up With a solution.

A soft spoken businessman, Dhanuka is virtually indistinguishable from
hundreds of Marwaris like him who Work in and around Calcutta's Burra
Bazaar.  Yet this well-connected, unassuming forty-something deal-maker
has pulled off some astonishing deals.

One of these was the takeover of Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation
(CESC), a professionally run, independent power generator and
distributor.  Most of India's power companies are government-owned and
run except for a handful, such as the three Tara power companies,
Bombay Suburban Electric Supply and CESC.

Dhanuka spent most of 1988 watching the movements of the CESC's scrip.
Whenever it dipped, he would place a buy order.  His purchases were so
discreet that few realized that by early 1989, Dhanuka had collected 12
per cent of its equity.  On a bright winter's day in February 1989,
Dhanuka went to visit Goenka.  Within days of this meeting, Dhanuka's
carefully built block of CESC shares silently changed hands.

From RP's point of view, the deal couldn't have been better.  On the
surface, there was no reason for anyone to fancy the favourite whipping
boy of Calcutta's citizens.  Not only was it poorly managed, but its
returns and dividends were heavily regulated by the government, and its
licence would come up for renewal by the year 2000.

Goenka, whose gut instinct so far had never let him down, took a
radically different view on the company.  It had size, with revenues of
over Rs 3bn.  It also owned prime real estate whose value was grossly
underestimated in its book of accounts.  With one stone, he could kill
two birds.  CESC would fill the void left by Chhabria's driving off
with Dunlop; and he could get a toehold into a business with great
potential.  Plans to open up the power sector to private entrepreneurs
were being drawn up by bureaucrats such as S. Rajgopal, the power
secretary.  It was simply a matter of time before the new policies were
announced.  By acquiring CESC, Goenka would get in on the ground floor.
The price was the real clincher.  But the operation would have to be
carried out quietly.

Dhanuka was equally pleased.  To pull it off, the deal

ld require exquisite an impeccable sense skill and of ping.  Dhanuka
was convinced RP had both.  Taking the deal ,. C, oenka rather than the
Ruias or the Bidas had been the right mice.  Not only did Goenka offer
a good price, he was also leto pull off the deal.  'l knew that RP
would be able to pull To acquire a company with only a 12 per cent
stake contacts, both at the state level and in Delhi.  1 them.  Seven
or eight ministries were involved and managed everything brilliantly,"
says Dhanuka.  Thrice (Ceat, Dunlop, Bayer), RP had managed
to-establish control of a company with a mce I0 per cent g. He was
confident he could do it again.

At the state level, Goenka's relationship with the Marxist undergone a
sea change since the day in 1984 hen Basu had written to Indira Gandhi
advising against

Goenka's takeover of Dunlop.  In 1991, the Left Front government went
out of its way to help comrade Goenka acquire CESC.  During the
intervening five years, Basu had come to appreciate the portly
businessman as they worked together on the Haldia Petrochemicals deal.
Gone also were the Naxalite days when journalists commented acidly that
'the Bengali world is that of the Red Star, the Marwaris of the
five-star."  From being pariahs, Marwaris and other capitalists had
become desirable bridegrooms, assiduously wooed by Basu's Marxist
government.  Mingled with esteem was some remorse for having eased RP
out of the project in favour of Darbari Seth of the Tata group.  For a
deal of this importance, however, state approval wasn't enough.  Goenka
needed clearances from the PMO (Prime Minister's Office) and the
finance ministry.

And here, Goenka was plain lucky.  He was not particularly close to VP.
Singh, who had become prime minister after Rajiv Gandhi lost the 1989
elections, but at the time Goenka embarked on the CESC deal (February
1989), Rajiv Gandhi was still prime minister.  And at the sensitive
moment when CESC's chairman Bhaskar Mitter was to retire and RP,
replace him, once again a Goenka well-wisher was in a pivotal
position.

At the time Goenka was sewing up the CESC deal by hiking his
shareholding and increasing his fragile' hold on the company, momentous
events were taking place in New Delhi, In a craftily engineered coup in
the Lok Sabha in November 1990, VP.  Singh was forced to resign and
Chandra Shekhar took over the country's reins.  It was a short reign
(November 10, 1990 to June 21, 1991) but just long enough for Goenka to
push through the CESC deal.  On his first visit to Calcutta as prime
minister, Chandra Shekhar had dropped in for lunch at Goenka's Alipore
residence.  Bureaucrats picked up the hint without any prompting.  Why
ask for trouble by stalling the ambitions of the prime minister's old
buddy?  On February 2, 1991, Goenka took over as CESC's chairman,
Bhaskar Mitter became vice-chairman.  A smiling Goenka 'gifted' CESC to
Sanjiv, and made a quick visit to the temp leto thank "God Almighty'.

When discussing his business, Goenka frequently makes references to
"God Almighty', either thanking him or asking his blessing.  He is a
devout Hindu who takes his dharma seriously and attributes at least
part of his corporate success to it.  This is in stark contrast to
other industrialists.  Most of India's top tycoons pay token homage to
religion, but few spend the kind of time, energy and money on their
beliefs as does Goenka.

The late Aditya Birla, who used to pray ten minutes a day, believed
that 'people who are successful, [find] it easier to see the hand of
God'.  For Goenka, religion provides strengthmand humility.  "Belief in
religion gives you self-confidence and,

it mike, s you humble.  When you believe in God power, you realize
yourself and your smallness.  fleness helps in every aspect of life:
business, politics and explains Goenka, His religiosity, however, falls
of inducing a desire in him to emulate Birla munificence of endowing
charities or building temples, schools, |.hospitals for the poor.

A vegetarian like Bajaj and Birla and most Marwaris, dharma prevented
him from joining hands with International and Holiday Inn in the '70s.
"You run five-star deluxe hotels without serving meat.  We in the hotel
business," he had told them politely while them down.  Of late, Goenka
appears to have shed some fibitions and become more pragmatic. 
Hindutva scruples prevent him from acquiring Spencer in 1989.  A
130-year-old concern, Spencer not only owns runs a hotel but is
planning to set up an export-oriented farm.  It also recently tied up
with Wimpy to establish chain of fast food franchises in south and east
India.

Goenka is supposed to be a competent astropalmist and tudent of
astrology, and does puja every day.  Every Falgun around February), he
organizes a lavish yagna in the garden Of his Prithviraj Road home in
Delhi.  There.are seventy-one priests on his payroll (sixty-five of
them in Benaras), praying for him daily, and for the success of his
business.  "There is no substitute for doing prayers oneself.  But
sometimes, it is not possible.  So you get others to do it for you," he
says smiling.

His greatest joy is to usher in the new year with a dar shan of the god
Balaji, in the Tirupati temple, of which he used to be a trustee, a
position he felt honoured in holding.  "I had done eleven years of
trusteeship.  When Vijay Bhaskar Reddy became chief minister, he threw
me out," he says emotionlessly.  For years, RP has been making an
annual pilgrimage to Tirupati, turning it into a picnic for the whole
family and a few chosen friends.

The dawn of 1990 was no exception.  Well before the sun touched the
horizon, thousands of devotees lined the streets leading to the temple.
As they waited patiently, for hours for their few seconds of dar shan
Goenka's cavalcade of cars drove up to the temple and gained instant
entrance.  Once inside, Goenka bowed his head reverentially in front of
the god.  His prayers were a little more fervent than usual.  A
'cherished dream' was turning into a nightmare.  He needed divine help
to get him out of it.

THE HALDIA HIJACK

Goenka's nightmare began in mid-May 1985 when he became a co-promoter,
with the West Bengal Industrial Development Corporation (WBIDC), of a
massive naphtha-based petrochemical complex at Haldia, about 200 km
south of Calcutta.  Goenka knew he was walking into a potential
minefield, yet he went ahead anyway.

"It started with a courtesy call I made on Jyoti Basu.  In order to
sound impressive, l told him I was the chairman of Gujarat
Petrochemicals.  Jyoti Basu retorted: "What the hell are you doing for
West Bengal?"  He took the wind out of me.  I asked for two days' time,
went back to him and told him I was willing to shoulder the
responsibility for setting up a petrochemicals complex at Haldia."  The
charmingly disingenuous anecdote leaves out a few minor details.  West
Bengal was desperately looking for a new partner after its old one, the
Union government, backed out in July 1984.  And casual remarks are not
Goenka's style.

Much preparation had gone into RPG Enterprises' proposed entry into
petrochemicals.  It had become a fashionable field and virtually every
big busine.s house was

: round the clock to corner one of the half dozen or so the government
was likely to offer to the private In the great petro chem race of the
'80s were names like tbhai" Ambani, Arvind Mafatlai, Vijay Mallya,
Aditya and Shyam Bhartia.

For Goenka, then almost fifty-five, the Haldia project become a
personal Grail.  During the long span of his i life, he had built up an
extensive corporate empire but : once had he managed to build a
successful factory from roots.  One of the very few plants which the
group

Rs 3bn tyre cord factory at Nasik--had to be sold in Another plant, a
Rs 750m polyester staple fibre plant, promoted in 1987, wiped out its
equity within years of commercial production.  More humiliating was
ience in the shaving blade sector where the Malhotra nicked RP's
Wiltech so badly that it had to be put on the

Iioneer's block.  Meanwhile several smaller ventures fared better.
Profits in a Rs 190m chemical plant, Cetex dipped so low that it had to
be merged into the KEC to keep afloat.  Two tiny companies to printed
circuit boards, Maple Circuits and Oak located in Kashmir, had to stop
production because of poor law and order situation.

The biggest and best companies in his group had all been others.  Deep
inside him RP had a need to be recognized Sa green field man, in the
manner of Aditya Birla or Dhirubhai bani with their world-class plants.
They had translated their

is ions into concrete reality.  Like them, Goenka wanted to leave a
mark of his own.  In 1988, he had drawn up a master plan, but none of
the projects outlined succeeded.

When the Haldia proposal came up, he seized the 9pportunity with both
hands.  It would be the biggest project of his life, and a fitting
climax to his career.  To free himself for it, he eased away from RPG
Enterprises, handing over the reins to Harsh.  To the Economic Times,
he announced: "Haldia will get my immediate personal attention.."  if
it makes my friends in the corporate sector feel reassured, I would
like to make it very clear that I am no longer in the takeover game."

When Goenka offered to shoulder Haldia Petrochemicals, Basu accepted
the gesture gratefully, it was a project close to his heart but nobody
else seemed much interested in it.  The original letter of intent had
been signed on November 11, 1977, but so far the West Bengal government
had been unable to get vital clearances from the finance ministry and
the IDBI.  Goenka, with his connections at the Centre, might be able to
push the right buttons and get the project off the drawing boards.
Unfortunately, this didn't happen.  Every time the two partners crossed
one hurdle, another took its place.  The frustrating delays sparked
political bluster.

For example, on February 20, 1986, Nirmal Bose, the then state commerce
and industry minister, charged the Centre with 'staling' the project by
delaying the approval of its product mix.  He asked Left Front members
of Parliament to take up the issue in the Lok Sabha.  Seven months
later (September 1986), the Centre cleared six foreign technical
tie-ups.  Nothing more happened for months.  As tempers rose in
Calcutta, Basu went to meet VP.  Singh, then finance minister, who
promised to look into the matter.  Still nothing happened.  Basu griped
that the 'government that works' [Rajiv Gandhi's famous slogan] should
'work a little more' on speeding up Haldia.  The only palliative VP.
Singh offered was that the finance ministry's attack on Goenka's unpaid
excise dues would have no negative effect on the project.

After Narayan Dutt Tiwari took over from Singh, Basu trekked to Delhi
once again.  Tiwari, an old friend of Goenka's, promised Basu on
January 19, 1988 that the finance ministry clear the project within ten
days.  Three months later, grumbled that Delhi was still 'sitting on
the file'.  In April the Haldia question came up in the [,ok Sabha. 
Had the iv Gandhi administration given or not given all the issions?
Forty-four MPs belonging to various political urged Gandhi to clear it.
Under pressure, the finance pproved its first phase on September 29,
1988.

Haldia's real hurdle was money.  None of the three players cash on the
table: not Goenka, not WBIDC, nor the Left , the project kept expanding
like hot air in a balloon.

cracker's size more than doubled and additional m units were added to
the blueprint.  This, along with hiked its cost from Rs 4.28bn in 1977,
to Rs 10bn in and Rs 30bn in 1990.  Banks didn't want to lend because
were unsure of its viability, and the Centre didn't want to gommit its
funds.

it was understandable, then, that Basu was astounded to arn that Rajiv
Gandhi wanted to lay the project's foundation tone on October 15,
1989.

Smelling a rat but not quite sure where it was, Basu laid down
conditions at a dinner hosted by Rajiv in Delhi on September 14.  Among
them was a commitment in writing that the Centre would take positive
steps to clear Haldia Petrochemicals' funding.  Gandhi agreed and on
October 9, Gopi Arora (the finance secretary), met the financial
institutions to hurriedly sort out the issue.  On October 14, Buta
Singh (the Union home minister) handed over the formal letter to Basu.
Later that evening, Basu and Gandhi flew to Calcutta together.  At the
stone-laying ceremony on the 15th, the Congress tricolour and the CPM's
red flag fluttered together in the wind.  Next morning, newspapers were
full of photographs of the two leaders standing chummily next to each
other.

Two days later, Gandhi announced fresh Lok Sabha elections.  A
disgusted Basu realized that the stone-laying ceremony had been nothing
more than an election gimmick to woo the Bengali voter.

In the photographs, Gandhi looked relaxed, Basu sombre and Goenka,
glum.  The cause of Goenka's unhappiness was Dhirubhai Ambani. 
Goenka's sensitive political antenna had picked up rumours that Ambani
was about to pounce on Haldia.  This would put Goenka squarely between
a rock and a hard place.  Taking on Ambani wasn't a prospect Goenka
relished in the slightest but he had worked too long and too hard on
the project to give it up without a murmur.

According to a friend, Basu's willingness to tie up with Ambani hurt
Goenka to the quick.  He couldn't believe that Basu could jettison him,
not after all they had gone through over the past four years.  Basu's
point of view, "was that even after four years, Goenka had not been
able to deliver.  The Ambanis might do better.  Basu had dropped hints
of his disillusionment on earlier occasions but Goenka had failed to
notice them.  For example, after the 1988 raid on Goenka, Basu had told
the state assembly that he was ready to sacrifice Goenka if keeping him
meant jeopardizing Haldia.

Describing Goenka, a Calcutta industrialist once told India Today: "You
never know where exactly you stand with RP.  He could be cutting your
throat, but you won't know it till the knife is halfway across your
neck."  This time, Goenka was at the receiving end.  Ambani moved so
discreetly that at first Goenka was not entirely sure that his
suspicions were correct.

Ambani's name began to crop up sporadically in a seemingly casual
manner.  Soon after the stone-laying ceremony, Ambani hosted a private
dinner for Basu in Delhi.  It was the beginning of several rounds of
talks in Bombay and Delhi where the Ambanis declared their interest in
Haidia.

's official letter of recommendation to the Left Front shortly before
Rajiv Gamthi lost the 1989 general

From being a king on the chessboard, Goenka was reduced pawn in the
infinitely bigger game between Gandhi and in 1988 a West Bengal
minister at the Centre had suggested to the prime minister that he
should 'catch to teach Jyoti Basu ales son  About a year later, in
1989, according to lndranil Ghosh of the lndian when Gandhi asked Arora
to hammer out a new package through the IDBl, 'he also asked Mr.  Arora
ure there was no change of the private sector partner for Clearly he
did not want to provide the Opposition a stick to beat him with before
the election.  So Mr.  Goenka untouched."  Ambani had to wait.

The unsettling moves wore down Goenka's enthusiasm, he admitted as much
to a friend.  "I do not want to stand in crossfire between the Centre
and the state government.  I there for three years but since last year,
1 have been ling that my bravado is not worthwhile," he said.

Late in the evening of Wednesday, December 13, Mukesh bani arrived in
Calcutta With the late Suresh Shankar IDBI's chairman and the first
banker to be awarded the Padma Bushan, in tow.  The next morning they
met Dr.  Asim Dasgupta, the MIT-educated teacher of economics-turned
politician and the then state finance minister, who welcomed them with
open arms.  Ambani laid down his terms: Reliance wanted four downstream
units.  Goenka would be left with the remaining four as well as the
mother cracker.  A Business Standard headline described the offer thus:
"Ambanis take the cake, RPG gets the crumbs'.  Crackers don't make
money, downstream units do, and the four units which the Ambanis wanted
were more profitable than the rest.

Meanwhile, Basu made one last-ditch attempt to persuade Goenka to
accept Reliance as co-promoters.  Dasgupta kept badgering both RP and
Sanjiv but the Goenkas would not budge.  To Basu, they cited their
'bitter experience with a partner' [i.e."  Chhabria] as an excuse
against the tie-up.

In anticipation of some fireworks, newsmen waiting on the steps of
Writer's Building hounded Goenka for a reaction after Mukesh Ambani had
driven off.  Unusually laconic, Goenka briefly commented that 'if the
state government wants us to work together, we have no alternative' and
that 'as long as Jyoti Basu is there, no one can edge us out'.  Not a
man to be shafted without a tussle, Goenka had already formulated a
rear guard action plan.

On the eve of Mukesh Ambani's visit, on December 10, BJP leaders called
a press conference to allege that the Ambanis had roped in Chandan
Basu, the chief minister's son, to put pressure on his father to oust
Goenka from the Haldia Petrochemicals project.  According to the
Independent report, the BJP demanded that the Left Front government
spell out Chandan Basu's role.  Pdya Ranjan Dasmunshi, who had been
Rajiv Gandhi's commerce minister, added his voice to the outcry.  He
promptly wrote to VP.  Singh, who had just taken over as prime
minister, asking him to investigate the BJP's allegation of'
favouritism and nepotism'.  The accusation stung Jyoti Basu, as Goenka
had known it would.  Basu immediately threw open the downstream units
to the highest bidder.

The day Mukesh Ambani met Basu, Viren Shah, chairman of Mukand, was
seen having dinner with the chief minister.  The next morning Shah and
his sons, Rajesh and Sukumar, 'dazzled' Dasgupta and Tarun C. Dutt, the
state's chief secretary, with their audio-visual presentation and
willingness to invest Rs 10bn in West Bengal.

The next day saw the arrival of Mohan Lal Mittal, head of

12bn Mittal Group, and his son, P.K. Mittal.  Dasgupta out the welcome
mat for them also.  Mittal wanted ti's four downstream ventures, and
said he was willing between Rs 20m to 20bn in the project.  The third
day hopefuls trooping in.  Apart from Goenka, Ambani, and Mittal, there
was B.M. Khaitan of Williamson

Gouri Prasad Goenka of Duncans Agro, Bharat Hari inia of JK Industries,
and Raunaq Singh of Apollo Tyres.  was a new circus in town.  Reporters
covering the nment's secretariat had a hard time keeping track
investors.  Unfamiliar with the names and faces inessmen who for years
had avoided West Bengal like ;ue, journalists buttonholed anybody who
wore an ;nsive looking business suit.  Visiting bureaucrats were ken
for industrialists and grilled.  There were as many inside the building
as outside.  A local businessmen cynically: "I will be damned if all
those interested in Petrochemicals are really in love with the state as
they im to be.  Some of them probably wouldn't be able to say side of
Calcutta Haldia lies on."

It wasn't long before the press sniffed out Goenka's role Gouri Goenka
was RP's youngest brother, and was RP's closest friend.  Shah admitted
'having to the Goenkas nearly two months back exploring the of a
downstream unit at Haldia'.  Mittal expressed solidarity with Goenka:
"We are not going to compete with group which has initiated this
prestigious project.  But will be happy to supplement RP-ji's efforts
at implementing Describing himself as RP's dear friend', Raunaq Singh
he was 'waiting for Rama to make an offer and discuss the -feasibility
of the projects'.  Goenka's strategy was beautiful in its simplicity:
if he had to have a partner, it was better to have two rather than one
powerful one like Ambani, and better yet to have three, if not four. As
the head of a consortium, he would be able to keep the project under
his thumb.

Dasgupta and the other bureaucrats were overjoyed at the interest.  For
twelve years nobody had wanted Haldia and now there was a queue of at
least eight suitors.  Taking advantage of the situation, the Left Front
government demanded a dowry.  No one would get four downstream units.
RP might get three, but the others would have to be content with one
apiece.  And the lucky francs would have to help revive selected sick
units such as Scooters India or Titagarh Paper, for instance.  Or make
fresh investments in the state.  Still no one baulked or withdrew.

More experienced than his administrators, the wily chief minister tried
to maintain a distance from the noisy circus.  He refused to talk about
Haldia and when he did, he was cryptic, peremptory and dismissive. 
Basu took a shortlist to Delhi and offered the selection to the Centre.
VP. Singh threw the ball right back into Basu's court in their meeting
in early January 1990.  Basu then passed the matter to Dasgupta and
Subrata Ganguli, the head of Indian Petrochemicals, the government-run
Baroda-based petrochemical giant.

Officially, the policy was that co-promoters would be selected on their
ability to attract foreign resources both as equity and loan; and on
their financial strength and track record in implementing capital
intensive projects and absorling technology.  There was no doubt that
the Ambanis met these criteria.  However, they were keen to commission
the downstream units before the mother plant.  Reliance's naphtha
cracker coming up at Hazira could easily supply Haldia's ethylene
feedstock requirements.

Basu preferred a more integrated approach.  In fact, both Goenka and
the Centre had suggested that the complex be set up in stages, but Basu
had always resisted the idea in case the mother cracker never got off
the ground.

days ticked by, the pressures on Basu and his team a winner from among
the contestants multiplied.  In the RPG stamina, who would answer was
Darbari Seth of Tata Tea.

of J.R.D. Tata's most talented executives, Seth is a broad vision and
large ambitions.  From the mid-'70s of Tata Tea and Tata Chemicals had
been trying to fertilizer and petrochemical sectors, but none of his
had worked out.  From his office in Bombay House, Seth a watchful eye
on events in Calcutta.  Finally, the he was looking for was at hand.
Seth timed his entry into the Haldia circus with impeccable grasped
Seth's hand with the fervour of a drowning The Tatas, with their vast
resources, seemed eminently implementing Haldia.  Basu would be able to
easily criticism from his detractors.  On January 28, 1990, the
officially rescinded its May 1985 agreement with and signed a fresh
pact with Tata Tea.  "That day the came out of my eyes.  I was the most
humiliated person.  of West Bengal," says Goenka.  "Hah!"  says Seth.
"He to be a hero.  Ask him, didn't I phone him to say that 1 up Haldia
only if he turned it down?  I call him Bade Could I do that to him?"

Be that as it.  may Goenka had the last laugh after all.  "The took the
project away from me and gave it to Seth.  And what happened after
three years?  I am told Seth is now persona non grata in Writers'
Building!"  After Seth retired, Ratan Tataleft holding the baby.  In
hindsight, maybe Goenka had divine help after all.  He just didn't
realize it at the

"MY GUT FEELING'

Like the sultans of old, Goenka's empire touches the lives of ordinary
people in countless ways.  Switch on a light, sip a cup of tea, have a
shave, listen to music, drive to work--and you Could be using products
and.  services provitied by CESC, Harrisons Malayalam, Wiltech, HMV and
Ceat.  But today, when it appears to be at a pinnacle, Goenka's empire
is perhaps at its weakest moment.  Too many of.  yesterday's strengths
are looking like tomorrow's weaknesses.

In the '90s, focusing on core businesses has become the buzzword.
Diversity, the staple strategy of the '60s, is no longer considered a
strength.  RPG Enterprises is an amalgam of haphazard growth and
includes tyre companies, pharmaceutical finns, textiles, plantations,
hotels, computer hardware businesses, cable manufacturers, a
transmission tower outfit: Goenka has bought them all plus a few more.
They were acquired by chance, not design, and without even lip-service
to concepts of synergy.  If a deal was offered at a good price, if the
company seemed to be adequately managed, and if he had the money to buy
it, Goenka bought it.

He picked some great companies--and some duds.  How did he pick them?
"I hear that my sons are more comfortable when they have figures before
them, but i have always preferred to listen to people," says Goenka. 
He claims he didn't bother to look at Ceat's balance sheet before
acquiring it.  When the group was about to clinch CESC, he 'tried to
study the CESC balance sheet but it was too complicated for me.  My gut
feeling is my only pathfinder."

For the first time, Goenka's gut feelings are being questioned.  In
1993, Harsh hired McKinsey, the international management consultants,
to assess the group's performance and its ability to cope with changes
ushered in by the government's liberalization programme.  The results
of the top

 were unexpected, uncomfortable and unpalatable.  McKinsey repeated
the trite truism that market leaders highest returns.  In the case of
RPG Enterprises, the has many companies with impressive sales turnover
but is aleader in its business.  The notable exception is a small
called KEC International, manufacturing towers.  RP might not have
noticed a slowdown group's profitability, but stock market punters
certainly The McKinsey team calculated that the market of the entire
twenty-two-company group was than that of one Bajaj Auto.  As of
November 1993, Bajaj was Rs 24bn, while RPG Enterprises netted 16bn.  J
Worse was to follow.  Because the group had largely gh the acquisition
route, it had not developed any of its own.  Also, it had a habit of
grabbing names from other companies rather than building managers
internally.  According to the McKinsey team, this alethal combination.
Techhology absorption was low; the were only as good as their worst
managers; and the had no intrinsic strengths to fend off competition
when market turned from a sellers' one to a buyers' one, as it was do.
In such a scenario, there was little point in leaning the group's
fabulous tie-ups with sixteen Fortune 500 Access to the best technology
in the world would not save the group if it did not consolidate.

The group's restructuring process is proving to be more painful than
any of the three Goenkas had anticipated.  McKinsey suggested that the
group concentrate on three core businesses (tyres, power, and
agri-business) and three potential core sectors (telecommunications,
financial services, and retail services).  Keep what fits, and sell off
what doesn't.  RP accepted the advice reluctantly.  He allowed the sale
of Ceat's nylon tyre cord division to Arun Bharat Rareof SRF--the unit
had been an albatross round Harsh's neck for years and Bharat Ram was
willing to pay Rs 3bn for it---but RP had major reservations about
trimming the empire, lfa company is doing well, why sell it off?.  It
could become another 'potential core', couldn't it?

"I told Harsh and Sanjiv, that just because McKinsey had said
something, it does not become a Vedic scripture.  Yes, they are wise
people, experienced people.  Listen to them, but it does not mean that
if you differ with them, you can't go your own way.  Five years hence,
I don't know whether this report will remain relevant or not," says RP
exasperatedly.

Dhirubhai Ambani had once said: "At Reliance we believe two brains are
better than one.  We use consultants where necessary, but finally we
use our own brains."  Why should RPG Enterprises be any different?

Clearly RP resents being tied down at a point when the government is
encouraging private enterprise to blossom in fields which have been
off-limits for decades.  As a result of this he oscillates between the
need to consolidate and the desire to grow.  Harsh, like Ratan Tara, is
conscious and worried about the need for structured strategic planning
and appears to be concerned about his father's enthusiastic response to
every opportunity that comes his way.  "Papa finds it very hard to say
no.  When chief ministers come to him and suggest a project, Papa
doesn't say yes, but he doesn't say no also.  The next day, we read in
the papers that RPG is going to set up such and such thing."

For the year 2000, RP, Harsh and Sanjiv have set an ambitious target
for themselves and RPG Enterprises.  The key objective is to ensure
that RPG Enterprises retains its position as one of the top five
business houses in india, lts corollary is to push the group's market
capitalization to Rs 150bn

-a-vis Rs 16bn in November 1993).  In its push for a role in power,
tyres and agri-business, the Goenkas have to invest Rs 60bn to Rs 100bn
over the next six years.

where will the money for all these projects come?  Does "rouP have the
resources?  RP has been accused of building ; castles in the air than
on the ground.  Are these plans as as his petrochemicals projects
turned out to be?

Unperturbed by his critics, Goenka smiles.  "To succeed, need to dream
a little," he says gently.  "Whenever funds been required, I've always,
found them.  I hope to survive ' three to five years.  During this
time, I will outperform Of this I am sure."

Chapter 5

Brij Mohan Khaitan

Harrods Christmas, 1983

n the Saturday before the Christmas of 1983, most of was out shopping.
In the chic Knightsbridge area, was bursting at the seams.  Close to
70,000 people picking out last-minute gifts and presents from the
displays.  Busily examining pieces of bone china or the latest
fragrances from Paris, few noticed the of a police posse at one of its
seven entrances.  Scotland had been tipped-off that the IRA, an Irish
terrorist had planted a bomb either inside or outside the ing.  Firmly
and quietly so as to avoid a stampede, police fanned out, asking
shoppers to vacate the brick structure with its distinctive olive green
trim.  Pushing their way through the lunch-time crowd were Brij n and
Pradip Kumar (Pintu) Khaitan, a cousin close business associate.  They
had flown into London that g for an important meeting with Richard
Magor, BM's partner.  Unwilling to arrive empty-handed at the Khaitans
had dropped into Harrods to pick up f6od hamper before driving to the
Magors' country house in US SeX

"At that end of Harrods, where we were, there was no flurry  The police
were pushing people towards gate number three.  Our car was waiting for
us at gate five We didn't know anything about the bomb.  The chauffeur
took the hamper from us and started putting it in the back.  I reached
over to the front of the car for my overcoat--it was cold and Pintu was
standing next to me.  The time was 1.04 p.m. At exactly 1.05, the bomb
went off," says Khaitan.

A Scotland Yard investigation revealed later that dynamite had been
concealed in the car next to the Khaitans' Volvo.  Nine people in the
immediate vicinity died, but BM and Pradip survived.

"Pintu was very badly hurt, and the driver was half burnt and became
blind.  Pintu and I were both thrown about twenty yards away, and we
were lucky that we didn't fall on the corner of Harrods' show window.
We just flew.  There were people lying all over the place and the
street was white with glass from the windows of all the buildings
around We were unconscious, l don't know for how long.  Maybe four or
five minutes.  I became conscious first.  And I saw Pintu lying on the
road.  Then we could hear some people shouting at the back.  I was
trying to get up, and they shouted, "Lie down, lie down."  I was
bleeding, and Pintu was bleeding badly.  I patted him on the cheek and
said, "Don't worry, we're still living, we aren dead yet."  BM was no
stranger to violence though this incident was the closest the tea baron
had come to death's doorstep.

Within ten minutes the two cousins were lifted gently into ambulances.
BM, conscious but delirious, was rushed to Westminster Hospital, next
to the Houses of Parliament, and Pradip to St.  Thomas's.  Emergency
surgery followed.  "They stitched me up--lots of my pieces were
cut--and polished up my nerves.  The treatment and service was
extraordinary.  I was flabbergasted."  He is less happy about the time
the British authorities took to contact his wife, Shanti.

"For almost twenty hours, nobody in India knew what had

 f 265

us," groused Khaitan.  On the radio, Magor heard the Harrods bomb
blast, but naturally didn't link the with his guests' non-appearance.
It would take him make the connection.  Given the time difference, well
past midnight in Calcutta and Magor had to until the next.  morning to
call Khaitan's Calcutta office.  was at the Royal Calcutta Turf Club
watching a polo when a messenger finally reached her in the middle of
rnoon.  Frantic with worry, she managed to board the British Airways
flight, arriving at her husband's little before Margaret.  Thatcher the
Archbishop of and Princess Diana.  A photograph of one of the most
beautiful women sitting on his bed became a addition to the rich family
album.

Richard Magor, for whom Khaitan had purchased the Harrods food hamper,
was a tea planter, and had been all his life.  In 1869, his
grandfather, Richard B. Magor, joined hands with one George Williamson
to promote Magor to manage tea gardens in Assam, and y took his place
when the time came.  Commuting England and India with side trips to
Kenya, Richard was the archetypal merchant of the Raj with two pet in
his Sussex estate and a wardrobe full of rich ested and long-limbed as
are so many of the aristocracy, with an aquiline intelligent face below
a mop of dark hair, under Richard's zamindari, the of the group's
Indian tea business fluctuated as wildly politics of the age.

: Today, the Magor family interests are looked after by Richard's only
son, Philip, a geography graduate from Durham University and a
chartered accountant, who drinks on average a dozen cups of tea a day,
'mostly of the Assam variety'.  Pride in their heritage tings in
Philip's voice when he brags My son, Edward Charles, who, I hope, will
one day look after this business knows the family business is tea; he's
been taught that.  The fifth generation of Magors will be here in
India."

Philip's prophecy may well come true, but the Magors have lost the
lion's share of the business and now Khaitan is the major shareholder
of the world's largest private tea group.

The end of Magor and Williamson rule over thousands of rolling acres of
tea gardens more or less coincided with the demise of the British Raj
but not before writing a small footnote in world history.  During World
War II, the company would become the talk of Calcutta's box wallah
society when one of its managers helped blow up three German ships
sheltering in the harbour at Goa.  The incident was later described in
James Leasor's book The Boarding Party and in a film, The Sea Wolves.

From its small beginnings in 1869 in modest offices at 3 Mangoe Lane in
Calcutta's business district, Williamson Magor gradually expanded.  A
century later, it would manage forty tea estates spread over 35,100
acres and cultivating 14m kg of tea.  In the interim, the company
shifted next door to No 4, dubbed Hampton Court by ex pats homesick for
rainy grey skies, the river Thames and the British monarchy.  In its
heyday, Williamson Magor was one of the top three tea managing agency
firms in India.  It came as no surprise, then, that after Independence,
this "Rolls Royce outfit' came under attack from predatory firms,
mostly Indians flexing their new financial muscle.  By the late '50s,
only eighteen gardens survived.

To protect these, Pat Williamson and Richard Magor, the descendants of
the founders, reorganized Williamson Magor's holding pattern, but the
business was under-capitalized and until more cash could be found, it
would remain vulnerable.  According to Khaitan: "The partners had not
been prepared to further.  The most powerful partners were back in and
were not interested in increasing their holdings in The staff they had
accumulated was becoming too their overheads were mounting, the
political was anathema to them, and they wanted to carry but could
not."

real crunch came with an attack on Bishnauth Tea, Magor's flagship.  In
1961, B. Bajoria, a shrewd bah ia like Khaitan, acquired a threatening
25 per cent stake in Bishnauth, a mere 1 per cent short of

Magor's 26 per cent controlling stake.  "This was point," says Khaitan.
If the Brits had lost this estate, dd have had a devastating effect on
their interests in tm.

Richard Magor--who was now more involved in the ily's Kenyan
plantations--decided the company desperately needed a white knight to
pump in funds and fight B. a.joria.  Given the wave of Indianization
sweeping through tish managing agency firms, he felt they too should
consider partner.  Looking around him, he chose Khaitan, an and
upcoming trader who was supplying them with ilizer.

BURRA BAZAAR TO BURRA SAHIB

lling over the offer, the thirty-four-year-old Khaitan figured a
one-third share in Williamson Magor wasn't too bad a

Financially the managing agency firm was better off than others.  It
was focused, unlike the famous but unwieldy such as Martin Burn and
Jardines.  Its fortunes were against nature's vagaries by its
wholly-owned are houses which brought in extra revenue along with the
rgular agency income and insurance commission.  There was also the
little matter of prestige.  Many Marwaris were the London mail day on
Thursday disappeared.  The easygoing, affable British colonial approach
gave way to a more basic management culture.  Profits were more
important than style, and Khaitan quickly stamped this philosophy on
Williamson Magor, starting with the head office.  Walking through the
nine-storied block at 4 Mangoe Lane, he explains why he rebuilt it.
"Earlier there used to be a large forecourt where the British would
park their Rolls Royces and Bentleys At the back there was a garden
where the malis used to grow carnations round the year.  One day I told
the English manager that it would be cheaper to fly in a fresh
carnation for his buttonhole every day than to grow them in the
backyard."

Though in his mind he knew Khaitan was being practical, and he did
eventually sign the documents authorizing the construction, Pat
Williamson didn't like the idea.  His father had lived like a maharaja
in Hampton Court.  The old building symbolized an era; its demolition,
the end of an idyllic life.  Khaitan empathized with the feeling.  He
too has a need to be known as a pioneer.  Standing in the parking lot
outside the new building and looking up at it, Khaitan observes: "At
least I have built something in my life."  The off-the-cuff remark is
telling: like the corporate empire of his close friend, Rama Prasad
Goenka, Khaitan's Rs 16bn fiefdom of twenty-five companies has been
cobbled together almost entirely through buy outs Both Rama Babu and
Briju Babu yearn to be green field promoters.  RP once came close to
realizing his dream and promised to include Briju in it but after
Darbari Seth of Tata Tea hijacked the Haldia Petrochemicals project,
the dream would become a nightmare from which both were happy to
escape.

When the plans for the building were being drawn up, Khaitan earmarked
the most attractive room for himself.  It's a corner office on the top
floor with a stunning view of the t Memorial rising above the tree
tops.  Behind Khaitan's

, shaped marquetry table are six watercolours of galleons til.  On one
side table is a glass ship inside a clear boa.  tie  brass
maritime-style clock gleams next to an onyx The room's decoration is
strictly stereotype tycoon, leather chesterfields, a rich cream carpet
and floor-to-ceiling wood panelling.  To get to his office, avoids the
bank of modern lifts, preferring an older unobtrusively to the side of
the main entrance.  a goods lift, it's now reserved for the chairman's
we use.  Its floor sparkles, as does the white uniform of The biggest
drawback to the building is its shabby through a narrow, congested lane
that branches off Mohan Ghosh Sarani .in Dalhousie, Calcutta's
district.

a full-time working chairman, Khaitan pruned flab he found it.
Recruitment procedures were among the "No discrimination against
Indians was and an education overseas was not necessarily seen as
advantage," recalls BM.  According to Michael Rome, giant who served
Williamson Magor from 1949 to '89, used to 'look for recruits who had
served in army, and they particularly favoured people who were over
foot tall."

Standing 5'63A" in his socks though his ramrod-straight makes him look
taller, had Khaitan not owned the he wouldn't have made the grade.  His
round face good humour, and a stubby grey moustache lightly ink les his
upper lip.  The sparse graying hair is trimly

Behind old fashioned gold-and-horn rimmed, glasses, dark brown eyes
glow with a zest for life.  Khaitan is a dresser, as dainty as his
pale, effeminate hands.  In he concedes to Calcutta's humid heat with
light coloured half-sleeved safari suits in finely spun cloth but
normally he prefers dark formal suits and discreet ties.

His three-decade-long association with the British has Westernized
Briju Babu.  Fluent in Hindi, Bengali, Marwari and English, a Mayfair
accent sometimes creeps into his light voice.  His language as
diplomatic as a Buckingham Palace spokesman, Khaitan prefaces sensitive
topics with conciliatory phrases--' If you don't mind my saying', "If I
may use the word'--but there's no trace of humility.  He is not a Peter
Sellers playing the bumbling Indian in the '70s hit, The Party, but a
corporate general, confident of himself and his worth.

According to BM's younger son, Aditya, his father enjoys typical
British pastimes such as fancy dress balls and polo.  But the colour of
his skin is brown, and the thin band of red mouli on his right wrist
identifies him as a Hindu.  Like the Birlas, the Goenkas and the
Bajajs, Khaitan is a Marwari from a trading caste.  The community is
widely regarded as being more prudish than a nun, but Khaitan relishes
his reputation as abon viveur who enjoys his weekend golf and likes the
occasional brandy.

Another penchant he picked up from the British is a love for horse
racing.  During his younger days, he loved to ride in the park.
Published photographs of Khaitan are rare except for those taken at
racecourses.  Earlier ones show a natty figure with binoculars at the
ready.  His glossy two-tone correspondents would make Stephen Fry's
look dowdy.  Khaitan was for several years steward of the Royal
Calcutta Turf Club and his hold on its inner politics even today is
awesome.  Local gossip has it that he blackballed Russi Mody at the
request of Ratan Tata and J.J. Irani, after the boardroom tussle at TIS
CO  Be that as it may, only after much closed-door activity could Mody
become a member.  Deepak, BM's eldest son, inherited his father's love
for racing and built up the family stables.  In 1994, they owned over
300 horses.

people in your book, only B.M. Khaitan knows live like a maharaja,"
says Harsh Goenka, Rama Babu's chairman of RPG Enterprises.  "And he
doesn't do it He is like that.  Even if he is on his own, he will be
dressed in silk pyjamas and a Sulka dressing gown.  phone him after 10
p.m. It's not done."

Khaitan is so pukka because he wasn't born to a yle.  He earned it and
learnt it.  "Briju Babu made in the early '80s," says an acknowledged
leader of 'high' society.  "I remember attending the wedding Goenka's
daughter with Deepak.  The Khaitans were '. money then and did not
quite know how to spend it.  All changed after the wedding.  The
Goenkas have a lot of , and BM and Shanti were quick to learn."

BM's childhood in the narrow lanes of Burra Bazaar is out of Dominique
Lapierre's City of Joy, and would as outlandish to a Sloane Ranger as
Harrods would be mourdi seller on Russell Street.  Khaitan's
grandfather was superintendent in Rajasthan who left the service of the
Raj in the 1880s, moved to Bihar, and later drifted to He had seven
sons, three of whom were' solicitors became a barrister who practised
at one stage in England, first from Bihar to do so.  The most famous of
the seven was Prasad, a consultant to the Birlas and a member of the

Assembly which drafted the constitution.  Though seriously wealthy, the
Khaitans were more than well off and enjoyed tremendous prestige.

The misfit in this family of intellectuals was Brij Mohan's father,
Gouri Prasad.  He was the only one without a brief and appears to have
been shunted around by the family whenever they needed someone to
oversee projects outside Calcutta.  When the Birlas wanted someone to
oversee the erection of

Bharat Sugar, Devi Prasad packed off his brother Gouri Prasad to the
cane fields of north Bihar.  In 1932, another client, the Baglas, were
building a factory in Kanpur, so Gouri Prasad and his wife ParmeshWari
Devi were sent there.  By the time this factory was running, the
Chagarias, another Khaitan client, wanted a sugar mill.  Once again
Gouri Prasad had to represent the family at another god-forsaken place.
And so it went on.

In between these trips, Brij Mohan was born on August 14, 1927.  Rather
than bring him and his five siblings up in the wilderness, his parents
left him in Calcutta to be looked after by two aunts.  BM saw his
mother for brief periods during school holidays.  The only person to
give the youngster any guidance, attention or real affection appears to
have been his uncle, Durga Prasad.  "He used to talk to me about
politics, and I would get up at five every morning to read the
newspaper before the others grabbed it so.  that we could discuss what
was happening," recalls BM.  By the time he was nine or ten, he felt
lost and abandoned in the rambling family house.  "I had a very unhappy
life as a child," says BM matter-of-factly.  "When your father is the
weakest in the family, you are someone of no importance, someone who
doesn't matter, who is quietly tucked away in the corner when important
people come to the house.  '

Durga Prasad's death at forty-two-'the biggest shock of my life'--would
deprive BM of a godfather.  Like the other Khaitan children, he studied
at the reputed St.  Xavier's School, but his education more or less
ended there.  His cousins went to fancy colleges and acquired
impressive legal degrees.  BM's higher education was limited to a
two-hour course at a morning college.  He sailed through his Bachelor's
degree but, like Dhirubhai Ambani, a matriculate, Khaitan regrets the
absence of a string of abbreviations after his name.  "Because everyone
else in the family was so well educated, you felt yourself rather

I suppose it would be very unusual if I didn't have In my case, I
fought back.  I felt I must catch up the others.  Now, I have no
regrets because if I didn't feel to push myself, I wouldn't have tied
up with the From the '60s, business-wise, I moved fast."

It" there was not much happening at college, there was more than enough
action at home.  During his college the riots which marked the
pre-independence period becoming more frequent.  "Where we lived, it
was really But, you know, when you are living in a place, you get to
it.  You adjust yourself.  It wasn't really comfortable our house in
Burra Bazaar was surrounded by y enough, on August 13, the chief
minister was in the house.  And he told us that on the next day there
be problems and we should get out, but we did not take seriously.
Luckily Devi Babu knew the British governor well.  Immediately he rang
him up, and the army went in i moved the entire family out," recounts
Khaitan.

For the next three years, the clan lived in temporary Somani Park.  It
was here that one of BM's uncles a match for his nephew with Shanti
Aggarwal.  They 17, 1947.  He was twenty, she, fifteen.  it her had had
a say in the matter, but it has proved to be an match.  They have three
children: Deepak born in 955, married to Yashodhara Goenka; Divya born
in 1966, to Sandeep Jalan; and Aditya born two years later, ied to
Kavita Ruin.

i. By the '50s, BM's various business schemes were ginning to generate
profits.  The biggest money-spinner was e supplying of fertilizers and
plywood packaging crates to the tea industry.  Soon he had made enough
to contribute i significantly towards the purchase of a new family home
at 5 Queen's Park.  He was no longer the downtrodden son of the weakest
member of the family.  According to Pratibha Chamaria, his niece, his
wealth has not altered Khaitan's generous nature.  "He is always
helping out less well-off members of the family.  He does not have to
do that.  So many rich people don't bother, but he cares," she says. 
In the '60s, he started work on a house of his own, a bit further down
the road at No.10, in the shadow of the Birla temple.

"After it was built, I took Shanti to see it.  She took one look at it
and said it was terrible.  I can't live here.  If you want to live
here, you can, but I won't.  I kept asking her what was wrong, but all
she would say was that it was bad.  So we broke it down and rebuilt
it," says Khaitan wryly.  It took them seven years to build a new home,
but a welcome spin-off was the chance to stay in Lord lnchcape's
beautiful home at 22 Camac Street.

When asked for a comment, Shanti tossed her head and refused
imperiously.  "This time, you have come to interview my husband.  I
will give you my comments later."  A small, plump woman described by
one of BM's executives as the group's Laxmi, she appears to be a major
influence on her husband.  Friends hint that a good 15art of his
success shou Id be attributed to her down-to-earth shrewdness.  She
certainly seems to be more ambitious than him, but her aspirations are
discreet, like the elegant emerald-and-diamond bangles bn nut-brown
wrists peeping from under the decorouspallu of her crisply starched
cotton saree.

The strong rapport between husband and wife, their loyalty towards each
other, is obvious, charming, and somewhat unusual.  Rupa Bajaj is
Rahul's close confidante and Sarala Birla is BK's constant companion,
but these women play unusual roles in a society of arranged marriages,
particularly one belonging to a generation where child marriages were
de rigeur.  Perhaps the closeness between his according to Aditya, is
because his father 'is a loner friends'.

: Or it could be that the bonds between BM and Shanti were by their
banishment from Marwari society as became more intimate with his
British partners.  "You in Calcutta, the tea industry was dominated by
Europeans.  naturally when you start associating with one, you start
with others.  And I don't mind admitting that I slightly less mixable,
that 1 was a misfit in my i. But the Williamsons and the Magors were my
and once a big house supports you, you get an says Khaitan.

: DISPLAY OF INITIATIVE

g to Alan Carmichael, a tall, fresh-faced tea in George Williamson (UK)
who flies down y to check the health of the tea bushes, after Khaitan
aed Williamson Magor, he initiated a far-ranging programme.  Old bushes
were replaced by new one garden being taken up each year.  New
factories for tea were built on the estates.  "Today we have youngest
and latest machinery in the business in India.  Nothing is over fifteen
years old' which is quite remarkable in ari son with the other
gardens," says Carmichael.  Without Khaitan's initiatives, Williamson
Magor almost surely would have gone under.

Within a decade, the number of tea gardens under Williamson Magor's
control rose from eighteen to thirty-seven, and Khaitan's shrewd
management of them brought him to the notice of Kenneth Peter Lyle
Mackay, the Earl of lnchcape.

A doughty businessman who had fought in World War II as a Royal Lancer,
Lord lnchcape spent several years in India,

building up powerful managing agency firms and quarrelling with
Vgalchand Hirachand and the Scindia Steam Navigation Company.  In the
UK, the Inchcape Group is today a big, profitable concern; but in the
India of the '70s, it was a severely troubled business house.  At the
age of sixty, Inchcape was faced with the unpleasant task of presiding
over the group's last rites in India.  One member company badly in need
of succour was Macneill & Barry (M&B), a Calcutta-based tea, jute and
engineering agency in which the Tatas and the Nizam of Hyderabad held
significant minority stakes.

Like Williamson Magor, M&B was a pillar of the British Raj.  According
to one of its former managers, Newman Baldcock, "This was not just
because of the Inchcap.e connection, but the people we had.  The No.1
of Macneill's just before the war has often been described as the best
burra sahib of all.  This was W.L. Gordon, a great character and a
great disciplinarian, but the most popular man I have ever known.  His
standing was very, very high in Calcutta.  I felt I was in a
first-class outfit."

M&B came into play on March 14, 1954, the day the Tatas informed
Inchcape that they wanted to pull out.  They had an offer of Rs 100
each for their 21,000 M&B shares which they were inclined to accept
considering the ccmpany's changed circumstances and poor returns.  The
news 'came as a considerable shock', writes Stephanie Jones, a business
historian and author of Merchants of the Raj.  lnchcape persuaded the
Tatas to reject the offer and allow him to find a buyer for their
shares.  They agreed but on a stiff condition: they now wanted Rs 150
per share.  The market price was Rs 52.  The Tata walkout left lnchcape
in a greater bind.

By 1974, lnchcape's need for a saviour increased in direct proportion
to M&B's deteriorating position.  There was an immediate cash shortfall
that quarter of Rs 2m and suppliers to provide raw materials unless
they were paid.  " The first person with whom M&B directors began a
possible partnership was S.K. Birla, a member of tic Marwari business
house headed by .G.D. Birla.  , talks broke down because inch cape felt
that SK was 'too part of the Birla culture, and it would be undesirable
for eill & Barry to be sucked into the Birla machine'.  Shortly the
negotiations had begun, a desperate lnchcape had unced that he was
prepared to 'welcome an Indian partner outside who could play an active
part in management'.  collapse of the Birla talks indicated quite the
opposite: he ited money, not the man.

In early June 1974, a dialogue began with Khaitan.  By this Inchcape's
worries had multiplied.  Apart from the as tant hunt for money to
staunch M&B's financial bleeding, imminent introduction of stringent
foreign exchange regulations suggested potential loss of control over
Inchcape group's Indian holdings, lnchcape was,termined to avoid
reducing the group's equity in M&B to 40 ,tler cent.  On the surface, a
tie-up with Williamson Magor to be the ideal solution.  In the UK,
Inchcape was on nodding terms with Richard Magor, and considered him a
friendly rival'.  His directors in India informed inch cape that
Khaitan was an influential Marwari and that under his management,
Williamson Magor had made a remarkable turnaround.  Additionally,
Williamson Magor reportedly had substantial under utilized borrowing
power.

Khaitan was flattered at being called to the same negotiating table as
a Birla.  At this early point of time, he didn't know how Inchcape's
mind worked, nor was he in a position to appreciate the finer points on
which the Birla talks had floundered.

The first round of deliberations resulted in a complicated deal
involving mergers and restructuring of holding companies and managing
agency agreements in the UK and in India.  Simply put, Williamson Magor
would be merged in M&B; M&B's capital would be increased to Rs 25m; the
lnchcape group would hold 32 per cent, Khaitan's stake would be 28.3
per cent, and the rest would be held by the public.

From Khaitan's point of view, though he would lose his personal
identity through the merger, the deal was satisfactory because for a Rs
6m cash payout, he would receive Rs 10m worth of shares in return,
lnchcape liked the arrangement because the management's block was over
60 per cent.  However, the Indian government refused to allow the
merger to take place until the lnchcape holding had been diluted to 40
per cent.  In effect this would reduce the lnchcape holding to 27 per
cent, which dramatically changed the balance between lnchcape and
Khaitan in the merged group, especially as he had acquired the Nizam's
shares.  Thus a fundamental intention of the merger as far as Inchcape
was concerned--that of avoiding the reduction of shares to 40
percent--was frustrated.

Khaitan and inch cape huddled together again, this time in London.  The
government shot down the amended proposal also.  Apparently the
Department of Economic Affairs and the finance ministry viewed it as a
way of circumventing FERA.  By this time lnchcape had 'warmed' to
Khaitan and both sides felt they had come so far with the deal that
they didn't want to abandon it.  Nonetheless, a final scheme eluded
them.  Inchcape began to suspect that someone was.  working against the
merger because of the Department of Economic Affairs' continuous
stalling and the adverse press comments.  Eventually an agreement
satisfying everybody was hammered out.  Champagne corks popped on
January 29, 1975 when the high granting the merger was finally
received.  "

"A new rupee company called Macneill & Magor was with sixty tea gardens
under its control.  However, these tightly knit in terms of ownership.
About a quarter wholly-owned subsidiaries.  A second quarter were rupee
companies with public shareholders.  illiamson Tea Holdings held the
third quarter, and the inder was held by Assam Investments.  Williams
was a between Magor and Khaitan, and Assam was an company.  Khaitan
became Macneill & Magor's first rmano

Within three years, the partners fell out.  Khaitan blames Michael
Parson and his 'cronies' Harnam Wahi and Charles ill.  "Will and Wahi
were my No.2 and No.3 men.  But Parson started making me feel as if he
were the owner rather professional CEO.  Differences of opinion started
arising management of the tea companies.  We were known for tea
expertise.  We know what tea is.  And for some chap was running a jute
mill to be telling us what to do in tea too much."

Khaitan shrugs off Parson's.actions, but not Wahi's.  'l him in and l
trusted him.  I gave him the respect which

, else in India would have given him.  When Deepak was married, the
only outsider at the parhani was Wahi.  eventually I came to know that
he was stabbing me in the

Not that it made any difference to me because there was hanky-panky, no
financial irregularity or anything of kind in the running of Macneill &
Magor.  Nothing.  But Wahi and Charles Will kept feeding Kenneth about
things which I did not know all wrong things about how I was running
this company."  Parson was Inchcape's eyes and ears in India.  If
Parson felt that Khaitan was becoming more powerful and dominant at the
Inchcape Group's expense, Inchcape would naturally accept his reading
of the situation.  At the heart of the discord was control of the Assam
Company, the biggest of Macneill & Magor'g tea estates.  Parson was
convinced that Khaitan was trying to bring it into his sphere of
influence.  Khaitan doesn't deny the charge.  "Of course, I accept
this.  We merged with lnchcape in 1974 with Assam Company in mind
because we were a tea company, and when we merged, we became India's
largest tea group.  But I paid a heavy price for the merger. Williamson
Magor's Rs 100 share was being quoted at over Rs 120, while that of
Macneill & Barry was Rs 44, and the ratio was 4:1 ."

In London, Khaitan's lively interest in the Assam Company infuriated
some British directors, who warned him against encroaching on Inchcape
turf.  Khaitan decided to confront Parson, asking him to call a board
meeting to resolve the conflict.  Parson refused, saying "No, I can't
call a board meeting because nobody will tell anything against you."
"That's the time I realized things couldn't go on the way they had.
That turned the table," said Khaitan, who by now was fed up with
Parson's needling.  Break-point came when Parson demanded that the
Assam Company be run the 'the way we want'.  "Certainly you can run the
company the way you want to, but then I don't want to be your
chairman," Khaitan retorted angrily.

Flouncing out of the lnchcape Group's office, the adrenaline pumping
fast inside him, Khaitan dashed offaletter tendering his resignation.
Pintu remonstrated--Khaitan's 4.57 per cent of Assam Company's equity
was worth Rs 1.6m--but BM's mind was made up.  'l kept thinking I have
been double-crossed.  I didn't want to be thrown to the vultures after
Kenneth went out.  Parson asked me not to tell anyone about this letter
because this should be kept confidential, but I walked

 lht-to Kenneth and told him that I

I told have just

I, has got enough East India men who will look after his is better.
Assam Company is your affair.  I don't needing and that it is best if
we de merge

;: Had he wanted to, Khaitan could have launched an 1 hostile takeover
bid to oust Parson and company.  After the Inchcape Group's holding in
Macneill & Magor declined to 26 per cent while Khaitan's had climbed to
32 l'nt.  There are hundreds of cases where takeover sharks succeeded
in swallowing large companies with far |ler stakes, but it appears that
Khaitan hadn't as yet quite red the confidence such an attack would
need, nor h. aps the funds.

"Khaitan phoned Richard Magor, giving him less than ten notice.
Together they went back to Inchcape's offic presented him with a cheque
subject to Reserve Bank

The de merger was completed by 1982.  Khaitan Macneill & Magor's
engineering divisions and the tea those belonging to the Assam Company.
At the head office, it was felt that Wahi's role in wresting Company
from Khaitan's orbit should be rewarded: its managing director.

the autumn of his life, Khaitan maintains, but not gly, that he has no
regrets about the way things out.  "I believe that when God takes away
something one hand, he gives back double with the other.  That's why a
complex about it.  Assam Company was lost [but] compensated in a bigger
way.  Over there, I was like a Today, I am an owner."  The
'compensation' was iMcLeod Russell India.

i,."  After the Inchcape experience, Khaitan resolved that if vex he
took over another company, he would first have to be ivited, thereby
earning the title "Gentleman Raider'.  And what could be more upper
crust than negotiating a deal over a sumptuous lunch at the Savoy in
London.  Among those who shook hands over cut crystal and petit fours
were Philip Magor, Colin.  Montgomery (CEO of McLeod Russell India),
Nigel Openshaw, John Guthrie, BM and of course, Pintu.

Openshaw, an aspiring professional, then headed McLeod Russell plc,
which held the controlling interest in McLeod Russell India.  He saw
the 18 pounds UK company as not just.  a plantations group but a larger
holding company with interests in surface coatings, air filtration,
environmental, engineering, textiles and property investment.  To raise
funds for his ambitious plans, he decided to hawk off 80 per cent of
its Indian tea interests.  In 1987, he offered for sale as one package
a group of three companies, McLeod Russell India, Namdung Tea and
Makuta Tea (India), which between them consisted of twelve tea
gardens.

John Guthrie, seated across from Khaitan in the high-ceilinged dining
room, also held a substantial stake in McLeod Russell India.  The
Guthries are as prominent a tea family in the UK as the Williamsons and
the Magors.  They already had a joint venture with Khaitan, a small
plywood company, Assam Railways and Trading, and it was this connection
which helped Khaitan get in on the ground floor.  Other potential
buyers did not even know that a buy-out was being offered, and McLeod
Russell India never even came on the market.  Within days of the offer,
BM formed a three-member consortium called Mendip Ltd."  led by Philip
Magor.  By April 1987 they had sewn up the deal.  As a totally offshore
transaction, the 18 pounds 4 pence (then Rs 370m) acquisition didn't
need any government of India permissions.

For Khaitan, the McLeod Russell India acquisition was a delicious
feather in his cap.  Many tea majors had wanted it, it was one of the
most coveted deals in recent years, and to walk the prize brought a
wide smile to his face.  Its twelve were widely recognized as producers
of some of the

teas in the world.  The takeover added 10,138 hectares of tea area
producing 21,5m kg to Khaitan's burgeoning are .  Its working for the
financial year ended June 30,

was excellent, with Rs 279m in cash reserves, sales of Rs pre-tax
profits ofRs 121m and a net worth of Rs 393m.  e McLeod Russell
acquisition made Khaitan the world's private tea producer, controlling
fifty-four gardens.  Tea claims it is the single biggest tea company in
the but Khaitan produces more: 65m kg vis-h-vis Tata Tea's kg, or
roughly 10 per cent of all Indian tea and just under cent of all the
tea produced in the world.  There are four :ns each in the Dooars (near
Bhutan) and Darjeeling ;ked between Bhutan and Nepal) but the majority
of ii tan gardens are in Assam.

DENS OF FEAR

itors who have seen the tea gardens marvel at their tranquil tuty.
Nestled in a valley below the Himalayas, on the banks he river
Brahmaputra, hundreds of terraced tea bushes soak the sun and mists of
Assam.  It's often rainy here and the here is redolent with the
fragrance of the hardy plants the smell of wet earth.

It's peaceful in the valley, there are few buses and fewer its.  The
streets and markets of Guwahati, like all state are full of bustle, but
in the tea gardens, life is

Every morning, hundreds of women fan out to pick y and endlessly the
tender leaves which blenders inch as Brooke Bond and Tetley use to
produce brews less g than the teas of Darjeeling but with a stronger,
aromatic body.

On Tuesday, February 11, 1991 at Lahowal, a small village, gunshots
shattered the peace.  Three gangsters burst into the office of D.K.
Chowdhury, pumped nine bullets into him and escaped on scooters before
they could be caught.  Chowdhury died on the way to the Assam Medical
College in nearby Dibrugarh, the largest town after Guwahati.  The
assailants were members of ULFA (United Liberation Front of Asom), a
terrorist organization.  Their victim was the chairman of the Dibrugarh
Unit of the Indian Tea Association, manager of the Romai Tea Estate,
and one of Khaitan's key executives.

This wasn't the first time ULFA had shed blood.  It's a seasoned group
with hundreds of murders to its name.  With forty-six tea gardens
spread right through Upper and Lower Assam, Khaitan is a soft target.

Two days after the murder, a meeting of the Indian Tea Association was
hurriedly called in Calcutta to discuss the murder.  It was attended by
nearly all the heads of firms with tea gardens in north India.  Despite
heated discussions, the planters failed to agree on initiatives to
tackle the militants.

The ULFA was formed on April 7, 1979 at Rang Ghar in Sibsagar district
under the leadership of Arvind Rajkhowa, Golap Barua, Paresh Barua,
Samiran Gogoi and Hemanta Phukan.  As students, they had participated
in the anti-foreigners agitation launched by the All Assam Students'
Union.  Initially they kept a low profile.  The first priority was to
acquire sophisticated weapons and training.  In 1981, Phukan negotiated
a deal with the China-backed National Socialist Council of Nagaland
(NSCN).  In return for funds and shelter for its activists in Assam,
NSCN would help train and arm ULFA cadres.

Over the next ten years, ULFA gained a Robin Hood-like reputation among
the local population.  Alongside its political agenda of 'fleeing Assam
from Delhi's colonial rule' and driving out the non-Assamese 'aliens',
it introduced a number welfare measures and followed it up with a
ruthless against anti-social elements.  It banned the hooch g and
eve-teasing, sentencing offenders in its It distributed free textbooks
and uniforms to students, built village roads and helped poor farmers
in operations.

For several years, tea planters like Khaitan and the Tatas ULFA,
despite the parallel government it had lished.  "Donations' were
frequently extorted from living in far-flung and isolated tea estates,
but the tnts were small.  Rajeshwar L. Rikhye, Khaitan's executive,
admitted that ULFA would often tractors and other implements from the
gardens to poor cultivators.  This sometimes caused hiccups if the
rgently needed for the gardens' own use, but generally looked the other
way.  Living in Calcutta, the events in the Brahmaputra valley of Upper
Assam so far away.  Buying peace was so much easier than production or
picking a fight.

The murder of Surendra Paul on April 9, 1990 shattered planters'
complacency.  Paul, fifty-four, was a prominent Calcutta industrialist,
of the Apeejay Group and younger brother of Swraj head of the
London-based Caparo Group, a businessman than the Queen of England,
according to the Sunday limes Magazine's annual compilation of
Britain's richest 500 in 1996.  Surendra was ambushed by ULFA men
during a visit to the group's tea gardens at Tinsukhia in Dibrugarh
district.  :' The planters suddenly woke up to the uneasy fact that
they were not immune from ULFA's enforcers.  Though ULFA had murdered
nearly a hundred people during 1985-90, these were mainly politicians
and traders.  Frightened by the violence, they offered silent sympathy
to Paul's family but refrained from publicly condemning the killing.
Only Viren Shah, then president of Assocham, and Raunaq Singh,
president of FICCI, issued press statements denouncing the attack.  The
planters 'reacted to the murder with stoic silence.  Every word spoken
against the murder would be a word against ULFA.  Every such word would
be a death sentence against oneself," said a commentator cut tingly

The ULFA singled out planters because it was an easy way to finance
their political agenda..  It paid special attention to Marwari planters
like Khaitan, the Birlas and the Goenkas because it felt that they were
bleeding Assam,.  siphoning out profits from tea and investing these in
other states.  Hysteria built up against non-Assamese labourers in the
tea gardens and the lack of local white collar jobs as the headquarters
of most tea companies were in Calcutta and not Guwahati..

The plant:rs responded by pointing to heavy taxes which the local
government----elected, by the Assamesekused to build road, provide
education and medical services.  Only Darbari Seth, the head of Tata
Tea, expressed remorse.  "Yes, we are guilty of everything they have
said.  We owe a debt of gratitude.  From there we take away so much and
give back so little.  Everybody does it.  It has been one of my
consistent pleas with my colleagues to let us find something worthwhile
in Assam," he told reporters soon after Paul's murder.  Unfortunately,
his pious words didn't win Tara Tea the partial reprieve and chance to
negotiate privately for which he was hoping.

On the contrary, when ULFA drew up its next hit list of tea majors,
Tata Tea's name was there alongside Macneill & Magor (Khaitan's
flagship), Warren Tea, Assam Frontier, Doom Dooma, Stewart Hoii (India)
and Jokai India.  Executives of the seven companies were called to meet
the ULFA high command in Dibrugarh on June 11, 1990.  The invitation,
typed on ULFA's infamous letterhead ishe.d on the side with a cheery
stamp of a rising sun a circle, was to the point:

undersigned on behalf of the central committee request your presence
immediately to discuss rgarding the active participation of the tea
industry

,:: in the economic development of Asom.

Failing to honour our request will bound us to take action according to
our constitution.  Anticipating active cooperation.

Yours sincerely,

T.C. Durra

S. C. Gogoi

ULFA

Commander, ULFA Dist.committee, Dibrugarh

'the active participation of the tea industry in the economic ment of
Asom', ULFA meant a contribution of Rs in cash from each company's
gardens in Upper Assam.  the seven companies owned seventy-seven tea
Business Standard calculated that if Macncill & subsidiaries were taken
into account, Khaitan alone have to shell out Rs 23.5m to buy peace.
The demand tin tended element of black humour: the money had to
deposited in Hotel Sonargaon in Karwan bazaar in Dhaka.  one senior
executive: "It is absurd to think we will be for Dhaka with suitcases
full of cash."

At first the planters prevaricated.  A day before ULFA's i Thursday,
June 21 deadline, they let it be known that they !.ouid not pay Rs 0.5m
per garden, but would continue the tarlier ad hoc payments system.  As
one planter said: "We hoped that ULFA would not be so greedy as to kill
the goose that lays the golden eggs."

That wish was speedily demolished.  To make sure everyone understood it
meant business, four ULFA members, two of whom carried light weapons,
barged into Jokai India's Panitola office on June 23.  Written
undertakings were extracted and non-Assamese managers present warned to
leave.  Panitola is just eight kilometres from where Paul was shot.
Four managers left the next day, and the last one left on June 30.  In
public, Jokai India insisted that it 'had never received any demand for
money from ULFA', but in Dibrugarh, on June 27, it quietly informed the
district police of the incident after most executives had reached the
safety of Calcutta.

Meanwhile, fourteen or fifteen managers flew into Dibrugarh from
Calcutta on June 28.  Shortly after dusk, they drove in three cars to a
dilapidated bungalow on the town's outskirts belonging to alea ding tea
owner, guided by 'link men' under summons by ULFA.  Among them were the
Khaitan Group's Rikhye and his colleague, Gautam P. Barua, corporate
vice-president of Williamson Magor; officials of the Indian Tea Board;
and an Assamese politician, The meeting lasted three hours.  Each
executive was called separately by the ULFA leaders to a room at the
secret rendezvous.  The first to be called in were the Khaitan
executives.  They came out visibly shaken.

In Guwahati, the state government under chief minister Prafulla Kumar
Mahanta tried to turn a blind eye to the blackmail, claiming that no
tea company had lodged an official complaint.  Once news leaked out to
the press that several members of his Asom Gana Parishad Party knew
about the June 28 meeting, Mahanta's office was badly embarrassed, in
Calcutta the India Tea Association fared little better.  In several
door meetings, it wrung its hands and exchanged notes had been ordered
to pay, and how much.  It also kept over its own feet.  Initially it
denied that such a meeting.  place, but was subsequently forced to
confirm it.  Ittried to say that no demands or threats were made but
ted a second time after Unilever took a hard line.  From London, the
Anglo-Dutch conglomerate announced neither Doom Dooma nor Brooke Bond
would give in to and lodged a formal complaint against ULFA with the
high commissioner in London, Kuldip Nayar, the journalist.  Nayar
immediately, cabled the Assam 'minister.  This was followed by a visit
to Guwahati by a official based in Delhi.  With his back to the wall,
promised state action.

In

New Delhi, the VP.  Singh administration was as by events in Assam as
the planters.  The coffers were r, declared the prime minister, and
India was on the verge on her international loans.  Exports were vital,
and tea was expected to bring in Rs 7bn.  Unilever was pressure through
the British High Commission.  And pping the head of Indian Oil
Corporation's Guwahati on July 15, ULFA extended its threats beyond the
tea to the even more vital oil sector.

The planters found a sympathetic ear in Arun Nehru, Union commerce
minister.  The ULFA's financial were always nicely balanced with their
victim's r. How could it have access to copies of their profit loss
accounts, income tax returns and bank balances, they There had to be
collusion between the Asom Gana and the terrorists, they told Nehru.
Their managers faced difficulties in getting FIRs (First Information
with the local police, and even in the case Paul's murder, the state
government had shied away from accusing ULFA, they said.  Its members
walked in and out of Assam House, in the middle of Calcutta without
fear of apprehension.  Why didn't the state government ban ULFA?

Ruling out the possibility of outlawing ULFA, Mahanta threw the ball
right back into the planters' court.  "Multinationals and big business
houses themselves aided and abetted the growth of ULFA by pandering to
their extortions as long "as it was within manageable limits.  Having
whetted ULFA's appetite for money, they got into a self-created tangle
by not informing the state government at the initial stage.  It was
only when the ULFA's demands grew that they started crying hoarse and
blaming the state government," he said.  The planters' policy of
appeasement had backfired as ULFA bought more and better guns with
money extorted by kidnapping managers.

There was little value to these accusations and counter-accusations:
the state government's ineffectiveness and the tea planters' money had
created a Frankenstein's monster.  No one really knew how to destroy
it.  ULFA hiked its demand on the tea majors to include a cess of Rs 1
per kg.  As the kidnappings and killings increased, the Chandra Shekhar
administration finally reacted.  On the morning of November 28, 1990,
it dismissed Mahanta and imposed President's rule.  That night the army
launched Operation Bajrang in the Brahmaputra valley, Operation Rhino
followed some months later, after state elections.  In all 3,500 ULFA
members 'surrendered', but core leaders like Rajkhowa and Paresh Barua
remain at large.  In between, Hiteshwar Saikia of the Congress Party
won the elections and took over as chief minister for the second
time.

From this relative position of strength, Saikia began talks with ULFA,
but these had to be abandoned by March 1991.  Four months later, on
July 1, ULFA demonstrated its muscle thirteen senior government
officials and a engineer, Sergei Gretchenko.  Two weeks later, was
forced to offer to free 400 ULFA detainees.  ioyed by its success, ULFA
went on a mad spree.  During it gunned down police officers, Congress
and BJP and five of Saikia's relatives.  It also killed an engineer,
kidnapped the head of Prag Bosimi murdered a manager of the Paul-run
Assam and drove out a French team of scientists.  The toll rapidly to
400 'executions'.

it ULFA's victories became a role model to a motley of terrorist
organizations such as the Boro Security Like the ULFA, the BSF tapped
tea managers for One of its bigger successes was an attack on Subhir
Roy, of the Khaitan-owned Dimakusi garden.  On March 1992, they stopped
his car and abducted Roy and his driver.  itan was asked to pay a 'land
tax' at the rate of Rs 20,000 hectare to obtain his manager's release.
During the on April 3, the BSF gunned down a manager of Kanoi-owned
Panbari garden.  Roy was released after days of captivity.  Like others
before him, Khaitan y denied that any ransom had been paid. 
Journalists regularly cover this beat are convinced, however, that did
pay off the BSF to save the lives of Roy and his ver.  D.K. Chowdhury's
murder would have been fresh in Khaitan's mind.

Today the gardens are guarded night and day by Khaitan's private army.
Two thousand armed guards, forty per garden, patrol its perimeters
constantly.  No manager is allowed to go outside the garden without
some protection.  If he does, and he is kidnapped, it is his funeral.
The management is not responsible for his ransom.

I asked Khaitan why he followed this policy of appeasement.  Wasn't
there some truth in Mahanta's accusation that tea planters like Khaitan
had created this situation?

Khaitan is unrepentant: "Tell me one thing, lfa man walks into this
room just now with an AK47 and says "Do you mind parting with your
file", what will you do?  Be honest.  Be honest.  Yes, people accuse me
that I am the largest planter and have paid money.  But you tell me
what I should do.  If I take a view that I won't pay money and a
manager is shot, the family and everybody will say that Mr.  Khaitan
loves his money and he allowed the man to die.  If you were in my
position, what would you do?  What would you say to his family?  l
would much rather accept that I paid money than to be accused that you
killed my husband."

But why didn't the tea planters band together?  "Yes we tried that.  We
tried very hard.  I was the last person to pay and I was the softest
target in the whole of Assam.  I've gone through nights of literally
torture in my mind, putting my head on the pillow and not knowing who
will be the person to be killed tomorrow morning.  That was the time
that l decided to build a good school in Assam.  I have put in Rs 22
crores into the project, brought in the finest faculty--the principal
of London's Westminster School."

Can a mere school buy peace with ULFA?  "No.  I want to prove that a
good school will produce a good student, and that a good student will
produce a good citizen, and a good citizen will produce a good country.
1 have gone out of my way to put money back into Assam, and people will
realize it some day."

Khaitan's protective attitude towards his executives has earned him
their unflinching loyalty.  Says Gautam Barua, "All through the bad
times, not a single manager left the group.  Sir has looked after the
murdered man's wife and children.  He has paid for their education and
offered them jobs in the nization."  Barua, an Assamese, had along with
Rikhye ULFA commanders at the June 28, 1990 meeting outside Knowing
that his wife and children would be after well should anything happen
to him had made it for him to catch the flight, he says.

In Calcutta, the last stranglehold of communism, Khaitan of a
super-boss in the eyes of his executives, and jump to his defence at
the slightest hint of criticism.  P. the managing director of India
Foils, one of the companies in the Williamson Magor group, is a
example.  "I could have got a job in an engineering eight times bigger
and doing far better but I didn't rose I felt Mr.  Khaitan had a
commitment to his companies the freedom to manage as I think I should."
It's ; to find a corporate star for whom everyone has a nice word, even
rarer when it comes from subordinates, but though attitude towards ULFA
won him brownie points in his tea engineering companies, Khaitan
couldn't crack the of Metal Box.

AN ASSET STRIPPER'

its heyday in the '70s, Metal Box was India's largest unit, a premier
company with a string of small plants across the country.  As its name
suggests, it produced boxes which it supplied to a number of
blue-chips.  By

'80s, however, a series of miscalculations had run up ' losses. 
Worried about their jobs, its workers had become querulous and
militant.  The impressive marble fade of Barlow House, Metal Box's head
office in Calcutta, was constantly being disfigured by untidily stuck
messages from various trade unions.  Unableto control its troublesome
subsidiary, UK's Metal Box plc--which held just under 40 per cent of
its equitymtried on several occasions to sell it off.  At least eight
businessmen, including Russi Mody and Manu Chhabria, came to look but
declined to by.

Knowing its problems, why did Kbaitan want its headaches?  "Today, I
agree with you that it was a mistake.  At the time, it appeared to be a
good deal," he says.  "It was a most publicly galling experience, and I
misjudged the reality on the ground."

Apparently Deepak had begun discussions with Metal Box some time in
1983 to acquire its plastic flexible packaging unit at Taratula in West
Bengal.  The talks dragged on for about a year and a half, and the
price climbed slowly to Rs 120m.  "At this point, we started wondering
whether it might be cheaper to build a new plant rather than acquire
the old Metal Box unit.  Then, one ivening, Deepak and Rama Babu were
chatting about it and it occurred to them that for Rs 500m, we might be
able to get the full company."

Khaitan was convinced that a packaging boom was round the corner.  He
already had an aluminium packaging company (India Foils), and felt that
with Metal Box he would have the entire gamut of packaging forms 'under
one roof'.  Talking excitidly, to reporters after the takeover, he told
them: "Packaging in India is still in its infancy.  We have not touched
even a fringe of it, Foi" a company like Metal Box, a turnover of Rs
200 crores is nothing.  Adulteration is creating havoc.  More and more
consumers prefer goods in packaged and sealed containers.  The tin can
business has its own utility.  Plastic containers, for example, are not
for fizzy items."

Meanwhile, a modest recovery in Metal Box seemed to herald a better
future.  A bearings unit at Kharagpur which had been draining profits
was sold to Tisco in October 1983.  Though accumulated losses were Rs
150m, the bleeding was becoming sluggish.  Losses for the
eighteen-month period ended March 31, 1985 were Rs 56.3m compared to Rs
97.7m preceding twelve months ended September 30, 1983.

itan felt it could be turned round with a fresh injection of Overjoyed,
Metal Box plc jumped at his offer.  At a meeting on December 4, 1985,
Deepak, Richard Magor he joined the Metal Box India board.  To
Khaitan's rise satisfaction, its share price j u mped up on news of the
changes.

Initially, the company's working moved according to plans.  "We pumped
in Rs 20 crores and brought the into the sound position of [having]
three months of materials.  All the backlog of banking limits were
levelled.  debtors were under control."  But not the workers, of whom
were at least 2,000 too many.  At the first board meeting the Metal Box
takeover, in January 1986, there had been of back-slapping and
camaraderiem'together we will the challenge of the future' Two years
down the road, of this optimism had evaporated.

On the morning of March 17, 1988, Khaitan was y peeved.  He was sitting
at home, seething.  His at Barlow House had sent a message that Metal
Box were planning to stage an unruly demonstration Itside 4 Mangoe
Lane.  Khaitan's presence could further tempers, they warned.  It would
be best if he stayed ,.

For

Khaitan, the message was the proverbial last straw that the camel's
back.  A month earlier, workers had from Barlow House to 4 Mangoe Lane
in order to him with a memorandum.  There had been a series of by the
4,000 workers of the West Bengal units almost the day he had taken
over.  The endless labour conflicts 'ere wearing him down.

Khaitan approached the hurdle in his usual pragmatic atyle.  He wanted
to sell Metal Box's valuable real estate at

Worli in Bombay and use the money to formulate a compensation package
to retrench workers.  "But Metal Box plc (UK), who were my partners,
suggested instead that we should reduce the wages by 20 per cent.
"Reduce' was the word, but the West Bengal chief minister changed it to
'deferred'.  "I agreed," says Khaitan.  When he took this watered-down
proposal to the unions, the Bombay unit agreed, but not the Calcutta
one.

Khaitan saw red.  Before leaving for Bombay, he had held informal
discussions with the Calcutta union leaders, who had then accepted his
proposals.  When they changed their mind, he put his foot down.  "I
told them that if you don't agree, then I am sorry to tell you that the
factory cannot run.  I am not going to get involved.  It's been
accepted in Bombay, and you are saying I am a liar.  I am not prepared
to accept this.  lfyou don't accept this proposal, then 1'!1 leave this
company and walk out."  Six months later, he carried out his threat.

Khaitan is not easily aroused, but once he is, he can be un forgivingly
stubbornly and mulishly adamant.  After his fight with the lnchcape
Group over the Assam Company, he had declared he would never talk to
them again.  He kept his word, rejecting every single olive branch.  So
it was with Metal Box.  Walking out of Barlow House, Khaitan swore he
would never step into it again.  He never has.  A board meeting had
been called on Monday, April 18.  The other directors were shocked when
BM and Deepak handed over their resignations.

"The whole revival hinged on the labour agreement--and that started
floundering.  The banks also sat on the fence.  In the meantime, the
company became sicker.  We felt we couldn't do more," said Deepak.
Talking to the press shortly after the board meeting, an angry Deepak
told reporters: "Till Monday, 3 o'clock, my father was a professional
beggar.  The time has come to stop treading the banks' corridors."

Back at 4 Mangoe Lane, BM called his broker.  "I told him, you want
with these shares.  Dump them in the river Do anything," says BM.  As
Metal Box floundered a morass of debts and lock-outs, Mamta ice, the
peppery INTUC leader, came to visit .Khaitan asked me why I am taking
this attitude, and why don't I plant.  And I said, you.  open it.  I've
left the pl/nt.  The you, madam.  You run it.  You do it.  It's yours."
Annoyed by Khaitan's attitude, bankers at Grindlays and "State Bank of
India criticized him volubly in the press.  raised questions in the
state assemblies of and West Bengal, editors wrote learned but
editorials.  Minority shareholders refused to the Metal Box accounts at
stormy annual general Two managing directors left, and its
long-suffering Bhaskar Mitter, finally bailed out towards the end
Eventually a buyer was found for the jinxed company, by then, Metal Box
had become a hollow shell.

According to his detractors, it had been reduced to a shell Khaitan had
stripped Metal Box of its best assets.  He accused of having
surreptitiously squirrel led away flats, offices and even factories out
of Metal Box for benefit of his group companies.  Khaitan quivers with
at the slur.  "I am not an asset stripper--I lost Rs 18 in Metal Box!"
he exclaims.

The meanest allegations revolve round the plastic flexible unit at
Taratala, two flats in prime residential and Barlow House, the head
office.  "We approached Box because of Taratala, and India Foil
concluded the before we acquired Metal Box," claims Khaitan.  "As for
two flats, India Foil took them over as a part of the payment they were
advancing to Metal Box against the working ital.  Now Ross Deas had
also given money towards Metal

Box's rehabilitationmabout Rs 2 crores to Rs 2.5 crores.  So three
floors of Barlow House were given to him as a mortgage.  In the event
Metal Box did not repay him, these three floors would belong to him.
These are the only transactions I have done.  How can anybody say 1
have made money?  And what about the financial institutions?  I kept
borrowing from the banks and the institutions.  Three institutional
directors from ICICI, IDBI and LIE were on the board.  There was no way
you could even-think of a single transaction without going to the
board."

Nonetheless, there's no hiding the fact that the Taratala factory is a
flourishing cog in the Khaitan wheel while Metal Box remains mired in
court cases, debts and disputes with several of its factories having
had to be closed down.  According to a Khaitan-watcher, the unpleasant
episode 'still seems to pinch him.  Because of this, he is being
extraordinarily careful not to be seen as asset stripper in Union
Carbide India'.

The Metal Box and Union Carbide India buy outs beamed a spotlight on a
man loath to shine.  S. K. Khaitan (no relation), a local fan
manufacturer, grabs more headlines than the global tea baron.  Few
outside the Royal Calcutta Turf Club recognize, let alone know, BM, and
that's the way he likes it.  A hunt for background information through
media archives over the past two decades spewed plenty of dry financial
facts on group companies but just two profiles.  The Who's Who is
similarly unhelpful, merely providing a list of companies and an office
address.  It doesn't even mention his date of birth.

Khaitan's takeover of Union Carbide India in particular forced change.
It lifted Khaitan out of the Calcutta backwaters and dropped him
willy-nilly onto the national stage.

Famous for its red Eveready batteries and its "Gimme Red' advertising
campaign, Union Carbide India came up for sale in February 1994.  Its
American parent, Union Carbide

(UCC) had been trying to get rid of its unwanted lever since the
December 2, 1984 Bhopal tragedy in which died and half a million were
affected, but the Indian froze ownership changes until a compensation
had been hammered out.  A compromise was reached later, in January
1994, in which it was agreed that could sell its 50.90 per cent holding
in Union Carbide if it used Rs 650m of the proceeds to build, a
hospital.  UCC could manage to get on top of that, it could

When merchant bankers from Credit Capital Finance and the State Bank of
India approached him, reaction was lukewarm.  Shanti, on the other
hand, keen as mustard.  The boys needed more work, she felt.  a was
doing well, looking after the tea business, and their son-in-law, was
well settled in Kilburn but Deepak needed to buckle down a bit more.
1994, Business Standard had front-paged a report on an split in the
group, hinting at competitive rivalry the siblings.  The report was
inaccurate about several and BM maintained his usual frosty silence
when it was but it goaded Shanti into some introspection.

Mad about racing, Deepak was more absorbed in his stable 300 horses and
his stud farm than in his garage of companies.  Instead of trying to
improve the performce of the divisions under 'his' charge, was always
flying off for the day to racing centres like Bombay, or Pune whenever
the racecourse at home closed.  "The ecstacy that one experiences while
watching horse win on home turf is unsurpassable," Deepak was as having
said.  What about when a company made asked his sensible mother.  A
bigRs 3bn company like Carbide India would help pin down Deepak, make
him more interested in business, she thought.

To convince her husband, she secretly phoned a man whom she knew BM
would have to listen to: Rama Babu.

R.P. Goenka's opinions carry much weight in the Khaitan household.
After the Harrods bomb blast, he was one of the first to reach BM's
bedside.  When he wanted help for his last-ditch Haldia Petrochemicals
salvage operation, BM pitched in unblinkingly.  Goenka's niece,
Yashodhara, is Deepak's wife.  And Khaitan credits his rehabilitation
into Marwari society to Goenka.  Their friendship is so well known that
when income tax officials came to visit Goenka in March 1988, news
flashed around Calcutta's business community that Khaitan was being
interrogated as well.  RP caught the first available flight the next
morning after Shanti's call came through.

All through the day and deep into the night Shanti, RP and the boys
reasoned with BM, pointing out the pros of acquiring Union Carbide
India.

Over the past five years, whereas the near stagnant dry cells market
grew by just 1.6 per cent per annum in volume terms, Union Carbide
India's sales had surged by an average of 10 per cent per annum.  |ts
pre-tax profits had grown to Rs 320m in 1993-94 against Rs 60m four
years earlier.  Debt, at Rs 110m, was a comfortable 13 per cent of its
net worth of Rs 840m, which meant that it had tremendous borrowing
capacity and could easily raise up to Rs 2bn, if necessary.  Its fixed
assets were substantially undervalued.  Most important of all, its
strong brand had been carefully shielded from besmirchment by the
Bhopal stigma.  Lastly, the Khaitans were already in the battery
business (Standard Batteries) and this would be a good expansion
opportunity.  Persuaded by the combined strength of the forces working
on him, Khaitan caved in.

At first, it was believed that a controlling interest in Union

India would cost Rs 800m.  This was based on a share of Rs 60.  With
the criminal liability of the Bhopal tragedy like a sword of Damocles
over it, the corporate price had languished around Rs 55 through most
there were of buyers.  In mid-1994, Credit Capital and SBI Caps a
shortlist of seven: R.P. Goenka, B.M. Khaitan, Wadia of Bombay Dyeing,
T.P.G. Nambiar of the BPL AC.  Muthiah of Spic K.K. Jajodia of Assam
Company

I Arun Bajoria, the jute baron.  The scrip began its inevitable upwards
as speculators started kicking it around.  Khaitan paid Rs 2.9bn or Rs
175 per share.

i Though Goenka's name was first on the list, he was an less serious
contender than Nambiar or Bajoria.  K.K. on the other hand, was keen to
buy but 'could not put 'on the table', says one of the bidders.  The
race quickly down to Muthiah, Wadia and Khaitan.  Muthiah, called the
Ambani of the south, made a joint bid with a German chemical company.
They had a vested in that Union Carbide India was an existing
distributor [C's detergent powders and bars.  But as the price moved
the combine withdrew, leaving Khaitan and Wadia to slug ut.

Wadia, a canny battle-scarred samurai, at this point of time rolling on
a high.  Bombay Dyeing's March 1994 results he had recently swiped
Britannia Industries, lia's biggest bread and biscuit company, into his
group from the nose of Rajah Pillai, an old friend-turned-foe.  In an
mood, Wadia wanted to beef up his group, and Carbide India's strong
brands fitted in perfectly with his for the future.  To strengthen his
bid, Wadia tied up the American transnational which in 1986 acquired
UCC's battery business globally except in India.

Through the spring of 1994, the Union Carbide India scrip climbed
steadily from Rs 55 to Rs 95 on news of serious bidding, but UCC wanted
at least $70m (Rs 2.1bn at the then rates) or Rs 125 per share.
According to a former Union Carbide India executive, this was a more
than fair price.  Ralston Purina's internal calculations, based on a
meticulous due diligence assessment, pegged Union Carbide's market
value at Rs 2.5bn.  By August 1994, the press was trumpeting that Wadia
looked to be the winner, but on September 9 the State Bank of India
announced to several red faces the sale of UCC's Indian battery company
to Khaitan.

"Price was the sole determining factor," the Union Carbide India
executive continued.  "The logic behind BM's thinking was quite simple.
By any valuation, the price should not have been more than Rs 150, He
knew that Wadia was a keen buyer.  So he was willing to pay 10-12 per
cent more or an extra Rs 25 to make sure of the result."  In the event,
B.M. Khaitan offered Rs 2.gbn or Rs 400m more than Wadia.

At $96.5m, the sale was the biggest buy-out deal in Indian corporate
history.  Before this, H.J. Heinz had paid $67.5m (Rs 2bn) through its.
local subsidiary for the purchase of Glaxo India's family products
division, and Atlanta's Coca-Cola inc had reportedly paid $60m (Rs
1.8bn) for Ramesh Chauhan's soft drink brand, Thums Up.

Khaitan had won the race but there were few participants in the victory
march.  In 1985, news of his acquisition of Metal Box had caused its
stock to rise.  In 1994, on the contrary, the Union Carbide scrip fell
from Rs 146 to Rs 122.  Hurt by this public show of no-confidence in
his management and some acidic comments in the media, BM went deeper
into purdah, while a contrite Shanti repented.  "I wish I had not
forced him to take over Union Carbide," she confessed to me in
private.

"ome of the adverse comments were undoubtedly valid.

978, Khaitan had objected to a jute manager (Parson) ng him the tea
business.  In 1994, the tables were turned jlsthe media asking how a
tea planter would run a consumer company at a time when the Indian
battery market was ng through a turbulent phase.  Analysts wondered how
t|tan would tackle increased competition from tightly d global players
such as Duracell and Matsushita who making strong bids to carve out
leadership positions in the jCly liberalized economy.

|n a bid to counter salacious gossip, Khaitan used apronged strategy.
He insisted that he would make noes to the existing strong management
structure of Union ide India (now renamed Eveready Industries).  And he
tok hands with ex-rival Ralston to jointly manufacture a!  inc
batteries in India.  In addition, the contract allowed itan to access
state-of-the-art technology and Ralston id be able to share the
Eveready brand.

The negative reports eased up after these announcements t Khaitan's
dull reputation is a constant source of discomfort4 Mangoe Lane.  Among
Calcutta's corporate elite, Khaitan i considered to be at best an
average businessman.  He took a hit during the Metal Box episode, but
even before that, !g'd been accused of buying blue-chip sand making
them sick.  ring the Eveready Industries auction, a prominent
locallusinessman had cut tingly wondered out loud why Khaitan anted
more companies when the group already had so many lines and wasn't
growing in any of them.  On the, stock exchanges, shareholders don't
consider him invetor-friendly, and analysts dislike the low
profitability of his non-tea t:ompanies.

Khaitan's poor public image is at odd variance with his rery real
achievements and unusual rags-to-riches background.  He may not be a
Dhimbhai Ambani, but then neither is he a Ratan Tara or Kumar Mangalam
Birla, both heirs to mammoth empires.  In a span of two decades, BM
aggressively assembled a Rs 16bn empire from scratch through some
shrewd maneuvering.  Apart from the Assam Company and possibly Warren
Tea (where he made a lukewarm offer but later stepped aside in favour
of his friend, Govind Ruia), Khaitan hasn't yet lost a deal for which
he has hungered.

In 1995, his group consisted of twenty-five companies with interests
apart from tea in batteries (Eveready Industries, Standard Batteries);
engineering (Macneill Engineering, McNally Bharat, Kilbum Engineering,
Worthington Pumps, Deutsche Babcock); packaging (India Foils); and
financial services (Williamson Financial Service).  Five of his
companies make it to Business Today's 1995 list of India's 500 most
valuable companies: McLeod Russell (at 141), George Williamson (275),
Standard Batteries (314), Eveready (320) and Williamson Magor (384).
How can a man who single-handedly built up such a substantial empire be
viewed as a mediocre manager?

In most of his companies, Khaitan's personal holdings tend to be
substantial, i,e."  from 40 to 74 per cent, leading some analysts to
regard him as one of India's richest men.  A September 1994 report
pegged the group's market cap at Rs 22bn and valued Khaitan's holdings
at Rs 13.2bn.  Oddly enough, instead of being perceived as a source of
strength, these large holdings cause investors to shy away.  Almost as
a rule, fund managers, who tend to be more jittery than a flock of
sparrows, prefer scrips with steady, and high volumes of trading so
that they can get in and get out easily.  Khaitan's extensive holdings
act as roadblocks.

"This disappointment over Khaitan scrips has become a mindset among
punters on Lyons Range," says a fund manager.  "It was because of this
that the market reacted so negatively as as news of Khaitan's clinching
the Union Carbide deal announced."  His investor-unfriendly image was
when Khaitan refrained from making an open offer

Union

Carbide's minority shareholders at the time of its Later, the finance
ministry would force him to this decision.  , .  The lacklustre
performance of his numerous engineering has equally contributed to
Khaitan's reputation as Mostly acquired between 1975 and 1985, small,
scattered and largely unprofitable companies a host of products none of
which stand out.  Some, Standard Batteries which manufactures car
batteries and against the well-ran Chloride InduStries, are rich in
estate but poor in their production processes.  Others like Foils, are
poised to make a recovery, but the long time taken by the restructuring
has reduced public confidence eventual success.

RED

'

defends BM: "Compared to some of the other ness men in your book,
Khaitan may not be all that namic, but he is a nice human being."  "Too
gentlemanly to his temper," agrees another.  Following his successful
bid Carbide India, boorish cocktail circuit speculation his ability to
pay for his purchase ruffled Khaitan's but he swallowed his pride, kept
a tight rein on temper and refused to be provoked.

'

Deepak and Aditya aren't cast in the same mould.  As'the neared when Rs
29bn had to be handed over to the banks,

aurnalists went overboard calculating: the pieces of family the
Khaitans would have to sell in order to meet their Aditya was stung
into issuing a challenge.  "Anyone has any doubts can be my guest when
we hand over the cheque to the State Bank of India," he told Business
Today.

Typically, Khaitan senior kept mum, worked out his options, did his
sums, and boarded the evening Calcutta-Bombay flight.  The next
morning, under a blazing October sunqMay and October are Bombay's
hottest months--he was spotted entering The Oberoi for a meeting with a
senior American Express executive.  Before lunch, a consortium of three
banks had been formed to provide the Khaitans with the bridge loan they
needed.  By evening, a queue had formed outside his door with banks
competing against each other for the business.  The cheque for Union
Carbide India was due on December 5, 1994, three days after the tenth
anniversary of the Bhopai gas disaster, but Briju Babu coolly pre-paid
his bill two weeks earlier.

The story didn't end there, however.  Business journalists, who had
enjoyed the sport of Khaitan-baiting through the winter of 1994, had a
field day during the summer of 1995.  The AmEx loan was due for
repayment six months later, in May.  Khaitan was a rich man, but his
wealth was tied up in the shares through which he controlled his
empire.  Some companies, especially the tea ones, were rich and
commonly paid out generous dividends of between 45 and 55 per cent
every year, but the group's net profit in 1994 was just Rs 380m.
Khaitan didn't have Rs 2.gbn plus Rs 190m as interest charges in liquid
cash.  So he went to the market.

In October 1994, he announced that McLeod Russell india would shortly
be making a Rs 2.7bn rights issue at a premium of Rs 210.  At the time,
the pricing seemed stiff but not overly greedy.  McLeod was a blue-chip
company quoting at Rs 310, and no tea major had made a public offering
in several years.  Unfortunately, by the time Khaitan could gather the
requisite legal permissions, the arithmetic on which the pricing had
been based went completely haywire.  In early 1995, the bottom fell
primary market with the eruption of the MS Shoes in which a promoter
was arrested for possibly the first in memory for misinforming the
public in his prospectus, i the secondary market collapsed on the back
of the primary in keeping with the domino effect, McLeod's share
price.

hitting a low of Rs 205, making the scaled down tag of Rs 190 for the
new shares totally unappetising.

in the prospectus, Khaitan had clearly stated that the was being made
to fund the Eveready acquisition.  If one an exposure in Eveready, why
pick up McLeod shares the battery company's scrip was cheaper at Rs
150?

for the underwriters and Khaitan's reputation, there no way of holding
back the issue until the index picked The dynamics of the situation and
the Reserve Bank of refusal to roll over the AmEx loan left Khaitan
with no but to go ahead with the McLeod issue in a dangerously market.
The issue opened on May 25.

Prior to this, Khaitah had rolled up his sleeves as he had once not so
long ago, and begun meticulously exploring

Not surprisingly, backstage, wheels began to grind.  discreet support
campaign pushed up the McLeod scrip to

215, that of Eveready to Rs 175.  More importantly, the heads of large
institutional investment firms in Bombay find New Delhi took his
long-distance calls, listened to his story, and promised him their
support in case the retail market didn't bite.

Having taken all the precautions he could, Khaitan waited by the
telephone, outwardly relaxed.  "He's cool, methodical, and
calculating," admires Nantoo Banerjee, a reporter with Business
Standard who has been tracking Khaitan's progress for over a decade.
"Even under fire, he keeps a cool head."  During the tense weeks which
his top executives spent fanning out across the country drumming up
support for the McLeod issue, Briju Babu stuck to his routine.  At the
close of every working day, at 5 o'clock sharp, he closes his files and
appointment book, whooshes down to the ground floor in his private lift
and leaves for a brisk forty-five-minute walk before returning home.

This month of May was no different.  His quiet faith in himself was
justified.  On the evening of June 2, after the counting was over,
tired money merchants slumped with relief.  The McLcod's issue was
oversubscribed--by a bare 3 per cent, it is true, but oversubscribed
nonetheless---and the Cassandras silenced.

Another person who had complete faith in Briju Babu's ability to pull
it off was Aditya.."As I was growing up, I found people had a lot of
respect for Dad.  People would talk about how he would never hurt
anyone, about his code of behaviour.  He would often help people and
they would remember it.  That's why the chairman of ICICI and American
Express went out of their way to help us with Union Carbide.  And Dad
is a very particular person with strong likes and dislikes about the
way things should be done.  It taught me discipline.  When I was a
child and getting ready for school, I knew that every morning at a
quarter to eight he would ask the servant for a cup of tea, and I would
look at my watch and it would be a quarter to eight.  For forty years
he has followed the same routine; get up at 6.30 a.m."  do yoga with an
old guy who has been coming to our house for years, have a cup of tea
and a light breakfast, read the papers, leave for work by ten.  He's
back home after his walk between 6.30 and 7 and likes to sleep
early.."

His physical fitness probably saved his life after the Harrods bomb
blast.  According to the doctors, regular walks and yoga had
strengthened Khaitan's constitution, enabling him to survive the
lacerations caused by flying shrapnel,

 I

car metal and splintered glass.

The Harrods incident was a bizarre case of poor timing

Khaitan's point of view.  It was pure mischance that he to be where he
was when the IRA struck.  Had he to pick up a hamper from Fortnum &
Mason on y, he would have been safe and sound.  Like most sinessmen,
Khaitan is not the sort of man who goes out of way to meet trouble
head-on.  On the contrary, "BM is the of man who will walk a mile out
of his way to avoid

If there is a dispute over Rs 10 lakhs, and someone to take him to
court, his first reaction will be to give in, to pay off the Rs 10
lakhs and end the chapter," says a fellow industrialist.

He would much rather work through the entire span of his career
peacefully, without sight or sound of a gun.  Unlike Mr.  T of the old
American television series, the A-Team, the Indian tea baron is a
pacifist by nature, yet his is a life splattered by violence and
bloodshed.  As a child growing up in the tense locality of Burra Bazaar
during the pre-Partition days, the young Khaitan would try to block out
the screams wafting through his window.  He would succeed only after
the army helped the family flee to a safer locality.  In his thirties,
he concentrated on his work as best he could during the Naxalite
movement which drove so many Marwari families out of Calcutta to the
more orderly cities of Bombay and New Delhi.  "Where would we have
gone?  Our base is and always will be Calcutta," says Shanti
phlegmatically.  Normally businessmen don't feel the need to own a
private army, but BM maintains a 2,000-strong trained and armed militia
to protect his managers from ULFA and other terrorists.

Murder, mayhem and other such horrors have no place in Khaitan's
peaceful wood panelled study, with its charming vista, through delicate
curtains, of lush green lawns stret61thing into the horizon.  Sipping
tea with Shanti and BM in fine bone china cups and chatting about the
future of tea exports, it's easy to forget that ULFA's gun-smoke
continues to out-reek the aroma of green tea buds ripening under
Assam's mellow sun.  But behind BM's genial smiles and the impish gleam
in his eyes is a steely determination not to let the long nights of the
past and the present affect the future.  "We're going to build good
citizens in Assam, you'll see.  Let things quieten down a little and
then we'll go together to the gardens.  They're lovely.  Until then,
come again to my humble little tea shop at 4 Mangoe Lane."

Chapter 6

Bharat and Vijay Shah

Wankhede Stadium, Bombay December 21, 1989

a thousand lucky invitees received the night-after card with the snappy
Aston Martin on top.  Inside, the inscription read:

Dear Moneypenny, I'm on my.  way from assignment

Afghanistan to holiday in Bombay and I heard that Rajiv and'Reshma;
Rajesh and Bela are partying at the Regal Room, Hotel Oberoi Towers on
December 22 1989 at 2100 hours, a black tie affair, naturally.

Tell "M' that I've picked up ale ad on the diamond business out here
and as the theme for the party is James Bond 007, I should fit in quite
easily, you, might ask "Q' to send my Aston Martin to fetch to
accompany me t9 th party.

Sweetheart, take messages till I return.  Meanwhile, I'll look for a
Maharajah for you from India.  Love and kisses, James.

Reshma, Bharat Shah's 18-year-old daughter, was about to be married.
Traditionally, among Gujaratis, the bride's father makes all the
wedding arrangements.  Unlike Steve Martin in The Father of the Bride,
Shah wanted to make sure the wedding would eclipse anything his
friends, relatives and business associates had ever experienced.  This
would be a wedding to remember.  The James Bond black tie party was
just one of a dozen exotic parties planned for the nuptial arranged
between two of Bombay's leading diamantaire families: Shah's B.
Vijaykumar and Kishore Mehta's Beautiful Diamonds.

Fifteen thousand people were invited to the wedding on Thursday,
December 21, 1989.  To accommodate them, Shah hired Bombay's Wankhede
Stadium, the venue of some of the fiercest cricket battles in Test
history.  A month before the wedding, 200 artisans descended upon its
grounds.  Beggars and neighbours gawked as they created a plaster-of
paris Rajasthani fantasy.  Reshma's mandap was a fairy-tale palace with
heavily encrusted pillars entwined with tulips from Holland and orchids
from Thailand.  Fireworks and laser shows, mehndi for the ladies, music
and dandiya raas, an Indiana Jones party, complimentary Indian wedding
attire for international guests--the entire office staff of B.
"Vijaykumar went into overdrive to ensure that everything went off
smoothly.

In another part of Bombayl others were making their own plans.  A
motley collection of activists from groups such as the Bombay Sarvodaya
Mandal, the Janmukti Sangharsha Vahini, the Chhatra Yuva Sangharsha
Vahini, and the Stree Mukti Sanghatana were aghast at the millions
being poured into the extravaganza.  The do-gooders held, angry
demonstrations outside the stadium.  Their chants of "Yeh shaadi nahin,
yeh tamasha had.  Band karo, band karo' drowned the sweet notes of the
shehnai playing the wedding ragas.

Pleading for a boycott of the 'wasteful show', on the of the reception,
about eighty activists handed out asking guests to remember that
millions of Indians had clothing.  "We are ashamed.  We protest', read
one.

in silks and jewels, invitees stepping out of limousines were taken
aback by the hostile committee at the stadium's entrance.  Khadi-clad
booed and heckled them, provoking some to in a huff.  Emotions ran
high.  Twenty-six women were and there was a police lat hi-charge when
the me uncontrollable.

Such intense public interest in what should, after all, have a private
affair rattled the entire diamantaire community.

behind Bharat Shah, the Diamond Industry Defence was born to educate
the public.

Its hastily elected chairman, M. Mehta, wrote a strongly letter of
protest to the Times of India.  "The diamond donated crores of rupees
in three years of drought in and distributed about 1,700 crores of
rupees as wages the diamond cutters there.  Bharat Shah donates huge
for charities.  Mr.  Kishore Mehta has donated crores

Frupees for a big hospital in Bombay.  The diamond industry lives
employment to nearly ten lakh people in India.  How people have been
employed or helped by the anizations who protested about the marriage
reception?"  he indignantly.

Gradually the media glare died down.  The hard feelings not.  A silent
class war lingers.  The diamond merchants have a valid point of view:
don't they have the right to spend hard-earned money as they please?
Ordinary people cannot understand how a handful of families, all
belonging to one small community--Palanpuri Jains--have become so rich,
so quickly.

PALANPUR

Palanpur, a parched, dusty village founded in AD 746, lies on the
Gujarat-Rajasthan border, 350 km north of Surat, a town which would hit
world headlines in 1994 for a suspected outbreak of plague.
Traditionally, the Jains of Palanpur-whose surnames seem to start and
end with Mehta with a handful of Shahs thrown in for good
measure--served as accountants and administrators to the nawabs of the
village.  As it developed into a diamond trading centre, the
experienced money-managers seized control of the lucrative business. In
the '80s a combination of luck and hard work enabled the tiny community
to snatch a significant portion of the global diamond trade from a
group of powerful Hasidic Jews.

The tentacles of this trade reach from De Beers' legendary diamond
mines in South Africa, to London, Antwerp, Tel Aviv, Hong Kong, New
York and Surat.  Though London and Antwerp remain the leading diamond
cities, today seven out of ten diamonds pass through Bombay.  First
entering the city as roughs, these diamonds wind their way into the
pockets of faceless angadias (couriers) travelling second class to
cutting and polishing factories in Surat, Navsari and Palanpur.
Returning to Bombay, the value-added diamonds are re-exported.

"It all started about twenty-five years ago," recalls Bharat Shah.  "We
went to the bottom end of the market, buying and cutting diamonds which
the Jews had rejected."  Israeli and Belgium cutters sneered at the
thought of carving stones under ten points or one-tenth of a carat (the
Koh-i-floor, incidentally, is 109 carats), but Indians were not so
fussy.  Purchasing modest quantities of small industrial quality
roughs, Bharat and other Palanpuris handed them over to the master
craftsmen of their village who turned them into sparkling gems, some so
small that few can handle them without a tweezer.

Buyers liked the products, but Jewish wholesalers were jud iced against
Indians.  According to one of the fit Jains t up shop in the USA in
1966, We simply weren t liked.  the Indian government loudly supported
the Palestinian , this aroused a lot of emotions in the Jewish
community.  lly few Jews liked to do business with me.  But the fact t|
had a good, cheap product to sell, the fact that I delivered time--this
made the difference."

By the late '70s, De Beers woke up to the fact that Indians itld create
something out of nothing.  The brown rough stones inch were being
thrown away could now be usefully cut and lished into marketable
diamonds.  The discovery coincided inflation, and an emerging trend in
fashion jewellery for Imonds the size of pinheads which only Indian
artisans could liver.  Surat became a boom town as international buyers
ne running to Indian suppliers.  Out of the grand total of 95 Ilion
carats of diamonds which were cut and polished aller the world last
year, 59 million carats were processed in iia.  Big Jewish firms like
Star Diamond continue to ruinate the big stones market, but in dollar
terms, Indians"ount for roughly 75 per cent--and growing---of De Beers'
al sales.

The Oppenheimers, the Jewish family who founded and atrol De Beers,
began wooing the Palanpuri merchants lently.  During the monthly
auctions in London (known as ]ts), kosher beef and bagels are swept off
the dining table make way for the simple vegetarian food dictated by
nism.  And to keep the competitive spirit alive, the 9enheimers shower
high performers with rewards and ards, special privileges, and
glamorous and exclusive 'itations.  Lavish parties and exclusive
to3te-h-ttes are anged for the biggest and the best when Anthony penh
eimer and his important cousin, Nicholas penh eimer come to Bombay.

The growing closeness between the Palanpuris and white South Africans
smacked of hypocrisy.  Politically and officially, India and South
Africa weren't on talking terms for much of this period.  Like the
United States, Britain and most of Europe, India protested against
South Africa's apartheid policy by imposing sanctions.  These were
officially lifted after the April 1994 South African elections which
brought Nelson Mandela to power.  All through the preceding' decade, as
diamond exports climbed, the Indian government looked the other way. In
a single decade, exports of polished diamonds surged from Rs 5.5bn (in
1979-80) to Rs 49.72bn (in 1989-90).  Indians wrested 62 per cent of
the global trade.

In one short decade, merchants like Bharat and Vijay, college dropouts,
became the world's carat czars, founding and heading India's largest
private empire, a Rs 35bn conglomerate known as B. Vijaykumar (in
India) and Vijaydimon (in Belgium), with interests in diamonds,
construction and films.  They have cutting and polishing factories in
Bangkok, Antwerp, Tel Aviv, Bombay, Surat and Palanpur, employing over
22,000 workers.  The head office is in Bombay, under Bharat, while the
Antwerp office is looked after by Vijay.

Nothing in Bharat's Bombay office suggests this accomplishment.  The
building itself, Mehta Bhawan, at Charni Road, is dingy and dusty.  B.
Vijaykumar owns three floors, or roughly half the nondescript building.
Bharat's office is on the sixth floor, small but bright and sunny, with
a well-ued feel to it.  The scarred, solid and workmanlike wooden table
behind which Bharat sits (and Vijay, when in town), is littered with
slips of paper and packets of diamonds.  Three phones ring
continuously, and staff saunter in and out without knocking.  Unlike.
the offices of other Bombay diamond merchants, there are no video
cameras or armed guards, nor heavily barred doors with peepholes.

security is offered by the miniature and smelly lift.  just four
including the bored lift man  Visitors--and trot hers themselves---are
served sweet, milky tea Gujarati style.  The cups are chipped china;
the spoon, metal strip of the kind used by wayside food stalls
ifurnishings arc tacky.  White Formica, yellow with age and is used for
panels on the walls and doors.  The pocket-she ion" area holds a couple
of worn rexin sofas with holes the sides.

international corporate headquarters of this giant, profitable, firm
could as well belong to a lie-class yarn broker or a small-time plastic
processor.  for three giveaways.  The first is a showy three-foot meter
ia pis lazuli circle embedded in white marble in the floor entrance
with the initials B and V entwined lobby,

brass.  The second, located opposite the blase ptionist-cum-telephone
operator, is a glass cabinet stuffed

Iith gleaming export a grateful government.

awards from

The

Id is a massive cement-and-steel walk-in vault concealed de Bharat's
office.  It was built on-site when the Shahs lluired the Mehta Bhavan
office in the mid-'70s.  Nothing has t:hanged except for the size of
their operations.

To cope with increasing volumes, a huge new walk-in trongroom is under
construction in Vijay's office on likaanstraat in Antwerp.  It's
impossible to estimate how any dollars worth of diamonds such a vault
can hold, but it

,aould almost certainly be in nine-digit figures.  Unlike the

Bombay office, security in Antwerp is tight.  Doors to every cubicle
are kept locked and the entrance is manned by security officers.  There
are at least fifteen video cameras in operation,

and Vijay keeps a wary eye on each cubicle and passageway

[. through a hi-tech monitor in the corner of his grey silk and

Italian marble office.

There's a video camera mounted in his cabin ceiling also.  It's a small
room, 16' by 12' at most, and dwarfed by its tall, well-built occupier.
There's barely enough space for the five chairs surrounding the white
and green desk piled high with packets of diamonds waiting to be
checked before being forwarded to buyers.  Every so often someone walks
in with a cheap red plastic bowl stuffed with white paper packets of
polished diamonds or small cream cloth sacks of roughs tied with bright
rani pink ribbons.  Seated opposite Vijay is an accountant whose job it
is to tally what comes in with what goes out, mechanically and
unremittingly.

The lingua franca in the office is Gujarati.  From the view of concrete
office blocks, to the brown skinned executives, to the distinct smell
of curry in the kitchen and the framed portrait of the goddess Laxmi,
the office could easily be in Nariman Point.  Only the blonde
long-legged and micro-mimed secretaries with their heavily accented
English remind you that this is not Born bay but the heart of Europe.

In the block next to Vijaydimon is the Beurs voor Diamanthandel, one of
Antwerp's four diamond bourses.  Its director is Peter Meeus, an
energetic and dapper Belgian with sharp eyes and a quick warm smile,
whose responsibility it is to uphold ethical trade practices among the
diamantaires and keep them on a tight leash.  He has known Vijay for
the past twenty years.  Are the Shahs the world's carat czars, I asked.
His smile thinned.  "This is not something I can answer.  The most I
can tell you is that they are definitely among the top five, and I am
including here companies from all over the world.  Vijaydimon is one of
our very very important members," Meeus says warily.

What makes them so special?  As with the entire Palanpuri diamantaire
community, the Shahs' basic fortune lay in being in the fight business
at the right time and at the right place.

the course of the past twenty years, however, seven ilies have
outstripped the rest.  Today, Arun Mehta of B. umar, Madhu Mehta of
Jayam, Dilip Mehta of Rosy p, Rashmi Mehta of Gembel, Jatin Mehta of
Su-Raj, the s and their in-laws, Kishore Mehta of Beautiful dominate
the trade.  Jatin Mehta is supposed to be face of the Indian diamond
business, Arun Kumar the title of being the world's biggest
diamantaire, the men from the boys?  What special skills arat and Vijay
possess?  How did B. Vijaykumar become umber one?

According to Francois an Looveren, a broker with a large brokering
firm, 'to be a successful you need to be intelligent--that goes without
But you need to have the fight combination of the of a banker, a
manufacturer, a marketer and to have a of people.  If there is a
misjudgement in any these qualities, the combination goes wrong.  It
goes saying that both Bharat and Vijay have the right of these
qualities."

is more candid.  "Vijay can take risks.  I remember they were thinking
of setting up factory in ty were going to Thailand at the time--but
went in for,s,rriall sizes, Jewish and Indians, but not r. He thought
they should be polishing medium stones.  he would fail, but that
factory is doing very IL' Contemplation of his success pushes Vijay
into a ective mood.  "I wish father had lived just five more years

, could have seen our success.  I always wanted to prove to

father that I could be somebody."

Tall, fair and charismatic, Shantilal Lallubhai Shah was a

weller, as was his father and grandfather before hm.  In 1957,

der the Replemshment Scheme, the government permitted the limited
import of diamonds so long as they were re-exported.  Shantilal, who
had just separated from his two brothers, spotted an opportunity.  He
spent the rest of his life shuttling between London and Antwerp,
returning to Bombay every six weeks for a fortnight.

Living more or less on their own in a small bungalow, at 56 Ridg.e Road
in the Malabar Hill area, a stone's throw away from Aditya Birla's home
in II Palazzo, it was a lonely life for Shantilal's family, wife Bhiki
and their seven children: Dhanwant, Bipin, Bharat (b.  August 5, 1944),
Vijay (b.  March 25, 1950), Saroj, Meena and Kokila.  The children
studied at various schools nearby such as Hill Grange, Campion and
Bharda, leading a comfortable upper middle-class Gujarati lifestyle.
However, the constant separation from a father whom they adored appears
to have left a deep mark on his children and particularly Vijay, the
youngest of the seven.

In the '60s,.Shantilal settled in London, in a small house in Goldcrs
Green, at 38 Gainsborough Gardens (which he bought), and operated out
of a small office in Hatton Gardens (which he rented).  The Shahs still
own the house, though of late Vijay prefers to stay at the Dorchester.
"It was not like he Was staying there [abroad] all the time.  At least
he must be coming four-five times a year to Bombay," says Vijay,
curiously defensive.

During one of these trips, in 1969, Shantilal decided to take his
daughters to Palanpur.  He wanted to show them their roots.  Soon after
they arrived, there, he suffered a paralytic stroke and died a few days
later.  Vijay, then nineteen and studying at the London School of
Economics, was on a diamond-buying visit to Gibraltar.  Twenty-five
years later, he still hasn't accepted his father's death.  "For two or
three years, whenever I heard a knock on the door, I thought of father.
He to have a special kind of knock.  I kept thinking father dd come
back.  I couldn't believe this could happen.  He was fifty-four and
such a fine man.  People used to call him luru".  If only it hadn't
happened in Palanpur and he had been to get proper medical treatment
.... ' Fortunately, all four boys had acquired some business by this
time.  Financially, their father's death was as biga blow for the Shahs
as, say, Nand Kishore Ruia's I would be for Shashi and Ravi of the
Essar Group, or that ,a Birla for Kumar Mangalam.  Dhanwant, Bharat and
fin were all working in the family firm, a partnership with I. Patei, a
friend of Shantilal's and fellow diamantaire.  like the Ruia brothers,
Vijay dropped out of the I of Economics to help out.

On his return to Bombay, Vijay found his family in rmoii.  Bharat was
about to get married to Bina H. Modi.  it, the eldest and since their
father's death the head of ithe family, was losing interest in the
diamond trade and Wanted to risk the bread-and-butter business for the
more glamorous world of movies.  Bipin, fed up with all of them, wanted
to opt out completely and set up his own-diamond trading firm.
Unwilling to fight with Bipin, the rest of the family moved out,
leaving him with the original firm (SS Diamond Company) and the house
at Ridge Road.  Shifting to Atlas Apartments on Narayan Dhabholkar
Road, they immediately scouted around for a new office.

AT FIRST SIGHT

In a city of mean streets, Zaveri Bazaar stands out as one of Bombay's
most shattering experiences for a newcomer.  Stretching beyond the Juma
Masjid on the Crawford Market side towards the Mumbadevi Temple, it's
the heart of the retail jewellery and silverware trade.  A long line of
narrow shops decorated with glittering mirrors, bright halogen lights,
and tawdry gold jewellery stretches from one end of the noisy,
congested bazaar to the other.  Behind the counters are fast-talking,
Gujarat!-speaking, paan-spitting businessmen.

It was to this throbbing market that Bharat and Vijay gravitated after
separating from Bipin.  Vijay was ambitious: "When you start something
and if you would like to do it in a big way or you think it has big
potential, when sky is the limit, you must do en your own.  If you
really want to achieve in business, it has to be your very own
business."  So the Shahs ended their partnership with H. Patei and
bought their own office, just off the main market at 32-34 Dhanji
Street.  The brothers also bought a plot of land at Andheri where they
set up a diamond cutting and polishing unit with 400 workers.  'it was
about 5,000 sq.fl, and cost around Rs 50-Rs 60 per sq.  it.," says
Bharat.  Bipin had inherited the family company name, so they named
their first firm after themselves, B. Vijaykumar.

While Dhanwant busied himself in film-making, Bharat and Vijay
concentrated on building up the diamond business, slipping into an easy
division of labour.  "I started handling the manufacturing activity in
Bombay and meeting the buyers," says Bharat.  "Vijay kept sending
foreigners, the roughs and also the clients to me."

To feed the Andheri factory, Vijay roamed markets off the beaten
tracks, ones which would give better margins than the common diamond
centres.  "I used to go to Africa, buying quite a lot of rough
diamonds.  I am not talking about huge volumes, those were not the
days, you know, but still during that time we were buying quite a lot.
I was never based in one place."  B Vijaykumar's first year's sales
were Rs 5m-6m.

Vijay's aggressive purchases caught the eye of Monty Charles, a
director of the London-based Diamond Trading Company (DTC), De Beers's
main marketing arm.  "He was

,s looking for a dynamic firm, you know, which I can't myself but at
least he must have found something in us," Vijay.  Charles asked
Bonas-Couzyn, one of DTC's brokers, to check out B. Vijaykumar.  In
1973, they were tght-holders.  It was a big deal," says Bharat.  At the
there were fewer than fifteen Indian sight-holders, and xe was a long
waiting list.

Once he had gotten over his awe of the international giant, iay cocked
a snook at the DTC.  "In those days, people used run for DTC whereas I
didn't bother much.  We were taking we were buying.  But those who
don't understand roughs nd those who don't have the confidence, they
are depending DTC and their closed boxes.  Where I never had any fun."
explains: "Only if you don't understand roughs, then must go to DTC.
Because there it is a standard price.  But if you know the rough, then
you can buy from the open y, you know.  Like my brother used to buy
from Other people, they did not even visit at that time ca."

"Going to Africa during those times was not easy," says ,".  "But I am
a strong believer of self-confidence.  I used to i. see with my own
eyes.  Also you have got to fight for prices.  It was the most
difficult thing because the African people are such that they won't
believe in serious prices.  If the goods are worth $10, they ask you
for $100.  Then if you understand the goods, you will start with $5,
you know, but if you don't understand, what are you going to offer him?
If I was lucky, sometimes I finished it at $6 or $7."

His next stop was Tel Aviv where he established a tiny office and a
state-of-the-art factory at Saphadz.  In 1981, he received the Israeli
government's highest export award.  Sales surged from $2m to $21m in
twelve months.  Vijay--who speaks fluent Hebrew--wanted to settle there
with his wife,

Dipti Jayantibhai Mehta, but Bhiki protested."  My mother used to hear
about bomb scares and all those things on television.  So we thought we
had better settle down in Antwerp," says Vijay.  Others had the same
idea.  Almost fifty Palanpuri families migrated to Antwerp bringing
their chakkis for grinding wheat into chap pati-flour with them. Around
seventy or eighty new Indian diamond firms were established during
1980-82.

"Bharatbhai took over everything in Bombay, all the controls," says
Vijay.  For the next three years, the two brothers scarcely saw each
other, rarely were both in the same place at the same time.  While
Dipti created a Gujarati nook in an Antwerp flat and brought up their
four children (Dimple, Vishal, Sweta and Priya), airline cabins became
Vijay's real home and office.  "From 1974, I was travelling, I think,
four times a month to Tel Aviv.  I was there for two days, coming back
again to Antwerp, flying back to London.  And then to Bombay.  You will
find it very difficult to believe that till now I must have travelled
more than a million miles, much more far ahead.  When you have to hold
a market, you have to travel a lot."

in most sagas of empire-building, there is usually one deal or one
incident which acts as a springboard.  For Bharat and Vijay, the
turning point came in 1974-76 when the diamond trade passed through a
major shakeout.  Many Indian diamantaires went bust.  Vijaydimon and B.
Vijaykumar came out of it stronger.  As others slowed down their
manufacturing, Bharat began acquiring their factories.  Located in
Surat and Navsari, these small units were often owned by the workers
themselves.  According to Bharat, "The market was very bad at that
time.  All top business people, they were 'afraid.  They didn't go for
business and they closed down their factories.  All the workers, they
approached our company and we always lied raw material.  Our company
grew very fast."

"The time was difficult for everyone, but we did not find difficult. 
We were always keeping in our mind that-do the wherever you can, but
only to your capacity.  That is our policy.  When many people just
jumped around, did big business and all, we did it in our capacity. 
And the times came bad, always the people became panicky.  which is in
every business.  And they started selling.  They not sell much
polished. They could not buy rough.  You veto have the cycle running. 
You can't just stop at that place," says Vijay.  The cost of roughs
accounts for 70 per cent of total revenues.

The mid-'70s was a difficult period for the entire diamond trade.  A
global recession forced down prices.  Indian companies, operating at
the lower end of the market, were as badly affected as the Jewish firms
at the top end.  in Antwerp, the trading floors were crowded with
brokers, wholesalers and manufacturers, but few deals were being cut.
The lacklustre atmosphere was most apparent at the Antwerpsche
Diamantkring, generally the busiest of Antwerp's four main dealing
rooms because of the large number of bit players who throng there.

These rooms look more like down-at-heel cafeterias than bourses where
millions of dollars worth of diamonds change hands every minute.  Rows
of plain wood tables with cheap chairs on either side run through the
long high-ceilinged rooms.  Most have huge windows in one wall,
allowing in as much light as possible.  The tables start by touching
the windows and stretch across two-thirds of the room, leaving space
for a wide aisle.  High-powered lamps dot the tables at regular
intervals.  Buyers and sellers face each other across the tables.
There's no privacy but none is needed.  Prices can be overheard but
even the most inquisitive cannot make out for which quality.  Trading
starts by about 9 a.m. and peters out by 4 p.m."  when chessboards and
cards replace briefcases stuffed with white paper packets.  Jewish
traders like to unwind by playing a few friendly games with fellow
brokers over a couple of beers before going home to their families. 
The Jains go home to their families.

As a small fish in a big pond, Vijay gravitated to the Kring.  During
the crisis of the '70s, however, there were more games than deals on
the trading floor.  Remembering those days, Vijay who was then in his
twenties, describes the scene: "The brokers used to sit there with
numbers in front of them.  Many Indians used to come, but the brokers
used to tell them, please get up land go].  There were more of sellers
than buyers, and Indians used to hang around for watching, rather than
doing any business, which nobody likes.  So I used to sit there but I
had one principle, if I give a offer, any offer, whatever I offer, the
brokers have to take.  Because I know diamonds.  The brokers, they
don't have to dictate their terms, that now he is asking so much, then
I will take only this much."

For the youngsters, this was a period of fast growth.  "The whole
market used to sit around and just talk: What Vijay is doing?  What is
he up to?  When everybody is going down, what is he doing?  What is the
magic?"  recalls Vijay gleefully.  The secret was simple: buy cheap,
sell cheap, build up volume, even a rupee's profit is good profit. 
This minimalist philosophy went against the grain of most Indian
diamantaires.  "People forget altogether that when the market is bad,
you can ask for rough at much lower price.  In a bad time, nobody
wanted to hold roughs, even in the open market.  You don't have to
stick to old prices.  So if the market is $20 cash, and if you can get
the same roughs at $14, what's bad in it?  You are talking about 30 per
cent [reduction].  Some are very strong.  They would not sell it for a
month or two months.  And they would come to their s, and start selling
it at less."

Buying the roughs cheaper meant that B, Vijaykumar sold polished
cheaper.  Because of that 'people were thinking ijat we are
undercutting the market.  But if you sell the polished I per cent
cheaper and still are making good profits from the ver [priced] roughs,
what's wrong with that?  This is the cks of the business," says
Vijay.

His confidence stemmed from the fact that the market for jlished
diamonds was buoyant at particular levels.  He feels Ihers didn't have
confidence in themselves to go for that srket and those prices.  "Like
I said in the beginning, the raw Upaterial--the rough diamonds--is very
important.  You have know the business and you also have to have guts
and full fspnfidence.  I see my buying.  I know processing costs.  I
used [to tell my brother on the phone, "Just throw it in the
"manufacturing.  Don't worry about anything, just keep on ^selling."

' According to Bharat, their profit margins increased though those of
others were squeezed.  "That time we were 'dealing with very low
quality, where the added value is more and we are converting in hard
currency.  So the profit increased.  Also, in good period, everyone can
run and the profit margin is very low.  In bad periods, suppose you can
do more business, naturally you have more profits and you have more
chances.  That is why whenever the market is weak, that time our
business is double.  Others are closing down their business because
they are afraid.  They don't have the guts, you know," he shrugs. 
Vijay is more circumspect: "We never went above our capacity but we
made many turnovers.  This is very important.  You can make many
turnovers if you are fast enough.  We never stopped buying and on the
contrary we bought bargains during that time because there were no
buyers."

It is said that the Palanpuri's ability to drive a hard bargain would
make Shylock blush.  Nor does the Shahs' tendency to count every
paisa's interest on a daily basis endear them to other businessmen.

Such accusations cut Bhamt and Vijay to the quick.  "In any business,
there are not all good people and the same is true for diamonds.  But
if you ask for our company, you would not find any complaints
whatsoever in the market because I believe in paying one day before,
not one day later," says Vijay.  "The first thing you need in business
is prestige, you know, and this is not easy.  The money comes last in
my diary."  Normally laconic, Bharat is moved to protest: "The Jewish
people, you know, they take advantage up to the last.  There are some
Indians also who take advantage about the interest and other things.
But you cannot cheat.  We pay in time.  In business, suppose you have a
reputation, you don't waste fit] '

BOLLYWOOD

In December 1989, Shashi Kapoor, the heart-throb of the '70s as an
actor and now a serious film director, was shooting his latest movie,
Ajuba.  For one crucial' sequence he needed a fantasy palace in the
Rajasthani style.  Bharat Shah graciously offered Reshma's Rs lm
discarded wedding mandap, the one which had caused such a furore less
than a week back.  From the PR point of view, the tie-up with Kapoor
was a godsend.  The lavish Rajasthani plaster-of-paris palace built at
the Wankhede Stadium could now be termed illegitimate business deal for
VIP Enterprises, a Shah group company.  Similarly, six years later,
when Reshma's brother Rafees got married, the palatial set at the NSC1
Club custom built for an Asha Bhonsle performance would be used in
director Pramod Chakravarty's Barood starring Akshay Kumar.

A part of the Shah group and closely held as most of their trapanies
are, VIP Enterprises is one of Bollywood's largest ltstributors. 
Bharat considers the film division to be 'not a big hing, not even 5
per cent of our total turnover.  But for the film industry, it.  is a
big chunk. There, for them, we are playing very g role."  If it's so
insignificant a business, why do they retinue?  Is it business mixed
with pleasure?  "No,"no," says tijay quickly.  "We hardly go for a
trial [preview], maybe ' ince-twice.  We don't have the time.  Who will
sit three hours

There?  We are always thinking about some other business."  Glamorous
Bollywood parties are another question il together  There Bharat is a
familiar sight, rubbing shoulders with his favourite directors, Gulshan
Rai and Subhash Ghai, or Snapping the muhurat take clapboard for the
film debut of Sushmita Sen, Ms Universe.  In a business notorious for
its failures, VIP Enterprises has an impressive list of hits such as
Paapi, Ram Teri Ganga Maili, Ram Lakhan and Dil Hai Ki Manta Nahin.

According to Vijay, the secret of their success is to stay away from
the sets, use the best, and think big.  "We believe that if you are
going to die, [then] better to die with the big doctor, good doctor,"
he says.  'if you have big budget film, you never lose anything,"
agrees Bharat.  Vijay explains: "People go first for word-of-mouth
publicity.  In big budget films, once they put the banner, immediately
the people run to buy the film."

Enter the Shahs with their territory rights.  Reportedly, the Shahs
average 100 per cent returns in this business.  Bharat chuckles
contentedly, but makes no comment.  Vijay answers for him: "We can't
complain.  It's a good, paying business."

According to Bharat, movie distribution is a high-risk proposition as
so many movies flop.  India makes more movies than Hollywood, nearly
3,000 (in all languages) annually but less than 800 get released and
barely a dozen can be called hits.

For VIP Enterprises, 1991 proved to be a bonanza as one after another
of its movies hit the big time: Henna, Saudagar, Dil HaiKiManta Nahin
and Sadak..  But ifV1P is neither a producer nor a financier, where is
the downside if a movie flops?

Simlle.  VIP loses money, says Bharat, explaining the structure of the
movie distribution business.  Generally VIP buys the movie rights from
the producer for Maharashtra and Gujarat, the two territories they
control.  If they cant sell the movie to theatre owners, they don't
recover the purchase cost.  Or if the movie moves slowly, they may
break even.  Sometimes, if a movie is really hot, they're able to sell
it to theatres in advance under a minimum guarantee scheme, which could
cover VIP's investments.  So, to make profits, they need to sell a big
budget movie made by a well-known producer under the minimum guarantee
scheme which will move fast.

Real money can only be made when there's an 'overflow', i..e."  the
money made over the cost of the film plus the cost of publicity, print
and commissions.  "Earlier a movie was declared a hit only after it
reached the silver jubilee.  Now things have changed and it depends on
the overflow," says Bharat.  "It's a risky business, particularly with
cable and video but in VIP we have devised a foolproof system.

"We have the best directors, producers, the best men in the business.
This way we have our investment covered because I feel that a movie
should be distributed on the strength of the director.  I am a firm
believer in this.  These are the men with the Midas touch and one
cannot go wrong following this concept."  It's certainly a smart
line-up with practically every Bollywood big gun present in it: Subhash
Ghai, Yash Chopra, the RKbanner, Rakesh Roshan, and Mahesh Bhatt.  What
about Amitabh Bachchan?  "In the '80s, we distributed practically every
Amitabh Bachchan starrer."  Today, however, VIP no longer distributes
the Big B's films 'because of the long gestation period', he says.

Oddly enough, it was Dhanvant who introduced them to g and it was
Bollywood which drove a wedge the brothers, culminating in a family
split in 1978-79.  Unlike Bharat or Vijay who immerse themselves
totally Dhanwant could never generate a real interest in diamond
business.  All Indians are movie-mad to some and youths in their
twenties even more so.  Dhanwant a little further.  In the early '60s,
while still in college, he moving around Bollywood's fringes, picking
up tacts with film-makers and starlets.  He kept his interest from his
family, knowing that his father would ;. The secret tumbled out with
the release of Jeevan around 1965 which he helped produce. Fortunately,
the made money.  Unfortunately, the next one didn't.

Though Shantilal objected to Dhanwant's sideline, Bharat Vijay profess
to have supported their elder brother.  "Whatever he wanted to do, even
in films,-we wee supporting him because he liked the film business.
When he had his bad time, he stopped it and again we brought him back.
Like I say, never say die.  You have to show again in the same field
what can do," says Vijay.

"When he lost a lot of money, we told him that he can start his
distribution office, it is a better business than the production, you
know.  And he agreed but in two years he saitl he wants to again start
production.  We said sorry.  We don't want to be in the field," says
Bharat.  "He likes to involve in film production.  We have got
different opinion, you know, because film line is most risky business.
That is why when he said "I want to start movie, I want to go for
production", we said no.  We don't mind distributing, but he wanted
production.  We remained in distributing."

in the circumstances, the separation was inevitable and once again the
family would uproot itself.  For the third time

Bharat moved house.  In the first separation, the bungalow at 56 Ridge
Road had gone to Bipin.  From there, the family had moved to Atlas
Apartments on Narayan Dhabholkar Road.  In 1978, Bharat bought a fiat
in Swapnalok on Napean Sea Road, then the most prestigious building in
Bombay, designed by the award-winning architect I. Kadri.

Twenty years after the event, the brothers are still uncomfortable
about the family breach.  "It's not that we split, or this, or that,
you know.  It was his idea.  We have got the finest relation.  Always
we were a support to him.  Though he is a elder brother he would always
think that we are elder than him.  This was the thing," says Vijay.  A
separation from Bipin had taken place ten or fifteen years before the
split with Dhanwant.  Analysing what went wrong, Bharat muses: "They
[i.e."  Bipin and Dhanwant] had different nature and temperament, you
know.  Short-tempered, you know."

At the time, the break with two of their brothers would be a big blow
for the young company.  Palanpuris don't employ professional executives
for key positions, preferring instead family members.  Kaushik Mehta, a
former head of the diamond association, once lamented: "In this
business, you need personal attention.  And you need trust.  Only your
family can give both.  I have remained small because I do not have any
brothers."  The international nature of the diamond business lends
itself to large families.  Most of the bigger firms have brothers and
cousins manning offices in Hong Kong, New York, Antwerp and Bombay. 
The Shahs felt the loss acutely as they started expanding and building
factories all over the world.

THE RED CARPET

The biggest of these is a factory in Bangkok.  There are several Jewish
plants in Thailand, but to date only two Indian ones,

ugh others the

Madhu Mehta of beat are on anvil.

Jayam

Shahs to it, but s BY Diamond Polishing Works the, latter tportelly the
world s largest diamond cutting and polishing ory under one roof,
employing some 1,200 workers, and ad over 40,000 sq.it.

How much did it cost?  Vijay hedges: The amount I don't to discuss but
we are definitely not talking about peamlts.

are talking about several million dollars, it is, I think, the factory
in the world.  This was a very good decision."  The t, Bangkok's local
financial daily, was rather less

: US$5m (about 125m baht).  Above an article dated August i1991,
there's a grainy black-and-white photo of a dapper iay with his hair
tousled, wearing a cream embroidered jacket, standing nervously next to
the Thai governor and

Bardour, a CSO director, at the factory's opening.  If the details
provided in the paper's front page report are

Bharat and Vijay appear to be extremely conservative

Isinessmen.  Quoting one Milind Kothari, BY Diamond lolishing Works'
managing director, the paper reported that ttV Diamond was established
in 1989 with a registered capital iof 150m baht-or twenty-five million
more than the entire lroject cost.  No debt.  And since not all the
money was needed apfront--the factory opened in 1991, stage by stage,

employing batches of 50 or so workers every month--the money must have
fattened on interest.

To build in quality right from the beginning, the Shahs flew in experts
from Vijaydimon's Belgium plants to train the

Thai workers.  In Antwerp, their cutters handle roughs valued at
$700-7,000 per carat.  In Surat, the range varies from $15 to

$100.  The Bangkok factory handles roughs of $200 per carat,

pushing up sales turnover.  "In Bangkok, its production is more than
$100m.  In India, we are talking about 25,000 workers and

Rs 500 crores," says Bharat.

Among other details provided in the Business Post about the plant is
the tidbit that the Shahs had wrung some key 'promotional privileges'
out of the Thai Board of Investment.  Vijay clearly enjoyed the
maneuvering.  "I told them, I have come here because you have sent for
me.  You yourself told me that you need me very badly; that you have
heard [about me] from many firms, Diamond Trading Company, an0
everyone, that these people [i.e."  the Shahs] can change many
things."

When the Thais were reluctant to give Vijay the concessions he wanted,
he played tough.  "I told them I don't need a penny from here.  I will
not take away my factory.  Whatever the investments, it is going to
remain, lfthe economy needs changing, you know, it is your business how
to put it right.  So I told the ministers who were there, do me a
favour.  Get me the first available flight.  Book me a first available
flight back.  I am wasting my time as well as yours.  So nothing doing.
He said Mr, Sir, the lunch is served.  I said I am very strictly
vegetarian.  I like our desi food.  I don't like anything else.  Not
even Italian food.  Nothing except our food.  So they insisted.
Vegetables, you can have?  I said, yes.  I said, I will have a toast
and bread and butter and all that.  We had lunch."

"Finally they told me, "Mr.  Shah, we won't let you go just like this."
So I said, you have to pay for it, if you want.  I never insisted on
doing anything over here.  i can do it in my country.  There also I can
see people.  And they told me, Mr.  Shah, we want you very much.  At
5.30, I got everything open.  It is not like here [India], you know,
like all these bureaucrats.  It was a straight talk.  They signed the
papers.  Everything."

Vijay learnt to play hard ball from Nepalese bureaucrats.  Invited to
Nepal by its king, Vijay promised to build a diamond cutting factory
there.  Relying on an assurance of tax breaks by its bureaucrats, he
spent Rs 3m on machinery.  By 1974, the plant was up but not running.
"In order to be profitable, import on the roughs had to be 2 per cent.
At the time it was over cent.  Everywhere in the world, there is no
duty on the They kept promising me that the duty would be factory
starts.  Each day they said it would go the next day.  How can this be?
I gave the plant away as ift to the Nepalese.  It was a good lesson to
me."  At the end of the negotiations with the Thais, Vijay that in
return for the incentives and tax havens, the would be ready in ten
months.  The fact that it was built schedule is a matter of pride, 'no
matter the market went up, down, you know, because I am confident of
selling I product'.  Construction began in 1989 with a grand opening
1991.  "Everyone, from Diamond Trading Company, and people from all
over the world, came."  Vijay's is evident.

Red carpet treatment such as that laid out by the Thais is ias'y to get
used to, and the Shahs, particularly Vijay, now take it for granted.
Talking about a 'a very very huge project' in Jakarta, Indonesia, Vijay
feels confident that he will be able to wrest significant concessions
from its politicians also.  "The government in Indonesia, they are very
good friends.  Suharto, I have direct access to him," he claims.  "Our
name is worldwide, you know, whenever you are talking about diamond or
anything.  They know about our expansions, so we get many things."

In India, on the other hand, they feel they get no i recognition.  They
have won awards from the Israeli government and from the King of
Belgium who conferred the Knight of the Order of Leopold on Vijay in
March 1994.  Here, though the government has showered export promotion
awards on them, the equation with those who head the country is
missing.  On the contrary, they are made to feel like cheats in
India.

"Every few months, there is harassment which affects our business. 
They check books, stocks, ask funny questions," complains Bharat. 
Ham-handed investigations by government officials from various tax
departments are even more embarrassing if foreign clients happen to be
present. "Earlier, they would ask them to turn out their pockets, open
their bags.  If you were in America and they asked you to do that, how
would you feel?  You would be insulted!  But that is what used to
happen."

Stung once too often, Vijay swore all new investments would be outside
India.  "Why did I start in Bangkok?"  he asks rhetorically."  I would
have preferred my people, Indian people.  But who needs this headache?
Who needs the tension?  This is the only thing in life you don't need!"
Their investments abroad appear to be substantial.  Apart from the
Bangkok factory, there are two in Belgium (Antwerp, 110 workers,
started in 1976; Campaign, 110 workers, 1981) and one in Israel
(Saphadz, 140 workers, established in 1979).  India's loss is their
gain.

Bharat's are with Indian.tax officials reached its limit on April 7,
1989.  He took to the streets in protest, along with 30,000 other
diamond traders.  It was a surreal procession.  Hundreds of
air-conditioned chiuffeur-driven limousines lined up on the kerb in
front of Bombay's Wilson College.  While the drivers watched the fun,
their employers--all in white except for black armbands--led by Jatin
Mehta crossed the road to gather on Chowpatty beach, sweating under the
mid-day sun.  Slowly the procession wound its orderly way to Azad
Maidan, a few kilometres away, where politicians from both the ruling
Congress Party and the opposition Bharatiya Janata Party were waiting
to accompany the morcha to Ayakar Bhavan, headquarters of the income
tax department.  After submitting a memorandum of protest to S.N.
Deshmukh, the director general of income tax, the traders dispersed.

The immediate provocation for the morcha was an income raid on some
angadias.  A centuries old organization znowned for its reliability,
angadias are licensed couriers Bed by the diamond trade to carry roughs
and polished stones and from Bombay and the cutting centres.  "We've
lost ckets of diamonds in the US postal system but never through
tngadias," says Vijay.  On March 6, 1989, officials believed to from
the income tax (IT) department and the Central Bureau of Investigation
(CBI) detained twenty-seven angadias at Dadar and seized nearly 2,000
packets of diamonds worth Rs ;00m from them.  The angadias immediately
protested that under the nd ian postal laws and international
convention they couldn't hand over goods to anyone other than the owner
or the addressee.

The diamantaires considered this the last straw.  Just a few days
earlier, on February 22, five angadias had been relieved of Rs 120m
worth of diamonds.  The IT and CBI officials had overreached themselves
this time.  Rival associations temporarily buried differences and
rallied together to take on the government.  All import and export
activity ground to a halt and with it customs revenues.  Rajiv Gandhi
was telexed, a delegation left for Delhi to meet S.B. Chavan, the
finance minister, and Nitish Sengupta, the revenue set:retary.  In
Bombay, Murli Deora, the suave president of the Bombay Regional
Congress Committee, jumped to the diamond merchants' defence.

After several rounds of discussion between the antagonists, Deora
issued a press release in which Deshmukh reportedly stated that it was
not the IT department's 'intention to cause any harassment to the
diamond trade and that the seizure of.  diamonds from angadias last
week was on the basis of disinformation, and assured that such actions
will not be taken again."  Aghast at hi superior's assumed perfidy,

Deshmukh's deputy, S.K. Mitra, instantly issued another press release,
denying that the IT department had bungled.  "To put the record
straight," he told the Indian Express, 'the selective search operation
on five angadias was neither bizarre nor based on unfounded facts.  On
the contrary, the action was authorized on the basis of accurate,
reliable and specific information which was discreetly verified."

It was open war with both sides hurling accusations at each other.
Neither could claim to be the good guys.  Both have too many 'black
sheep' in their ranks, as they admitted to journalists under promises
of strict anonymity.  Though the diamond trade enjoys incredible tax
concessions, over- and under-invoicing of diamond imports and exports
is common.  On the other hand, they allege that income tax officers are
not above board either and take advantage of their situation.

The face-off turned into black comedy on the afternoon of April 3
during a 'survey' operation by an income tax team at the office of a
diamond merchant at Panchratna Building.  Hundreds of tiny offices
belonging to small diamond companies cram the decrepit office block
located in the crowded Opera House area.  In the evenings, street
urchins sweep the dust off the pavement searching for stray diamonds
which may have dropped out of their owners' pockets.  The buiiding's
corridors are riddled with peepholes and security cameras.  Any
untoward incident flashes through the offices like wildfire.

A few hours before the income tax officers' visit to Panchratna, the
diamond merchants' action committee had been assured that no raids
would take place until earlier issues had been sorted out.  So when the
raiders came, the stage was set for an ugly showdown.  A mob gathered
outside the office being raided, shouting anti-income tax slogans.  The
tax officials were forced to sign a statement saying that they had the
asses see and that their visit was 'illegal'.  to the diamond
merchants, the tax officials -handedly cut off the telephone lines and
even prevented from going to the toilet.  The tax officials recounted
they had been gheraoedand detained until 9 in the evening the action
committee managed to free the officials.  Later night, the officials
lodged a complaint at the local police it ion

The next morning, a crowd of diamond merchants yakar Bhavan.  Inside,
the action committee that the department withdraw the police complaint.
the chief commissioner agreed to this, the crowd sbursed.  Its place
was quickly taken by the entire tax at the response of their superiors.
Protesting against the assault and illegal confinement of tax officers
while official duty, and the lack of police action against the traders,
they demanded police protection while they on 'search and seizure'
duty.  Three days later, the entire trade downed shutters, met at
Chowpatty beach, istaged a morcha at Ayakar Bhavan and pulled its
political

S.

The unusual show of solidarity shook the income tax department  It
caved in.  The revenue secretary, Nitish Sengupta, flew to Bombay to
meet the action committee.  He 'promised revisions to the Customs Act
and fresh guidelines for income tax searches.  It was a clear victory
for the diamond trade.

Frustrated but determined, the tax department waited for an opportunity
to strike back.  Their patience was soon rewarded.  Reshma's wedding
celebrations a few months later, at Wankhede Stadium, barely a toss
away from Ayakar Bhavan, provided its hawks with the perfect
opportunity to hover over the raid-me-not diamond dealer.  A family
spokesman claimed that the whole show cost Rs 20m.  Rumour placed it at
Rs 80m-300m.  After all, there was a Rs lm fireworks display ordered
from the Moranis, India's most famous fireworks designers.  Enamor
Tailors at Breach Candy worked round the clock to stitch rich silks for
the 300 international invitees, including the governor of Belgium.  As
many as 15,000 guests ate a lunch catered by the Taj Mahal Hotel at Rs
110 a plate.  Miscellaneous expenses add up.

As the sleuths prepared their dossiers, bystanders watched with hated
breath, wondering if the antagonism between the IT department and the
diamond lobby would flare up again.  Those looking for excitement were
disappointed.  A compromise was reached the details of which were not
publicized.  For the future, the Shahs know that the department's
watchful eyes will never blink where they are concerned, but shrug off
the surveillance.  All the three businesses they are in--diamonds,
films and construction--are areas which attract black money like nails
are drawn to a magnet.  How much sleep can one waste on worry?

Under-the-table deals are especially common in a city like Bombay which
is starved of decent housing because of poorly conceived rent control
laws.  Shantistar Constructions has built over 1,000 residential blocks
in and around Bombay.  According to Bharat, almost a third of group
sales and roughly half of profits come from the construction division.
It is manned by Ramesh Shah and Nathubhai Desai, two trusted executives
who have been with the group from the last twenty-five years.  Most of
the group's early developments were built as one-off projects by
private companies under different names.

The brothers started dabbling in real estate in the mid-'70s, building
a couple of residential blocks with Dhanwant before the family divorce
took place.  The turning was 1982 when Bharat and Vijay bagged a
contract to a new township at Mira Road, in Thane district, forty from
the Gateway.  They renamed it Shanti Nagar, their father.

"Many people were after it [i.e."  the contract] but we got chance. 
But it was also risky.  It was like a barren land.  It a very lonely
area at that time.  We weren't sure whether le would come or not.  We
built 400 buildings before le applied for flats," says Vijay.  To
promote the complex, Shahs painted huge advertisements on the outside
of local promising ample water supply.  Today Shanti Nagar has gs
spread over 200 acres and a population of 80,000 abitants.  A similar
complex is coming up next door called Park.

Many of Shanti Nagar's residents come from weaker of society, driven
north of the city by high property Ten years later, a yuppie middle
class was taking over area's brand new townships, pushing up demand and
g several large construction companies to jump ito the bandwagon.
Unfortunately, the municipality's water couldn't cope with the sudden
increase in demand.

Fed up with constant shortages of this basic amenity, Nagar's residents
finally revolted.  On a scorching y in 1995--and in Bombay, October is
the hottest after May--a group of freedom fighters, an lady, and a
couple of well-known municipal banded together to stage a dharna
outside the an dar municipal office.  They would go on an indefinite
until the colony received an assurance of regular water from Shantistar
and the municipality.

By the second day of the fast, horror stories started appearing in the
tabloid press.  Residents were collecting water from gutters outside
their homes to clean their toilets.  A mother of two infants had to
borrow water from her neighbour to wash nappies.  A family went to stay
with their relatives in another part of town to beat the water
shortage.  How could students prepare for exams without drinking water
in the house!  A beleaguered company spokesman tried to explain that
Shantistar had simply built the buildings, that according to the
agreement between the developer and the MIDC (Maharashtra

Industrial Development Corporation), the latter was responsible for
supplying water to the colony.

"The shortage is not because of any fault of ours," he insisted.  "It
is entirely the MIDC's problem.  During the September crisis, we wrote
to the MIDC complaifring about the shortage.  What more can we do?"

"Do the builders think that their responsibility ends with just
complaining?"  retorted the harassed residents.  "When it came to
selling the flats, they promised a regular supply of potable water."

The crisis blew over, but not the problem.  Even so, people continue to
pour into the suburb.  And despite hectic building activity by several
developers, demand hasn't kept pace with supply, leaving the Shahs with
a second major image problem.  As prices doubled and tripled,
dissatisfied customers began to complain that the Shahs had no ethics.
One buyer who bought an office in a block developed by them in Bombay's
congested Opera House area claims that 'after they built the block,
they are not giving the offices to those who had bought them earlier
because prices have gone up.  They don't care.  Other builders are not
like that.  Even if prices go up from Rs I0,000 to Rs 12,000, the
Makers and the Rahejas, they still keep their word.  But not the
Shahs."

Vijay objects vehemently.  "In construction, we are not money minded at
all.  At Mira Road, we make a policy that so many flats go at this
[fixed] price.  No matter whatever the

Bhaat and Vijay Shah / 347

we don't go for that.  We see to it that it does not the hand of people
who want to invest and then to make We want the flats to go to real
genuine people, you who are in need of it, at proper prices.  We want
that the should remain stable, you know, that it should not rise away,
because this should be in the benefit of le-class people and the lower
class people rather than ' who wants to make money.  We sold flats at
Rs 250Rs it.  when others were selling at Rs t&tit0."  To control
Bharat says he holds a monthly meeting with Shah where prices are
frozen 'so that no one can change there is no manipulation, nothing'.

Apropos the Opera House office block, Vijay admits that als haven't
been as clean but asserts that the problems to two brothers who own the
land.  "After the building built, the brothers started fighting, and we
had no control.  built the building but they sold the offices.  Even
weed for we wanted to shift from Mehta Bhavan to it," he The incident
has given him a distinct distaste for dealing Marwaris.  "In order to
save a paisa, they lose the rupee," il says

Be that as it may, the brothers appear to have made profits from
construction.  Some of it is being into more real estate.  Says one
Shah associate ,: "We were driving near Jogeshwari when Bharatbhai out
a hill.  i've bought that hill, he told me.  It must be And unoccupied!
Which industrialist has that and of money?  It must have cost a bomb."
Invitations for us were recently issued.  The Shahs plan to build a
country for themselves on the hill, complete with a winding road to
look like a red carpet.  Will they give it out for s?  No way, says
Vijay.  "This is private."

In India, there cannot be total privacy and particularly where the he
era bazaar people (as they are better known) are concerned.  Bharat is
hurt by this intense interest.  "There is an image in India, you know,
that diamond people make easy money.  People in our country, lower
people, they don't understand.  You cannot change this impression, It
takes time.  Compared to all other industries, diamond business is very
hard.  Because it is a personalized business.  We work from morning to
late evening.  In other industry, they attend office around 9 o'clock.
They go exact at 6 o'clock.  Here, we start work at 10, we are working
till midnight, which we can't help."

Nobody denies they work hard.  What rubs people the wrong way is the
ingrained Palanpuri attitude to thrift.  Getting in touch with the
Shahs is tougher than getting through to the PMO.  At Vijaydimon in
Antwerp, one Mr.  Kottary is curt and to the point: "Mr.  Vijay Shah
does not return calls, especially international ones."  Yes, well, it's
important to take care of the pais as in order to save the rupees, it
is well known that the Queen of England walks round Buckingham Palace
in the evenings, switching off lights to save a few pounds annually.

The Shahs are probably among the five richest families in India in
personal terms.  Groups such as the Birlas and the Tatas run larger
corporate empires with greater financial clout but their personal
wealth is limited by tax laws.  in the '70s, these laws were so severe
that J.R.D. Tara once complained that he couldn't even serve, a cup of
tea in London to a potential client without infringing stiff foreign
exchange regulations.  Diamond merchants, however, enjoy tax free
earnings in India.  Even in Belgium, Israel, and Thailand, they have a
special status and tax advantages.  Moreover, as most of their
companies are closely held, the Shahs don't have to share profits with
outside shareholders.

Vijay, the more flamboyant of the two brothers, likes to spend some of
this new affluence on himself.  His residence,

Shanti, is the 'most fabulous house in Antwerp', fit for a James 13ond
setting.  He spent four and a half years building it, moving into it in
1983.  Ancient Roman statues and gracious fountains dot its manicured
gardens and lush shrubbery.  Inside are nine bedrooms, two elevators, a
discotheque with psychedelic lights, a swimming pool, a health club, a
mo,bie theatre, marbled bathrooms, several drawing rooms and a
gold-plated dining table, glittering enough for diners to require
optical protection.  Tourist buses stop outside the dark smoked glass
fajade for a few minutes while city guides describe the fabled
interior.

There is something incongruous between the Shahs' way of living and
working.  It is difficult to reconcile Bharat's down-at-heel office
with his dream flat in Swapnalok at Napean Sea Road; or Vijay's
glamorous James Bond villa with his office's parsimony; or Reshma's
wedding celebrations with the austerity of Jain philosophy. 
Vegetarians and teetotalers, given to holding pujas, the brothers are
confirmed workaholics who don't have time to enjoy the good things of
life, as Vishal, Vijay's son, admits.

"We tell him sometimes, that there is a point where you have to be
satisfied," says Vishaal, who is studying for a diploma in business
management.  But Vijay's mind is always working.  "I do make time for
recreation, but after some time, I am always thinking about how to
expand more and more," Vijay confesses.  "I do see that our children
are very well looked after.  They need papa and mama, you know, both
together."

Father and son try to make time to swim together in their private pool
and Vijay enjoys walks with Dipti whenever he is in Antwerp.  Of late,
he has given up reading books (biographies).  He tried to keep up the
habit, packing a couple for the endless hours of flying, but 'today, we
don't get so much time.  As soon as I am on the flight, I go to sleep
quickly'.  Even newspapers are becoming too much to handle, though he
makes it a point to glance through the International Herald Tribune and
the WallStreetJournal when in Antwerp, and the Times of lndia, the
Indian Express, and the Bombay Samachar when in Bombay.

Do the brothers like to watch movies?  "Sure.  Afiy business that we
have, we have to take interest in it!"  Vijay ripostes, but it took him
four months to complete a video of Sangam.  "I cannot see a whole
movie.  Sometimes I have to go the next morning abroad.  But I like the
old movies very much."  As does Bharat.  They also share a taste for
Hindi film music.  Vijay's favourite artistes are Mukesh and Mohammed
Rafi, while Bharat's tastes are more catholic.  "I enjoy listening when
1 am in the bathroom, late in the evenings, and in the car," says
Bharat, a car enthusiast whose fleet includes a Lotus, a Mercedes, and
a BMW besides a couple of Maruti 1000s.  Shortly after the Scare broke
out (May 1992), he sold off his maroon Lexus.  It was too similar to
Harshad Mehta's for comfort.

Though they appear to spend money lavishly, they have not entirely lost
the habit of thrift.  If he is on his own for one of the DTC's monthly
auctions, Vijay stays at the Dorchester.  But en famille, the Shahs
patronize the more down market apartments of the Tata-run St.  James'
Court Hotel.  Both brothers seem to vacillate periodically between a
'if you have it, why not spend it' attitude and the austere Jain tenets
of their childhood.  They are not the only ones; the entire Palanpuri
clan suffers from this dilemma.

To be a true Jain is difficult.  Orthodox believers are so opposed to
killing in any form, they will not swat flies.  Some wear white gauze
masks so that they won't inhale and kill bacteria.  Others sweep the
ground before them as they walk so that they don't trample a living
creature by mistake.  Ascetism

 1

is a virtue, renunciation the highest achievement.  But when you deal
with diamonds all the time and you're making money by the bucketful,
it's tedious to be austere.

Much of the nouveau fiche Palanpuris' wealth-flaunting is directed
towards Bombay's industrial 61ire.  Having made it good, the Palanpufis
want recognition from the blue bloods of society.  It was probably this
hunger which made Arun Mehta of B. Arurikumar peel off Rs lm for an
M.F. Husain at a. swanky society auction organized by Sotheby.  The
very next day, a Times of India reporter knocked on his door for an
interview.  A few days later the income tax official called.

Already well known in Bombay, the Shahs operate on a bigger,
international, canvas.  For Vijay, the thrill lay in being recognized
in Thailand.  "When I went to Bangkok, they knew me," he recounted
gleefully.  "Everybody in the BOl (Board of Investment)!  Though I did
not know them, but everybody knew me.  They had seen my photos in many
magazines, many newspapers, everything."

Entwined in the hunger for recognition is a strong spirit of
one-upmanship, a sort of keeping-up-with-the Jhaveris mania.  If Bharat
Shah could spend a reported Rs 80m on his daughter's wedding, could the
Mehtas be far behind?  The sky was the limit for the jewels of their
fond parents' eyes.  Or was it?  In December 1994, Laxman Popley, a
Dubai-based jeweller, chartered an Air India airbus for a marriage made
in heaven.  Compared to these flights of fancy, Kumar Mangalam Birla's
wedding was just too black-tie.  The jealousy behind the cream silk
achkans and the scarlet gharcholas is almost tangible in its intensity,
fanned by the suffocating closeness within the Palanpuri community.

It's an inevitable fallout of their business.  Dealing in small
packages of great value and under constant threat from thieves, the
world's diamantaires have over the years learnt to trust only
themselves, their kinsmen, and their clansmen.  Like the Russian Jews
before Stalin, or the Hasidic Jews of Antwerp, the he era bazaar people
keep themselves to themselves.  Everyone knows everybody, and the
energetic grapevine between London, Hong Kong, Tel Aviv, New York,
Antwerp, Bombay and Palanpur constantly sizzles with news and scraps of
trivia, greedily feeding invidious rivalry and heartburn.

According to Murli Deora, the frequent income tax raids on the amond
trade are a direct result of the envy rampant among the P tanpuris.
"They only organize the raids by giving out information about their
rivals to the income tax authorities," he says.  "It is rumoured that
during the 1980 raids, the commissioner got most of his information
from the trade itself.  And during Bharatbhai's daughter's wedding,
most of the details which appeared in all the newspapers came from
jealous competitors.  I don't think the Shahs spoke to the press at
all."

THE 1000 CARAT CASE

Apart from envy, their fabulous wealth has made the Shahs targets also
of hundreds of appeals and some curious invitations.  Bharat came
across one of the latter white rifling through his mail one drizzly
monsoon morning.  It was a letter from one R. Choudhry, introducing
himself as the new local representative of a well-known Italian firm,
Ferruzzi Finanziaria.  Dated August 20, 1991, the letter invited him to
Delhi.  Uninterested, Bharat says he didn't reply.  "I threw it
straight into the wastepaper basket."

A month later, a sensational kidnapping gripped the nation's
imagination.  People gasped over the huge ransom.  The police were
defeated by the kidnappers' audacity and modt operandi.  It was then
that Bharat remembered the letter,

for the mastermind behind the kidnapping was suspected to be one Ravi
(alias Rehman) Choudhry.  It was a narrow escape.

At first glance, the letter appeared quite genuine.  After introducing
himself and Ferruzzi Finanziaria, Choudhry went on to say that his
"Chief Executive is visiting Delhi next month to officially inaugurate
the opening of our Buying Office here'.  He invited top exporters 'to
discuss long term business relations and to place our first sizable
order'.  As an added inducement, he asked diamantaires to 'please quote
your best FOB.  prices based on Sight L/C for Diamonds in sizes up to11
in grades Super Collection, Super Deluxe and Deluxe, Quantity 1000
Carats, Shipment October, 1991."

Bharat was not taken in.  "Diamonds should be sold in offices, not
hotels.  And foreign buyers come to our offices.  We do not go to
hotels.  But small people were attracted.  For us what difference one
1000 carats polished order?  I knew it was bogus.  It looked it, you
know.  Because in a letter, no one can mention very big amount and
other things, you know."

Other diamond merchants were not so savvy.  Choudhry had written to
twenty-eight diamantaires in Surat, Ahmedabad and Bombay, inviting them
to Delhi's Taj Hotel.  He caught four in his net, besides a hapless
export manager and a chauffeur.  Surprisingly, they all belonged not to
the smaller firms, but the larger ones.  One of the four was Rajesh
Mehta, the twin brother of Bharat's son-in-law, Rajiv.  The other three
were Gautam Mehta of Goenka Trading, Milan Parikh of Mahindra Brothers
and his cousin Saunak.  None of them checked out the simple fact that
Ferruzzi Finanziaria existed but that it was a chemical, not a diamond,
company.  In the aftermath, other mistakes were discovered, but at the
time it seemed the perfect crime.  After nineteen days of captivity in
the basement of an upper middle-class house in a New Delhi suburb, and
a rumoured $1 m ransom paid offshore, the victims returned unharmed to
their families.  A year later, the CBI reported to the Lok Sabha that
Choudhry was believed to be a Pakistani national.

The 1000 carat case is not an isolated event.  There have been several
kidnappings, many robberies and murder cases involving diamantaires.
One Romi Choksi went missing on January 17, 1987.  On July 6, 1989, a
leading Indian jeweller in New York, Hemant Zaveri, disappeared without
trace, while three Jaipur jewellers were murdered in Bangkok in April
1994.  More recently, on March 21, 1995, Bombayites were shocked by the
brutal way a Dahisar-based diamantaire, Devraj Patel, and his wife were
murdered.  A few weeks earlier, a 24-year-old diamantaire had been
found murdered in Taipei (Taiwan).  These incidents are the tip of an
iceberg.  Hundreds of incidents go unreported as dealers are afraid of
the underworld.  Naturally enough, the kidnappings have made the
diamond merchants close ranks and suspicious of outsiders.

Ironically, the kidnappings are increasing at a time when the days of
super profits are ending.  Margins are under pressure, partly because
of foreign exchange regulations introduced by Manmohan Singh, Narasimha
Rao's popular finance minister, and partly because of saturation and
oversupply.

According to analysts, the diamantaires' sensation ai profits of the
'80s were largely based on manipulation of India's tight foreign
exchange regulations rather than true industrial value addition.
Concessions like full income tax exemption on export profits and
freedom from Maharashtrian sales taxes also contributed significantly.
But lately, the outlook is no longer as rosy as it used to be.

The rupee's behaviour in recent years has been worrying diamantaires.
It was devalued in t991.  The next year, it became partially
convertible.  Its steadiness towards the dollar since

 I

Bharat and Vijay Shah / 355

1993 makes financial engineering difficult, and tax concessions no
longer have the same impact.  Profits are also being squeezed because
competition, both local and international, has never been fiercer.  To
make matters worse,

rough prices in the open market are volatile and polished prices low
because of a global depression which looks as if it's going to take its
own sweet time to revive.  "From the last few years,

it is very tough.  Today in diamond industry, though turnover is huge,
profit margin is very low compared to other industry,

I think," agrees Bharat.

His solution?  Integrate vertically into jewellery where there is 'very
big scope'.

Currently, India does not even have 0.5 per cent of the world's
$50bnjewellery market, but given the quality oflndian craftsmanship,
Palanpuris predict they could corner at least 10

per cent of it.  Along with a dozen others, the Shah brothers began
producing jewellery around the turn of the decade.  It was a timid
effort and they spread the risk by joining hands in a 50-50 partnership
with Suresh K. Mehta, a smalltime jeweller.  Together they set up a
modest export factory for fashion pieces.  It immediately proved its
potential.  "When I

entered into jewellery export, I had set a target of Rs 2 crores.

I ended the year with Rs 8 crores of business," recalls Bharat.

The Shahs also set up a small factory in New York whose turnover is
increasing every year.

The abolishing of the draconian Gold (Control) Act in the

1990 budget gave the business an extra fillip.  "We were always a
little afraid of the Gold Act.  Its provisions were very strict and we
did not want to lose our prestige because of some minor carelessness.
Now that fear is not there," explains Bharat.

The experiment's success encouraged Mehta and the

Shahs to build a state-of-the-art factory in the SEEPZ, an export-only
industrial estate near Bombay's international airport.  When fully
operational--just now it is operating at one-third its capacity--BV
Jewels will produce Rs 7bn worth of diamond-studded gold jewellery for
the West.  Mehta brims with confidence.  "The world buys from Italy,
but Italy buys from us," he says.

Designed by an Antwerp architect, the hi-tech six storey unit stands
out conspicuously from the other buildings in the industrial estate.
Its meticulously landscaped gardens include a lake.  The corporate end
of the factory is elaborately decorated with exquisite imported marbles
and burl veneers.  Most of the time it is empty, used only to impress
foreign clients.  The bosses generally sit at one end of a long room
facing workers lined up in narrow aisles like stock brokers in a busy
international equities firm.

The other floors are not much different, except for the gold refinery,
the ovens where dies are cast, and the rhodium plating units.  One area
is devoted to trainees.  For centuries, jewellery-making has been
dominated by Bengali craftsmen, but at this factory anyone can get
training.  Local Maharashtrians appear to be picking up the requisite
skills quite rapidly.  The silence--the only noise is the gentle hum of
air-conditioners needed to reduce gold dust loss--is odd for a factory.
It is spotless with no oil, grease or untidiness anywhere.  Good
housekeeping is evident everywhere.  "The chairs the workers sit on, 1
imported them from Germany," says Mehta.  "I did not want them to get
tired after eight hours of working in one posture."  His own chair is
Indian.

If BY Jewels takes off, it may usher in a mini-revolution in the
international fashion jewellery business.  For decades, De Beers have
promoted the concept of 'a diamond for every woman'.  The Shah-Mehta
combine stretches it further.  "Our motto is that every janitor should
wear our rings," says Mehta excitedly.

To achieve this target the cost of manufacture has been cleaved by at
least one-third.  Further cost reductions are being achieved by cutting
wholesalers out of the chain.  The Shahs are wooing retailers such as
Wal-Mart and other large American discount stores to stock Indian
machine-made jewellery.  At the Andheri factory, rings which retail in
the

United States for $350 are sold for under $65.

Focusing on the American market has had its ups and downs.  In 1992,
the US government clamped a 6.5 per cent import duty on Indian
jewellery.  BY Jewels, with virtually 100

per cent of their output headed for the US market, was badly hit.  "Our
exports fell by 50 per cent.  We don't have the kind of margins to
accommodate this tax," said Suresh Mehta.  The industry's immediate
reaction was to lobby the Indian government for concessions, but
gradually they became used to the tax.  As Suken (Suresh's son) says,
"Our American customers toured the Far Eastern manufacturers and
concluded that India still had a strong cost advantage."

By slashing prices so dramatically, isn't there a danger of debasing
diamonds?  After all, De Beers has poured billions of dollars over many
decades into glamorizing the image of diamonds.  The principal job of
the DTC and the Central Selling

Organization is to keep diamond prices high and stable.

Mountains of roughs are stashed in underground vaults below

London's pavements and in South Africa so that diamonds

remain expensive and De Beers' profit margins are protected.

If BY Jewels sells real diamonds set in real gold at costume jewellery
prices, won't they be in danger of.  turning diamonds into a
commodity?

"No," says Bharat confidently.  "We are just providing choice.  There
will always be people, you know, who want to buy a $1 m necklace.  And
those who want just a small diamond ring.  Some people will want both
for different occasions."

Meeus, who got to mow the Shahs when he was working for Bonas-Couzn,
before he became director of Antwerp's diamond bourse, agrees.  "It's a
new market that the Shahs are opening up," he says.  With a little help
from De Beers, of course.  In June 1994, the lndo Argyle Diamond
Council sponsored a series of trade fairs in the US to give Indian
diamantaires a taste of the West.  "We paid a nominal $25,000 as
membership fees.  The total contribution could not have been more than
$400,000, but Argyle spent in the region of $4m on the project," says
Suresh Mehta.

A new market is essential if the diamond trade is to sparkle again.
Rough prices have been falling steadily with cheap Russian goods
flooding the open market.  From De Beers' point of view, the turbulence
and volatility is unhealthy and could wipe out the entire trade.  For
decades they have built up the myth of diamonds as an expensive and
trustworthy investment.  Billions of dollars have been poured into
creating the legend of the diamond as the woman's best friend.  The
reality is that the world is full of the glittering carbon chunks and
only a fragile cartel keeps prices at levels profitable for miners,
cutters, polishers, jewellers and shopkeepers.  If the Russians
successfully challenge the DTC's monopoly--and they have the resources
to do so--the entire charade may fall about the industrial sector's
ears.

The Shahs, who buy as much from the open market as they do from the
DTC, have so far ignored Russian blandishments.  "We had a great chance
in January I994 from the Russians.  They offered us special deals,
large quantity as well as big stones, and a factory in Russia.  But it
is not good for anyone if prices crash, and if Russians sell in the
open market and there is no single channel system.  One channel keeps
stability, and we have been enjoying that all these years.  I have to
support the DTC," says Vijay.

Coincidentally, a moment later, the telephone rings.  It is a senior
DTC director.  A sight is due to take place the following week, and he
has heard that Vijay is unhappy about the sizes, quantities and prices
of the roughs that the CSO are going to offer to him.  As they haggle
for the next half-hour, Vijay's voice gentles, becoming smoother than
the Taj Hotel's rich vanilla ice-cream.  "Yes, give me a few millions
of six grainers and a few millions often.  But what about the bigger
sizes?  Yes, give a few millions of those.  But what about the prices?
I don't want any concessions, you know that, but what about the prices?
Should I pay a penalty for sticking to the DTC?  I turned away from the
Russians for this?  Be fair, old friend."  The message goes home.  Four
hours later, a broker comes over with a revised list for the sight. Not
even a hint of a triumphant smile cracks Vijay's deadpan expression. 
It surfaces only in the evening, at home, while relaxing with his wife
Dipti.

This little skirmish probably earned Vijay an extra few millions in
profit but both Bharat and he are aware that the golden days are over.
The diamond business will never again see the bumper profits of the
'80s and the future is uncertain.  To hedge their bets, they must
diversify, but in which sectors?

For years, the brothers have acted as venture capitalists in a spectrum
of enterprises ranging from electric batteries for cars and piped gas
for Goa's towns to office chairs, roses, pens and ship-breaking.  In
most cases, the Shahs provide the money and hold the entire equity
while the working partners rake in a 15 per cent share on profits. 
What about losses?  "We choose capable partners," Vijay smiles.

Most of these enterprises are small to mid-size.  To maintain the
leadership position they have got used to, the Shahs need to plan
bigger, invest in larger projects.  As the government opens more doors
to the private sector, the choice widens.  How will they choose which
projects?  .

Vijay's answer is enigmatic.  "You have to run around.  You should
have your own confidence.  Your own expertise.  Because always you will
not have the same opinion about the business from everyone.  Otherwise
there is no secret left.  Everything is open.  But always there are
some hidden cards.  Whoever believes everything is open is not correct.
You always have to leave some cards under your sleeves, you know. This
is where you can really make your business grow."

Bharat is less enigmatic.  "Earlier we would enter if we felt that we
could get money on our investment in two to three years.  But now, if
you have certain size of capital, you must go for huge projects,
otherwise you have to remain with small small things."  Vijay agrees.
"I tell you one thing, people should not have the same thinking always.
For short term investment and quick money, you know, there are
businesses.  You have to see some big projects, very big projects,
coming to your hand and this cannot be short term investment.  Even if
it is a long term investment, you see the future and the result at five
years, at seven years, at ten years."

One of the projects on the Shahs' drawing board is a Rs 2.5bn all
weather port at Pipavav, a huge new Hazira-like industrial complex
coming up on Gujarat's seaboard.  LT is planning a cement unit there,
the London-based Bagris of Metdist plan to build a copper smelter, and
the Ambanis hope to service the complex's energy needs through a power
plant.  A massive report on the project's feasibility is typed up and
ready, waiting for the government's nod.  Maintaining their usual
purdah, the Shahs barely figure in the massive report.  Instead it is
littered with commodores, vice-admirals and other notables.  But when
it comes to the investors, a simple line states that the joint sector
project is being promoted by Nikhil Gandhi and Bharat Shah through Sea
King Engineers, a closely held company.  The Shahs are also bidding for
large telecommunications contracts in direct competition with powerful
groups such as the Ambanis, the Birlas and the Tatas.

Apart from the big bucks they hope to earn, the Shahs are keen to
invest in core infrastructural projects in order to earn recognition,
both at home and abroad.  "We are on the top in diamond and in
construction.  In industry also suppose if we get some name, definitely
we go for name," says Bharat candidly.  "Definitely.  For industry if
there is a huge project, then we have a name internationally.  Suppose
the power project, it clicks, I think there will be international
image, you know.  The Gujarat port project, I think, if it clicks, then
there is international image."

If their application is approved, almost certainly the Shahs will have
to go public, a step for which they are not yet mentally prepared.
Other he era bazaar people are becoming a part of corporate India as
more and more diamond companies go public, but B. Vijaykumar has so far
resisted the lure of capitalizing on its name.

"So far there has not been need," says Bharat.  "If we can get finance
from the bank, why should we go to the public?  For export units, banks
give at 7.5 to 8 per cent.  Besides, we have our own capital.  And
since the late '80s, we have not had to pay tax on profits, so it has
built up.  But today we are at the top.  We cannot go any further, so
we have to diversify.  If there are four sons, one could be in
industry.  We want to get into industry and if we do, then those
companies may be public limited companies.  We are still thinking."

Won't the public expect a professional management structure?  "We are
professional," protests Vijay.  "There would be at least two to three
MBAs in the organization.  But in the diamond business or in the
construction business, it's different.  But if once we get into
industry, we will look for the top people."  It's unlikely however that
there would be delegation of any real power.  As Vijay had pointed out
in the context of the Bangkok factory, its top management is with the
family.  "We have two people from our family.  My uncle's sons--my
cousin brothers---because always I like to have the key with our own
people."  Unless they are open to handing over responsibility, they may
find it difficult to attract the calibre of managers they will need for
the mega projects on the drawing boards.  But all this is in the
future.  Today, there's optimism in the air.  Vijay sums it up: "We had
expanded much but sky is the limit.  I am quite big believer of
this."

Chapter 7

Ratan Tata

Bombay House March 22, 1991

cDolly, is that you?  Is Mr.  Palkhivala in town on Monday?

You're not sure-?  Will you check up and let me know?"

"Sheila?  Can you tell me whether Mr.  Ratan Tata is in Bombay on the
coming Monday?  Mr.  Tara would like to pre pone Wednesday's board
meeting by two days."

"Mr.  Pallonji?  I'm calling on behalf of Mr.  J.R.D. Tata.  He would
like to bring forward the Tata Sons meeting from the 27th to the 25th.
Is the new date convenient?"

Many such calls later, the elegant Parsi tiredly called her assistant,
"Get me Jamshedpur.on the line please."  "Is that Mr.  Russi Mody's
office'?  Can you please check if Mr.  Mody can come to Bombay on
Monday?  The agenda?  I believe Mr.  Tata will discuss that privately
with Mr.  Mody."

On Friday, March 22, 1991, there was a flurry of telephone calls and
faxes as eighteen secretaries tried to rearrange the schedules of their
busy bosses.  JRD wanted to advance by two days a meeting of Tata Sons
scheduled for March 27.  The agenda was a well-kept secret between him
and the directors.

On Monday, March 25, the group met in the boardroom on the fourth floor
of Bombay House.  There are at least two other boardrooms in the
unobtrusive brownstone building, but the one on the fourth floor is the
most attractive, with its panelled walls the colour of dark honey and
high cream ceiling.  On one end is a white marble bust of Sir Jamsetji
Tata, the group's founder.  On the walls are oils of three generations
of Tatas and the sole non-Tata chairman, Sir Nowroji Saklatvala.
Eighteen chairs, upholstered in crimson tapestry, surround a massive
oval mahogany table.  In the centre of the table sits an ivory and wood
cigar box, probably placed there at the turn of the century, now empty.
The atmosphere is hushed, redolent with memories.

Facing the nine-foot double doors is the chairman's chair, slightly
taller than the rest.  In the '30s, the chair seemed too small for the
dapper young man JRD used to be, as he fidgeted with restless energy.
In the '90s, the chair seemed to have grown bigger.  Or JRD had shrunk.
Never tall and born with a slight build, ill health and old age had
caught up with the grand old man of steel.

The lithe middle-aged man sitting next to him appeared positively
brawny compared to him Ratan is tall--six feet at least--and broad
shouldered.  The craggy face ig fair and clean shaven with light
grey-green eyes above a large Parsi nose.  His dark hair is liberally
peppered but he looks younger than his age.  His light but gravelly
voice has an American twang, a hangover from his college days, but on
that Monday, he preferred to listen rather than talk.

JRD, group chairman since July 1938 of India's biggest business house,
opened the meeting by speaking about his sixty years in Tatas and his
experiences.  It was a moving occasion.  "I wish we had had a
tape-recorder," one of the directors regretted later.  JRD told his
colleagues that the time had come for him to hand over charge and
proposed Ratan, sitting quietly on his right.

Pallonji Shapoorji Mistry, a construction magnate who owns more stock
in Tata Sons than the Tatas themselves,

seconded the proposal.  The directors were conscious that they were
witnessing the end of an era.  JRD rose.  With courtly dignity, he
offered his chair to his successor.  JRD became chairman emeritus.
Significantly, Russi Mody chose not to attend the meeting, allowing
Ratan's appointment to be termed unanimous.

The Tata Sons board meeting laid at rest two decades of speculation
about the heir toJRD's throne.  From the mid-'80s, several senior Tata
directors had been jostling for the coveted position.

It was no secret that Russi Mody, the head of Tata Steel (Tisco), was
among JRD's blue-eyed boys, but JRD stopped short of naming Mody his
successor.  In the '80s, Darbari Seth, the chairman of Tata Tea and
Tata Chemicals, had been one of his favourites.  So had Nani
Palkhivala, the group's legal adviser and head of ACC, India's biggest
cement company.  Brilliant men, any of them could have easily stepped
into JRD's boots.  As could have Nusli Wadia, chairman of Bombay Dyeing
and JRD's godson.  Like the Birlas, the Tatas are not a fecund family.
JRD didn't have children, nor did the generation before him.  The blood
relationship between JRD and Ratan was tenuous.  Ratan was seen as the
apparent heir, never the heir apparent.

) His declining health forced JRD to step down from his throne.
Throughout.  this decade of uncertainty, Ratan behaved with immense
dignity, not surprising in a man once voted India's most perfect
gentleman.  Unlike his rivals, he tried to keep himself to himself--no
dropped hints or leaked information.  He refused to react to the
whispering around him, but the campaign left its scars on him.  In
1989, Business Worm had featured a smiling Ratan on its cover as the
"Man of the '90s'.  A 1993 cover showed a man who in four short years
had aged considerably.  Grim new lines were carved around the mouth and
there were marks of strain near the eyes.  Innocence and a bashful
smile had been replaced by a stern, out-thrust jaw.

JRD bequeathed on Ratan eighty-four companies of which thirty-nine are
listed, a corporate empire whose sales topped Rs 240 bn with pre-tax
profit of Rs 21.2 bn.  The group claims to contribute three per cent to
the national GDP and.  annually pays out Rs 35 bn in taxes; that is,
approximately 3.2 per cent of total government revenues come from the
Tatas.  The group has 2.6 million shareholders or about 16 per cent of
the investing public and constitutes about eight per cent of national
stock market capitalization.  Of its sales turnover, 16 per cent comes
from chemicals, 23 per cent from steel and 30 per cent from trucks.
Crudely stencilled behind every truck made by Telco is the legend: Horn
OK Please!  Tata!  The jaunty message on seven out of every ten trucks
which bump and grind their way along India's potholed highways gives
fair warning to other motorists.  The overloaded giants are often
dangerously driven and the unlucky ones lie scattered along every
national highway.

Since he became its chairman in 1991, Ratan has been trying to push the
group into a higher gear.  He knows that the group is at a watershed in
its 125-year history.  Equally, he is intensely aware that as head of
an amazingly diversified conglomerate producing just about everything
from steel to lipsticks and employing 270,000 people, he cannot afford
to take a wrong step.

Harry C. Stonecipher, president and CEO of USA's McDonnell Douglas, a
Fortune 500 company, once described the Tatas as 'the one company in
the world that combines the attributes of old-line industrial giants
like US Steel, Dow Chemicals and Ford, leading lights in the service
sector like Hilton Hotels, major utilities like Commonwealth Edison and
highly innovative newcomers like Microsoft and Compaq."  Of course, the
eulogy had nothing to do with the fact that Stonecipher at the time was
trying to sell McDonnell Douglas aircraft to Tata for his proposed
airline.  Had the Tatas possessed all these attributes, there wouldn't
be a consensus on the need for change within the group.  How this
should' be broughl about is another matter.

Ratan wants the group to shed its lethargy and become an aggressive
player in India's increasingly competitive climate.  He wants to make
it more agile, more modern, both in terms of technology and management
systems, more consumer-oriented wand more united.  His concept of what
the Tata 3roup should be is clear.  He enunciated it through a formal
document, the 1983 Strategic Plan, and lately has been describing his
Vision 2000 informally through interviews and chairman's statements. 
To implement it, however, will be a tough challenge.

It didn't help that Ratan took over the reins from Jehangir Ratanji
Dadabhoy, "J.  R. D. Tata' (1904-1993), Jeh to friends.  It was a
difficult act to follow.  The half-French, half-Indian was the only
industrialist to be awarded the Bharat Ratna.  The Tatas have always
been India's biggest business house, but over alegendary fifty years,
he consolidated this position and established unrivalled standards of
probity and professionalism in management.

At the same time, JRD left Ratan a tangled legacy with more rough edges
than smooth planes.  The aura hanging over JRD shone so brightly that
it cast into the shadow some of his failings.  India was changing, and
changing rapidly, and outsiders had begun to describe the House of
Tatas as a dinosaur.

CLOSE BONDS

Ratan was born in Bombay to Soonoo and Naval Hormusji Tata on December
28, 1937.  He was their first child, Jimmy following two years later.
An old family with old wealth, as a kid, Ratan squirmed when their
British driver dropped him off at the all-boys Campion School in the
family Rolls Royce.  From childhood, he was uneasy with the
ostentatious display of wealth.  Even now, he prefers a simple
lifestyle with walks on the beach to cocktails at the Taj.."

Naval was born with a famous surname and not much else.  Distantly
related to India's richest and most powerful business family, his
parents died early, leaving Naval to be raised in an orphanage.  He was
thirteen when he was suddenly plucked out of it by the childless and
widowed Lady Navajbai Tata, whose husband, Sir Ratan Tata, had promoted
some of the group's biggest enterprises.

Lady Navajbai took Naval to live with her in Tata House, near the
Bombay Gymkhana, close to the printing presses of the Times of India.
Better known as Tata Palice, it was a residence of epic proportions.
Naval's children grew up in splendid rooms of monstrous ostentation
with plush velvet drapes, gilt-and-silk sofas and high ceilings
embellished with intricate plaster of paris mouldings.

By all accounts, Ratan's childhood was troubled as Naval and Soonoo did
not get along with each other.  They finally separated in the mid-'40s
when Ratan was about seven and Jimmy was five.  The divorce must have
left its mark on young minds.  Soonoo moved out.  Ratan and Jimmy
continued to live at Tata Palace, brought up by Lady Navajbai.  "She
was like a Dresden doll, always perfectly turned out, often in an
exquisitely embroidered ghara (a traditional Parsi said)," says K.A.
Divecha, the group's public relations consultant, producing a black and
white photograph of Lady Navajbai taken late in life.  The grainy
texture of the old print can't quite hide the delicate features and
flawless complexion.  Ratan remembers her affectionately.  "She was a
wonderful, wonderful person, of the old world, from whom one learnt a
lot, with a very rich experience of life in England and in India.  I
owe her an enormous amount of gratitude for what she did for me
throughout my life.  My whole life with her was full of endearment. She
had a great influence on my life.  She taught me the values which I
consider very important in myself."

From his grandmother, the young Ratan imbibed the importance of
dignity, keeping promises and being dependable.  Apparently, Lady
Navajbai was not only a strong and competent woman, she was also a
proud hausfrau, running Tata Palace efficiently and bossing over its
retinue of servants.  His fondness for his grandmother grew as she made
up for the absence of Soonoo in the house.  Almost ten years after his
divorce from Soonoo, Naval married a Swis, Simone in 1955.  The next
year, Ratan and Jimmy acquired a stepbrother, Noel.

Meanwhile Soonoo had married Sir Jamsetji Jejeebhoy and had three
daughters: Shireen, Deanna and Geeta.  Whenever he could, Ratan would
spend time with them.  On returning from Cornell (he graduated with a
BSc.  degree in architecture with structural engineering in 1962) Ratan
moved to Jamshedpur on his first assignment with Tatas.  Six years
later when he came back to Bombay, he stayed with Naval and Simone at
Tara Palace but moved soon into a bachelor's pad at Colaba.  It was
small, but it was his own.

The only really close family bonds Ratan had were with his mother and
grandmother.  Towards Soonoo, he was a devoted son, spending hours at
her bedside When she contracted cancer.  He was with her when she died
in 1982 at New York's Sloan Kettering, a specialist hospital.

Thinking about Soonoo brings a warm glow into Tata's normally shuttered
eyes.  "Apart from being my mother, she was a friend.  As I grew up,
and I was in my late teens, and then early twenties, and going through
a lot of soul-searching, she really became a person I could talk to. 
We shared a lot of our troubles together.  We shared a lot of our joys
together.  We were just very very good friends.  When her house was
being rebuilt, she and her daughters came to stay in my fiat at my
invitation.  It was very uncomfortable because it was very overcrowded
but for a year they were there.  Despite the close quarters and the
inconvenience, there was no conflict.  It was a very compatible thing
and I think that is a very good indication of the fact that if you can
do that and not have conflict, you are doing okay."  Ratan designed and
oversaw the building of Soonoo's house at Bombay's Peddar Road.  It is
perhaps the only occasion when his Cornell architectural training was
put to use.

After his graduation, Ratan was inclined to stay on in the US.  There's
wasn't much to draw him back to India.  Ratan was happily installed in
a flat in an apartment complex with a swimming pool in Los Angeles. His
Cornell degree easily helped land a job.  He could look forward to
furthering a career there.  Lady Navajbai thought differently and he
couldn't say no to her pleadings.  He left Los Angeles with an American
girlfriend to follow him but she apparently didn't come to India
finally.

Tata has never married.  In Bombay, he would date on and off, more off
than on, and once even got engaged, but broke it off before the cards
could be printed.  Without a family and children, what motivates him7
"I have asked myself this quite often.  I don't have a monetary
ownership in the company in which I work and I am not given to
propagating the position I am in.  I ask myself why am I doing this and
I think it is perhaps the challenge.  If I had an ideological choice, 1
would probably want to do something more for the uplift of the people
of India.I have a strong desire not to make money but to see happiness
created in a place where there isn't."

A formal invitation from JRD to join the Tatas arrived.

Ratan's acceptance letter was becomingly proper: "Words could never
adequately express my sincere gratitude and appreciation for your
decision--I shall attempt to express my thanks by seing the firm as
best as I can, and to do all I can to make sure that you will not
regret your decision.  "At this point of time, there was no question of
Ratan rising to the top of the Tata tree.

Ratan's first posting was in Bihar and the experience must have been a
major challenge after a college lifestyle in the US.  In all Ratan
would spend six years in the Telco and Tisco Jamshedpur complexes.
"Beginning in 1962, I spent six months in Telco, then was moved to
Tisco where I spent two years on the shop floor, then in the
engineering division, with projects and finally as technical assistant
to Mr.  Nanavati, director-in-charge.  In those managing agency days
that is what the chief executive used to be called," he recollects

Ratan's immediate bosses must have sent JRD a good performance report,
for Ratan was called to Bombay.  He was sent on a short-term assignment
to Australia and returned to Bombay a year later.  From steel-making,
he would later plunge into Bombay's textile industry where he rubbed
shoulders with aristocratic mill-owners such as Nusli Wadia and
upcoming ones such as Dhirubhai Ambani.  The move was a logical
transition as Naval was involved in the group's mills, but for Ratan
the experience was traumatic."I was given two sick companies supposedly
to train me.  First Nelc0 and then I had also to take over the ailing
Central India Textiles," Ratan said.  "Central India was turned around,
its accumulated losses were wiped out and it paid dividends for several
years.  Then came the recession in the textile industry and Tata Sons
decided not to support the company financially.  It was taken into
voluntary liquidation."

The winding up of the group's textile interests didn't dent Tata's
reputation as badly as did Nelco's troubled history.  "My first
directorship was that of Nelco and the status of that company has
forever been held against me," he says.  "But people forget it is a Rs
200cr company today."

The radio and television manufacturer might shine in comparison with
R.P. Goenka's troubled Murphy but flickers dully before the tremendous
success of newcomers like Venugopal Dhoot's Videocon or Gulu
Mirchandani's Onida.  According to Tata, this view represents only one
side of the picture.  "It's unfair.  No one wanted to see that Nelco
did become profitable, that it went from a 2 per cent market share to a
25 per cent market share.  Those issues have been forgotten."

Analysing Nelco'sperformance in 1982, Ratan had said: "For three years,
from 1972 to 1975, Nelco made a profit and wiped out some of its past
losses.  Then, in 1975, the Emergency came and demand for consumer
goods just disappeared, not just for Nelco, but for everybody.  At that
time the company was poised for growth and we were pumping money into
non-consumer goods, which were sucking in a lot of money.  This was
followed by an industrial relations problem in 1977.  So, while demand
improved, there was low production.  Finally we confronted the unions
and, following a strike, we imposed a lock-out for seven months."

Soon after Ratan's appointment, the subject of Nelco's heavy losses
came up at a Tata Sons meeting.  The criticism naturally upset Ratan.
He had nothing to do with the past performance of the company and he
was being penalized for it.  "Jeh came to my rescue," Ratan recalled,
'and slowly turned round the whole conversation, if you are confident,
he will question you and grill you, but if you are fighting with your
back to the wall, he will come and duel beside you."

It was in Nelco that JRD perhaps saw Ratan's determination and
supported his plans for the company's growth against the views of many
other seniors within the group.  When he was put in charge of Nelco in
1971, sales were Rs 30m, by 1992 they rose to Rs 2bn with a pre-tax
profit of Rs 13.5m, and in 1995, sales were halved to Rs 1.13 bn though
profits were higher at Rs 32 m.

Nelco stiffened Tata's spine.  "I learnt a lot.  i don't think I could
have learnt as much the hard way asl did in Nelco.  I'm most grateful
to the powers that be that they gave me Nelco and that they made me
fight for three years, wondering where my next payroll was coming from,
and to [fight] in a very competitive market place.  In fact Telco is
the first company in which I could actually do something.  In other
companies, I was always put in a fire-fighting siaation."

A STRATEGIC PLAN

Ratan had been beavering away anonymously when, in October 1981, the
spotlight suddenly swung towards him.  He took over the chairmanship of
Tata Industries from JRD (then seventy-eight).  The move immediately
established Ratan as a possible successor to JRD, on par with Nusli
Wadia, Russi Mody, Sumant Moolgaokar, Nani Palkhivala, Darbari Seth and
a host of others.  The announcement sparked wild speculation inside and
outside Bombay House.  Journalists clambered over each other to
interview him.  The phone rang itself off the hook.  Calmly, Ratan
refused to be taken in by the hype.  "The chairmanship of Tata
Industries was a titular one," he says.  "Tata Industries had a great
aura about it but it was only a Rs 60 lakh company with no business
activity.  I had no plan at the start.  It was a soul-searching time to
begin with."

Ratan's personal life was in greater turmoil.  Soonoo was found to htve
cancer a few months later.  They flew to New York.  In the four months
in the hospital with her, Ratan wrote out a new agenda for the group
called the 1983 Tata "Strategic Plan.  Later, S.K. Bhattacharya, a
leading management consultant, fleshed it out.

it was a plan alien to the then Tata culture.  During and after the
'70s, the group had become somnolent, its spirit crushed by restrictive
government regulations.  It couldn't expand.  Whatever it produced
sold.  There was little inclination to improve.  Sitting in New York,
Ratan worried that too much was being taken for granted: "There was a
need to look into the future and plan for it more than [we had] in the
past, and to look at new business areas in a different kind of way."

He foresaw that India would one day stop being a seller's market and
unless the group began a process of strategic planning immediately, it
would suffer.  While unfolding his plan, Tata explained his philosophy:
"I believe that a lack of strategic planning has a profound effect on
the position of a business organization in the market place and most of
the problems of an organization can usually be traced to lack of
planning."

Keen to change the passive image of the Tata Group, Ratan wanted to
propel it to the cutting edge of technology.  His argument was that the
Tatas have all along been pioneers, taking up frontier industries.
Jamsetji Tata set up steel and power plants in the last century when
they were unheard of in India.  Why should they restrain themselves in
the '70s?

"You must remember there was an explosion of new emerging technologies
in the West in the late '70s: the super mini and personal computers,
driven by microprocessor advances, artilicial intelligence, the
convergence of computing and communications into information technology
and biotechnology.  So I thought that the Tatas should be in these
areas.  We were among the few who would be willing and able to invest
in these areas without expecting quick returns, I argued.  Why
shouldn't Tatas enter those fields of recent technological advancement
which have application potential in India?"

JRD agreed.  As he said at the time: "It would be ideal for the Tatas
to get the opportunities to enter high technology, high risk
industries.  In fact, it is almost a duty since only large groups can
afford to take risks .... All industries are eventually going to be
high-tech eventually and India cannot afford to miss out on it."  This
was all the encouragement Ratan needed to plough ahead.

The hi-tech areas Ratan wanted to concentrate on were
telecommunications, oil exploration services, computers and its
associated businesses; advanced materials like special alloys and
composites; and biotechnology and energy storage systems.  Most of
these areas were then closed to the private sector.  "However, I felt
convinced that these were the areas Tatas must enter as they were the
businesses of the future for India.  My point was, why should Tatas not
be first.  As it happened, with the first round of liberalization under
Rajiv Gandhi, these were precisely some of the areas that were
encouraged.  Suddenly our success rate in getting licences was 100 per
cent!  So next we were running around trying to organize the necessary
management and finance."

The plan, however, failed to win acceptance among some of the senior
influential directors for the other business areas, who saw their own
interests being subordinated if it were to be implemented.  On an
academic level, the reasoning ade sense.  Outlining his viewpoint at
the time, Ratan had said: "Tata Industries, being a collection of chief
executives of the Tata companies, offers a chance to be innovative in
terms of where the Tatas should be.  There is need for strategic
planning, looking at opportunities.  Such opportunities are available
to various companies and there is need to focus them in a central
place."

In practice, however, the directors who had learnt to thrive in a
laissez-faire environment within the group, found it difficult to
gubordinate to the slightest extent their companies' interests for that
of the group.  Individual companies had done well on their own and any
measure which would apparently affect their independence of operations
was not one which found ready acceptance.

Recovering from the initial setback, Ratan re-sized the plan to fit his
pocket.  Nelco's surpluses were minuscule, and Tata Industries' ability
to raise funds severely curtailed.  He was forced to look at areas
requiring little capital investment.  Using innovative means, somehow
he managed to establish five new enterprises under the Tata Industries
umbrella: Tata Honeywell, Tata Telecom, Hitech Drilling, Tata Keltron
and Tata Finance.  Another four were added later and six more are under
implementation.  Collectively, these generated Rs 5.87 bn in sales in
1995.  Tata Industries thus became the focal point of the group's foray
into areas of technology and other emerging businesses.

One of the key features of Ratan's futuristic plan was the division of
the group's businesses into eight.  These were: metals and associated
industries (headed by S.A. Sabavala), engineering (J.E. Talaulicar),
chemicals and agrobased industries (Darbari Seth), utilities (K.M.
Chinnappa), consumer products (Minoo Mody), services (Fredie Mehta),
and hi-tech industries and international business (both under Ratan's
charge).

Ratan could not have foreseen that way out in the future



he would be in a position to implement most of what he had been unable
to do in his earlier years.  It started with his appointment as deputy
chairman of Telco, a post which fell into his lap by chance.

Some months before Ratan's appointment as the deputy chairman of Telco,
in July 1988, JRD had finally made up his mind over the succession
issue, and his choice fell on Mody.  To ensure a smooth transition, JRD
drew up an elaborate plan.  He was already Tisco chairman.  Mody would
become Telco's chairman, taking over from Moolgaokar, its ailing
chairman.  This would make Mody head of-the two biggest companies in
the Tata group, with a combined sales muscle of Rs 30bn, or a little
more than half the group's total sales at the time, and would put him
in a strong position to stake a claim to the group chairmanship after
JRD retired.  In JRD's game plan once Mody was Telco's chairman, Ratan
would become his deputy.

When JRD played the first move in this grand game of chess, Mody was
overjoyed.  Had he but restrained his glee, he could have had it all.
Instead, Mody allowed himself to prematurely gloat in an interview to
the Business Standard.  His supporters went one step further by crowing
about how easily Mody would sort out Telco's problems.  Telco was then
passing through a rough patch with a dip in profits due to its
ambitious expansion programme (in March 1987, Telco made a meagre
profit of Rs 29.3m on sales of Rs 12bn).  Mody's gung-ho attitude
alarmed several Telco executives who began to fear a putsch once he
took over.

On hearing the whispers, an incensed Moolgaokar refused to step down.
He would carry on in the saddle.  He insisted that Ratan should be
immediately inducted into Telco as executive deputy chairman giving him
the portfolio of Telco's day-to-day operations.  Palkhivala, then
deputy chairman, voluntarily resigned but continued as a director. Mody
tried to wriggle out of the tight situation by blaming the faux pas on
'speculative' and 'mischievous' reporting but the damage had been
done.

Both Mody and JRD tried to persuade Ratan to resign and publicly state
that he would only accept the position under Mody's chairmanship, but
he refused to do so.  Among the values he had learnt from his
grandmother was the sanctity of promises.  He would not denigrate
Moolgaokar, who had built Telco over the years.

Mody tried to put a good face on a sticky situation but inside he was
seething.  News of a strike at Telco, therefore, may have acted as a
soothing balm to his sore spirit.

CORPORATE SPURS

Trouble at the truck manufacturer's Pune plant had started brewing even
before Ratan Tata entered the scene.  It gradually developed into one
of the bloodiest strikes in recent history.  On April 7, 1988, the day
Tata was appointed Telco's deputy chairman, everything appeared normal.
By December 1988, when he formally took over the chairmanship from the
fragile eighty-two-year-old Sumant Moolgaokar (1906-1989), the tension
was palpable.

Nonetheless, few expected the situation to snowball as it did.  Most
people had their eyes on Russi Mody, wondering how he wotld react to
Ratan's stepping up the ladder leading to JRD's throne.  Nobody
anticipated that an assault on Ratan's position would come not from an
autocratic Tata executive but an unknown trade union leader.

His name was Krishnan Pushparajan Nair, better known as Rajan Nair. 
The son of a trade union leader and the eldest in a family of eight,
Nair worked in Philips before joining Telco as a machine miller in
September 1976.  Six years later he became the general secretary of the
Telco Kamgar Sanghatana

(TKS).  Though a Keralite, Nair was fluent in Marathi and has been
described as a 'first rate demagogue with a penchant for drama'.  In
March 1988 he was suspended for allegedly threatening to murder a
security guard and sacked a few months later.

The day Nair was sacked, he left Telco vowing 'to bring the Telco
management to its knees'.  He tried his best to keep to his word.  The
unresolved wage agreement became his rallying point with the
management.  Nair insisted on Tata's recognition of his status as the
workers' leader as a starting point for any negotiation.  The
management's view was that a dismissed worker with a criminal record
could not be accepted as the leader, and while it was willing to talk
with other members of the TKS on Telco rolls, Nair had no locus standi.
At the time, there were 8,525 blue-collar workers at the Pune plant and
two major unions.  From November 1988, antagonism between workers and
management worsened.  Rumours of a lock-out fuelled the tension.  Tata
was not new to tackling labour problems, having warded off a sticky
situation in his Nelco days.  But this was hardly the sort of welcome
he needed in Telco.  As a strong believer in the principles of
transparency and fairness, he was willing to negotiate, but Nair's ego
had the better of him and he thought he could put it across to the new,
amiable looking chairman of the company.  He was mistaken.  Behind the
soft exterior of Tara was a determination toughened by many years of
hard experience in the corporate world.

Matters reached a flashpoint on January 31, 1989.  Tata's visit to the
Pune plant was greeted on the shop floor with a tool-down strike.  On
the same day, the local authorities saw fit to take Nair into
preventive custody.  On hearing this, the second shift workers hijacked
buses which were supposed to take them to the-plant at Pimpri Oust
outside Pune), and diverted them to the city where they besieged the
district COUrt.  Nair was released.  Tata says that he was unaware of
what Was happening in the city as he was huddled in a meeting at the
plant with Powar, one of Nair's closest aides, and others.  "Nair chose
to make out that he was arrested because I said so [but] I didn't get
him arrested.  It happened totally independently.  If there was an
issue of getting him arrested, I wouldn't be meeting his people.  But
that was the last time I met with them because when they went out, they
misrepresented the meeting."

All through the summer and monsoon, the situation inched inexorably
towards a strike despite mediation attempts by Sharad Pawar,
Maharashtra's chief minister, and others.  Nair was not interested in
parleying for peace.  On March 15, Nair's men selected about twenty-two
managerial personnel and rival unionists and assaulted and stabbed them
in various parts of the city.  Asked about this, Nair said 'the
provocation was from the management because the previous day one of the
TKS members was slapped on the shop floor'.

This was as much as Tata could take.  From then on his resolve hardened
and he refused to give in to any intimidatory tactics of Nair and his
men.  Meanwhile, Ratan launched measures to build bridges between the
management and the workforce.  Telco had been contributing silently to
the development of the Pimpri-Chinchwad belt.  Now, at the time of its
worst industrial crisis, it needed the support of the local community
most to correct the impression of the image of the exploitative
corporation which Rajan Nair's campaign had sought to project.  Telco
shed its conservative image for the first time and utilized the media
to create a public opinion; the managers initiated a one-to-one contact
with the workforce to convince them of the management's intentions and
slowly the tide began to turn.

On September 19, in a shrewd move to woo away support from Nair, the
management signed a three-year retrospective agreement with TKS's
rival, the Telco Employees Union (TEC), offering a wage hike of Rs 585
and a lump sum arrears of Rs 7,000.  There was a stick attached to the
tempting carrot.  Tata wrote to every Telco employee in the Pimpri and
Chinchwad units, warning that 'the company would have to reconsider its
plans for further investments in Pune if the trend of labour unrest
continued'.  The management claimed that 1,570 workers had accepted the
offer and more were expected.  to follow.  Seriously worried, Nair
mulled over his options.

Two days later, Nair announced that he and his supporters would go on
an indefinite fast at the Shaniwarwada fort.  With red bandannas tied
round their foreheads, 3,000 or so workers trooped into the fort to
begin their fast.  Significantly the initials RNP (for Rajan Nair
Panel) and not TKS were printed on the bandannas.  Clearly this was not
just a management-union issue, but one involving a personal agenda.  A
one-day bandh was organized iia the Pimp ri-Chinchwad areas as a
display of strength as also to convey the impression of Nair's growing
influence in the region.  From Bombay, Datta Samant rushed to Pune to
express his support.

By the third day, workers were fainting from hunger.  A

the end of a week, there was a real fear that a fatality could trigger
off uncontrollable violence.  Pawar stepped up the pressure on both
sides to break the deadlock and meet.  They agreed.

On the morning of Wednesday, September 27, Tara flew into Bombay from
the USA.  Nair had arrived from Pune the previous evening.  A
tripartite meeting between Tata, Nair and Pawar was arranged for the
afternoon at Varsha, the chief minister's official residence.  Before
that, Samant led a morcha to Bombay House while Nair held rallies and
press conferences.  These vitiated the already charged atmosphere.

In an obvious bid to slight Tata, Nair and his team deliberately
arrived very late.  Scheduled for 4 p.m."  the meeting finally opened
at 5.30 p.m. It proved to be inconclusive.  Nair was unwilling to
concede ground.

Meanwhile, Pawar was becoming increasingly worried about the strike's
political repercussions.  The Pimpri-Chinchwad area was a crucial vote
bank, home to over 2,000 industrial units with an annual turnover of Rs
35bn and nearly a quarter million workers.  Opportunistic politicians
of every hue had jumped onto Nair's bandwagon.  The Janata Dal leader,
Sambhajirao Kakade, was backing Nair.  George Fernandes and Madhu
Dandavate, socialist leaders, were in constant touch with the strikers.
And in the shadow of the Lok Sabha elections scheduled for November 24,
Pawar was getting flak from Delhi politicians and Pune industrialists
for the state government's kid-glove treatment of Nair.  Moreover,
Telco was the largest company in the region and any prolonged dispute
would have a tremendous economic fall-out.  He had to do something.

Under cover of darkness, at 2.30 a.m. on September 29, the State
Reserve and Pune city police launched Operation Crackdown.  Eighty
buses stopped outside the Shaniwarwada fort's quadrangle.  Pouring out
of the buses, the police cordoned off the fort, stormed inside, and
rounded up the workers.

The evacuation went on in batches until 4 p.m. While the workers were
taken to police stations in Pune, a separate vehicle took Nair and his
lieutenants to the nearby Ratnagiri jail where they were charged with
attempting to commit suicide and defying prohibitory orders.  Nair was
released on bail the next day but it was clear to everybody that the
strike had been effectively smashedl

For Tata, the Telco crisis became a test of his managerial abilities.
Because Nair so obviously lost, the media trumpeted

Tata's victory.  Tata believed it was a vindication of the principles
and values which the group had so zealously protected and propagated
all along.

In hindsight, he takes heart from a new spirit of teamwork which
emerged during the strike.  "Intimidation led to a hunger strike [but]
workers came back to work during the strike.  Fearing intimidation,
they stayed in the plant.  Office staff were manning machines and
people in the accounts department were moving materials.  Some people
were fed up and they came back as an "enough is enough" kind of
situation emerged.  We started producing vehicles with about 800
people. I think that the kind of spirit that was created in Pune then
would never have been created were it not for that conflict.  So there
were winners.  They were caused by circumstances which were,
ironically, created by Rajan Nair.

"Today there is a sense of friendliness.  I can walk around the shop
floor and talk to people.  They come and talk to me.  We smile and
shake hands.  I think the union has become a very productive and
constructive organ of the comlany.  Perhaps, we took our workers for
granted.  We assumed that we were doing all that we could for them when
probably we were not.  We gave a Rajan Nair---or any name--a chance to
come and do what he did."

In Jamshedpur, Russi Mody brooded over the Rajah Nair crisis.  Mody was
the acknowledged labour expert of the Tata group.  Under his helm,
there hadn't been a single tremor of labour unrest at Tisco for almost
half a century.  The media's portrayal of Tata as a tough manager
capable of handling difficult labour situations posed a subtle threat
to the ageing baron.

Indifferent or unaware of the forces around him, Tara concentrated on
patching up the shredded labour relations and building up trust between
management and workers.  March 31,

1991 was a red letter day.  Despite the strike, Telco overtook Tisco to
become India's biggest company in the private sector by sales.  Telco's
sales shot up by almost a third to Rs 26bn and profit before tax grew
by 58 per cent to Rs 2.35bn.  Vehicle production rose by 26 per cent to
81,931 units.  Tisco's sales were Rs 23.3bn.  Telco's excellent results
established Tata's credentials as a top-notch manager.  Reason enough
for Mody to feel even more threatened.

RUSSI MODY

At Tisco, Mody took every opportunity to declare he would leave only
when the board kicked him out.  Which it summarily did on April 19,
1993, closing a mordant chapter in the group's history.  As an
outstanding man-manager in his heyday with a hands-on style which
earned him a Padma Bhushan, Mody had set many precedents.  His last was
not particularly illustrious.  Before this, no Tata chairman had ever
been fired, let alone been forced to resign.  The sacking came bare
days before he was to officially retire on May 21.  It was a pathetic
comedown for a rare man who was once the 'toast' of industry.

The bespectacled bon vivant Was appointed Tisco's managing director in
1974 and became the chairman in 1984 of India's biggest company in the
private sector.  His large ego often prompted him to say "There are
only three great men who have come out of Harrow in this
century--Jawaharlal Nehru, Winston Churchill and Russi Mody."

So why did JRD sack a man who once was thought to be one of India's
most astute managers?  He didn't have a choice: Mody forced it upon
himself.  He displayed a singular lack of finesse during his last few
years with Tatas.  Had he behaved with greater decorum, he could have
had a much more graceful exit and assured himself pride of place in
Tata history.

The last straw was an interview published in the Hindu in which Mody
accused Ratan (Tisco's then deputy chairman) and Jamshed J. Irani (its
managing director) of mismanaging Tisco's affairs and causing its share
prices to crash.  He also threatened to launch a campaign to mobilize
support for himself from shareholders and financial institutions.

At an emergency meeting on April 19, 1993, there was a great deal of
anger and resentment at Mody's statements.  As Ratan pointed out, "The
main issue is that a chairman either agrees with his management's
policies, or he leaves the board."  Coming as it did after a series of
Mody misdemeanours and with tempers running high, it was a foregone
conclusion that the board would fire Mody.  And when the resolution was
put to the vote, it was unanimously passed.  Ratan Tara would be
'chairman of the company as from today'.

Earlier, Mody had avoided the March 25, 1991 Tara Sons board meeting
which appointed Ratan as chairman of Tata Sons, lut the day JRD handed
over his crown to Ratan, Mody began to worry in earnest.  Tara had
become Tisco's deputy chairman on January 31, 1985, and as group
chairman would undoubtedly take over Tisco's chairmanship from Mody
wl't'enever Mody chose to retire.  However his term as.  managing
director was due to expire on June 14, 1993.  Mody was anxious that his
protEgE, Aditya Kashyap, should succeed him.  The only hitch was that
there was already a number two---lrani.

On the afternoon of November 26, 1991, a circular signed by Mody
quietly announced sweeping managerial changes.  Tisco would now have
four managing directors.  In the new pecking order, Irani was demoted
from being the joint MD to additional MD, Kashyap moved up from
executive director (corporate) to Irani's former position as joint MD,
and lshaat Hussain, the executive director in charge of finance, was
designated a deputy MD.  Mody continued as chairman and MD.  Despite
the intentional fuzziness of the designations,

Mody's strategy was transparent.  He wanted to move up Kashyap and
Hussain, both in their mid-forties, and position Kashyap as Tisco's
future chairman with Hussain as his number two.

Mody was so confident that his diktat would be obeyed that he flew off
to Europe with Kashyap for a month long holiday the next evening.

In designing his coup, Mody had totally neglected to take Ratan's
reaction into account.  And Tata was upset.  "In the largest
professionally managed corporation in the private sector, when changes
in the senior management structure at the board level and/or succession
plans are drawn up, then surely it should be a subject for collective
decision-makihg rather than the decision of any single individual," he
stressed.

Pointing out that neither at or after Tisco's November 27 board meeting
did Mody make an attempt to get the board's approval or leave room for
discussion, Ratan reiterated his stand that 'the board of directors
constitute a collection of independent individuals and each one has the
right to express his independent judgement without being accused of
being pro or anti'.

There were Other arguments stacked against Mody.  A professionally-run
company had to take more than ordinary care not to show favouritism. 
It was true that the divorced Mody had never hidden the fact that
Kashyap was his constant companion and legal heir, yet others on the
Tata Steel board were perturbed by the impropriety of the methods
adopted to suddenly elevate Kashyap.  Mody had overreached himself and
had to be curbed.  Furthermore, it was not as if Irani lacked
experience or was incompetent.  On the contrary, the government had
once sounded him out for the chairmanship of the Steel Authority of
India.  Palkhivala and Nusli Wadia endorsed Ratan's hard line. 
Palkhivala, the group's legal expert, discovered that Mody had violated
Tisco's articles of association by not informing the board of the
changes prior to sending out the circular.

Mody."s friends lost no time in updating him in London, but he failed
to fully appreciate the vigour of the forces building up against him in
his absence.  On December 29, he flew into Delhi from London where he
tried unsuccegsfully to meet Narasimha Rao, the prime minister, and
Manmohan Singh, the finance minister.  On the afternoon of December 31,
Mody arrived in Bombay and drove straight to Bombay House for a private
meeting with JRD.  Mody also began hectic lobbying of the outside
directors, but it was apparent to him that he did not have a case to be
backed.

By 2.30 p.m. on January 1, a compromise had been hammered out.  Mody
would apologize to the board, irani would be clearly number two, there
would be only two managing directorsMody and Irani.  The rest would be
executive directors.  The expected discord at the Tisco meeting did not
materialize.  By 4.55 p.m."  the show was over.  It was a clear victory
for Ratan.

Heroically, Mody wrapped a few tattered shreds of black humour around
him.  At Tisco's EGM the next day, when a. shareholder asked what award
Mody should get when Business India had named Ratan Businessman of the
Year and lrani was Steelman of the Year, Mody promptly quipped: "I got
the Bamboo of the Year."

From this moment, Mody's star began to set.  At about the same time
Ratan pushed through with his retirement policy which called for Tara
directors to give up their executive powers at sixty-five years and for
non-executive chairmen to retire at seventy-five.  Framed in the larger
interests of the Tata Group to promote succession planning, it affected
Mody directly as he was on the verge of turning seventy-five..

Mody started to feel insecure and sounded out whether he would be
allowed another five-year term as executive Chairman if he resigned as
managing director.  The response from Bombay House was a firm "No'.

Mody accepted the no with considerable ill grace and was forced to
change his position only after Nusli Wadia told him during the lunch
recess that if he did not fall in line, he (Wadia) would personally
move a resolution at the board's post-lunch session to sack Mody as
managing director.  Mody then caved in and a formula was quickly
hammered out.  Wadia woke up JRD who had been taking a post-lunch nap,
and an agreement was reached.  When the board reconvened at 2.45 p.m."
Mody began by calling for champagne.

According to the agreement, Mody was offered two concessions in view of
his past contributions as also his long association with the group.  He
would remain chairman until June 1993 and he would retain charge of
Tisco's i nternationa I operations.  And Tisco would hold off the Tata
Sons policy on the retirement age of Tara chairmen and managing
directors for the time being.  But far from ending the feud the
compromise prolonged the uneasiness within the company.  The feuding
grew into a low-intensity warfare and, predictably, the company's
operations suffered.  Mody accepted the compromise unwillingly and
continued to create problems for Ir.ani in the discharge of his
responsibilities as the new managing director.

In March 1993, at the Founder's Day celebrations in Jamshedpur, JRD and
Ratan once again brought up the issue of Tisco's acceptance of Tara
Sons' retirement policy with Mody.  Mody had crossed seventy-five on
January 17, 1993.  Instead of taking the hint, Mody suggested that the
policy, if introduced in Tisco, should exempt present incumbents.  His
predecessor, JRD, had had a long innings.  Why should Mody be deprived
of his?

Ratan pointed out that JRD's was a special case when the retirement
policy was not in place.  It was now important to depersonalize
structures and remove subjective elements, such as the granting of
extensions, in the tenure of the group's directors.  Mody asked for the
details of his retirement package in case he agreed to step down.  Once
he had them, he said, he would finalize things.

By all accounts the severance package was very generous but Mody kept
hedging the question of his retirement.  During the March 11 board
meeting JRD eventually introduced the retirement policy, at which point
Mody rose, picked up his papers and walked off saying, "I declare the
meeting closed."  The meeting continued after a few moments of silence,
this time presided over by the deputy chairman, Ratan.  Badly upset by
Mody's walkout, some directors strongly objected to Mody's behaviour.
The retirement policy was adopted unanimously.  The next issue was,
when?  The board agreed Mody should retire before the next AGM (which
would be held in July) but that he should be allowed to choose and
announce the actual date.  Mody was lucky to be allowed the choice.
Later, when JRD phoned him to communicate the board's decision, Mody
preferred to have his severance package approved before he announced
the date.

At the next meeting, on April 13, which Mody avoided by going to Delhi,
the protests grew shriller.  Mody had taken to vociferously
bad-mouthing Tisco's performance in the press and on Doordarshan.  The
board retaliated by passing a resolution that Mody would have to go by
May 1 and not July 17.  It took two and a half hours of debate to come
to this decision.  When JRD phoned Mody to convey the board's decision,
he requested time till May 21 as it was an auspicious day for him. 
Then came the fatal Hindu interview.  And the sacking.  Ratan's
perseverance and commitment to principles had managed to bring down
Mod.y from the high pedestal that he had assumed for himself.

FROM CONFEDERATION TO UNION

For historical reasons, the Tata share holdings in their companies have
declined.  By the '80s, Tatas held, for example, 2.4 per cent in Tisco,
3 per cent inTel co 12 per cent in Indian Hotels, 18 per cent in
Voltas, 19 per cent in Tomco, and 19 per cent in Tata Chemicals.  As
for Tata Sons itself, 81 per cent of it was owned by trusts, 17.5 per
cent by Pallonji S. Mistry and a scant 1.5 per cent by the Tatas.
Ironically, in Tisco, the Birlas, through Pilani Investments, owned 6
per cent or double Tata Sons' stake in their flagship.  In ACC,
Mistry's stake was higher than that of the Tatas.  Only in Tata Tea and
Tata Chemicals did the Tatas hold significant stakes, and this was more
a result of Darbari Seth's foresight than any group directive.  In very
few companies do the Tatas hold 26 per cent--the level required to
block critical resolutions.

In contrast to the Tatas' weak position, the government is a majority
shareholder in several Tata companies, and particularly the important
ones.  This in itself is not unusual.  Over the years, financial
institutions such as UTI, LIE, ICICI, IDBI and GIC have acquired large
and valuable stakes in many of India's biggest companies.  Managements
had to borrow low-cost funds for their projects from the FIs and the
FIs' habit of taking equity and board positions in return has turned
them into powerful partners.  Worried by this, industrialists such as
Aditya Birla lobbied hard with the finance ministry to find an
alternative to this practice and restore privateness to the private
sector, but to date no finance minister has been receptive.

This issue didn't unduly bother JRD.  Above all, the protected Indian
economy provided' no impetus to build any

 safeguards for possible corporate takeovers.  He was convinced that
the Tata reputation was so impeccable that neither the government nor
small investors would ever throw out the Tatas from any of the
companies under their management.

JRD was equally convinced that in the event of a hostile takeover bid,
once again neither the government nor the small shareholder would
permit the raid to succeed.  For a brief moment, after Swraj Paul's
abortive bid for Escorts and DCM, Tata had second thoughts and the
group hiked its stake in Tisco from 2.4 per cent to 8 per cent (in
1989), but the trepidation evaporated almost immediately afterwards.

Ratan disagreed.  Questioning the propriety of running large companies
through small stakes, especially-in a much more liberalized economy,
Ratan felt the group should shore up its holdings as quickly as
possible.  SeCondly, looking into the future, he saw these small stakes
becoming dangerously microscopic.  Several Tata companies were planning
to tap the stock markets to fund their new investment programmes, and
the group's control looked to be further diluted.  "While we are all
proud of the trusteeship management concept that J.R.D. Tata
propounded, if we are managing a company, our holding should be more
than symbolic," said Ratan.

Bringing this issue to the directors' notice in his 1983 Strategic
Plan, Ratan suggested that not only should the group hike its holdings
in the companies under its management, but it should also encourage
cross holdings between companies, including Tata Sons.  The Birlas had
done this very successfully, making it almost impossible for a
takeover.  shark to swallow any of their companies, Also, this would
help knit together an empire which was showing increasing signs of
fission.

Without JRD's clear support, Ratan's idea had to be buried.  Thirteen
months after his appointment as chairman of

Tata Sons, however, Ratan initiated serious moves to shore up the
group's control over the companies it managed.  His 1992 proposal was
basically a revival of the 1983 plan with some minor modifications.

At an April 1992 board meeting of Tata Sons, JRD proposed a Rs 220m
rights issue.  The trusts and Mistry would renounce their rights in
favour of other Tata companies such as Tisco, Telco, Tata Chemicals,
Tata Electric Companies, Indian Hotels, Tara Oil, Forbes Forbes
Campbell and Voltas.  Ratan's plan raised questions from some board
members.

One of the directors leaked details to the Economic Times, and its
stiff editorial of May 8, 1992 was equally blunt.  "The new game plan
of Messrs JRD and Ratan Tata to convert the Tara group from a
loosely-held confederacy to a centralized family business affects lakhs
of small shareholders and government institutions .... Given that Tata
Sons has a real value of at least Rs 1,500 crores, a reasonably-priced
rights issue could require the various Tata companies to invest Rs 500
crores, a very big sum.  Is it fair for shareholders' money to be used
to prop up Mr.  Ratan Tata's position rather than invest in new plant
and equipment?... The question also arises what Tata Sons will do with
the hundreds of crores it collects The deal also aims to reduce the
limited clout of Mr.  Mistry, and indeed the Tata family is keen to buy
him out altogether .... What is important is that the money of
shareholders of various Tata companies should not be used to pay Mr.
Mistry inflated sums for his shares .... The Tata case will set a
precedent, and it should be a good one."

The editorial stung Ratan to the quick.  "Over the past decades, the
Chairman and Directors of Tata Companies have always acted in the best
interests of their shareholders and there has never been an abuse of
shareholders' funds to acquire or gain control of Tata companies
through Tata Sons.  I take very strong exception to such motives being
ascribed to Mr.  J.R.D. Tata and myself.  I also take exception to the
statement in the editorial that there is a move to convert the Tata
Group "from a loosely-held confederacy to a centralized family
business".  Tara Sons has been, and continues to be, professionally
managed by a Board of Directors and not by "family members" as alleged
by you.  The allegations and insinuations being made by you appear to
be an effort to discredit the values and the philosophy on which the
House of Tatas has been built.  It shall always be my endeavour to
uphold the Tata values and philosophy," he wrote in an impassioned
letter to the editor.

Finally, in November 1995, Tata Sons made a rights issue which closed a
month later.  All the major Tata companies such as Tisco, Telco, Tata
Tea and Indian Hotels contributed.  It was another victory for Ratan.
Earlier, in July 1994, he had successfully launched Tisco's
preferential allotment issue to double the Tara stake to 16 per cent.

Since then, several Tara companies have been tapping the capital
market.  A steady stream of rights issues, convertible debentures,
Euro-issues, floating rate bonds, and warrants are being offered to old
and new investors.  While most of the money is earmarked for fresh
capital investment in new projects, Ratan has managed to utilize some
of it for increasing cross holdings and generally strengthening the
group's holdings.

Ratan made a modest but encouraging beginning but the bill to raise the
group's stakes to anything like 26 per cent in each of the major
companies will be huge.  As Darbari Seth pointed out during the Tata
Sons 1993 rights issue furore, "The capitalization of the five or six
biggest companies works out to about Rs 20,000 crores.  And even 1 per
cent of that works out to Rs 200 crores."

From where is Tata going to get the money?  Wait and see is his only
answer.

CABBAGES, KINGS AND RAT AN

The flight attendants of Indian Airlines once got together to choose
their favourite executive passenger.  The awardee of the unofficial
1992 poll was not Rahul Bajaj or the jocular Dhirubhai Ambani or even
the courteous half-French JRD but Ratan Tata.  When flying Indian
Airlines, Ratan uses the VIP seats but generally has no prsonal
assistants or other staff accompanying him.  Most of the time he buries
his head in paperwork.  He doesn't bother with food but has coffee,
strong, brewed directly with the milk and without sugar.  "Though even
if it is not served as he likes it, he doesn't complain," said an air
hostess.

The crews serving the Bomb.ay-Deihi sector have ample opportunity to
notice Ratan's little habits.  It's the route Ratan flies most
frequently, though not by choice.  An experienced pilot, a. love for
flying was one of the few common bonds between JRD and Ratan.  If he
could, the easy-to-please executive would far rather take the controls
of one of the group's many private aircraft and take off for Pune or
any of the group's plants around the country.  Instead Ratan has to
travel often on business to Delhi.

Despite the Narasimha Rao administration's attempts to loosen the
Licence Raj, the government's various ministries continue to exert
stifling control over business, especially in the core and
infrastructure related sectors.  In the past, JRD had refused to pay
under the table for licenccs.  Ratan upholds the tradition--and to an
extent is paying the price for his commitment to the Tata group's
values.  During his long chairmanship, JRD stood on the sidelines
watching helplessly as other business houses got licences denied to
Tatas.  Other entrepreneurs built huge factories, the Tatas couldn't.
That ha not daunted the spirit of Tatas who, despite the constraints,
have remained India's prcnicr industrial house.  "Jamsctji Tara took a
national view and so inevitably we were in basic industries and
infrastructure," explains Ratan.  "After Independence, these became the
natural domain of the public sector.  Through the '60s and '70s,
excessive government controls and the MRTP restrictions deprived Tatas
of growth.  Our passenger car proposals were rejected.  Tisco as not
allowed to expand in the manner that was needed and its entry into
special steels was thwarted."

In the mid-'80s, Telco tied up with Honda, but the government
dilly-dallied until Honda lost patience.  Darbari Seth wanted to build
a refinery, petrochemical complex and fertilizer plant.  The Tara power
companies badly needed to expand.  The only new business activity of
any significance in the '80s was the group's entry into watche (Titan).
Indira Gandhi's administration turned down virtually every major
application, which is why Rajiv Gandhi's attitude towards the group
came as a welcome surprise when he became prime minister after her
assassination in 1984.  "I considered him [Rajiv Gandhi] as a friend
even though there was no close friendship between us," Ratan would
write in a touching obituary after Rajiv Gandhi's assassination in May
1991.  "We did not have frequent meetings or even much direct
interaction even though I was appointed by his government on the boards
of a number of government organizations such as CSIR and Semiconductors
Ltd or oversaw the preparation of some committee reports such as the
one on project implementation."

There had been coolness between Indira Gandhi and JRD but the
relationship between her son and Ratan was warmer.  This could have
been because Rajiv and Ratan spoke the same language in many ways. Both
were westernized and technically minded and they loved flying, and
neither was particularly enamoured of his job.  They could tinker with
sophisticated computer programmes but found themselves operating
hopelessly out of their depth in the cut and thrust of today's India.
All too often, they found that they'd been too open, too trusting,
taking people at face value, and then been disappointed.

"I first met Rajiv Gandhi with his mother at Jamshedpu shortly after
the death of his brother Sanjay Gandhi in a plan crash in 1980," said
Tata.  "We had dinner together and I wa, struck by the man's politeness
and sincerity.  After that we dk not meet for a few years: When he took
over as prime minister I was very much excited by the things he was
saying, the freshness with which he was looking at economic and
political issues.  I felt here was a prime minister who was a man of
out times.  I then met him not to ask for anything but just to ex pres
my happiness and excitement at the new direction he was charting out
for the country.  I was once again struck by his decency, sincerity and
forthrightness."

Their friendship and mutual admiration brought about a major change in
the group's attitude towards the government and vice versa.  Indicative
of the new approach was the India chairmanship--'l read about my
appointment in the papers!"mand Ratan's close advisory relationship
will Gandhi.  "One task which I liked a great deal was working fo: the
science and technology ministry," recalled Tata.  "I was par of a
technology mission to the US, where the effort was to se up a venture
capital company in that country which could bu) into hi-tech companies.
The model would roughly be what th Tatas did with Elxsi."

Many Tata project applications, which had been buriec under mountains
of paper, were approved during this period In his 1983 Strategic Plan,
Tata had pleaded to be allowed into hi-tech industries of strategic
importance.  "With the first fount of liberalization under Rajiv
Gandhi, these were precis el some of the areas that were thrown open
[to the private sector] Suddenly our success rate in getting licences
was 100 per cent!

said a pleased Tata with some surprise.  Darbari Seth had been lobbying
for the group's entry into the petrochemical and petroleum sectors for
decades without making much headway..  According to Darbari's son, Manu
Seth: "When Ratan Tata heard that the government was looking for a
private partner for the Karnal refinery, he sent me to Delhi in
November 1986 to look at the project."  Shell was a 'top contender' but
the Tatas bagged it.

Tata's ability to pull off these coups had JRD acknowledge his
achievements: "The government has at least.  started acting on
proposals which were not being approved for two years."

The new understanding which Tatas had with the government did not
survive Raji3, Gandhi's assassination.  Be it under VP Singh or
Narasimha Rao, it was back to status quo, or near enough.  Try as he
might, Ratan has not yet been able to clear an airline venture with
Singapore Airlines and his attempts to renew Tisco's mining rights in
Orissa illustrate his difficulties.  Instead of the lease being
extended, the Tatas lost ground.

QUESTIONING THE UNQUESTIONABLE

Stepping across the threshold of Bombay House is like walking.  through
a time warp.  Tea for afternoon visitors arrives on little wooden trays
covered by crisp white napery.  Burnished steel teapots, buried under
thick cosies, accompany plates of dainty pastries.  As many little old
ladies hobble in and out of the marble portals of Bombay House as
dashing young money managers clutching important company statements.

The head office's air of old-fashioned courtliness is far removed from
the rough and tumble atmosphere of the Bombay StOck Exchange, a stone's
throw away.  The ladies room on the ground floor is an oasis of quiet,
a refuge from the stress of modern lie, much like the ladies room at
the Bombay Gymkhana.  Tables and benches are provided for those who
want to eat their lunch in privacy, there is a comfortable chair to
rest tired feet, and a small vanity area to refresh war paint.

There's been some attempt to bring the headquarters of a Rs 240bn
business house in line with the rest of the world.  Last year,. Ratan's
computer boys installed a state-of the-art security system complete
with swipe cards and computerized identification codes.  But the
eggheads forgot to teach the peons manning the lifts and strategic
doors to cope with the system.  Unfamiliar with the hi-tech gizmos, the
instructions and codes for the entry points, the peons appear
frustrated, demoralized and afraid of becoming useless after decades of
service.  Also; there's no completely secure security system, old or
new, in operation.

The play of the old and the new overlapping and clashing against each
other is repeated on the fourth floor, the executive floor.  The
passage is thickly carpeted and richly panelled.  Open the door to
Ratan's office suite, and its starkness hits you in the face.

Yet Tata's office is as self-effacing as the man.  Located a few steps
down from the 'main boardroom where he was appointed group chairman,
the suite was allotted to Ratan when he became head of Tata Industries
in 1982.  Neither after JRD's retirement or his death has Ratan made
any move to occupy his famous corner office.  Currently the room is
unused but dusted meticulously.  The only occupant in the silent
anteroom i JRD's secretary.  A building to house the Tata archives is
coming up in Pune where JRD's room will be recreated.  Until then the
clock on the table ticks forlornly.

Conversely, Ratan's office is a beehive of activity.  It was renovated
about three years ago when the 800 to 1,000 sq.  it.  space was
partitioned into several cubicles.  Apart from the reception area,
there's a handkerchief size cabin for his executive assistant, Rajiv
Dube and two cubbyholes for Sheila Shastri and K.D. Skandan (Tata's two
secretaries) besides a conference room to seat eight which is used by
Ratan as a functional working area.  Tata's own office facing the
entrance is slightly--but not much--larger than the reception area and
dominated by a picture of a jet cockpit.

On the coffee table in the reception area is an eclectic range of
reading material.  Copies of Tata Sphere and the Tisco News are in the
company of Forbes, Fortune, the Economist and the Far Eastern Economic
Review.  Sandwiched between them are thumbed issues of Computerworld,
Semiconductor, Le Figaro, and the International Herald Tribune.

The decor is purely functional.  Not even the gentle Bendre landscape
behind the receptionist's desk can soften the harshness of the white
laminated partitions, the inexpensive black cloth sofas, the slate-grey
short-pile carpet.  The mandatory potted plants look cowed down by the
clinical atmosphere with its harsh white lighting.  There are no objets
dart, no ashtrays, no bits of paper and fewer frills than in a
dentist's waiting room.  In the conference room, however, Tata's
passion for aviation is very visible in the aircraft memorabilia which
adorn the wall unit.

The Tata group is at a watershed in its 125-year history, and there are
hard decisions waiting for its group chairman.  It needs aleader who
can bridge the past and the future.  Is Ratan the right man for the
right job at the right time?  Even though he has brought to heel some
of the brightest and best brains in management proving that he has the
ruthlessness and doggedness of aleader, some peers still question his
acceptability.  Like a nagging stepmother, they keep' finding faults
with the stepchild.

One reason for this could be Ratan's aloofness.

Circumstances and personality have combined to make Tata a loner.  The
boardroom battles carved deep scars and he's shed his trustful nature.
Reticent to a fault, few know his secrets, hopes and desires.  He
doesn't share confidences with anyone, not even Nusli Wadia, Ambani's
bdte noire and Tata's childhood friend.  Today, his closest companion
is Tito, an Alsatian dog.

But in India, chairmen---especially aggressive ones--are expected to be
within hearing distance of the mobile's shrill ring.  Anytime.
Anywhere.  Networking outside the office is equally important. 
However, Tata has a habit of disappearing which even his supporters
find trying. Considered remote and inaccessible, he is out of his
office up to fifteen days a month.  He leaves office at 6:30 and
doesn't like to be disturbed at home.  Saturdays and Sundays are
equally sacrosanct although 'he finds it difficult to keep work away
from weekends and often reads reports.  late into the night', says a
close friend. According to his office, "Given Tata's hectic' schedule
it is difficult at short notice to get a time in his diary.  However,
often at.  his own inconvenience, he goes out of his way to accommodate
a meeting to resolve a mundane grievance of an employee or a
shareholder.  Despite his trying to be as accessible as possible, there
are some who still find him remote."

Brushing aside the censure, Tata says: "It's probably true in some
cases, probably not in others.  I think more often the people who make
those complaints have to ask themselves what they push into this office
that they shouldn't--and how much of the buck they pass, they can keep
with themselves.  Yes, there are only twenty-four hours in the day, and
there are great pressures on me.  Sitting here with you is depriving
someone of their time with me and unfortunately the worst complaints
about my time are from people from outside and

not so much from within."

Isn't that part of the chairman's role?  "Not necessarily.  While I
don't mind the occasional meeting with a visiting delegation from
overseas who want to know more about India and Tatas, people have to
realize that it is not the only role that I have to play.  Although I
can't do anything about it, that's a role I don't enjoy and one that I
find somewhat wasteful!"

Awae of the criticism and whispering going on behind his back, Ratan
understands the challenges that face him.  He knows that the decisions
he takes today will decide the future.  It's hard to read tea leaves
but he has to get it right if he wants to stop analysts from calling
the group a dinosaur.  Ratan wants to radically change the Tata
culture, make it more competitive and agile.

Does he collider himself a risk taker?  "There have been occasions when
I have been a risk taker.  Perhaps more than some, and less so than
certain others.  It is a question of where you view that from.  I have
never been speculative.  I have never been.  a real gambler in the
sense that some successful businessmen have been."

Asked once to comment on Ratan Tata and the future of the Tata Group,
the late Aditya Birla hedged: "If you don't have systems, any
individual will fail, and if you have systems but don't have aleader to
lead the system, it will fail.  Both factors are very important.  There
has to be a man at the helm who can provide the motivation, the
dynamism, the force, the leadership to make the system work.  I'm sure
that the Tatas have very good systems."

Ratan feels many of these systems need fine-tuning.  How will he force
change?  "Change is not going to come by merely making that a mandate.
Change is not going to come by writing letters to various group
companies.  Change is going to come from the competition that the
environment provides.  It's going to come from people who for the first
time are fighting to survive.  It's going to come from--if I am to
portray my role--it's going to come from my being harsh on those who
don't meet their tasks.  It's going to come from forcing companies to
set tasks and perform against those tasks," said Tata.  "To give an
example, Tata Steel never had to concern itself about profit.  Profit
was a plug number.  All it needed to do was to produce and if the
production levels were high, any increase in cost became a price
increase because there was a government formula for price increase and
the profit was a plugged number.  Suddenly you had competition, you had
a very aggressive public sector steel company, and for the first time
Tata Steel had to fight for its profit.  The spirit of a company and
the spirit of the people just blossomed.  We averted what could have
been a disaster with our own efforts.  They just went ahead and did it.
But that was short-lived.  An attitudinal change has to be more
permanent, and it will come from this environment where somebody is
constantly pushing them to be more aggressive and I think that's my
role.  This is why I keep saying, question the unquestionable.  To stop
people from saying this is how we've dealt [with matters] for the last
twenty-five years."

Many within the group feel that what Tata is doing is not only
questionable, but downright painful.  Such as the pruning exercise he
is contemplating.  "We have approximately eighty companies in so many
different businesses.  As we began to move into an era of free markets
and competition, it was clear that the Tatas need to re-focus," says
Tata.  "I think we were in many more areas than we should have been in
and we were perhaps not concerned about our market position in each of
those businesses.  I think the needs today are that we define our
businesses much more articulately, if you like, and that we remain
focused rather than diffused, and that we become much more aggressive
than we used to be, much more market driven, much more concerned about
consumer satisfaction."

Within the Tata monolith is a small team called the Tata Strategic
Management Group headed, by Raju Bhinge, whose office is on the ground
floor next to Reception.  Bhinge, a pleasant young man in his thirties,
is often entrusted by Ratan with the sensitive job of analysing the
strengths and weaknesses of group companies and coming up with their
restructuring programme.  In the 1983 plan, Ratan had suggested that
the Tatas get out of soap-making.  Once in the saddle, Ratan promptly
sold off Tomco to the Unilever group.  Who will be next in line?

Ironically, even as Tara huddled with S.M. Datta of Hindustan Lever,
Drbari Seth announced plans to get into detergents through Tata
chemicals.  Meanwhile three different Tara companies applied to build
cement plants.  There were several other instances of group companies
acting independently and in competition with each other.  Synergy is
not something the Tatas apparently rely on.  Ratan is convinced that
this attitude has to change.

For the moment, Tata has put these and other such knotty issues on the
back burner and is focusing on Tisco and Telco 'because they constitute
50 per cent of our turnover.  In many ways they have been role models
for other companies.  If these more visible companies can be converted
from being production-driven in a seller's market to more responsive
companies in a buyer's market, the message will spread faster within
the group."

If other group companies want to match the recent outstanding
performance of these two companies, they'll have to sprint to catch up.
Ratan would appear to be on the right track, and though pleased, 'they
are not running at the speed they should be," he qualifies.

Ratan's management philosophy is most evident in Telco.  "In fact Telco
is the first company in which I could actually do something," he says.
"In other companies, I was always put in a fire-fighting situation, but
as I said, in Nelco I learnt a lot.  "For the past decade, Ratan has
been working on making the truck manufacturer more responsive to
consumer needs.  Under Moolgaokar, Telco was a single product,
virtually a single model company.  Today, the product profile has
changed.  Now there are medium commercial vehicles, light commercial
vehicles and cars.  'l helped conceptualize the Sierra which, along
with the Estate, are the bridge, so to speak, between commercial
vehicles and passenger cars," explains Tata.  "The emphasis in
commercial vehicles is on durability and reliability, not on comfort
and finish.  In passenger cars people look for a different kind of
reliability and also for things like good finish, tight fits,
high-gloss finishes and good handling.  Telco had to choose between two
market segments--a low priced" high volume car for an upper range
product].  We chose to produce a large, up market car to international
standards.  This route is harder as the consumer here is paying more
and is therefore more demanding.  If a cheap car fails, one can say
that the model failed, whereas if an expensive car fails, the company's
image is on the block."

There were no dearth of people to predict its failure.  Tata was flying
against conventional wisdom, his people said.  Customers won't pay over
the top for these extras, they said, but Tat insisted.  He put in
central locking, electric windows and other features.  Buyers queued
up.

Thee strategy had the additional benefit of raising the engineering
standards in Telco's plants.  Mooigaokar had laid the foutadation but
Tara wanted to bring 'about an attitudinal change in acceptance levels
in the company.  It should lead to an entirely different concept of
dimensional tolerances in design."  Telco always had been slow off the
mark.  Now it's looking more streamlined, revved up.

Similarly, there's been a major turnaround at Tisco.  The biggest steel
producer in the private sector has always been i'egarded as an
excellent company, but under Ratan's management, its profits have risen
phenomenally.  These achievements combined with his skilful handling of
the controversies "bubbling within the group, have finally earned Tata
his corporate spurs.  Five years ago, other Tata executives used to be
lionized as 'powerhouses', 'leading lights', or 'great man managers',
whereas Ratan Tata, at best, was described as merely a 'decent human
being'.  Today, not only has he cast aside the shadow of Nelco and
Central India Mills, but proven himself in several corporate areas.  He
has out manoeuvred and vanquished some of India's most brilliant
strategists in bitter battles inside and outside the boardroom.  He has
pioneered the design and manufacture of a completely Indian multi-usage
car.  And he has earned acceptance from labour leaders after one of the
bloodiest management-worker showdowns in recent times.

Ratan finds it easiei" to hold his ground against the experts and stand
up for what he believes is the right strategy.  A few years ago, he
would have never said: "I think today there has to be a little more
than guidance--it has to be to provide some degree of stated direction
even if it is not dictated.  I think there is need to take some hard
decisions which doesn't come from guidance alone."

Success is knocking confidence into Ratan .... Appendix

Group sales for year ended March 1995: Rs 80bn

Core interests: Petrochemicals, synthetic yarns and textiles, financial
services, oil (on the anvil)

Major companies:

Reliance Industries, Reliance Capital, Mudra Communications, Reliance
Petroleum*, Reliance Polypropylene*-, Reliance Polyethylene** start up
concerns

-joint venture with C ltochu, Japan

Group sales for year ended March 1995: Rs 40bn

Core interests: Two-wheelers, three-wheelers, sugar, small electricais,
and special steels

Major companies:

Bajaj Auto, Bajaj Auto Finance, Bajaj Electricals, Bajaj Hindustan,
Mukand*

*in partnership with Viren Shah

Group sales for year ended March l qP5: Rs 150bn (including Rs 50bn
from companies overseas)

Core interests: Viscose staple fibre, palm oil, insulators, carbon
black, cement, aluminium, rayon filament yarn, flax, caustic soda and
financial services

Major companies in India:

Grasim, Hindalco, Indo-Gulf Fertilizers & Chemicals, Indian Rayon &
Industries, Century Textiles, Century Enka, Bharat Commerce, Jayshree
Tea, Kesoram Industries, Mangalam Cement, Renusagar Power, Mangalore
Refinery & Petrochemicals, Bida Growth Fund, Tanfac Industries, Bihar
Caustic & Chemicals

Main companies in Thailand:

Thai Rayon, Thai Carbon Black, lndo-Thai Synthetics

Century Textiles, Thai Polyphosphate & Chemicals, Thai

Peroxide, Thai Acrylic Fibre

Main companies in Indonesia:

PT Indo-Bharat Rayon, PT Elegant Textile, PT Indo Liberty

Textile

Company in Philippines:

Indo-Phil Textiles

Companies in Malaysia:

Pan Century Edible Oils, Pan Century Oleo Chemicals

Company in Egypt:

Alexandria Carbon Black

Group sales for year ended March lqO5: Rs 45bn

Core interests: Tyres, power, agribusiness, and telecommunications

Major companies:

CEAT, Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation, Phillips Carbon

Black, KEC International, ICIM, Harrisons Malayalam

Spencer & Company, HMV (The Gramophone Company of

India)

Company in Sri Lant:

Associated Ceat

Group sales for year ended March 1005: Rs 16bn Core interests: Tea,
batteries, engineering Major companies:

Deutsche Babcock, Dewrance Macneill & Company, Flender Macneill Gears,
Gegrg,e Williamson, India Foils,.  Kilburn Chemicals, Kilburn
Engineering, Kilbum Reprographics, Makun

Tea, McLeod Russei, McNally Bharat Engineering, Namdang Tea, Bishnauth
Tea, Eveready Industries (Union Carbide), Standard Batteries,
Williamson Magor

Group sales for year ended March 1995: Rs 35bn.

Core interests: Diamonds, real estate and construction, movies.  Major
companies in India:

BY Jewels, B Vijaykumar & Company, Bharat Associates, Donyipolo
Petrochemicals, Gujarat Pipavav Port, Horizon Battery Technologies,
Revlon Pen, Shanti Star Builders, Shantilal Lallubhai & Sons, Vijay
Star, VIP Enterprises, Vishal Chairs

Major company in Belgium:

Vijaydimon

Major company in Thailand:

BY Diamond Polishing Works

Group sales for year ended March 1995: Rs 240bn.  Coreinterests: Steel,
automobiles, power, chemicals, tea, hotels, textiles, engineering,
information services, financial services, cement, and watches Major
companies:

TIS CO TEL CO ACC, Tata Electric Companies (Andhra Valley Power, Tata
Hydro-Electric Power, Tata Power), Indian Hotels and the Taj Group of
Hotels, Lakm6 and Lakm6 Exports, Forbes Forbes Campbell & Company,
Gokak Patel Volkart, Tata Chemicals, Tata Tea, Nelco, Svadeshi Mills,
Tata Consultancy Services, Tata Exports, Tara Press, Tata Housing, Tata
Finance, Tata Sons, Tata Industries, Tata Unisys, Tata Honeywell, Tata
Telecom, Tata IBM, Tata Advance Materials, Investment Corporation,
Hi-tech Drilling, Titan, Rallis, Voltas

A Note on Sources

While the bibliography lists all the sources used in the writing of
this book, I would like here to acknowledge separately the many people
who helped me get a better insight and understanding of the business
maharajas and to single out some of the published sources which form
the backbone of individual chapters.

1o AM BANI

B.N. Umyal, an old and close friend of the Ambani family, provided
privileged information about aspects of many controversial events which
1 would not have otherwise known.  P,rofessors Sumantra Ghoshal and J.
Ramachandran's excellent study of Reliance's headlong growth during the
'80s and '90s is another key input.  The articles published in the
Indian Express by Arun Shourie and S. Gurumurthy were invaluable, as
was a profile of Dhirubhai Ambani written by the late Madhu Valluri
published in Society in July 1985, and H. Mehta's profile on Mukesh and
Anil Ambani which appeared in Gentleman in July 1986.

Few families are as open and frank as the Bajaj family, especially
Rahul Bajaj who very kindly let me wander at will through his Akurdi
plant and chat with senior executives, many of whom know him from the
'60s.  Most of this chapter is based on two such factory visits.  Uday
Kotak, head of the merchant bank Kotak Mahindra, Viren Shah, head of
Mukand Ltd and a political activist, and Pradip Shah, the former head
of CRI SIL and now George Soros's man in lndia, helped me acquire
another perspective.  Additionally, I would be remiss in not
acknowledging the interview of N.K. Firodia published in the Sunday
Observer of October 9, 1988, and Nitin Belle's elegant profile of Rahul
Bajaj which appeared in Gentleman, March 1988.

3. BIREA

Ironically and quite by chance, I spoke to the late Aditya Birla the
day before he left for Baltimore.  At the time, I didn't realize this
would be my last conversation with him.  As a freelance writer, I
covered his business career for over fifteen years, and every time I
requested information, he was extraordinarily kind and supportive,
always agreeing to an interview within a day of the request reaching
him.  This chapter therefore is an amalgam of many interviews spread
over a number of years.  I have also relied heavily on B.K. Birla's
autobiography'A Rare Legacy, TN.  Ninan's perceptive account of the
tensions in the Birla clan which appeared as a series of articles in
India Today between 1983 and 1988; and on interviews with Rajashree
Birla and Kumar Mangalam Birla.

More than any other chapter, with perhaps the exception of the Khaitan
one, this chapter owes itself wholly to its maharaja.  A born
story-teller, Rama Babu can't keep secrets and I have to admit that I
unabashedly egged him on, to the consternation of both Harsh and
Sanjiv.  Others who spoke candidly to me were

Paresh Vaish of McKinsey; S. Venkitramanan, former head of the Reserve
Bankof India; Vinod Doshi, head of Premier Auto; and Chander Dhanuka,
who put together the CESC deal.  Among the plethora of published
sources on the group on any given day, RPG Enterprises is mentioned at
least three dozen times in the pressChander Uday Singh's profile of the
Goenka brothers published in India Today of August 31, 1986 remains
outstanding.

5. KHAITAN

Initially I didn't have a clue about how to gain the confidence of the
elusive B.M. Khaitan--and I knew that unless I obtained it, I would not
be able to write this chapter.  At the same time I was determined to
write about a man for whom everyone has a pleasant word, about a man
who has to deal with terrorists on a daily basis, about a Unique
business of global size.  After some dubious arm-twisting, I managed to
get a toehold.  I would like to thank Harsh Goenka for obtaining my
entrde into Briju Babu's domain--and to stress that all the mistakes
are entirely mine.  Eventually, I spent two days shadowing the reticent
billionaire, interviewing his family and executives, and was
overwhelmed by his frank description about his childhood and his life
so far.  I also relied on Sanjoy Hazarika's Strangers of the Mist for
information on ULFA, and on Stephanie Jones' account of Khaitan's
dealings with Lord Inchcape published in Merchants of the Raj.  When I
stumbled, Nantoo Banerjee of Business Standard pointed out the correct
track to tread.

Very little is known about the world of the diamantaires and almost all
the material used in the chapter was provided by the Shah brothers
themselves.  Murli Deora chipped in with some insights, and Professor
Pankaj Ghemwat of the Harvard Business School kindly allowed me to see
the proofs of a forthcoming study on the Indian diamond trade.

7. TATA

The Tata group is perhaps the best documented of all Indian business
houses.  Pick up any copy of Business India and you will be spoiled for
choice by the stories on the group.  However, "Ratan Tara: Living in
Today's World' by Nazneen Karmali and A.B. Ravi which appeared in
Business lndia, June 19, 1995 is perhaps the most comprehensive account
of Tata's corporate philosophy.  Given the sheer volume of information
available on the Tatas, the list provided in the bibliography at the
back of this book is limited to those works actually drawn upon in the
text.  Apart from these published sources, I could not have written
this chapter without Sailesh Kottary's invaluable aid, data provided by
the Tata Group's media relations department and interviews with two
Tata executives, Homi Sethna and Raju Bhinge.

Select Bibliography

Books

Gates, B. The Way Ahead  London: Viking, 1995.

Herdeck, M & Piramal, G..India 'slndustrialists.  Washington: Three

Continents Press, 1985.

Salve, N.K.P. The Story of the Reliance Cup.  New Delhi: Vikas

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Bida, K.K. Indira Gandhi Reminiscences.  New Delhi: Vikas, 1987.

Burman, Debajyoti.  The Mystery of Birla House.  Calcutta, 1957;

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Interprint, 1987.

Jaju, Ram Niwas.  G. D. Birla---A Biography.  New Delhi: Vikas

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Juneja, M. M. The Mahatma and the Millionaire.  Modern Publishers,

1993.

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Lakhotia, R. N. Towards Better Living.  New Delhi: Asha Publishing

House, 1992.

Parekh, Kishore.  G.D. Birla--His Deeds and Dream..  New Delhi:
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Heinemann, 1983.

Rao, P. Chentsal.  B.M. Birla---His Deeds & Dreams.  New Delhi:

Arnold-Heinemann (India) Pvt.  Ltd

Piramal, G. & Herdeck, M. India'slndustrialists.  Washington DC:
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Ramachandran, K. S. Scanning the Seam.  New Delhi: Neo Publishing

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Ramanujam, K. S. Glimpses of a Prince among Patriots.  Sundara

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Shankar, Gauri.  To man, to Country and to God--Biography of M. P.
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Articles

Almeida, M. "Century Rayon--The drain of death', Business India,

March 29, 1993, pp125-7.

Arkay.  "Aditya Birla's brush with the masters', Afternoon Despatch &

Courier, September 28, 1990.

Bajaj, R. "Aditya, my friend', Business Today, October 7, 1995, pl0.
Banerjea, Sumita.  "G.  D. Birla: I'm trrying to be a good guy,"
Society, July,

1983.

Banerjee, N. "Birlas lead scramble for Vizag Steel', Business Standard,
August 13, 1991;

"Birlas win accolades from Thai PM', Business Standard, November 22,
1994.

Banerjee, 1. "Kesoram Rayon factory: The invisible menace," India
Today,

June 30, 1984.

Basu, B. "A.V. Birla to revive Eastern Spinning', Economic Times, May

15, 1994.

Behara, Meenakshi.  "The quiet rise of Aditya Birla," Business India,
May 7, 1984, pp52-62;

"Aditya Biria: Big plans', Business World, April 8, 1992, p27;
"Grasim's big plans', Business World, April 8, 1992, p28.

Bhandari G. & Kedai, A. "Spinning a good yarn', Business Today,

February 22, 1992, p107.

Bhanu, T. "Birlas overtaking ACC in cement', Financial Express, April

20, 1990.

Bhargava, A. "India's most cash-rich companies', Business World, May
5,

1993, pp14-23.

Bhaskar, R. N. "Aditya Birla trips?"  Financial Express, April 6,
1990.

Birla, Aditya.  Speech delivered on March 22, 1994 at Euromoney
Conference in New Delhi;

"We will get more aggressive', Business World, April 4, 1993, p26; "We
are not a company without a soul', Business World, April 8, 1992,
pp26-27;

"One has to be realistic', Sunday, December 23, 1990, pp51-2; "My
experience of Indian management and present business environment', S.
Anantharamkrishnan lecture, Bombay, October, 1990; "Needed: A truly
private sector', Sunday Times of India, December 29, 1991;

"Pre-budget meeting with the finance minister', memo, March, 1990; "The
government is destroying this wealth', Independent, May 5, 1990;
"Globalising Indian industry for the next century', Dateline,
December

I5, 1994;

"Potholes on the road to globalisation', Sunday Observer, September 18,
1994.

Birla, B.K. "I am keen to expand', Sunday, June 17, 1990, pp57-60;

"Backroom Birla', Business World, October 24, 1990, pp81-87.

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Bombay, "Indian Masters badminton bonanza', December 7, 1983, p46;

"Making a scene', June 22, 1989, pp24-9.

Bose, A. "B.K. Birla The doyen turns 70', Business Standard, January

12, 1991.

Bose, J. "B.K. "Birla plans steel plant at Kharagpur', Telegraph,
December

17, 1991.

Bose, K. "Basant Kumar Birla--Rites of passage', Economic Times,
April

20, 1990.

Bose, M. "Birla Tyres----On a disaster road', Business India, August
16,

1993, pp89-91;

"K.  K. Birla's Texmaco--Derailed', Business India, October 24, 1994,

pp74-6.

Business & Political Observer, "US Exim Bank loan for Grasim sponge
iron unit', November 9, 1990.

Business India, "Egyptian Venture', September 2, 1991, p16;

"G.D. Birla: A patriarch passes away', June 20, 1983, pp50-1.;

"Century--The bluest of the blue-chips', May 15, 1978, p22-31;

"HRDTime for a turnabout', October 28, 1991, p172;

"Aditya Birla's new venture', July 18, 1990, p112;

"Egyptian Venture', September 2, 199l, p16;

"Into the black?"  February 28, 1994, p12;

Business Standard, "Aditya Birla group revives plan to enter steel
sector',

October 21, 1994;

"A.V. Bida one up on family rival', July 1, 1988;

"Birla co among top 10 exporters in Malaysia', August 30, 1986;

"Birlas take the lead in cement production', September 3, 1991;

"Birla settlement comes apart', January 31, 1987;

"Birla family accord on Grasim, Hindalco'.  August 27, 1987;

"Birlas make new bid for division of family empire'.  May 5, 1987;

I "Cement industry price war hots up', April 15, 1986;

"Sarala Birla: Centenary Star', November 14, 1t.94;

"Cos.  put Euro-issues on hold', July 8, 1992;

"Four firms short-listed for Mangalore refinery', November 20, 1986;
"Gas price uncertainty stalls sponge iron units', January 18, 1985;

"Grasim in focus for steadiness', May 28, 1987;

"Gwalior Rayon unit in Kerala to reopen', September 16, 1988; "Gwalior
Rayon unit not to be nationalised', March 23, 1988;

"Indian Rayon gets LI for hydrogen peroxide unit', October 8, 1988; "L.
N. Birla dies in London', August 31}, 1994;

"Reopening of Ashok Paper bogged down', August 29, 1986;

"Indian Rayon offers to buy Hanuman Cotton Mills', January 23, 1990;

"Kankaria group buys Hanuman Cotton Mills', February 7, 1990;
"Malaysian credit refused for palm oil purchases', August 19, 1992;
"Mangalore refinery decision by February', December 28, 1989; "Shares
of Birla cos.  flare', July 18, 1987;

"Widespread buying in equities of Birla cos."  July 10, 1987;

"Birlas take the lead in cement production', September 3, 1991;
Business Today, "The BT 500--India's most valuable companies', August

22, 1995, p122.

Business World, "The king is keen', March 24, 1993, p12;

"Birla's petro-plans', March 8; 1995, p208;

"Aditya Birla's new venture--Pulp plant in Haryana', July 18, 1990,
pl12;

"MBAs need prior work experiencemPanel discussion' October 19, 1994,
p42f.  Capital, "The empire that GD built', April 16, 1984, pp19-55.
Chatterjee, D. "Kumar Mangalam Birla: His father's son', Times
oflndia,

October 14, 1995.

Chawla, Prabhu.  "Ind.o-Gulf--A soured dream', India Today, January
11,

1986, pp74-6.

Corporate Finance (UK), "Grasim's market reopener', December 1994,

p38.

Da.gli, Vadilal.  "A maker of modefh industrial India," Commerce, June
25,

1983, pp 1044-52.

Dasgupta, S. "B.K. Birla--A new spirit is abroad', Business Standard,

August 4, 1985.

Class, B. "Kesoram's new lease of life', Business Today, March 7,
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p5of.

Datta, E. "An evening in homage to an empire-builder', Business

Standard, November 11, 1994.

Dewani, M. D. "Birla group widening horizon', Mid-day, February 21,
1985;

"Gwalior Rayon t( set up Rs 100cr sponge iron plant', Financial
Express, March 28, 1984.  Dey, T. "After GD what?"  Surya India, July
1, 1983, pp35-9.  Dubashi, J. "The buzzings of the corporate bazaar',
Sunday Obserw'r,

October 4, 1987.

Durra, P. "Grasim: The tiger's choice', Timesoflndia, November 24,

1995.

Dutta, S. "Chloride Industries--Up the creek', Business India, August
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"Chloride India--Endgame', Business India, November 22, I q93, p71.

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Economic Times,"A mixed bag' "May 27,1991; "Aditya Birla recovering',
June 10, 1995; "Birla shares in demand', July 18, 1987;

"Birlas chosen for M'lore refinery', February 3, 1987;

"Birla group acquires pulp project in Russia', December 14, 1994;
"Birla likely to set up steel plant at Haldia', June 6, 1992;
"Extensive damage to machinery', November 4, 1988;

"Failure to reopen Gwalior RayonNayanar govt flayed', February 13,
1988;

"Grasim md seeks approval', September 21, 1989;

"Grasim shelves Rs 225cr picture tube shell project', July 26, 1991;
"Grasim launches HBI plant near Bombay', April 2, 1993; "Grasim signs
Moll with Mexican firm', May 3, 1989;

"Grasim, MP govt sign Moll for 1,000 MW plant', October 30, 1994;
"HPC-lndian Rayon pact signed', June 27, 1987;

"Indian Rayon float $125m Euro equity issue', January 4, 1994; "Indian
Rayon GDR offering oversubscribed by 13 times', January 26, 1994;

"Gwalior Rayon to revive Ashok Paper', February 23, 1985; "Mavoor Rayon
workers on warpath', March 5, 1988; "Mangalore Refinery', February 9,
1987;

"PIB clears Mangalore Refinery, 5 power projects', December 1, 1990; '
Rs 30cr project in jeopardy', May 22, 1991; "Snags in partition of
Birla assets', April 17, 1987;

"Tidco signs Moll with Grasim for Rs 3,300 crore mega steel plant',
March 22, 1995;

'26-year-old son to take over from Aditya Birla', December 31, 1993;

Economic Times editorial, "Indian MNCs', November 26, 1994.

Financial Express, "A.V. Birla buys 55 per cent stake in Russian rayon
company', December 14, 1994;

"Birla's 4th subsidiary in Philippines', December 6, 1991;

"Century Textiles plans Rs 60Oct pig iron plant', December 20, 1994;
"Grasim Euroissue awaits govt approval', April 23, 1994; "Grasim sponge
iron unit by mid-1992', September 21, 1989; "Mavoor pact', February 16,
1989;

"Retrenchment in Mavoor Rayons hinted at', January 3, 1989;

"Which Birla is the best?"  April 10, 1989;

"Kumar Mangalam: New captain for Century in making?"  February 8,

1990.

K. "BITS--Knowledge is power supreme', Span, October, 1988,

p2f.  Gabrani,

Ghani, A. H. "Zenith--A fresh lease of life', Business World, January
27,

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Gupta, M. "Kumar Mangalam Birla--I've got very sharp ca and eyes',

Sunday, January 27, 1991, pp64-6.

Gupta, S. D. "GP-CK Birla Group--On a new road', Business World,

November 4, 1992, pp50-5.

Gupta, S. "Texmaco: Crash landing', Business WorM, September 9, 1992,

pp 56-7.

Gum, S. & Maiira, D. "Aditya Birla The no-risk gambler', Business

Today, July 22, 1992, p43f.

Illustrated Weekly of India, "Jugal Kishore Birla (1883-1967)', March
28,

1971, ppl 1-13.

Indian Express, "Birlas to invest $55m in Philippines', November 20,

1987;

"Birla's Thai mission', March 7, 1994.

India Today, Master copycat', October 31, 1990, p 192.

Jack, lan.  "The King is dead," Sunday, June 26, 1983.

Jayakar, R. "Managing Eurosuccess', Business Today, May 22, 1994,

pp44-5.

Joshi, Anjali.  "A business tycoon takes up the brush' "Sunday
Observer,

September 30, 1990.

Kamath, M. V. "G.D. Birla--The business of freedom', Times of India,

March 15, 1987.

Kartha, S. "The idle chimneys of Mavoor', Sunday, March 27, 1988.
Katiyar, Arun.  "Making a scene', Bombay, June 22, 1989, pp24-29.
Kamani, R. "Century Enka--The wages of parsimony', Business India,

August 15, 1994, pp122-3.

Khairullah, H. "Bidas' brightest star', Illustrated Weekly oflndia,
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20, 1983, p17.

Kumar, S. "Kumar Mangalam taking over reins in Birla empire',

Economic Times, December 31, 1993;

"Lavish wedding invites I-T men', Times oflndia, June 14, 1989.
Lakhotia, R. N. "Working with the Birlas', Business World, June 17,

1992, p134.

Lala, A. R. "Four projects in WB cleared---2 steel units', Telegraph,

January 2, 1995.

Maitra, D. "EuroissuesAIl in the family', Business Today, May 7, 1993,
p14;

"S.K. Birla G-roup----Weighed down by heavy debt', Business Today, May
7, 1993, pp.54-61.

Marco.  "Is it patronage?"  Economic Times, March 5, 1989.

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Mathai, P. "Birlas---High Honour', India Today, August 31, 1989,
pp82-9.

Mathew, G. "Son to rise on Birla group horizon', Indian Express,
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9, 1995.

Mathur, R. "Aditya Birla planning $200m overseas ventures', Financial

Express, March 23, 1994.

Mayur, A. K. "Thailand--A rebuff to rayons', Probelndia, July 82,

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Mitra, K. "Birla Tyres: A fresh lease', Businesslndia, April 11, 1994,
p21.

Mukherjee, S. "Sanjiv Goenka--Born tough', Sunday, September 1, 1991,

p45.

Nagarajan, U. "Hindalco: Back on the road', Business World, August
11,

1993, p83.

Nair, G. V. "Deadlock at Mavoor', Business Standard, November 9,
1986.

Narayan, S. & Ethiraj, G. "Kumar Mangalam--The grooming of a young

Birla', Business World, November 2, 1994, p34f.

Nikkei Weekly, quoted in the Economic Times, "Aditya Birla group sees
potential in Southeast Asia', May 5, 1995.

Ninan, TN.  "Empire in.  transition India Today, July 15, 1983,
pp98-107; "Slicing up the cake', India Today, September 30, 1986,
pp127-9; "The grand partition', India Today, September 30, 1987,
pp104-5.

Pal, A. "S.K. Birla--An alliance powered to win', Business Standard,

February 21, 1988.

Parmanand, B. "Indian Rayon in power venture', Economic Times,

September 25, 1993.

Pillai, S. "Grasim industries--A disastrous closure', India Today,
August

31, 1987, pp98-100.

Piramal, G: "Indian multinationals: Girdling the globe, slowly',
Economic

Times, May 17, 1991;

"The Big Birla', Business World, February 28, 1990, pp58-67;
"Hindalco's bright sheen', Business World, May 24, 1989, p35; "Fast
food history--The Emissary, G.D. Birla, Gandhi and Independence by
Alati Ross', Business World, October 26, 1986, p63; "Grasim--Twists to
the Rs 300 crore quickie', BusinesLs" World, June 15, 1994, p122

"The rising stars of Indian business', Bombay, December 7, 1990,

pp20-5;

"Ashok Birla--Back in business', Bombay, September 7, 1988,

pp28-31 ;

"Birla family--Divided but prospering', Forbes.  July 24, 19q9, p210;
"India's young inheritors', Worm Executive's Digest, July, 1987,
pp16-21;

"Ashok Birla--A man ahead of his time', Times" of india, February 17,
1990;

"Speculation pushes Hindalco GDR price down', Economic Times, July 10,
1994;

"What comes down in the West goes up in India', Financial Times,
September 13, 1989;

"Grasim Industries to tap market with Rs 650m issue', Financial Times,
December 10, 1988;

"Grasim takes a quiet leap up the ranks', Financial Times, February 28,
1990;

"Rahul Bajaj appointed as new chairman of Zenith', Financial Times,
March 16, 1990;

"Investing in India's economic future', Financial Times, November 28,
1990;

"Head of Rs 8bn Birlagroup dies', Financial Times, August 1, 1990; "The
warring business clans of India', Worm Executive's Digest, February
1989, pp28-30;

"India's young inheritors', World Executive's Digest, July, 1987,
pp16-21;

"Century Textiles may discount GDR price', Economic Times, September
21, 1994;

"Grasim GDR may fetch premium', Economic Times, June 9, 1994.  Prasad,
G. "Dynasty', Society, August, 1994, pp43-9.

Roy, Abhijit.  "Chloride's battery of changes', Business Today, October
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Roy, Subir.  "The House that G.D. Birla Built," Telegraph, June.  26,
1983.

Roy, Subrata.  "The house that BK built', Business World, October 24,
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"Backroom Birla', Business World, October 24, 1990, p86;

"Birlas: The reorganization', Business India, June 15 1987, p59.
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Sahjwala, D."  et al.  "Aditya Birla, the man, his vision', Dalai
Street

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Sasankaran, R. "Mangalore Refinery', Economic Times, February 9,
1987.

Satyanarayan, S. "Bidas plan $400m expansion in Thailand', Indian
Express, November 25, 1994;

"Big in Bangkok', Mid-day, November 25, 1994;

"Birlas to expand Thai business', Telegraph, February 16, 1995;
"Thailand may penalise Indian cos.  for dumping', Economic Times, lune
1, 1994.

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Sen, S. "Faces of the future' Business India, September 16, 1991,

pp46-52.

Sharina, S. "C.K. Birla--Shifting into higher gear', Business World,

February 21, 1996, pp58-64.

Shekhar, S. "The top-notchers', Business World, March 27, 1991, pp55-9.
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Sinha, D. "GP-C.K. Birla: On a new road', Business World, November 4,

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Singh, K. "With Malice Towards One and All," Mid-day, February 1,

1982.

Solitaire, "Kirtilal Manilal Mehta--The boy who built an empire',
May,

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Srinivasan, L. "A portrait of the CEO as an artist', Business World,

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Sunday Observer, "Big sell-out by LDF govt', October 30, 1988:
Sunderesan, S. "Kumar Mangalam Birla: On the threshold', Times of

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Suri, S. "Grasim's GDR issue success reaffirms faith in Indian
paper',

Economic Times, June 14, 1994.

Tellis, O. "Wedded to wealth', Sunday, July 2, 1989, p75;

"Discovered, an artist in hiding', Business Standard, October 6,
1990.

Thakore, D. "How Century plans to keep flying high," Business World,
March 26, 1984;

"G.D. Birla--A legend in his lifetime," Business World, March 20, 1981,
pp28-41;

"Ashok Birla--The rebel Birla makes good', Business World, October 28,
1985, p42f.

Thomas, E. "Aditya Birla, building on a fortune', Business India,

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Times oflndia, "Kumar Mangalam elected chairman of 4 key Birla firms',
October 2(/, 1995;

"Kumar Mangalam Birla appointed chairman of MRIL", October 27, 1995;

"Malaysian palm oil losing charm', April 11, It)gg.

Toshniwal, J. "Grasim--On the threshold of growth', Update, October 3
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Other Literature

Company brochures, press releases, pamphlets and annual reports.

Brla Group, '25years of Birla-Thai Economic Alliance', full page
advertisement in the Times oflndia, December 13, 1994.

Century Textiles and Industries Ltd Preliminary Offering Circular,
September 7, 1994;

Paribas Capital Markets, Company profile--Century Textiles, September,
1994 Essar Gujarat Offering Circular, July 29, 1993, pp27-8.  Grasim
Industries Ltd, Prospectus, December 12, 1988;

Grasim Industries Ltd Offering Circular, June 9, 1994;

Grasim A Profile of Success

Barclays de Goete Wedd, Company profile--Grasim Industries, May,
1994;

Barclays de Goete Wedd, Company profile--Grasim Industries, January,
1995.

Indo-Gulf Fertilizers and Chemicals Corporation Ltd, Offering Circular,
January 18, 1994; lndo-Gulf Fertilizers---A profile; lndo-Gulf
Fertilizers and Chemicals Corporation Ltd----Golden Harvest

Barclays de Goete Wedd, Company profile--Indo-Gulf Fertilizers.  Indian
Rayon and Industries Ltd, GDR Preliminary Offering Circular,

January 15, 1994.

We Keep the Wheel Moving Nationally and Internationally.  Brochure of

B.K. Birla Group, Bombay: nd.

Words to Remember.  Published by G.D. Birla Group, Bombay, 1983.  India
Developing.  Published by G.D. Birla Group, Bombay, 1983.  Partners in
Progress.  Published by Ashok Birla Group, Bombay, nd.

Videos

Rajiv Mehrotra (director), "G.D. Birla.  Adventure of a Quest',
produced by Birla Academy of Art and Culture, Calcutta.

Grasim Industries Ltd--A Record of Sustained Progress.  June, 1994.
Century Textiles and Industries Ltd, Septerflber 7, 1994.

Books

Goenka, R. P. indira Priyadarshni.  Bombay: R.P. Goenka,

Kochanek, Stanley.  Busines.  anti Politics in India.  Berkeley:
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Nanda, HP.  The Days of My Years.  Viking: New Delhi, l t)q2.

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Timberg, Thomas A. The Marwaris.  New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House

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Articles

Abdi, S.NM.  "The great scramble', Illustrated Weekly of India,
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21, 1990, p42f.

Bamsai, S. "RPG Group Masters of their destiny', Dalai Street
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January 9, 1995, pp25-7.

Banerjie, Indranii.  "Dunlop India--Containing the coup', India
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Basu, B. "The Haldia Effect', Business Standard, January 14, 1990.

Basu, Debashish.  "Gramophone Co's new song', Business World, April 25,
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"Gramco--The Bose phenomenon', Update, April 4, 1986, pp52-3.

Bhagat, Mukarram, "Dunlop India--Bumpy ride ahead', Business India,
August 8, 1988, p46;

"RPG Enterprises Back in the takeover game', Business India, October 3,
1988, pp60-1.

Bist, R. "Ceat Lid--Wheel deal', Business India, September 27, 1993,

p21.

Bose, A. "A raider in Victoria House', Sunday, April 16, 1989,
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Bose, M. "RPG Telecom--Right numbers', Business India, February 28,
1994, pp97-8;

"Remington Rand--A turn for the better.  , Business Indta, February 4,
1991, p43;

"Gramophone Company--ln good voice again', Business India, May 1, 1989,
pp69-71;

"CESC--Powering ahead', Business India, April 1, 1991, pp60-2. Business
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February 13, 1991.

Businesslndia, PAL Up for grabs', May 23, 1983, pp54-55.

Business Standard, "Basu announces lease of 2 gas turbines to CESC',
January 6, 1991;

"The house that Goenka tuilt," May 10, 1981.

Business World, "Asian Cables: Going strong', December 4, 1991, pSl;
"Ceat--Enter Goenkas', December 7, 1981, pp52-3; "Wooing an RPG man',
September 13, 1989, p128; "Dunlop---Higher stakes', February 18, 1985,
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"RPG's prize catch', August 26, 1992, p16;

"The front-line aspirations ofG.P. Goenka," March 15, 1982. Chatterjee,
Gouri.  "Talking to the takeover king', Business Standard, June

30, 1985.

Chatterjee, S.K. "CESC--Power brokers', Sunday, April 12, 1992, pp92-3.
Chawla, P. "The business blackdist', India Today, July 31, 1986,
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Cherian, Dilip, "The return of the raiders', Business India, April 4,
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"Tyres--Goenka spins ahead', Business India, January 14, 1985,
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Datta, Ella.  "Sanjiv Goenka--A low-profile corporate czar', Business

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Doshi, J. "Ceat fund management: In whose interest?"  June 11, 1990.
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pp83-9.

Economic Scene, Dunlop Selling the family castle', November 1, 1983.

Financial Express "Murphy to be merged with Ceat', December 23, 1989;
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Fisher, M. "Ceat finalises takeover of Murphy India', Independent,
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27, 1990.

Ghosh, A. "ICIM: Back in form', Business World, February 12, 1992,

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Ghosh, Shekhar.  "Searle India--Butachlor blocked', Business India,

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Goenka, R.P. "Goenka's Haidia plan', Update, February 7, 1986, p50;
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raids and raiders', India Today, April 15, 1986, p99.

Goenka, Sanjiv.  "Looking beyond business', Business World, July 3,
1991, pp34-35;

"The Indian woman', Society, October, 1989, p89.

Guha, B. "HMV---Songs of experience', India Wee My (UK), May 12,

1995.

Gupta, SD.  "RPG Enterprises Back in business', India Today,

November 15, 1988, pp118-123.

Gupta, Sujoy.  "No pipe dreams Business World, May 20, 1992, pp25-30;
"Raid raj revisited', Business World, April 11, 1988, p78;

"ICIM: Looking for a White knight', Business World, September 10, 1988,
p65;

"Harrisons Malayalam--Rise and shine', Business World, November 21,
1990, pp56-66;

Select Bibliography / 439

"Dunlop---Changing equations', Business World, August 17, 1988, p28.
Independent, "PM to meet Goenka in Calcutta', December 21, 1990. Indian
Express, "Ceat: Subsidiaries liberally milk the cash cow', March

11, 1991.

Karmali, Nazneen.  "Searle India--A planned exit', Business India,

February 15, 1993, p72.

Kasbekar, Kiron & Roy, Subrata.  "The Goenka split', Business India,

January 18, 1982, pp40-55.

Katiyar, Arun.  "Kamani Engineering Corporation---The plot thickens,"

Bombay, December 7, 1983.

Khan, S.H. "S.S. Nadkami--A model technocrat', Business India,

February 13, 1995, p41.

Kottary, Sailesh.  "The Goenka connection: Ceat's turning point,
Business

WorM, May 9, 1983.

Kumar, Avi.  "Harrisons Malayalam--Profits up, vistas widen', The
Week,

November 4, 1990, p44.

Kurnar, K.G. "Harrisons Malayalam---Striving to be the best', Business
India, February 18, 1991, p82;

"Harrisons Malayalam--Waking up', Business India, March 6, 1989, pSO;

"Harrisons Malayalam--The Guinness connection', Business India,
September, 19, 1988, pp77-8.

Kuttappan, L. "RPG-Ricoh: , fight to fax', Business India, October
25,

1993, p65.

Laha, Ashoke.  "GCI's musci al comeback', Business World, July 4,
1990,

pl2f.

Mathai, P.G. "Tyres--Taking a spin', India Today, February 28, 1985,

pl16.

Maitra, D. "Spencer & Co---Trading its past for its future', Business
Today, February 7, 1994, pp38-40;

"Ceat Tyres---New directions', Business India, December 25, 1990,
pp69-73;

"Murphy-Ceat: Murma moves house', Businesslndia, October 29, 1990, p76.
Mitra, M. "New takers for Haldia?"  Independent, December 20, 1989.
Mittra, K. "G.P. Goenka--Making of a mega corp Business India,

January 16, 1995, ppl13-5.

Mukerjea, D.N. "HMVmMastering old times', Business World, April 22,

1992, pp43-4.

Mukerjee, Sourav.  "Sanjiv Goenka--Born tough', Sunday, September 1,

1991, pp45-47.

Murthy, R.C. "Ceat set to take over Nirlon', Business Standard,

November 14, 1987.

Nadkarni, Shirish.  "ICIM--Not far-sighted enough?"  Sunday Observer,

October 16, 1988.

Nair, Mohan.  "Ceat--Treading a new path', Economic Times Corporate
Dossier, December 7, 1990;

"Murphy India to close down as staff accepts new VRS', April 27,
1994.

Narayan, Sanjoy.  "Nusli Wadia: Corporate samurai', Business World,
July 28, 1993, pp19-25;

"The restructuring of RPG Enterprises', Business World, October 6,
1993, pp26-35.  Newsday, "Ceat gets a ticket to nowhere', June 25,
1993.

Ninan, TN.  "Nirlon--Wary suitors', India Today, December 15, 1987,
p149;

"FICCI--Unseemly quarrel', India Today, June 15, 1985, p123; "Tax
raids---New fervour', India Today, April 15, 1988, pp105-6;
"FICCI--Chambers of conflict', India Today, December 15, 1985,
pp89-91.

Padmanabhan, M. "Spencer changes hands', Sunday, January 15, 1989,

pp60-1.

Pal, A. & Nandi, S. "Remington Rand--A takeover true to type',
Business

Standard, January 6, 1991.

Pal, A. & Dasgupta, S. "HMV--Remarrying mammon and muse',

Business Standard, December 15, 1985.

Patherya, Mudar.  "Ceat: Good going', Business World, June 3, 1992,
p103.

Piramal Gita.  "Top twenty business houses: Staying ahead', Economic
Times, September 29, 1989;

"A pat on the back is important to me', Economic Times, January 24,
1989;

"Harsh Vardhan Goenka: The boy with the silver spoon', Bombay, November
22, 1987, pp18-23;

"Indian tyre companies', Financial Times, March 27, 1992; "Cracker
projects fuel competition', Financial Times, May 27, 1990; "Plain
sailing for jinxed scheme--Haldia complex', Financial Times, November
2, 1989;

"W.  Germans plan Indian naphtha plant', Financial Times, January 25,
1989;

"Goenka--Powering into a window of opportunity', Financial Times, July
19, 1991);

"G.P. Goenka--Out of the shadows', Economic Times Corporate

Select Bibliography / 441

Dossier, March 8, 1991.

Piramal, G."  et al.  "The great company bazaar', Sunday, December
18,

1988, p32.

Raman, Anand.  "Dunlop-Crucial moves', India Today, August 15, 1988,

p92.

Ram aswamy, J. "Changing of the guards at Kamanis', Sunday Obersver,

December 11, 1983.

Ravi, A.B. "The reincarnation of Murphy', Island, October, 1990,
pp60-1.

Roy, Abhijit.  "Changing course', Business Today, June 22, 1992,
pp34-45; *R.P. Goenka--Seeking new frontiers', Economic Times Corporate
Dossier, October 27, 1989;

"Remington Rand', Economic Times" Corporate Dossier, February 1,
1991;

"Gramophone CFinding its voice', Economic Times Corporate

Dossier, April 13, 1990.

Roy, Subrata.  "Rama Prasad Goenka--A saga of empire building',

Business India, January 11, 1988, pp38-48.

Sanandakumar, S. "Murphy India in trouble again', Sunday Observe3

October 4, 1992.

Sarkar, Aroon.  ICIM--A full dimension', Business India, August 16,

1 1993, p.21

Sarkar, Avi.  "The big rush', The Week, January 7, 1990, p.46.

Sharma, Rahul.  "ICIM--Small is better', Business India, July 23,
1990,

pp79-81.

Singh, Chander Uday.  "Premier Automobiles--A takeover drive', India
Today, December 15, 1982, p130;

"The Goenkas, corporate raiders', India Today, August 15, 1984, p80f.
Srinivasan, T.S. "What's in store for Spencer?"  Business Standard,

January 29, 1989.

i Sunday Observer, "RPG group set to make waves', July 27, 1987;

"Smart money--The business of making it big in Calcutta', November

17, 1991.

Telegraph, "RPG vs Sen--Charges and challenges on power front',

September 27, 1995.

Tellis, Olga.  "India Polyfibres: The bonanza that never was',
Sunday,

February 21, 1988, p60f.

Thakurta, Paranjoy Guha.  "The Dunlop Takeover', Update, January 22,
1985;

"West Bengal--Basu's perestroika',lndia Today, April 15,1990, pp82-4.

Thomas, C.P. "BIFR rejects Ceat's plea for I-T certificate', Economic
Times, April 8, 1993;

"Murphy India union moves court on Ceat's Moll with FGP', August 12,
1993;

"Murphy TO seeks action against Ceat', July 6, 1993.

Thomas, E. "Aditya Birla, building on a fortune', Business India,

December 24, 1990, p60.

Times oflndia, "Murphy union to contest closure', August 11, 1992.
Vasuki, S.N. "ICIM: Uncertain at the top', Business India, January
25,

1988, pp79-81.

Venkatesh, R.S. "Privatisation in UP--A bold experiment', Business

India, October 29, 1990, pp85-7.

Vijayraghavan, R. "Enfield Electronics---RPG makes a bid', Sunday,
July

9, 1989, pp57-8.

Other Literature

Company brochures, press releases, pamphlets, annual reports.

CESC GDR Offering Circular, 1

Duncan Group Profile (Pamphlet published by J.P. Goenka Group and

Companies, anon, nd.)

The Duncan World of Textiles.  Published by Swan Mills, Lid, nd.
Khanna, T. "RPG Enterprises', Harvard Business School, N9-796-I 11,

January 12, 1996.

"Life Sketch of Rai Bahadur Sir Badridas Goenka."

Romance of the Road--Ceat Tyres of India.  Brochure published by Ceat

Tyres.

Singh, Khushwant.  The Power and The Sword: Asian Cables--The First

25 Years: 1959-1984.

"Write-up on the G.P. Goenka Group of Companies."

"Write-up on the late K.P. Goenka."

KHAITAN

Books

Birla, B.K.A Rare Legacy Bombay: Image Incorporated, 1994.  Hazarika,
Sanjoy..Strangers of the Mist.  New Delhi: Viking, 1994 Jones,
Stephanie.  Merchants oftheRaj.  London: Macmillan Press, 1992.  Pugh,
Peter.  Williamson Magor Stuck to Tea.  Cambridge Business

Publishing, 1991.

Select Bibliography / 443

Articles

Ahmed, F. "Assam losing business', India Today, July 31, 1993, pp78-9.
Bakshi S. & Ganguly, T. "Dangerous designs', The Week, April 29,
1990.

Banerjee, N. "A helping hand for Metal Box', Business Standard, January
12, 1986;

"McLeod off load investments to protect projected EPS', Business
Standard, May 24, 1995;

"Perils of issue pricing in a depressed market', Business S[andard, May
4, 1995;

"Elecon Madras unit falls into Magor lap', Business Standard,
September, 19, 1994;

"Khaitan-Birla deal to benefit McNally Bharat', Business Standard,
April 9, 1989.

Banerjee, N. & Dasgupta, S. "Williamson Magor gears up to hike battery
market share', Business Standard, February 14, 1995.

Banerjee, N. & Fernandes, S. "McLeod issue mops up 103 per cent
subscription', Business Standard, June 6, 1995.

Basu, B. & Pal, A. "Winning bid for Union Carbide may be Rs 200250cr',
Economic Times, September 9, 1994;

"McLeod Russell may drop Euroissue', Economic Times September 13,
1994.

Basu, B. "McLeod seeks bigwigs' helping hand in hour of need', Economic
Times, May 26, 1995;

"Khaitans seeking light aircraft for captive use', Economic Times, June
23, 1994;

"Magor revamp to turn Makum, Namdang into investment firms, Economic
Times, June 21, 1994;

' Metal Box units to be sold', Business Standard, July 10, 1990.

Basu, D. "Macneill & Magor', Update, May 9, 1986, pp44-9.

Bose, A. "ULFA summons tea majors', Business Standard, June 15, 1990.
Bose, J. "B.M. Khaitan acquiring 7 per cent stake in Nestle',
Economic

Times, August 29, 1992.

Bose, M. "UCIL: Gaining brand equity', Business India, October 10,
1994, p21;

"The Dooars of success', Business India, July 4, 1994, pp134-6;

"A stronger brew', Business lndia, February 13, 1995, pp98-105.  Bose,
R. "Racing to get ahead of the pack', Economic Times, August 26,

1994.

Business and Political Observer, "P.K. Mahanta', December 13, 1990.
Business Standard editorial, "Reviving Metal Box', February or 1989.
Business Standard, "Bankers blame MB for revamp plan deadlock' and

 s ,"MB defends action', July 21, 1988;

'2 bids for MB foreign stake', October 11, 1988;

"B.M. Khaitan bags UCIL in biggest corporate deal', September 9,
1994;

"B.M. Khaitan group set to take over Metal Box', December 5 1985;
"Funding the Union Carbide takeover', May 18, 1995;

"Khaitans close Carbide deal ahead of schedule', November 24, 1994; "MB
unions plan jt strategy', February, 19, 1988;

"McLeod Russell benefits from.  Fl-bank rate war', November 2, 1994;
"Metal Box MD resigns', March 17, 1987;

"Metal Box proposes three-year wage freeze', March 24, 1988; "Ministry
quizzes McLeod Russell on Carbide takeover', October 29, 1994;

"Politics by murder', April 11, 1990;

"Resolutions at Metal Box AGM passed amid uproar', December 31, 1988;

"Reduction in labour force vital for Metal Box revival', December 27,
1989;

"SC stays Calcutta HE on Metal BOX revival', November 12, 1994; "Tea
majors playing foul, says Assam CM', July 13, 1990; "Worli unit sale
plan irks MB shareholders', August 24, 1987; "Fear stalks industry in
Assam', April 11, 1990;

"No plan to ban ULFA, says Mahanta', September 15, 1990;

"Tea cos.  not to keep ULFA deadline', June 20, 1990;

"ULFA deadline to tea cos.  ends on Thursday', June 18, 1990; "ULFA
makes Jokai a test case', June 27, 1990;

"Ultimatum to tea cos.  to shift HO to Assam', June 21, 1990; "Macneill
& McLeod form formidable tea combine', April 24, 1987; "Namdung merger
with finance firm in a month', June 2, 1995; "WB livid at Khaitan
outburst', September 22, 1991; "High tea at PM's', August 22, 1989;

"Workers resist change in Macneill unit identity', July 24, 1989.
Chatterjee, D. "McLeod Russell fixes Rs 21(} issue premium', Business

Standard, October 28, 1994.

Choudhury, R. "Back with a bang', Sunday, January 14, 1990, p58f.

Dasgupta, S. "Banks compete to fund Carbide takeover', Business
Standard, October 8, 1994;

"Union Carbide to off load imported long-life cells', Business
Standard, October 18, 1994.

Dey, N. "UCIL share soars close to Khaitan takeover price', Business

Standard, November 2, 1994.

Select Bibliography / 445

Dutta, S. "Metal Box India Alive and ticking?"  Business India,
March,

28, 1994, p124.

Economic Times, "Paul's murder still a mystery', April 25, 1990;

"Bid to end Metal Box stalemate: New wage proposals', February 18,
1988;

"High stress test for Carbide scrip', September 25, 1994; "Magor UK
nominee on Mcleod Russei board', June 17, 1987; "Market bearish on
McLeod Russell public issue', May 6, 1995 "MacNeill & Magor deal with
MB', December 6, 1985; "Metal Box chalks out Rs 80cr revival plan',
January 1, 1995; "Metal Box AGM held amidst noisy scenes', December 24,
1989; "Race for UCIL stake hots up', September 9, 1994; "Wodi-Deonar
units' merger recommended', September 3, 1988; "No clandestine
operations: Metal Box', July 23, 1988; "Operations of all but one unit
suspended: Metal Box', January 21, 1988; "Ralston Purina, Eveready Ind.
launch joint venture', June 9, 1995; "Search for a buyer', July 18,
1988

"Surendra Paul's killing stuns ssam industry', April 11, 1990; SPIC,
Bombay Dyeing in race for UCIL unit," July 14, 1994; "The great brew
connection', December 12, 1987.

Fernandes, S. & Dey, N. "McLeod issue open after earliest closing
date',

Business Standard, May 31, 1995.

Fernandes, S. "B.M. Khaitan looks for foreign tie-up in financial
services', Business Standard, May 5, 1995.

Financial Express "BIFR to decide on Metal Box takeover by Allied
Deals', August 20, 1995;

"New twist to Metal Box takeover game', May 21, 1989; "Saikia--Haunted
but undaunted', January 17, 1993; "Metal Box AGM sans accounts',
December 31, 1988.

Financial Times, "McLeod Russell chairman dies suddenly aged 50'.,

November 27, 1994.

Gupta, M. "Wadia-Purina joint bid for Carbide', Business Standard,

September 9, 1994.

Gupta, Sujoy.  "Raid raj revisited', Business World, April I 1, 1988,
p79; "The silent strides of B. M. Khaitan', Business WorM, March 14,
1990, p29;

"The tea zamindar', Business World, March 14, 1990, p37;

"New brew', Business World, September 23, 1992, p62.

Gupta, R. "Assam--Killing business', Business India, April 30, 1990,

pp60-2.

Hussain, Wasbir.  "Gardens tense as planters obey ULFA writ',
Telegraph, July 2, 1990;

"Talks with ULFA leave tea bosses shaken', Telegraph, July 9, 1990;
"Assam police sound alert in 54 tea gardens', Telegraph, July 10, 1990.
Independent, "Russi Mody blackballed by RCTC', March 3, 1994.

Indian Express, "Metal Box AGM disrupted by irate shareholders',
December 31, 1988;

"Tea barons blame Assam violence on inequality', May 13, 1990; "ULFA
had no statute', April 5, 1992; "ULFA rebels held', January 25, 1991;
"McLeod Russell', July 20, 1987.

Iyengar, J. "DCA punctures Khaitan stand on Eveready stake', Business

Standard, July 28, 1995.

Jain, P. "Metal Box sale plan opposed', Financial Express, July 25,
1990.  Kottary, S. "Fresh wrinkle to Union Carbide acquisition',
Economic

Times, September 9, 1994.

Krishnan, J. "UCIL's takeover helps US parent firm go scot-free',

Financial Express, November 30, 1994.

Maitra, D. "Nusli Wadia--I want *o buy strong brands', Business Today,
July 22, 1994, p66;

"Recharging UCIL's Batteries', Business Todayl August 7, 1994,
pp.48-9.

Majumdar, S. & Chatterjee, D. "Keen contest likely for Union
Carbide',

Business Standard, September 6, 1994.

Mathai, P. "Metal Box--Cutting links', India Today, May 15, 1988,
p105;

"Breaking into a canter', India Today, June 15, 1989, pp118-21.  Mehta,
A. "Exide to pick up stake in Standard Batteries', Economic

Times, July 21, 1994.

Mitra, Kaveri.  "Making the network', Business India, April 10, 1995,
p99.  Mookerjee, A. "Assam--Tea and tragedy', Business India, December
10,

1990, pp113-9.

Mukherjea, D. N. "Union Carbide: No more in charge', Business World,
June 16, 1993, p44;

"McNally Bharat: A long-term outlook', Business World, August 11, 1993,
p57.  Munshi, D. "False visions of peace', Times oflndia, February 7,
1993.  Nair, M. "Standard Batteries to expand, diversify', Economic
Times,

September 25, 1989.

Nair-Ghaswalla, A. "Firm develops battery for Russian sub', Times of

India, April 14, 1994.

Narayan, S. "Recharging a dead cell', Business World, September 9,
1992,

Select Bibliography / 447

pp58-9..

Pal, A. "EILL ties up with Ralston of US for new battery venture',
Economic Times, March 27, 1995;

"McLeod Russei to pay for UCIL stake in Nbvember', Economic Times,
October 21, 1994;

"Kilburn Reprographics may divorce unfaithful partner', Business
Standard December 22, 1994;

"Khaitans wash their hands of Assam cracker', Business Standard, August
20, 1990;

"Metal Box MD offered UK stake for a song', Business Standard, January
8, 1991;

"UCIL chairman quits after takeover', Business Standard, November 1,
1994;

"B.M. Khaitan-G.P. Birla joint foray into power sector', Business
Standard, August 13, 1991;

"Macneili motel chain for Assam', Business Standard, February 14,
1990.

Panneerselvan, A. S. "Tea--High-tech processing', Business India,

August 1.6, 1993, pll 1.

Pioneer, "Panic in tea gardens after killing', April 6, 1992.

Pirama'l, Gita.  "A pariah that recharged its batteries after gas
disaster', Financial Times, January 15, 1992;

"Assam tea chiefs flee terrorists', Financial Times, November 10,
199(}i "Union Carbide India', Financial Times, May 6, 1992;

"Terrorism stalks Assam's tea gardens', Financial Times, July 6, 1990.
Rattan, K. "Metal Box--Timming fat', India Today, March 15, 1988,

p116.

Ravi, A. B. "Eveready to move on', Business India, August 30, 1993,
pglf;

"Union Carbide--Which way will it go?"  Business India, February 28,
1994, p21.

Roy, Abhijit.  "Bankrolling the UC1L buy-out', Business Today,
September 22, 1994, p49;

"Chloride's battery of changes', Business Today, October 7, 1994,
pp5g-9;

"One good deal', Business Today, October 22, 1994, pig.

Roy, Subrata.  "Metal Box up for sale', Business India, Sep'tember
12,

1983, p62f.

Roychowdhury, P. "B.  M. Khaitan emerges frontmnner in Carbide race',

Business Standard, September, 1994.

Sen, A. "IC1C1 formula to revive Metal Box', Financial Express,
January

23, 1989.

Singhal, R. & Gupta, S. "Wrapped in red', Business Standard, February

28, 1988.

Sinha, R. N. "Assam gas cracker: Khaitans find terms difficult',
Economic

Times, May 5, 1991.

Srikant, P. S. "McLeod issue marketed in Euro-style', Economic Times,

December 7, 1994.

Subramanian, S. "Khaitans---Aiming for the big times', Economic Times

Corporate Dossier, February 4, 1989.

Sunday Times Magazine, "Britain's richest 500, 1996', April 14, 1996.
Suri, S. "Brooke Bond turns down ULFA demand', Telegraph, June 24,

1990.

Telegraph, "Khaitan, Ralston firm up joint venture', June 8, 1995
"Metal Box loss mounts to Rs 5.9 cr in 1994-95', July 11, 1995; "Tea
manager shot in Assam', April 5, 1992;

"Fear psychosis grips business community', April 11, 1990;"General
amnesty for ULFA men', July 9, 1991;

"Police hunting for Paul's killers in Tinsukhia', April 11, 1990.

Times of India, "Two kidnapped in Assam', December 23, 1992; "Tea co GM
shot dead by ULFA', February 16, 1994; "City firm issues lock-out
notice', January 24, 1988; "Bodos strike terror in Assam', April 11,
1992; "Centre shelves talks with ULFA', March, 19, 1991;

"ULFA blackmail muted through Dhaka', July 15, 1990.  Venkatachalam,
K."  MD, Jokai India Ltd, "Letter to editor', Business

Standard, July 12, 1990.

Other Literature

Company brochures, pres releases, pamphlets, annual reports.
"Williamson Magor Group', nd.

McLeod Russell (India) Ltd, Prospectus for rights issue, May 25,
1995.

Articles

Afternoon Despatch & Courier, "Traders protest triple murder', March
23, 1995;

"The loudest wedding of the year?"  December 18, 1989.

Almeida, M. "SEEPZ---Cast for the world', Business India, August 16,

1993, ppl06-110;

Select Bibliography / 449

"Jewellery Exports---US tax hits industry', Businesslndia, October 25,
1993, p33;

"Jewellery-exports--Sueeessful US pitch', Business India, August 15,
1994, pp35-6;

"Jewellery EOUsPushing for change', Business India, April 11, 1994,
p36.

Ashraf, S. F. "Mira Road: Where east and west are poles apart',
Sunday

Observer, July 23, 1995.

Arora, Deipa.  "The diamond clan', Society, Ndvember, 1981, pp61-5.
Bamzai, S. "Films are forever', Sunday Observer, March 1, 1992;

"Kirtibhai Mehta A gem of an entrepreneur', Sunday Observer, March 8,
1992.

Basu, R. "Mira Road colony reels under water crisis', Times of India,

October 10, 1995.

Bhanu, T. "Taxmen bite diamond', Business Standard, April' 2, 1989.
Bhargava, S. "Diamonds, a cut above the rest', India Today, May 15,

1989, pill.

Business Post, "BY.  Diamond set to expand output', Bangkok, August
9,

1991.

Business Standard, "Diamond trade shutdown today', March 9, 1989:
Chinai, R. "Meet Atul Shah, the millionaire turned environmental
monk',

Sunday Observer, June 3, 1991.

Choudhary, M. "Surat---Ghost town' "Afternoon on Sunday, September 25,
1994;

"The diamond city is getting back some of its old glitter', Afternoon
Despatch & Courier, October 25, 1994.

Engineer, S. "Nirmal Zaveri--Jewel k!ng', Afternoon Despatch &

Courier, April 9, 1995.

Financial Express, "Diamond trade bandh today', March 9, 1989.

Gupte, Pranay.  "The big money in cheap rock', Forbes, August 10,
1987,

p64f.

Indian Express, "Diamond trade all set to take to the streets', April
6, 1989;

"IT officials deny bungling', March 15, 1989; "Diamond raid: IT admits
bungling', March 14, 1989; "Indian jeweller in New York missing', July
6, 1989; "Forged letter sealed their fate', September 18, 1991.  Irani,
Jeroo.  "The street Of gold'; Signature, April, 1987, pp26-30.  Island,
"For whom the bells toll', January, 1990, pp656.  Krishnamoorthi, J.
"Boom time at Mira Road', Island, September, 1994,

pp76-7.

Koppikar, S. "Atulkumar Shah--From riches to rags', Independent, June

6, 1991.

Malkan, D. "Equity cult spreading fast to diamond sector', Indian

Express, February 20, 1989.

Mahurkar, U. "Diamonds are not forever', India Today, June 30, 1991,

ppl12-3.

Mehta, M. "Letter to editor', Times oflndia.  January 7, 1990.

Mehta, Mafatlal.  "You could put Kirtilal anywhere in the world',
Sunday

Observer, August 8, 1993.

Mid-day, "Mira Road, Bhayander residents to intensify stir against
water shortage', Ociober 10, 1995.

Mishra, A. "Demonstrations give jarring start to Mehta-Shah wedding',
Independent, December 22, 1989;

"Grand wedding raises storm of protest', Independent, December 21,

1989.

Moos, M. H. "Just married', Afternooh Despatch & Courier, October,
-19,

1994.

Nadkarni, S. "Diamonds--Behind the glitter', Sunday Observer, April
9,

1989.

Parekh, D. "Diamond trade--Keeping the glitter', India Today,
December

15, 1992, ppl20-1.

Pathak, R. & Katiyar, A. "A 24-carat crime', India Today, October 15,

1991, p138.

Pillai, A. "It was not cricket', The Week, January 7, 1990, ppl0-12.

Piramal G. "Jewels in the crown', Economic Times, June 22, 1990;

"Sparkle on Indian diamond market dims', Financial Times, June, 1990;
"S.  African struggle hits Indian diamond merchants', Economic Times,
March 29, 1994;

"Indian diamond firms fall to Russian miners' charm', Economic

Times, December 14, 1993;

"De Beers polishing up its India act', Economic Times, October 14,
1993.  Rathore, M. "Cutting Edge', Mid-day, February, 19, 1996.

Roy, S. G. "Palanpur: Perennially under curfew', Sunday Observer,

December 10, 1990.

Sharma, S. "A gem of a family', Family, September, 1995, pp107-9.

Shor, Russell.  "Will India be a force as a high-end diamofid
supplier?"

Jewelers' Circular-Keystone, July, 1988, pp308-314.

Singh, R. "The mysterious carat club', Indian Express, September 29,

1991.

Solitaire, "Indian impressions on Antwerp', March, 1988, pp7-12;

Select Bibliography / 451

"Kirtilal Manilal Mehta--The boy who built an empire', May, 1988,
pp42-6;

"In the world's eye---Selling the small diamond', June, 1988, ppl0-12;
"Bangkok blinks in', June, 1988, pp28-9.

Subramanium, A. "Plagued by doubts', Business India, October 10,
1994,

pp54-9.

Sunday Mail, "Bearing the Zaveri name proudly', December 21, 1991.
Tellis, Olga.  "The glitter is not real', Sunday, August 21, 1988;

"Gem merchants battle the taxman', Sunday, April 23, 1989, pp65-6;
"Diamonds and lust', Sunday, January 14, 1990, pp64-5.  Times of India
Sunday Review, "People', December 31, 1989.

Times oflndia, "Public are over lavish wedding', December 20, 1989;
"Wedding glitter amid protests', December 22, 1989; "Diamond trade at
standstill', March 9, 1989;

"Diamond traders call against harassment', March 22, 1989;

"Traders, I-T men clash', April 5, 1989;

"For whom the hammer came down', March 28, 1989.

Trivedi, M. "Tax probe against millionaire monk angers Jains', Sunday

Observer, August 4, 1991.

Other Literature

Company brochures, press releases, pamphlets, annual reports.

Gembel Group, full-page advertisement, Indian Express, August 7, 1991.
BY Jewels, The Style of the Times.

TATA

Books

Datta, S. B. Capital Accumulation and Workers' Struggle The Case of

Tata Iron and Steel Company, 1910-1970.  Calcutta: K. P. Bagchi, 1990.
Elwin, Verner.  The Story of Tara Steel.  Privately printed, 1958.

Etienne, G. Asian Crucible--The Steel Industry in China and India.
New

Delhi: Sage Publications, 1992.

Fyzee, Murad.  Aircraft and Engine Perfect.  New Delhi: Tata

McGraw-Hill Publishing Co, 1991.

Harris, F. R. Jamse#i Nusserwanji Tara.  Bombay: Blackie and Son

(India) Ltd, 1958.

Karaka, D. F. History of the Parsees, Vols 1-11.  London, 1884.

Keenan, John.  A Steelman in India.  New York, 1943.

Lala, R. M. The Creation of Wealth: A Tara Story.  Bombay: IBH

Publishing Company, 1981;

The Heartbeat of a Trust.  Bombay: Tata-McGraw Hill, 1984;

Beyond the' Blue Mountain.  New Delhi Viking, 1992.

Menen, Aubrey.  Sixty Years: The Story of the Tams.  Oxford: Oxford

University Press, 1948.

Pandey, S. N. Human Side of Tara Steel.  New Delhi: Tara-McGraw Hill

Publishing Co."  1992.

Saklatvala: B.S."& Khosla, K. pounds msetji Tam, New Delhi: Publication
Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of
India, 1970.

Sen, A. Five Golden Years of lndian Aviation--Tata's Memorable Years.

Bombay: Aeronautical Publications of India Pvt Lid, 1978.

Tata, J.R.D. Keynote.  Bombay: Tata Press Ltd, 1986.

Wacha, D. E. The Life and Life-work of ZN.  Tara.  Madras: Ganesh and

Co, 1914.

Articles

Afternoon Despatch & Courier, "Busybee's Round and About', April 22,
1993;

"Fa,ourite VIP', June 30, 1992;

"The baton changes hands at Tatas', April, 19, 1991.

Ahmed, F. "Tisco--Making peace', India Today, October 31, 1991, p122;

"Tisco---Under fire', India Today, August 15, 1990, p108.

Ambani, D. Nothing less than the best', Business India, June 17,
1985,

p89.

Balakrishnan, S. "A new militancy', Illustrated Wee My oflndia,
October15, 1989, p24;

"Militant messiah', Illustrated Weekly oflndia, June 18, 1989, p48.
Bana, S. "Tisco finally pulls it off', Blitz, August 8, 1994;

Banerjee,.G. "Does Tata mean goodbye?"  Sunday, May 16, 1992, p52-56.

Banerjee, N. "Tisco board to discuss Russi decisions', Business
Standard, December 25, 1991;

"Top-level changes in Tata Steel', Business Standard, November 8, 1991.
Basu, D. "Is TatS, a winner?"  Business Today, January 7, 1992,
pp38-48.  Belle, N. "Tarns: The battle for succession', Gentleman,
July, 1988, p32.

Bhagat, Mukarram.  "The Tara group cannot disintegrate--J.R.D. Tata',
Economic Times, April 5, 1991;

"Minoo Mody--A sudden exit', Business India, July 24, 1989, pp65-66;
"The House Of Tara--An era ends, another begins', Economic Times
Corporate Dossier, April 5, 1991.

Select Bibliography / 453

Bhanu, T. "Telco on the test track', Business Standard, October 1,
1989.

Bist, R. "CCL takeover--Tara Tea's unique bid', Business India, October
2, 1989, pp163-64;

"Rallis India---Seth's sorrow, Business India, October 1, 1990, p41.
Bombay, "Rodabeh Sawhney--Daughter of R.D. Tam', July 7, 1983, p7.
Bose, J. "Corporate battles---A year of boardroom brawls', Economic

Times Corporate Dossier, January 1, 1993.

Bose, M. "Haldia: An American in Calcutta', Business India, May 23,

1994, p73.

Business India, "Businessmen in the news', July 8, 1991, p26;.  "Chilka
controversy: Prawn cocktail', July 4, 1994, p157; "Tata's new
interest', August 20, 1990, p16; "Crisis averted', August 20, 1990,
p16.

Business Standard, "Group cos.  to pay issue price for Tisco shares',

February 28, 1989;

at likely', February 23, 1989;

"Showdown

AGM

"Hi-tech man with a mission', March 26, 1991;

"Ratan Tara tipped for Telco', April 14, 1988;

"Telco not sick, says Russi Mody', March 31, 1988;

"Mody plans to retire', April 9, 1988;

"Russi still packs enough punch', January 10, 1992;

"Tisco controversy a thing of the past, Russi', January 17, 1992.
Business World, "Will the empire hold', May 20, 1992, pp21-24;

"Indian Hotels troubles', October 13, 1986, p104.

Business Today "Tisco: No more the blue-eyed boy', February 22, 1993,
p125;

"A Requiem for JRD', December 7, 1993, pp18-21.

Carvalho, C. "Voltas: Confounding the Cassandras', Business Today,
April 22, 1993, pp36-7;

"Lakm6--A facelift for the beauty shop', Business Today, October 7,

1992, p76.

Chawla, P. "The Business blacklist', India Today, July 31, 1986."
pp94-5.

"Aviation--A New Order', India Today, October 15, 1986, p35. Chiravuri,
S. "Voltas Ltd--No more the mere marketeer', Economic

Times Corporate Dossier, August 15, 1992.

Choudhury, M. R. "The Telco imbroglio', Business World, October 25,

1989, p56;

Contractor, A. "ACC--At the crossroads', Business India, February 8,
1988, pp69-73;

"New Ahmedabad Advance Mills Against all odds', Businesslndia,

May 9, 1989, p72;

"Obituary--Naval Tata', Business lndia, May 15, 1989, p43.  Daruwala,
R. "The other Tara', Business India, June 8, 1981, p44f.

D6, Shobha.  "Ratan Naval TataThe chosen one', Afternoon on Sunday,

October 24, 1993.

Dhawan, R. "Whose name is it anyway-?"  Business Today, March 22,

1994, pp98-102.

Dubashi, J. "The Mody episode', Sunday Observer, January, 19 1992; "A
Personnel Affair', Probe India, September 1986, pp66-67; "ACC--Raising
an issue', India Today December 15, 1984, p138; "Tax Raids--Tightening
the Bonds', India Today, March 15, 1.986, pp96-97;

"The Tatas---Changing of the Guard', India Today, December 31, 1981,
pp96-105.

Dutta, S. "Tata Refractories: Hot bricks', Business India, April 25,
1994,

pp97-9.

Dutta, S. and Datt, N. "Tisco's big comeback', Business India, June
3,

1996, p54.

Economic Times, "JRD hands over reins to Ratan Tara', March 26, 1991;
"Mody's retirement package, not discussed yet', April 14, 1993; "Mody
ousted from Tisco', April  4, 1993; "Tata, Russi' (editorial), May 30,
1993;

"Not just a Tata affair' (editorial), May 8, 1992;

"Tata group plans massive hi-tech investments', February 11, 1985;
"Tiscb's Rs 265 crore issue', December 21, 1988; "Tisco crisis
defused', January 3, 1992;

"Will Russi Mody hand up his gloves?"  May 23, 1992;

"Top level shuffle at Tisco threatens row at Tara helm', December 24,
1991;

"Russi meets JRD to defuse crisis', January 2,1992.

Ethiraj, G. "Indian Hotels: Growth, the last resort', Business World,

September 8, 1993, pp40-2.

Financial Express, "Enter JRD to dip Russi's wings', May 27, 1992;
"Russi Mody shown the door', April 20, 1993; "Shareholders force
changes in Tisco issue', January 4, 1992; "Tisco resorts to window
dressing', July 20, 1992; "Tiseo clarifies position', July 21, 1992;
"Transparency wanting' (editorial), July 23, 1992; "Tatas to double
holding in Tisco?"  February 24, 1989; "Russi beats a retreat', January
3, 1992;

"Teleo stir may lead to lock-out', September 2, 1989;

Gangadhar, V. "Cutting no ice', Sunday, April 21, 1991, p78.

Select Bibliography / 455

Gentleman, 15th Anniversary Issue, quoted in Mid.day, "Present
perfect',

March, 19, 1995.

Ghani, A. B. "Merger mania', Business World, January 1, 1992, pp62-68.
Ghosh, A. "Watch out for the action', Business World, December 16,

1992, pp90-1.

Ghosh, I. "Tomco: Pushed to the sidelines', Business World, December 1,
1993, p57;

"Voltas-Pepsi: Bottled up grouses', Business World, August 11, 1993,
p41.

Ghosh, S. "Telco's cars Technological triumph', Business India,
August

20, 1990, p123.

Gupta, Sunil, "We've changed the roles', Business' World May 6, 1992,

p57.

Gupta, Sujoy.  "Russi Mody--lf I were the prime minister', Business

World, July 31, 1991, pp52-55.

Hariharan, C. "The heir apparent in the house of Tatas', Business
India,

December 21, 1981, p53.

Housego, D. and Piramal G. "Indian industry--A colossus poised to flex
its muscles', Financial Tmes;"July 23, 1990.

Independent, "Tisc0 row resolved', January 3, 1992;

"Mr.  Mody bows out' (editorial), April 21, 1993.

India Today,"Russi Mody--The Board was right to remove me', May 31,

1993, pp84-85.

Indian Express, "BT refutes Tata's version', July 28, 1994;

"Russi Mody climbs down', January 3, 1992;

"Talks with Nair after verdict: Tata', September 29, 1989; "The year
when the Titan hung up his boots', March 28, 1991; "Tisco preferential
issue sails through', August 27, 1994.

Irani, M. J. "Right on, Tata'"Afternoon Despatch & Courier, August 7,

1994.

Jacob, V. M. "Tata Chemicals Searching for synergy', Business Today,

November 7, 1993, p46.

Joglekar, S. "Voltas', Business India, May 24, 1993;

"Voltas--Challenging change', Business India, June 7, 1993, p21.
Joseph, L. "Merind: Tough times ahead', Business India, August 31,

1992, p71.

Joseph, L. & Dossani, R. "Teico-:-Long term benefits', Business
India,

May 28, 1990, p129.

Kamath, V. & Raghavan, N. "Titanic triumph', Business World,

December 6, 1989, pp46-50.

Kar, S. "Tifco-TFL merger: Who gains?"  Business India, October 28,

1991, pl00:

Karmali, N. "Tata Chemicals: By mutual consent', Businesslndia, April
11, 1994, pp70-1;

"Ratan Tara---Businessman of the year 1988', Business India, December
26 1988, ppS0-6.  Karnani, R. "Telco--Going flat out', Business India,
April 2, 1990, p32.  Katiyar, A & Parikh, D. "J.R.D. Tat amA Gentleman
of Substance', Ind/a

Today, December 15, 1993, p88.

Khairullah, H. "Heir-apparent to the Tata throne', Illustrated Weeldy
of

India, March 13, 1983, p26:

Khanna, S. "IBM: Striking new roots in India', Business Today,
February

22, 1993, pp99I07.

Kottary, Sailesh.  "The board that Russi Mody could not tame', Economic
Times, April 26, 1993;

"Tara Sons enlarges capital stock', Economic Times, January 20, 1994.
Kumar K.R.M. "Ratan TatawThe end of innocence', Business Today,

December 23, 1991, pp54-60.

Kure, Mavin.  "Labour resurgence in Pune', Times oflndia, September
26,

1989.

Kuttappan, L. "Tata UnisysTowards total solutions', Business India,

November 22, 1993, p100.

Maitra, D. "ACC--Sprucing up', Business India, July 23, 1990, pp68-71.
Malhotra, J. "LakmwA losing proposition', Business World, July 28,

1993, plh0.

Mall<an, D. "Russi regret may end Tisco crisis', Indian Express,
January

2, 1992;

"Will the House of Tatas collapse after JRD?"  Fortune India, December
16, 1993, pS.

Marpalovar, M. "Cong-I proxy war in Telco', Indian Express, October
6,

1989.

Mathai, P. G. "Golden boy of steel', India Today, October 31, 1989,
p123; "ACC--A controversial i.sue', India Today, June 15, 1988,
pp110-12; "Airline boards---Troubled experiment', India Today, April
30, 1987, pp106-9.  Mathrani, S. "Titan: Titanic times', Business
India, July 4, 1994, p129.

Mehta, A. "The darl< horse of Bombay House', Economi Timex, December 8,
1993;

"Tara Chemical.-----Raid in the empire', Economic Times Corporate
Dossier, June 3, 1989;

"Tara Tea--A refreshing brew', Economic Times Corporate Dossier,
October 6, 1989.

I

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Mehta, Fredie.  "Dealing with sick units', India Today, April 15,
1988,

p106.

Mid-day, "Ratan Tata--Life after JRD', December 5, 1993; "Gentleman
Jeh', December 5, 1993; "The storm bloweth', August 1, 1994.  Mohan, N.
C. "Tisco--Rejuvenated', Business India, May 8, 195, p141.

Mohorkar, S. H. "Telco--Flickering flames', Economic Times, October 23,
1989;

"Telco--On a i:ollision course', Economic Times, October 13, 1989;

"Telco--Trial of strength', Economic Times, July 29, 1989.  Moodbidri,
D. & Nadkarni, S. "Making room at the top', The Week, June

7, 1992, pp28o33.

Moskowitz, M. "The Tara Group', World Executive's Digest, January

1989, pp32-35.

Mukerjea, D. N. "Tara Steel pulls it off by a whisker', Business
World,

August 10, 1994, p48.

Nag, K. "Tisco--Making concerted efforts', Business India, May 14,

1990, p94.

Nageswaran, N. "Titan WatchesA clock-work success', Economic

Times Corporate Dossier, June 10, 1989.

Nair, M. "Peico Electronics & Electricals--Caught in a cleft stick',
Economic Times Corporate Dossi6q, April 3, 1992;

"Telco---A troublesome transition', Economic Times Corporate Dossier,
January 1, 1990.  Nanda, S. "Privatisation--Steeling ahead', Sunday,
October 19, 1991, p37.  Nandy, P. "JRD-The Inheritors',
lllustratedWeekly of india, August 31,

1986, ppS-17.

Narayan, S. "Shoring up at Bombay House', Business World, July 13,
1994, p.50;

"Nusli Wadia: Corporate samurai', Business World, July 28, 1993,
pp19-25;

"Telco's big ambitions ride on small cars', Business World, September
20, 1995, pp34-44;

"The Tatas after JRD', Business World, December 15, 1993, pp18-25;
"Titan Watches--Timing the attack', Economic Times Copporate Dossier,
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Narayan, S. & Roy, M. G. "Crowding the driveway', Busines World,

November 1, 1995, pp149-51.

Neri, Michael.  "Ratan Tata', Sunday Observer, April 7, 1991.

Nilekani, R. "Elxsi--Taking on the Titans', India Today, August 15,

19b15, ppl08-9.

Ninan, TN.  "ACC--A resignation, and some questions', Economic Times
Corporate Dossier, August 8, 1988;

"J.R.D. Tata--I've been very frustrated', India Today, August 15, 1986,
pl40f;

"Telco---A company in transition', Economic Times Corporate Dossier,
August 8, 1988;

"Voltas---Changes at the helm', India Today, September 13, 1985,
ppl13-14.  Pattajoshi, L. "Wooing the Tatas', 'he Week, September 1,
1991, p22.  Pillai, A. "Meek surrender', The Week, December 10, 1989,
pS.

Parijat, P. "Telco: Benz's Indian blueprint', Business Today, January
22,

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Pinto, R. "Voltas--A traumatic takeover', Business India, October 25,

1993, p21.

Piramai, G. "Tata Tea posts record earnings', Financial Times, June 26,
1991;

"The Tara Group-The colossus awakens', Economic Times, August 31,
1990;

"ACC---Links behind a startling turnaround', Financial Times, September
19, 1990;

"Coming up trumps', Illustrated Weekly Of India, February 4, 1990,
pp22-3;

' Darbari Seth, intrepid intrapreneur', Worm Executive's Digest, April
1990, pp68-71;

"House of Tatas---The rings of power', Economic Times Corporate
Dossier, December 28, 1990;

"Tara Electric--Powerful plans', Economic Times Corporate Dossier,
November 2, 1990;

"Man of steel', Times of india, February 2, 1992.

Radhakrishnan, N. "J.R.D. Tara--An obituary', Business India,
December

6, 1993, pp65-9.

Radhakrishnan, N. & Bhandarkar, G. "Russi Mody--Five memorable
decades', Business India, October 16, 1989, p 173.

Rahman, M. "The Tatas: Transfer of power', India Today, October 15,
1988, p107;

"NCPA--Jinxed plans', India Today, September 30, 1988, p58; "Telco--New
drive', India Today, August 31, 1988, pl 17.

Rahman, M. & Tripathi, S. "Air lndia--A turbulent ride', India Today,

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Rao, K. "Telco: Unusual union', Business Wrld, January 27, 1993, p89.
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October 15, 1990, p84.

Ravi, A. B. "Tisco---A crack at the top' "India Today, January 31,
1992, p129;

"The Tara Group Consolidation capers', India Today, April 15, 1993,
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Reddy, M. "Tisco--Crack in the armour', Business India, January 6,

1992, p73;

Roy, A. "The threat to Tisco', Business Today, July 7, 1994, p72f;

"LettersL'affaire TIS CO Business Today, August 7, 1994, pl.  Roy, S.
"Tatas look at hi-tech areas', Times oflndia, April 25, 1993.

Roy, S. "The Telco transition', Business World, September 14, 1988,
p51;

"Tisco: Temporary truce', Business World, January 15, 1992, p57.  Roy,
S. "Ratan Tata--A man for the nineties', Business World, January 3,

1990, pp41-49.

Sanghvi, V. & Tellis, O. "Palace intrigues', Sunday, July 17, 1988,

Sen, S. "Lakm--Touch of success', Businesslndia, December 10, 1990,

pp86-87.

Shah, S. "ACC----Sheen doesn't wear off', Economic Times Corporate

Dossier, December 3, 1993.

Shankar, P. "Rallis India--Out of the doldrums, Business India, July
24,

1989, pp58-61.

Shankar, P. & Class, B. "Tata Chemicals-Tata Fertilisers merger---Seth
to the rescue', Business India, June 12, 1989, pp50-63.

Sharma, R. "Nelco---Seeking a focus', Business India, September 3,
1990,

pp73-5.

Sharma, S. "Is Bailadila being sold for a song?"  Business World,
August

23, 1995, p62f.

Shenoy, M. "Tata Tea: A good brew', Business India, October 10, 1994,
pp96-100;

"Hyderabad AIIwyn---BPL, Voltas win race', Business India, December 21,
1992, pp84-89.

Shirali, R. "Tiseo---Tensions at the top', Economic Times Corporate

Dossier, January 3, 1992.

Singh, C. U. "J.R.D. TataFlight into history', India Today, November

15, 1982, pp26-28.

Sinha, Debjani.  "Sons and heirs: Under the looking glass', Business

WorM, Aug 15, 1983, p48.

Sunday Observer, "Historic Tara residence sold', August 26, 1990;
"Patan Tata's vision now tempered with realism, say Tata managers."

April 7, 1991.

Swami, P. "TatasTwin trouble', India Today, July 31, 1986, pl00.  Tak,
D. "ACC's RCD--Looking beyond the organisation', Business

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Taneja, S. "Telco--Hotting up', India Today, November 15, 1989, p 118.
Taneja, S. & Ahmed, F. "Tatas--Heady heights', India Today, February

28, 1990, pp117-20.

Tata, J.R.D. "The Tata group cannot disintegrate' Econo Times, April

5, 1991.

Tata, Ratan.  "I can be my own person', The Week, June 7, 1992, p31;
"Jeh was a man of today', Economic Times, December 1, 1993; "Letter to
the Editor', Business Standard', January 18, 1991; "Tata Sons rights
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hi-tech areas', Times of India, April 1, 1993; "Man of our times',
Economic Times, May 23, 1991.

Telegraph, '4 top Tisco officers resign', December 24, 1991;

"Russi Mody apologises to Tisco board', January 3, 1992;

Tellis, Olga.  "Ratan Tata takes on JRD's mantle--A thinker turns
manager', Sunday Observer, March 31, 1991;

"Is Tisco takeover talk a ploy for sympathy', Observer, July 24, 1994;
".

"Tisco succession raises a storm', Sunday Observer, December 8, 1991;

Times" of India, "Free hand for Fls at Tisco meeting', May 22, 1992;
"J.R.D. Tata's retirement, end of era', March 27, 1991; "JRD held the
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1994; "New Twist to Tisco Row', July 28, 1994; "Russi Mody apologises',
January 3, 1992; "Russi Mody--Historical exit', April 2{I, 1993;

"Ratan Tara takes over Tisco--Russi Mody sacked', April 20, 1993;
"Ignominious exit' (editorial), April 23, 1993; "Tata's stand angers
workers', September 30, 1989; "Tata unaware of takeover move', July 21,
1994; "Union leader's status doubtful', September 29, 1989;

Thakore, Dilip.  "Housing: Enter the Tatas', Business World, August
29,

1983, pp26-38.

Vasuki, S. N. "Trade union leaders--A smart new breed', India Today,
August 15, 198tL p70;

"Tatas--Troubling departures'.  India Today, July 31, 1989, pp86-87.
Vaidya, Abhay.  "Phenomenal rise of Rajah Nair', Times of India,

September 30, 1988.

Venna, S. "Tata-SIA: A venture in jeopardy', Business India, May 8,

1995, pp42-3;

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"Tata-SIA: On the wings of success', Business India, September 12,
1994, p 160;

Viswanath, T. S. "Tara Refractories lAd:--The heat is on', Economic

Times Corporate Dossier, August 28, 1992.

Vom, S. "Titan-Times--Timing it right', Business India, September 12,

1994, p122

Yadav, S. "Letter----Skilful maneuvering', Illustrated Wee My
oflndia,

August 23, 1987, p4.

Other Literature

Company brochures, press releases, pamphlets, annual reports.

"The Tara Iron and Steel Company," pamphlet issued by TIS CO 1966.  The
Empress Mills Golden Jubilee 1877-1Q27.

Kottary, S. Jehangir Ratanji Dudabhoy Tara 104-1)93.  Bombay: Tata

Press Ltd, nd.

Index

A Beese & Co."  19 Ambani, Mukesh, 14, 18, 20, 25,

Accord, 119 42-44, 47, 53, 57, 58, 60, 65,

Aditya Birla group, 191 66, 69, 73, 74, 77, 78, 80-83,

Agarpara Jute, 222, 227 195, 198, 209, 251-53

Agarwal, S.B."  193

Ambani, Natwarlal, 19, 26, 57

Agarwala, A.K."  193

Ambani, Nina, 56, 62

Aggarwal, Shanti, 275

Ambani, Ramniklal, 19, 26, 57, 59

Agnelli, Gianni, 102, 230

Ambanis, 16, 66, 70, 72-74, 76,

Agnelli, Giovanni Alberto, 102, 79, 155, 181,254

Anglo-India Jute Mills 226, 227

Ahluwalia, Montek Singh, 128

Antulay, A.R."  62

Aiyar, Swaminathan S. Anklesaria,

Antwerpsche Diamantkring, 329,

Akshay Kumar, 332

Apeejay Group, 287

All Assam Students' Union, 286

Aquino, 160, 161

Ambani, Anil, 14, 16, 18, 19, 23,

Arora, Gopi, 72, 249, 251

47, 48, 54, 57, 58, 60, 66, 69,

Arunachalam, M.V."  125.128

73, 75, 77, 78, 80-83, 198, 209

Ashok Leyland, xii, 121-24

Ambani, Dhirajlal Hirachand

Asian Cables, 222, 224, 227

(Dhirubhai), xi, xiii, xv, xvii,

Asom Gana Parishad, 290, 291

xviii, xix, 3ff, 90, 126, 132,

Assam Company, 282, 283, 306

148, 150, 154, 178, 179,

Assam Frontier, 214

184-86, 198, 201,203, 222,

Assam Investments, 281

247, 250, 251,258, 274, 373

ACC, 176, 367, 392

Ambani, Dipti, 56

AT & T, 191

Ambani, Hirachand, 18, 21

Automobile Products of India, 105

Ambani, Jamna, 18, 20, 21

Ambani, Kokila, 20, 21, 56

Baehchan, Amitabh, 63, 68, 154,

Index / 463

217, 334

Banerjee, Mamta, 299

Bagri, Raj, 209

Banerjee, Nantoo, 309

Bagrodia, Mahesh C. 186, 193, 194

Bangurs, 40

Bajaj, Janmalal, 93

Bardour, Alex, 337

Bajaj, Jankidevi, 108

Baroda Dynamite Case, 106, 108

Bajaj, Kamalnayan, 92-94, 104,

Barua, Gautam P."  290, 291,295

Barua, Golap, 286

Bajaj, Madhur, 129, 130

Barua, Paresh, 286, 292

Bajaj, Niraj, 129

Basu, Chandan, 252

Bajaj, P."  295

Basu, Jyoti, 234, 243, 246, 248-52,

Bajaj, Rahul, xii, xvii, xviii, xix, 9, 254, 255, 269

43, 87ff, 142, 175, 185, 191,

Bayer, 229

214, 231,232; as chairman of

Beautiful Diamonds, 323

Indian Airlines 112-14

Bhakta, M."  70, 73, 77

Bajaj, Rajiv, 87, 93, 118, 129, 130,

Bhalotia, From, 146, 208

Bharat Ram, 125, 128, 258

Bajaj, Ramkrishna, 108, 109, 129

Bharatiya Janata Party, 75, 175,

Bajaj, Rupa, 91-94, 109, 115, 131,

Bhardwaj, P.B. 155, 156

Bajaj, Sanjiv, 93, 95, 129, 130, 132

Bhargava, R.C."  119, 120

Bajaj, Savitri, 92

Bhartia, Shobhana, 169

Bajaj, Shekhar, 94, 129

Bhartia, Shyam, 247

Bajaj, Suman, 93, 94

Bhatt, Mahesh, 334

Bajaj, Sunaina, 129

Bhattacharya, S.K."  276

Bajajs, xii, 18, 92, 96, 97, 103,

Bhave, Acharya Vinoba, 109

107, 108

Bhinge, Raju, 405

Bajaj Auto, xii, 87, 88, 90, 95-98,

Bhonsle, Asha, 332

100, 103-107, 110-12, 116, 117,

Bhopal gas disaster, 309

119, 120, 124, 129-32, 185,

Birla, Aditya Vikram, xii, xiii,

191,257 xvii, xviii, 24, 27, 42, 49, 60,

Bajaj Auto Finance, 117 83, 90, 93, 126, 137ff, 244, 268,

Bajaj Broadcasting Corporation, 325, 392, 403

90, 120

Birla, Ashok, 168, 169

Bajaj Electricals, 93-95, 129

Birla, Basant Kumar (B.K.), 12,

Bajaj Group, 93, 95, 97, 98, 109, 24, 43, 138, 139, 143-50, 152,

161,165-70, 172 173, 182,

Bajaj Hindustan, 129 189, 191,194, 204, 205, 207,

Bajaj Tempo Ltd."  95-99 209, 247

Baker-McKenzie, 101

Birla, Braj Mohan, 168, 170, 207

Baldcock, Newman, 278

Bida, Chandra Kant (C.K.), 119,

Balmer Lawrie, 222 128, 168

Birla, Ganga Prasad, 165, 169, 222-24, 232, 303

170, 1.72, 190

Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE),

Birla, Ghanshyamdas (G.D.), xxii, 3, 5, 8, 36, 37, 55, 201,202

142-44, 148-50, 158-60, 165,

Bonas-Couzyn, 327

168, 184, 189, 193, 203, 204,

Boro Security Force (BSF), 293

207, 279

Bose, Nirmal, 248

Birla, Jugal Kishore, 207

Bose, Udayan, 17

Birla, Krishna Kumar (K.K.), 165,

Boyer, Jonathan, 202

167, 169-72, 176, 178

BPL, xvi

Birla, Kumar Mangalam, 140, 147,

Britannia Industries, 60, 303

152, 157, 160, 162, 173, 174,

British Gas, 7

181,193, 194, 196, 201,209,

Brooke Bond, 285

325, 351

Burmah Shell, 19

Birla, Laxmi Niwas, 142, 165

Business and Political Observer

Birla, Madho Prasad, 165 (BPO), the 9, 75

Birla, Neerja, 173

Business Today, 78

Birla, Pryamvada, 172

BY Diamond Polishing Works, 337

Birla, Rajashree, 139, 140, 147,

BY Jewels, 356, 357

152, 154, 155, 196-98, 208

B. Vijaykumar, xi, 316, 320, 328,

Birla, Rameshwar Das, 2117 331,361

Birla, Sarala, 143-45.  148, 152,

172, 276

Calcutta Electric Supply Company

Birla, Siddharth, 166, 189 (CESC), xiii, 153, 219, 224,

Birla, Sudarshan (S.K.), 166-68, 229, 256, 242-44

171, 172, 27q, 280

Calcutta Stock Exchange, xiv, 170,

Birla, Sujata, 169 Birla, Sunanda, 169

Carmichael, Alan, 277

Birla, Vasavadatta, 147, 152, 196,

Ceat Finance, 2311

Ceat Investments, 230

Birla, Yashovardan, 169

Ceat Tyres of India, xiii, 219, 224,

Birlas 12, 40, 43, 138, 142.143, 226-29, 234, 256

147, 14q, 166, 172, 173, 273,

Central India Mills, 407

Central India Texliles, 373

Bishnauth Tea.  267

Central Selling Organization, 357

B. N. Elias Group, 222, 224

Century, 3, 167, 16q, 171,173,

BoB Fiscal, 71, 72 2(2, 207, 20t)

BoB Fisc aI-Trishna, 72

Centu'y Enka, 43 Bodo militants, xiv

Cetex Petrochemicals, 247

Bofors Scandal, 63, 121

Chakravarty, Pramod, 332

Bombay Club, 125-28

Chamaria, Pratibha, 276

Bombay Dyeing 30, 33, 34, 60.

Chandra, Perez, 41

Index / 465

Chandra Shekhar, 74, 75, 180,

Davar, Maneck, 62

244, 292

Davos, 133

Charles, Monty, xxi, 326, 327

Dens, Ross, 299

Chatterjee, Rupamaya, 87-89

De Beers, xv, xvii, 319, 326,

Chaturvedi, D.N."  44 356-58

Chaturvedi, Mahesh, 49

Delhi Cloth Mills (DCM), 37, 393

Chauhan, Ramesh, 127, 304

Deora, Murli, 22, 63, 66, 341,352

Chavan, S.B."  341

Desai, Morarji, 104

Chetak Classic, 133

Desai, NM.  "Nikky', 69-71, 76

Chhabria, Manohar Rajaram

Desai, Nathubhai, 344, 347

(Manu), 69, 70, 192, 232-38,

Deshmukh, S.N."  340-42

240,241,252, 296

Deutsche Babcock, 306

Chinman, Richard, 41

Dhanuka, Chander, 241-43

Chinnappa, K.M."  378

Dhawan, R.K. 215, 216, 231,238

Choksi, Romi, 354

Dhoot, Venugopal, xvi, 374

Chopra, Yash, 334

Diamond Industry Defence

Choudhry, R."  352, 353

Association, 317

Chowdhury, D.K. 286, 293

Diamond Trading Company

Chrysler, 120

(DTC), 327, 338, 339, 351,

Chugh, Kishan Lal, xvii 357-59

Churchill, Winston, 217

Diana, Princess, 265

Cimmco, 166

Divecha, K.A."  370

Coca-Cola, 106

Doshi, Vinod, 110,.230-32

Colgate-Palmolive, 127

Dube, Rajiv, 401

Congress Party, 62, 75, 93, 96,

Dube, Suman, 68

104, 1116, 214, 226, 258, 292,

Duncan Agro Industries, 227

340, 341

Duncan Brothers, xiii, 221,222

Conran, Terence, 99

Duncan Group, 224

Coorla Mills 222

Dunlop Holdings, 234

Credit Capital, 18

Dunlop India, 227, 229, 233-36,

241,243

Daftary, Sharayu, 231

Du Pont, USA, 42-44, 46, 47.

Daga, Chandrakala, 166

Duracelk 305

Daga, Sunil, 208

Dutt, Tamn C, 252, 289

Daihatsu, 120, 121

Daimler Benz, 98, 99

Eastern Spinning Mill, 149, 156,

Dandavate, Madhu, 38, 384Das, Rameshwar, 168

Einstein, Albert, 386

Dasgupta, Asim, 251,253, 254

Emergency (1975-77), 40,

Dasmunshi, Priya Ranjan, 252 106-109, 226, 374

Datta, S.M."  xvii, 405

Enka International, 43

466 / Bgsiness Maharajas

Escorts, 37, 118, 393 79-81

Essar Group, 126, 156, 325

Godrej, Adi, 127

Eveready Industries, 300, 305, 306

Goenka, Badridas, 220

Exim Policy, 53

Goenka, Gouri Prasad, 220,

225-27, 238, 253, 254

Fairfax case, 63

Goenka, Hariram, 220

Fernandes, George, 106, 384

Goenka, Harsh Vardan See Harsh

Ferruzzi, Finanziaria, 352, 353

Vardan

Firodia, H.K."  96

Goenka, Jagdish Prasad, 35, 220,

Firodia, Naval K."  95-97 225-27, 239, 273

Firodias, 96-99, 103, 115

Goenka, Keshav Prasad, 220-22,

Ford, 119 224-27

Fuji, 120

Goenka, Mala, 221

"Friends of Reliance Association',

Goenka, Rama Prasad, (Rama

Babu), xiii, x/v, xvii, xviii, 14,

60, 125, 142, 192, 213ff, 270,

Gagalbhai, Mafatlal, 33 273, 296, 302, 303, 374

Gandhi, Feroze, 62

Goenka, Ramnath, 62-64, 66, 67,

Gandhi, lndira, 40, 41, 52, 62, 93, 69, 122, 240; and Dhirubhai

99, 104, 106-109, 152, 155,

Ambani, 63-65

176, 214-16, 224-26, 231,234,

Goenka, Rukmani Devi, 220

238, 243, 397

Goenka, Sanjiv, 153, 216-21,233,

Gandhi, Mahatma, xii, xiv,18, 93, 234-39, 241,244, 252, 258

94, 143, 148

Goenka, Shanti Prasad, 240

Gandhi, Nildiil, 360

Goenka, Sushila, 233

Gandhi, Rajiv, xi, 152, 153,177,

Goenka, Vivek, 69

179, 222, 238-40, 243, 248-52,

Goenka, Yashodra, 275

341,379, 397-99

Goenkas 221,228, 229, 250

Gandhi, Sanjay, 110

Gogoi, SC."  289

Gandhi, Sonia, 93

Gogoi, Samiran, 286

Ganguli, Subrata, 254

Gold Act 1990, 355

Gatvares, 40

Gordon, W.L."  278

Gates, Bill, 13, 57

Grasim, xviii, 26, 142, 151,155,

General Insurance Corporation 159, 162, 165-68, 171,173-75,

(GIC), 171

180, 188, 199, 202, 203, 206

General Motors, xx, 119

Oretchenko, Sergei, 293

George Williamson, 277

Grewal, Seda, 240

Ghai, Subhash, 333, 334

Gujarat Carbon, 239, 241

Ghosh, D.N."  74

Gujral, Satish, 207

Ghosh, lndranii, 251

Gulabchand, Ajit, 231

Ghoshai, Sumantra, 8, 30, 46, 52,

Gupta, Akhil, 80

Index / 467

Gupta, P.K."  218

Hussain, lshaat, 387, 388

Gupta, Prafulla, 79, 81

Husain, M.F."  152, 351

Gupta, Sujoy, 239

Gurumurthy, Swaminathan, 62,

IBM, 106

71, 72

IC1CI, 6, 45

Gurupadaswamy, MS."  180

ICIM, 229

Guthrie, John, xxi, 284

IDBI, 6, 230

Inchcape, Lord, 276-78, 280-82

Haidia Petrochemicals, 219, 234,

Inchcape Group, 278, 282, .283

243, 246-56, 270

India Foil, 299, 306

Hariharan, V."  91

India Polyfibres, 247

Harrisons Malayalam, 229,256

Indian Express, 63-67, 75

Harsh Vardan, 216-20, 228, 230,

Indian Hotels, 394, 395

234, 241,256, 258, 259

Indian Rayon, xviii, 24, 148-51,

Harshad Mehta scare, 198, 199 156, 158, 162, 177, 178,

Harvey-Jones, Sir, 133 184-86, 201,202

Hazira complex, 41, 59, 80

Indian Steamship, 167

Hegde, Ramakrishna, 180

Indian Tea Association, 286, 290

Heinz, H.J."  304

Indira Gandhi Reminiscences, 172

Hero Honda, 117 lndira Priyadarshini, 235-36

Hindalco, xviii, 142, 146, 159, lndo Argyle Diamond Council, 358

162, 165-67, 171,173, .174,

Indo-Gulf Fertilizers, 178, 186, 205

184, 197-99, 201-203 lndo-Phil Corn Chemicals, 161

Hinduja, Ashok, 121

Indo-Phil Textile Mills Inc."  185,

Hinduja, Gopichand, 121 188, 198

Hinduja, Prakash," 121

Indo-Thai Synthetics, 162

Hinduja, Shrichand, 121

Irani, Jamshed, 272, 387, 389, 390

Hindujas, 120-24, 128, 154, 177

Hindustan Gas, 149, 156, 158

JK Synthetics, 26

Hindustan Lever, 29

Jajodia, K.K."  303

Hindustan Motors, 229

Jajodia, Pradip, 208

Hindustan Petroleum Corporation

Jalan, Bimal, 55, 74

(HPCL), 178

Jalan, Divya, 275

Hindustan Times, 169

Janata Dal, 179

Hirachand, Walchand, 153

Janata Party, 40, 61,104, 106, 108,

Hitech Drilling, 378 179, 214

HMV, 229, 256

Jardine Fleming India Investment

Holk-Larsen, Henning, 69, 76

Trust, 202

Honda Motors Company, 115-17,

Jayalalitha, 159

Jayam, 323

Hussain, Abid, 179

Jayprakash Narayan, 108

Jayshree Textile Mill, 207, 209

Khaitan, Parameshwari De,i, 274

Jejeebhoy, Deanna, 371

Khaitan, Pradip Kumar (Pintu),

Jejeebhoy, Geeta, 371 263, 264, 282, 284

Jejeebhoy, Jamsetji, 371

Khaitan, Rahul, 276

Jejeebhoy, Slireen, 371

Khaitan, Shanti, x, 264, 265, 276,

Jethmalani, Ram, 73 277, 300-302, 311,312

Jindals, 40

Khaitan, Yashodhara, 275, 302

Jiyajeerao Cotton Mills, 166, 172,

Khaitans, x, 273

Khanna, Tarun, 218

Jokai India, 290

Kilburn Engineering, 306

Jones, Stephanie, 278

Kinetic Honda, 115-16

JRD See Tata, J.R.D.

King of Belgium, 339

Jubilee Mills, 222

King of Bhutan, 163

Jumbo Electronics, 192, 233

Kirloskar, S.L."  110

Kleinwort, Benson, 116

Kadri, I."  336

Kotak, Uday, 90, 119

Kaiser Corporation, 158, 159, 180

Kothari, Ashwin, 148, 208

Kakade, Sambhajirao, 384

Kothari, Milind, 337 Kalyani, Neelkant, 155, 216

Kothari, Nina Shyam, 20

Kanoria, Sushila, 220

Kothari, Shyam, 56

Kapoor, Shashi, 332

Kotwal, Justice, 72

Kaput, D.V."  76

Krishnamachari, T.T."  159

Kashyap, Aditya, 387, 388

Kasliwal, Neerja, 140, 152

Lal, Devi, 62

Kawasaki, 117, 118

Lal, Harihar, 109

KEC International, 229, 247, 257

Lalbhais, 32

Kejriwal, Sunaina, 93

Lalchandji, 231

Kesoram, 167

Larsen & Toubro (L & T), xiii, 35,

Keyyath, Mohan, 91 69-75, 76, 2(}3

Khaitan, Aditya, 272, 275, 277,

Leasor, James, 266

301,307

Leekpai, Chaun, 164

Khaitan, Brij Mohan (B.M.), x,

Lehman Brothe, 201

xiv, xvi, xviii, 60, 192, 220,

Life Insurance Corporation (LIE),

253, 254, 263ff 74.  97, 230

Khaitan, Deepak, x; 272, 275, 281,

LML (Lohia Machines), 102, 103

296, 298, 301,307

Lomax, David, 99

Khaitan, Devi Prasad, 273, 275

Looveren, Francois Van, 323

Khaitan, Durga Prasad, 274

Loyalka, Gangaprasad, 208

Khaitan, Gouri Prasad, 273, 274

Lynch, Merrill, 124

Khaitan, Krishna, 69

Khaitan, Manjushree, 143

Macneill & Barry (M&B), 278-80,

Index / 460

284, 285 308-10

Macneill & Magor, 281,283, 288,

McNally Bharat, 306

Meena Kumari, 217

Mcneill Engineering, 306

Meeus, Peter, 322, 358

Mafatlal, Arvind, 247

Mehra, Kapal, 41

Mafatlals, 32, 40

Mehras, 40, 41

Magor, Philip, 265-66, 284

Mehta, Arun, 323, 351

Magor, Richard, xxi, 263, 265-67,

Mehta Dilip, 323

279, 283, 297

Mehta Dipti Jayantibhai, 328

Mahansaria, Shyam Sunder, 193,

Mehta Fredie A."  126, 378

Mehta Gautam, 353

Mahanta, Prafulla Kumar, 290,

Mehta Harshad, 198-99, 351

292, 294

Mehta Jatin, 323, 340

Maharashtra Industrial

Mehta Kaushik, 336

Development Corporation

Mehta Kishore, 316, 317, 323

(MIDC), 346

Mehta Madhu, 317, 323 337

Maheshwari, Shanti Devi, 166

Mehta Rajesh, 353

Maheshwaris, 171

Mehta Rajiv, 353

Mahindra, Keshub, 18, 222

Mehta Rashmi, 162, 323

Mahindras, 119, 120

Mehta S.R."  109

Maitra, Dilip, 199

Mehta Suken, 357

Makers, 346

Mehta Suresh K."  355-58

Malhotra, K.K."  16, 46, 47

Mendip Ltd."  284

Malhotra Group, 247

Merchant, Minhaz, 27

Malik, Satpal, 38

Merrill Lynch, 199, 200

Mallya, Vijay, xvi, 192, 247

Meswani, Rasik, 26

Mangalore Refinery complex,

Metal Box, 295-300, 304

177-80, 185, 200

Microsoft, 13

Mandela, Nelson, 320

Mirchandani, Gulu, 374

Maple Circuits, 247

Mirchandani brothers, xvi

Marcos, Ferdinand, 160

Mistry, Pallonji Shapoorji, 223,

Marcos, Imelda, 160 224, 365, 366, 392, 394

Martin, Steve, 316

Mitra, S.K."  342

Maruti, 119, 120, 229

Mittal, M.L."  155, 252, 253

Mathur, Brijesh, 233

Mittal, P.K."  253

Matsushita, 305

Mittal Group, 253

Maxwell Dyes & Chemicals, 71

Mitter, Bhaskar, 244, 299

McDonnell Douglas, USA, 368,

Modi, B.K."  128

Modi, Bina H."  325

McKinsey, 256, 257

MQdi, Satish Kumar, 183

McLeod Russell India, xxi, 283,

Modi, Umesh, 155, 156

Modis, 228

Naroda complex, 26, 32, 33, 44,

Modi Group, 183 45, 50, 56, 58

Modi Rubber, 228

National Peroxide, 182

Modi Tyres, 227

National Socialist Council of

Mody, Minoo, 378

Nagaland (NSCN), 286

Mody, Russi, xxi, 18, 195, 203,

National Tobacco, 222

272, 296, 365, 367, 375,

Naxalite movement, xiv, 269

379-82, 385-92

Nayar, Kuldip, 291

Mohta, Jayashree, 143

Nehm, Amn, 63, 291

Montgomery, Colin, 284

Nehru, Jawaharlal, 62, 93, 94, 149,

Moolgaokar, Sumant, 18, 228, 159, 217, 386, 373-75, 378

375,379, 30, 406

Nelco, 381,406, 407

Morarka, Kamal, 75

Neotia,.Suresh, 164

Morgan, J.P."  201

New Economic Policy 1991, 10, 77

Morgan Stanley, 200

New Swadeshi Mills, 26

Morita, Akio, 133

Ninan, TN."  67, 91,143, 167, 240

MRTP Commission, 234

Nowrosjee Wadia & Co."  223

MS Shoes scandal, 309

Mukand Iron & Steel, 25

Oak India, 247

Mukand Ltd."  92, 93, 129

Onida, xvi, 374

Mukesh, 350

Openshaw, Nigel, 284

Mukherjee, Pranab, 37, 38, 40-42,

Operation Bajrang, 292

50, 128, 216, 238

Operation Rhino, 292

Munim, Tina, 75

Oppenheimer, Anthony, 319

Munjal, Brijmohan Lall, 115

Oppenheimer, Nicholas, 319

Munjals, 103

Oppenheimers, 319

Murphy India, 222, 227, 374

Oriental Carbon, 241

Muthiah, AC."  303

Orson Electronics, 235

Mysore Cement, 166, 168

Oskar Chemicals, 71

Nadkarni, Suresh Shankar, 251

Padukone, Prakash, 209

Nair, Rajah, 380-85, 388-90

Paikhivala, Nani, 365, 367, 375,

Nakazone, Koji, 116 379, 388

Nambiar, T.P.G."  xvi, 303

Pan Century Edilale Oils, 185

Nanavati, 373

Pandit, R.V."  67

'and a, HP."  18

Panja, Ajit Kumar, 239, 240

da, Rajan, 103

Parekh, H.T."  45

, 103

Parekh, Indu Hemchand, 193

"itish, 215

Parikh, Milan, 353

" 30, 31, 44, 82

Parikh, Saunak, 353

aan, 109

Parson, Michael, 281,282

Index / 471

Patalganga complex, 16, 39-48, 68

Ralston Purina, USA, 303-305

Patel, Devraj, 354

Ramamurthy, R."  16

Patel, H."  325, 326

Ranbaxy, xvi

Patel, Kokila R."  20, 21

Rand, Ayn, 16

Pathak, D.N."  111

Rao, Narasimha, 49, 75, 154, 176,

Patti, Veerendra, 40, 179 177, 354, 389-99

Paul, Surendra, 287, 291

Rao, U.V."  76

Paul, Swraj, 37, 287, 393

Ratnakar Shipping, 171

Pawar, Sharad, 93, 106, 232,

Reddy, Vijay Bhaskar, 245

382-84

Reliance Commercial Corporation,

P.C. Roy Award, to Aditya Bida, 21, 27

Reliance Group, 72

Peugeot, 119

Reliance Industries, xi, xii, xix,

Pettigara, 224 10-16, 26-30, 32, 34-38, 40, 41,

Pherwani, Manohar, 73 44, 46, 49-52, 54-56, 58, 60, 64,

Phillips Carbon, 227, 241 74, 77-84, 132, 185, 186,

Phillips Petrochemicals, USA, 188 198-200, 251,254

Phukan, Hemanta, 286

Reliance Loan Mela, 67, 74

Piaggio, 117, 118; and Bajaj

Reliance Petrochemicals, 7, 60, 72

collaboration, 99-104

Reliance Textile Industries, 3, 5-7,

Picasso, Pablo, 207 24, 150, 155

Pilani Investments, 171

Remington Rand, 222

Pillai, Rajan, 303

Renault, 120, 121

Popley, Laxman, 351

Reserve Bank of India, 39, 55, 74

Prasad, Jaishankar, 217

Rikhye, Rajeshwar L, 269, 287,

Premier Automobiles Ltd.  (PAL), 290, 295"

229, 230, 232

The Road Ahead 13

Press Trust of India, 64

Rome, Michael, 271

Procter & Gamble, 127

Roshan, Rakesh, 334

Project Investment Board, 179

Rosy Blue, 323

Pro-Lab Synthetics, 71

Rover Group, 122, 124

Pugh, Peter, 268

Roy, Subhir, 293

Puranmalka, Bishwanath, 193

RPG Enterprises, 192, 216, 229,

246, 256-59

Rafi, Mohammed, 350

Ruia, Govind, 306

Rahejas, 346

Ruia, Kavita, 275

Rai, Gulshan, 333

Ruia, Nand Kishore, 325.

Rai, Raghu, 143

Ruia, Ravi, 126, 155, 178, 209, 325

Rajgopal, S."  242

Ruia, Shashi, 126, 155, 178, 192,

Rajkhowa, Arvind, 286, 292 209, 325

Rallis India, 222

Ruias, 155, 156, 157

472 / Busin'ess Mahat, ajas

Sabavala, S.A."  378

Shah, Reshma, 315, 316, 332, 343,

Saikia, Hiteshwar, 292 Saklatvala, Nowroji, 366

Shah, Saroj, 324

Salgaonkar, Dipti Dattaraj, 20

Shah, Shantilal Lallubhai, 323-24,

Salgaonkar, Raj, 56 Samant, Datta, 87, 383

Shah, Sukumar, 252

Samuel, Hill, 121, 122

Shah, Sweta, 328

Sandys-Lum.sdaine, Gillen, 269

Shah, Vijay, x, xi, xiv, xv, xvii,

Sanghvi, Natwarlal, 26 xviii, xxi, 315ff

Sanghvi, Vir, 64

Shah, Viren, 25, 92, 93, 106, 108,

Sangit Kala Kendra, 206-207 252, 254, 288

Sapra, S.P."  8, 43, 45, 46, 82

Shah, Vishai, 328, 349

Sarabhais, 32

Shah Commission, 108, 110

Saurashtra Chemicals, 166

Shankar, 217

Scotland Yard, 264

Shantistar Construction, 344, 346

Sea King Engineers, 360

Shaslri, Sheila, 401

Searle India, 229

Shaw Wallace, 235, 237

SEEPZ, 355

Sheth, Indu, 26, 27

Sen, Sushmita, 333

Sheth, M.F."  26

Sengupta, Barun, 217

Shourie, Arun, 63

Sengupta, Nitish, 341,343

Shrirams, 119.

Seth, Darbari, 195, 203, 243, 255,

Shroff, D.N."  34, 35

256, 270, 288, 367, 375, 378,

Silk & Art Silk Mills Association,

395, 397, 405 Sen, Manu, 399

Singh, Arun, 63

Shah, Bharat, xiv, xv, xvii, xviii,

Singh, Bhai Mohan, xvi

315ff

Sipgh, Buta, 249

Shah, Bhiki, x, xi, 324

Singh, Khushwant, 142

Shah, Bipin, 324, 325, 336

Singh, Manmohan, 75-77, 128,

Shah, Dhanwant, 324-26, 335, 205, 206, 354, 389

336, 344

Singh, Premjit, 72, 73

Shah, Dimple, 328

Singh, Raunaq, 253, 254, 288

Shah, Dipti, 349, 359

Singh, Vishwanath Pratap (VP.),

Shah, Justice, 109 52, 54, 55, 63, 68, 73, 74, 107,

Shah, Kokila, 324 110, 111,179, 222, 239, 243,

Shah, Meena, 324 244, 248, 252, 254, 291,399

Shah, Pradip, 118

Singh, Zail, 107

Shah, Priya, 328

Singhania, Bharat Hart, 253

Shah, Rafees, 332

Singhania, Deepak, 102, 103

Shah, Rajesh, 252

Singhania, Hart, Shankar, 125, 128

Shah, Ramesh, 344, 347

Singhanias, 40, 101,103

Index / 4 73

Sinha, Yashwant, 74, 75

Tata, Sunoo, 370-73, 376

Skandan, K.D."  401

Tatas, 40, 127, 187, 199, 255, 278,

Skylab Detergents, 71 279, 370, 377, 378, 396

South India Viscose, 103

Tata Chemicals, 215, 255, 367,

Soros, George, 118 392, 405

Spencer & Co."  229, 245

Tata Finance, 378

Standard Alkali, 36

Tata Group, xv, xxi, 60, 176, 194,

Standard Batteries, 302, 306, 307 215, 243, 367, 369, 370, 376,

Star Diamond, 319 394, 395, 401,407

Stell, Arthur, 16

Tata Honeywell, 378

Stonecipher, Harry C."  368

Tata Industries, 375, 378

Subhash Chandra, xvi

Tata Keltmn, 378

Subramaniam, Chitra, 63.

Tata Sons, 365-67, 374, 387, 390,

Subramanium, S.R.R."  76 392-95

Suharto, 339

Tara Tea, 235, 270, 285, 288, 367,

Sunday Observer, the 9, 74 392, 395

Su-Raj, 323

Tara Telecom, 378

Sutlej Cotton, 171, 172

Telco, xv, 37, 228, 375, 379-86,

Suzuki, 117, 118 392, 395, 405, 406; and Honda,

Swan Mills, 35, 222

Telco Employee's Union (TEC),

Tagore, Sharmila, 113 Talaulicar, J.E."  378

Telco Kamgar Sanghatan (TKS),

Taparia, Suresh, 208 380-83

Tapuriah, Ansuy ia devi 166

T llis, Olga, 74

Tara, Jamsetji, 10, 366, 376, 397

Tetley, 285

Tara, Jimmy, 370, 371

Texmaco, 167

Tara, J.R.D."  xxi, 60, 158, 194,

Thacker, Jaswant, 223

215, 223, 224, 228, 255, 348,

Thai Carbon, 161

365-69, 373, 375, 377, 379-83,

Thai Peroxide, 182

389-96, 399, 400

Thai Rayon, 161,162

Tara, Navajbai, 370-72, 374

Thapar, Lalit Mohan, 125, 128

Tara, Naval Hormusji, 370, 371,

Thapars, 40, 183

That, Shantilal, 149, 150

Tara, Noel, 371

Thatcher, Margaret, 265

Tata, Ratan, xv, xvii, xviii, xix, xx,

Tisco, xv 3, 35, 158, 272, 296,

xxi, 12, 14, 18, 60, 81,"3, 367, 386-88, 390-93, 395, 404,

114, 119, 255, 258, 272, 365ff, 405, 407

392, 397; as chairman of Air

Tiwari, Narain Dutt, 107, 238,

24[), 248

India, 398

Tara, Sir Ratan, 370

Tomco, 405

Toubro, S."  69

Toyota, 120

Trishna Investments, 71, 72

TVS Suzuki, 117

TVS Group, 118

Tyre Corporation of India, 234

Unilever group, 405

Union Carbide Corporation, USA,

300-301

Union Carbide India, x, 300-308 United Liberation Front of Asom

(ULFA), xiv, 286-95, 312 Universal Cables, 171 Umyal, B.N."  9, 34, 64,
65, 75 UP Scooters Ltd."  105 Upper Ganga Sugar, 170

UTI, 97, 230

Vaidya, Bhai, 89

Vasuki, S.N."  59

Venkitramanan, S."  72, 240

Vespa Scooter, 96, 99, 118

Videocon, xvi, 374

Vijaydimon, 320, 328, 337, 348

Vikram Cement, 186

Vikram lspat, 155-57, 159

Vimal brand, 29-31, 33, 45

VIP Enterprises, 332-34

Vishwa Yuvak Kendra, 108

Vittal, B."  207

Vizag Steel, 159

VSNL, 205

Wadia, Dina, 223

Wadia, Neville, 67, 223, 224, 232

Wadia, Nusli, 33, 60-64, 67, 181,

182, 187, 222-24, 303, 367,

373, 375, 388, 390, 402

Wadias, 32, 222, 224

Wahi, Harnam, 28,1, 283

Walchand group, 229-31

Warren Tea, 306

West Bengal Industrial

Development Corporation

(WBIDC), 246, 255

Wfstern India, 219

Wheaton, Jaya, 91

Will, Charles, 281

Williamson, Pat, 266, 268, 270

Williamson Magor, x, 265-71,

273, 278-80, 282, 295

Williamson Sterling Tea Holdings,

Wimpy, 245

Wiltech, 256

World Economic Forum, 133

World Bank, 27, 188

Worthington Pumps, 306

Yamaha, 117, 118

Yashovardan, 150

Zaved, Hemant, 354

Zee TV, xvi

Zuari Agro, 167, 168, 171