Synchronicities are the stuff of zeitgeist. Lucy Sussex remarks that she was spurred to write this story by discovering some of the biographical and moral uncertainties in the life of Werner Heisenberg in books like David C. Cassidy's Uncertainty. This story landed here around the same time that Michael Frayn's play Copenhagen opened on Broadway. Coincidence? Conspiracy? Confluence? There are some things we'll never fully know--which is as good a lead-in as any to a story about Mr. Uncertainty himself.
1. Heisenberg probably slept here.
A BLINK OF THE EYE, A quantum jump in place and time, to the island of Helgoland, off the coast of Germany, early twentieth century. Atoms coalesce, forming the silhouette, then the solid shape of a human, like a gradually colored-in picture from a children's book. For a moment the Watcher, still in jump-shock, is motionless; then he wraps his thin arms around his torso, feeling the cool wind from the sea, despite the tweed jacket and plus-fours, suitable wear of the period, according to the props department. He turns his head, assessing the surroundings. The little beach shack in which he stands, a perfect hide, is built of driftwood, the same dull color as the sand, its windows and one door open gaps. Open to the elements, thinks the Watcher, all of them ....
The prompt-chip in his head says: "List them. Recall the drill: to offset loss of equilibrium after a jump, try a rote exercise to test and restore memory."
Obediently the Watcher starts to list aloud: "1, Hydrogen, 2, helium .... "He continues, counting down through the periodic table: "...92, Uranium; 93, Neptunium; and 94 Plutonium, so-important Plutonium." Then he comes to a dead halt. Has plutonium been discovered yet? the Watcher thinks, confused. This is 1925, after all.
"Plutonium was only discovered in 1940, during research on the atomic bomb, recall?" "I do...now."
The Watcher takes several steps forward to the nearest window. Outside the sky is overcast, leaden as the sea, which surges sullenly in lazy little wavelets. Salt grass tussocks quiver in the breeze; sand-grit sloughs from the dunes in fine dry streams. Otherwise, the only movement is a dot, far down the arc of bay, moving at a slow, meditative, walking pace.
"The target. I trust you remember that now. Werner Karl Heisenberg, physicist, Nobel laureate at thirty-two, devisor of the Uncertainty Principle .... " "But at this moment just twenty-four, very brilliant but unproven, and without university tenure."
The Watcher stares at the nearing dot, not needing the prompt anymore. He thinks of the elements, no element of Heisenberg, its constituent parts or electrons. German nationalist. Admirer of nature. Sufferer from allergies. Gifted classical pianist. Chess wizard. These are the quirks recorded in the biographies, but who knows what else has eluded the official record?
The Watcher crouches and draws in the sand of the hut, recapitulating, partly as aide-memoire, partly from admiration, an intellectual journey into the secret world of the atom. He keeps glancing up as the beachwalker nears and details become clearer: the thick sweater, the knapsack, and above all the one spot of color in the entire drear landscape, the young man's brush of reddish-blond hair. Entranced, the Watcher abandons his scribbles in sand. Then, from behind the headland, lightning stabs and crackles, followed by torrential rain. The figure looks here, there, then makes a dash for the single shelter nearby --the hide.
The Watcher puts his hand to his mouth. "This isn't supposed to happen! We're just here to observe, right, nothing interactive, no chance of upsetting the course of history?"
"Yes, but the limits of a jump are not totally knowable. We can predict, but not in fine detail."
"Can we jump, like NOW?"
"Sorry, no. We'll just have to wing it."
Appalled, the Watcher cowers in a comer, as footsteps pound toward the hide. Werner Heisenberg, flame-headed, handsome and young, leaps inside, shaking the rain off him like a cat Then he sees the movement in the corner of the hut.
"Bird watcher?" he says, in early twentieth-century German.
"Ja," the prompt replies (and lies), using its override to speak in the Watcher's voice. "Interesting migration patterns of stormy petrels here."
"Forgive me for intruding," Heisenberg says. "When the storm is over I will leave you to your birdwatching." He takes off his backpack and sits down on the floor of the hide. The body language says: conversation-verboten, I want to think.
The Watcher stares at him unblinkingly.
"Max Born was right," says the prompt to the Watcher, in private, silent-to-onlookers mode. "He thought the young Heisenberg 'looked like a simple farm boy.'"
Or, thinks the Watcher, unnerved, the Hitler youth, not so far away now, in 1925.
Around the hut lightning flickers and thunder beats on the air loud as snaredrums. Heisenberg's gaze moves, wandering free as his thoughts, from this Herr Birdwatcher to outside, then back again. Suddenly he stares as the lightning flashes yet again, temporarily banishing every shadow from the hut. He bends closer to inspect the sand, as the lightning takes another flash shot of the bay. Then he looks up at the Watcher. "You have not completed this equation, sir."
The Watcher, unnerved, can only repeat the prompt's words: "Ja." "May I?"
The youth reaches out, draws in the sand.
The Watcher nods, and responds with another sandy calculation, also incomplete.
Heisenberg glances at it, smiles and solves the problem with a few deft fingerlines. Another equation follows, then another, the pair talking the universal language of numbers.
"I had not thought to encounter, in Helgoland, a kindred soul, a brother in physics," Heisenberg says.
More equations follow, the Watcher thoroughly enjoying himself, recapitulating the work of Heisenberg's predecessors, Planck, Born, Bohr. With a flourish of his fingers, he suddenly goes too far, and the young man frowns.
"You are very up to date. Too up to date, perhaps. It's uncanny .... Who are you?"
"A tourist," the Watcher says, knowing the answer is feeble.
"I know everybody in physics, everyone that matters, and now I think of it Helgoland is small -- I should have surely heard if some Herr Professor Doctor or even a student had come holidaying." He eyes the Watcher sharply.
"You are some researcher from America, the antipodes...surely not from the Bolshevists?"
His hand pats empty air at hip level, as though reaching for an imaginary gun.
The prompt butts in, answering the question. "What would the Bolshevists want with the interior of the atom? It is surely not in their collectivist philosophy .... "
Heisenberg smiles, with a faint curl of the lip. "What would they want with atoms? Weapons, I suppose, so they could export their Red philosophy all over the world, not that anyone knows how you would derive weapons from theoretical physics, not yet .... "He pauses, somber. "But the question still remains -- who or what are you?"
The prompt says, to the Watcher alone: "Be careful. This is an abstract, logical, mathematical thinker in the extreme, not a spinner of fancies."
Even in his dreams? wonders the Watcher, and suddenly has a solution to this tricky situation. He thinks for a second, sure of his place in Heisenberg's personal time, then adds another set of symbols to the calculations on the floor. The young man goggles.
"But...but, that's something I've been thinking about, not published, not talked about to anyone, even to Bohr."
"You will," said the Watcher. "When you awake." Heisenberg suddenly laughs, falls back onto the sand.
"Cute," says the prompt. "He actually bought it!"
Heisenberg lies on his back, chuckling. Then he raises himself on one elbow. "But you must answer my question, Herr Birdwatcher, even in a dream. I repeat, what are you?"
"Let me handle this," says the prompt. To Heisenberg it says: "You remember Herr Dickens's little story, 'The Christmas Carol.'"
"Yes, the miser, and all the visiting ghosts of Christmas, come to teach him a moral story. If you are a physics ghost, maybe, you are not the ghost of physics past, not Herr Newton with his long wig, not with the math you do... And your physics is right up-to-date. So are you perhaps the ghost of physics present?"
His wide-set eyes look even wider.
"Not exactly."
"No, I've met Herr Einstein, and you aren't him .... Ah, you are the ghost of physics future?"
The Watcher eyes Heisenberg, seeing perfect calm and assurance.
"You don't seem surprised."
"No. Because it does not seem strange that I would have a visit from physics future...because I think I am part of that entity."
He cranes closer to the Watcher's face, then subsides, disappointed.
"Though I see you are not me...that physics future is not wearing the face of my older self."
"You seriously expect to be the future of physics?"
A slight, but perceptible nod. Really quite a handsome man, thinks the Watcher. Although an arrogant young shit.
"He's right, of course," says the prompt to the Watcher.
Yes, the Watcher concurs, he is right. He hesitates, unsure whether to voice the thought, but Heisenberg speaks first.
"Well, what have you to say to me, oh ghost from the future? I'm right, aren't I? Otherwise you wouldn't bother me with a visit. Because I wouldn't be important enough."
The young man smiles, triumphantly. The Watcher knows that something has changed, that his observation has now subtly influenced, and altered, the observed. What the real, the unobserved Heisenberg might be, cannot now be measured with any certainty. But Heisenberg won't think of that little idea for a few years in the future yet.
"I have nothing to say," says the Watcher. "Except in the form of mathematics. Which is most important to you."
And he reaches for the blackboard of sand again. The dialogue of ideas continues, while the storm rages outside. After a while Heisenberg's eyes begin to droop, and his hand falls to the ground. He sinks back, and after a moment begins to snore, heartily and healthily.
"You dropped him, didn't you?" the Watcher charges the prompt.
"When he slapped at that sandfly, a few minutes ago. That was the stun."
"I thought that was strictly for emergencies."
"Well yes, but did we have any guarantee that he might suddenly decide that it was a little odd to be solving higher mathematical problems in his sleep and that he might be awake, after all?" "Killjoy!"
"No, just being cautious. Are you sure you weren't teaching him matrix algebra? For that was the achievement of his trip to Helgoland."
The Watcher stands, and obliterates with his foot the sandlines of equations.
"Famously Heisenberg thought of it all by himself, during his sea bathing, long walks, and nights of solitary thinking, this form of mathematics so useful for describing the atom."
The Watcher says nothing, staring down at Heisenberg. The prompt continues: "Need I remind you more? Although matrix algebra had been devised in the 1850s, Heisenberg had never been taught it. Discovered it independently, he claimed, just like Leibnitz and Newton each developed calculus in Germany and England during the seventeenth century."
The Watcher only smiles. "Shall we go now?"
"Since our time here is up, yes."
A few moments later, the hut is empty, except for Heisenberg, deep in drugged sleep. The wind completes what the Watcher had begun, completely erasing the equations written on the sand of the floor.
Welcome, class! Today in Biocultural Studies 101 we will continue our examination of moral ambiguities and the limits of biography. We will focus on a real slippery customer, I mean a prime example, in this session: Werner Karl Heisenberg, twentieth-century physicist in what used to be called Germany, quantum mechanic, theorist of the uncertainty principle, and worker on the alternate atomic weapon of the 1940s, the "Nazi" bomb. Using what is known about Heisenberg, an interactive template has been constructed. Now we will employ that template in a series of extrapolations, using the sim-module to examine aspects of Heisenberg and his times. Last session the class chose points in Heisenberg' s life for observation and exploration. We have just experienced the first, from 1925, in which use was made of a time-traveler ((TM) H. G. Wells, 1895) going back to encounter Heisenberg as a young man. Do we have any questions?
Yes, the prompt is a personal, portable, Artificial Intelligence, there to supply our Watcher with a limitless source of information and advice. lust what the time tourist needs.
Well-spotted. Yes, that was stock sim-footage in the beach scenes. Helgoland is a barren lump of rock off the coast of Germany, without anything growing. Heisenberg went there because he had hayfever. And he came back cured and with matrix algebra, though nobody is quite sure how.
No more questions? On to the next observation, and this time, let's have some input from the class. I want to see you using your personal modules for some REALLY creative interactions.
2. "On the Perceptual Content of Quantum Theoretical Kinematics and Mechanics" by Werner Heisenberg, 1927
The scene is night, showing a prison camp, bare, cleared space in the middle of a forest, the boundary marked by barbed wire, forest outside, wasteland of huts and dirt within. The night is cold, the breath of the guards in the watchtowers forming white mist on the air. There is no other movement, apart from a slight scurry under one of the huts. A rat, maybe.
A logo comes up in the empty air, then fades. It reads: QUANTUMSTEIN
Digits appear in the sky, like neon stars, counting down. Then figures, their heads little more than dots, their bodies clad in striped prison pajamas, creep out from under the huts, running across the bare earth and toward the wire. Dogs bark, an alarm shrills, searchlights sweep the enclosure, a machine gun chatters and spits. Yet, amidst the noise and confusion, the hit rate of the game seems very low; as a searchlight impinges on a figure, it immediately dodges and leaps aside into the darkness.
The Watcher, situated in an empty lookout tower, eyes the confusion, and -- very occasionally -- bloodshed.
"I don't think Heisenberg would ever have envisaged the Uncertainty Principle in these terms."
"Well yes, Hitler only came to power in 1933, some time after his formulation of the principle," replies the prompt. "But the analogy is not without merit. Theoretical physics had hit a blank wall trying to determine the exact position of electrons within the atom. Heisenberg pointed out that in order to observe the electron, you must illuminate it by shortwave electromagnetic radiation. But the illumination, when it strikes the electron, affects it, altering its position. Therefore, because the act of observation changes the motion of the electron, it cannot be measured with certainty. Thus are the limits to knowledge revealed."
Down below the Watcher, some figures lie still on the ground, some have doubled back to the huts, a few are still approaching the wire.
"Einstein hated the Uncertainty Principle."
"He also hated Hitler."
"Who hated Einstein and 'Jewish science.' But think what the haters had in common: a belief in absolute certainty, a god's eye, Hitler's eye, classical physics view of the world, where all could be explained, in terms of science, or the 'Jewish world conspiracy.'"
A figure reaches the wire; and simultaneously freezes, as do the other figures and the moving searchlights. A logo appears in the air, flashing: GAME OVER!
The Watcher says: "A win for the inmates."
"Or their player," says the prompt.
The Watcher is silent a moment, musing. "Heisenberg was lucky the Nazis never realized the implications of the Uncertainty Principle."
Above them the GAME OVER! sign vanishes, as does the QUANTUMSTEIN logo.
"They had better things to do," says the prompt, "like creating their version of utopia."
The scene changes subtly, the forest outside becoming more threatening, the guards in the towers more clearly delineated, square-jawed, their uniforms bursting with muscle, their faces fair and achingly handsome. Another logo appears, very simple and stark, a cross twisted on its axis, with starkly angled arms. The figures under the huts appear again, this time sporting symbols on their pajamas, little red hammer+sickles, or yellow stars, or pink triangles. Despite the symbol they all have the same caricatured features, hook-nosed, weasel-eyed and cunning. They bolt for the wire again, to the cacophony of dogs and guns, the sound effects louder and accompanied by sweeping symphonic music. Yet this time each searchlight finds its victim unerringly, the shots ring out, the figure falls bloody. The score appears like a beacon in the night sky, the numbers constantly changing, keeping score of the carnage below. Red symbols are worth 20 points, pink triangles 10 and the yellow star 50. Within a very short time the score hits 1000, and the game is over, every prisoner still and dead on the ground.
There is a long silence, broken by the prompt: "Some have said that Hitler should have been a science fiction writer, expressing his antisocial urges in pulp utopias. I beg to differ. I think he would have been supremely happy as a sim games designer."
The Watcher sighs. "I don't think I much like this game of HITLERSTEIN."
"You object to the racial stereotyping? He'd have loved it. Gorgeous Aryans annihilating Jews, gays, communists, all Hitler's enemies caught in the searchlights, machine-gunned dead in seconds."
The Watcher steps onto the parapet of the tower, then into space. He floats down like a snowflake, landing lightly beside a stripe-clad body.
"Hitlerstein is too simplistic by far. And dull .... There's no chance, no excitement. Every shot kills, every hit jacks up the score. Only an idiot would thrill to it."
He strolls among the still figures, finally stopping beside one, face down in a larger pool of blood than the rest. Is it his imagination, or does the close-cropped fuzz of hair have a reddish-blond tinge?
The prompt continues: "There weren't many theoretical physicists in concentration camps. The Jewish professors lost their jobs in the thirties and emigrated. So did the few women physicists, who also lost their jobs, though they were merely faced with kinder and kuchen. Others joined the exodus: even non-Jewish physicists, like Schrodinger of the famous cat, left. Heisenberg stayed, despite being an exponent of Einsteinian, 'Jewish' physics. That required guts...or an uncommon amount of sheer stubborn patriotism."
"Home is where the heartland is," says the Watcher. He kneels down, gently turning the figure on its back. The face, peaceful in death-sleep, is despite the bloodstains recognizably an older Heisenberg.
"To get here would have meant active resistance against Hitler. Real heroism...or martyrdom. Not many people have that."
He lays the figure down again, then gets to his feet.
"Instead people resisted in their minds only," says the prompt. "Hoping Hitler was just a temporary aberration, soon overthrown. They were afraid. Or passive. Even complicit?"
The Watcher sighs. "Prompt, let's get out of here!"
Own up! Who thought of Hitlerstein? That was really grotesque. Should have guessed it, Reet, of course. Might have known you'd drag your pet gaming in here somehow.
On to the third observation, this time not using Heisenberg, but different, though related templates. Not so much is known of these originals, although they had, via their connections, vital importance to this biohistory.
3. The White Jew of Leipzig
In an immaculate sitting room, two middle-aged women take tea, surrounded by antimacassars, overstuffed furniture, a flower arrangement underneath a crucifix and portraits of family members. Pride of place on the mantelpiece is a framed photo of a bespectacled, pudgy man, the spit image, though in drag, of the Frau playing mother, pouring the tea. He wears a swastika on one black uniformed arm, and next to him stands the Fuhrer.
Heisenberg's mother accepts the proffered cup, and sips. She doesn't look much like her son.
Now she speaks: "I appeal to you, on the strength of our family's friendship."
"Your father was acquainted with my late husband, through their membership of a school's hiking club," the older woman says with a tinge of frost.
"He always spoke highly of your husband," says Frau Heisenberg.
"They were men of German honor."
"As are our sons."
The other woman looks at the mantel photograph, smiles. "I am very proud of Heinrich," she says. "But I never interfere in his affairs."
"I am very proud of my Werner, too," says Frau Heisenberg. The other woman lifts her hand.
"Frau Heisenberg, I am not political, not like my son, and I know nothing of physics, which is what your son does. Why should I take note of an article about your son, politics and physics?"
"Because it appeared in Das Swarze Korps, the newspaper of your son's organization, the Schutzstaffel."
"He is Reichsfuhrer-SS, and far above such things as a mere article. Why does your son simply not write to the editor?"
"Because," Frau Heisenberg says carefully, "they called him a White Jew. It will take more than a letter to the editor of the SS-paper to refute that. Shall I quote it to you? They said he was a representative of Judaism in German spiritual life, who ought -- along with all the other White Jews -- to be eliminated just as the Jews themselves must be."
The other woman puts down her cup carefully, glances at the crucifix then back again.
Frau Heisenberg continues: "My son is a good physicist and a good German. I am not asking you much, just to take this letter, from my son, which is addressed to your son. If it is sent by normal channels, he fears it will not get there."
"And so the need for abnormal channels!" She looks affronted at the thought of being anything else than normal.
"What else am I to do? I am not political, but I know that my son is not a White Jew. We mothers know our sons, and we care for them. That is why I have come to you."
She reaches into her handbag, brings out the letter.
"We care for our sons, that is what a mother does," says the other woman. "You for your Werner and I for my Heinrich." She reaches out and takes the letter.
Heisenberg's mother says: "Thank you, Frau Himmler."
Strange but true, strange but true. Next to that little encounter, a time traveler and a Nazi sim game seem positively ordinary. When in trouble with the Nazi regime, send Mother to the rescue. Yes, Heisenberg's grandfather and Himmler's father really did go on school hikes together. And a letter sent by Mum-post prompted an extensive SS investigation into Heisenberg, at the end of which he was cleared of the charge of being a White Jew. He could continue with his research, just so long as he didn't mention who it was came up with the theory of relativity, nor any other Jewish theorists.
Ah, a question. Reet? Didn't see much input from you this time. You want to know what the fringed lampshade was made of? I think I know what this is about. Who did the lampshade? Ah, Matt -- stock sim footage again? Thought so. Reet, don't look so disappointed. Yes, I know Himmler is supposed to have owned a lampshade made of human skin, harvested in the concentration camps, but no images of it have survived. Thank goodness. And I certainly don't think he would have given it to his mother.
Next observation, out of sequence, but it continues with our attempts to create an alternate history of Heisenberg, as opposed to what, as in the previous observation, is verified by the historical sources.
4. Rattling the tin can
"When I am by myself, I now easily fall into a very strange state, which belongs neither to the past nor to the future and neither to you nor to physics, and with which nothing can be done." Heisenberg to Elisabeth Schumacher, 1937
Leipzig in January 1937, wintry and cold. The Watcher wanders down the snowy streets, rugged up in comforter, astrakhan hat, woolen mitts and a heavy military-style greatcoat. He passes hausfraus with baskets, students playing snowballs, children trailing sleighs. It would be impossibly Christmassy and nostalgic were it not for the occasional glimpse of a Nazi uniform, leaving a jackbooted trail in the fresh snow.
On a street comer, a solitary figure marches to and fro, stamping his feet to keep warm. As the Watcher nears, the figure edges toward him, proffering a tin can. A beggar, in the middle of the third Reich?
"Hallo, Herr Professor Doctor Heisenberg," says the prompt.
The beggar stares, his face tired and wan as candle wax. "You know me? You do look slightly familiar. A former student, maybe?"
"I am shocked to see you out in this cold, begging," says the Watcher with sincerity.
"Ah," says Heisenberg. "You think perhaps I have lost my position? No, Doctor Goebbels has decreed that all university staff shall assist in collecting extra funds, for the fourth anniversary of the Reich...which will be on the 30th of January. Even Professors must help in this great effort. Hence the tin can."
He speaks deadpan, without the slightest sign of irony.
"You have changed," says the Watcher. "From Helgoland in 1925."
Heisenberg starts, looks closely at the face under the fur hat. He speaks, half to himself: "I had thought, in this cold and snow, that I was drifting in and out of a dream state...and now I see a figure from a dream of twelve years ago, the mathematical birdwatcher from Helgoland."
He falls silent, staring at the Watcher for several minutes.
The prompt adds, for the Watcher's benefit: "He is indeed in a strange frame of mind, possibly caused by severe anemia. Years later he wrote that 'the houses in these narrow streets seemed very far away and almost unreal, as if they had already been destroyed and only their pictures remained behind: people seemed transparent, their bodies having, so to speak, abandoned the material world so that only their spirits remained behind.' Quite poetic, really, for a physicist." Now the prompt addresses both the Watcher and Heisenberg:
"How democratic of the new Germany, to have Nobel-winning academicians collecting for the Reich."
Heisenberg's face twists slightly, in bitter if unvoiced disagreement. "We have no choice," he says in an undertone. "Oh ghost of physics future, what I could be doing if I was not forced to stand on an icy street corner, collecting pfennigs from those as frightened as I am?"
"It seems utterly senseless and futile," says the Watcher.
"It is, and so is everything around me--Elisabeth apart. I am engaged now, Herr Ghost. Shall I show you a photograph of her?"
He fumbles with the buttons on his coat, clearly intending to reach into an inner pocket, but in the process drops his can into the snow. The Watcher retrieves it. "No don't, I wouldn't want you to freeze...besides I've seen photos of Elisabeth, and she is a fine young woman."
"So...I remain significant in the physics of the future." The face assumes some of its old confidence. "That is something worth knowing at least."
"Though not for the same reasons," mutters the prompt. "Significant because notorious ...."
The Watcher ignores the little voice. He is trying to hand the can back to Heisenberg, but the physicist, lost in thought, ignores it. A man in Nazi uniform strides by; the Watcher automatically proffers the can with its little swastika, and is rewarded with the tinkle of a small-denomination coin.
"I will admit I was worried. Is it still a truism of your time, Herr Physics-Future, that a man does his best physics very young? Planck was an exception, though, coming up with quantum physics at forty-two. You see, I need, amidst all this madness, to know that I can still do something important for science."
"You will," said the Watcher. "You will."
"If morally quite deplorable," mutters the prompt.
Heisenberg shakes hands, in pure gratitude, with the Watcher, and in the process has the can thrust into his hand again. He smiles dazzlingly and approaches the next passers-by as if buoyed by extra hidden heat and life. While his back is turned, the Watcher takes a few steps sideways, into the shadowy shelter of an overhanging porch, and then, into oblivion.
"Should you have given him hope?" says the prompt. "Without it, he might have dusted the snow of Nazi Germany off his shoes and headed off to a cosy professorship in the Americas."
"And the Los Alamos project, ultimately," says the Watcher.
"German bomb, Allied bomb, what's the difference? Still killing machines."
"But the German bomb never killed anyone."
"Heisenberg's reputation apart," says the prompt.
Yes, I know that observation was chronologically out of order. Heisenberg got called a White Jew and investigated by Himmler after his marriage, not before. The Nazis brought him to his lowest ebb, but when his patriotism proved impeccable, they gave him hope -- a juicy scientific problem. Nuclear fission had been discovered by 1940...the question now arose, how could you harness this force into something uniquely destructive? The trouble was that others were thinking along these lines, too.
5. A cozy walk in Denmark.
The scene is a courtroom with, improbably, down the middle of it a walk, lined with northern, deciduous trees. A judge, lawyers, the jury of Biocultural students, all watch two men, wearing suits of the 1940s, pace down the walk, talking furiously, sometimes toppling over the brink into argument. At the end they freeze in frame, then reverse, going back to the beginning of the walk again in furious backward motion, talking gobbledygook. At the beginning of the walk, Heisenberg, now balding, graying and slightly thicker in the waist, looks confident, the other, an older man, with thick lips and heavy eyebrows, wary. The sequence repeats, freezing again at the end; Heisenberg looks frustrated, his companion shell-shocked.
The Judge says: "Who is the council for the defense?"
The Watcher stands, peeking shyly from under the curls of his powdered wig: "I am."
He sits.
"And the council for the prosecution?"
Again the Watcher stands. "I am," says the prompt.
"Fine, so long as we know who is speaking. Call the first witness."
"Call Neils Bohr!"
The older man steps out of the freeze-frame, and walks unhurriedly to the witness box, where he is sworn in. His voice is slow and very soft.
The prompt speaks: "In 1941, when Denmark was occupied by Germany, you received a visit from your former student and scientific collaborator, Werner Heisenberg. This was an official visit, on behalf of the Reich."
Bohr nods. "At that time the occupation was relatively benign: there was the illusion of self-rule, even cultural exchanges. Thus we had Heisenberg come to the Copenhagen Institute for Theoretical Physics, proposing cooperation between German and Danish science."
"For what purpose?"
"So that Germany could win the war, he was quite open about that."
"And how did you and your colleagues feel about this?"
Bohr looks miserable. "None of us liked the idea at all."
"You had personal reasons here, that I should like you to tell the court."
"My mother was Jewish. I knew what that meant, in Nazi terms. There were eight thousand Jews in Denmark, although no attempt was made to arrest us at first. It was not until 1943 that we had warning of deportations and my family fled to neutral Sweden...along with nearly all the Jews of Denmark."
"A remarkable escape," says the prompt. "But we were talking of two years earlier, and Heisenberg's visit."
"Heisenberg was my friend, I invited him to dinner, though Margrethe, my wife, objected. Afterward we went for a walk."
"What happened?"
"The end of a twenty-year friendship."
"Tell us more."
"You must understand that when fission happened, we physicists knew about it very quickly. I helped spread the news at a conference in the United States, and published on the subject within months."
"Indeed, an important paper. But on the theoretical aspects only."
Bohr nods again.
"Heisenberg wanted to talk to me privately about fission. Applied aspects, this time. I soon realized he was trying to pump me for information. We all knew what fission might mean, in terms of the war effort."
"You refer to the atomic bomb?"
Another nod. "Then he changed tack. He asked me about what such a weapon might do, in the wrong hands. He knew I had contact with American scientists, even in occupied Denmark. Would not it be better, he said, for scientists not to work on this bomb, and let the war be decided by more conventional, less catastrophic means? Whose scientists? I wondered to myself. Whose hands are the wrong hands?"
"And what was your conclusion?" the prompt asks.
"That there was a German bomb on the way, that Heisenberg was involved at an important level, and that he wanted me somehow to retard the development of the Allied bomb...as if I could!"
"Objection!" shouts the Watcher. "Witness is making unsupported surmises about the defendant's motives."
"But that was what I thought," Bohr says mildly. "And that is what I told my family, and the scientists at the Institute, and the Danish underground, who of course conveyed it to the Allies."
"What was your impression of Heisenberg's moral state?"
"Oh, he was as confident as ever. Blindly confident. He knew he was right. I wondered if he'd been tainted by that terrible regime, and could distinguish right from wrong anymore."
The Watcher says: "There are two sides to every story."
"Indeed," says the Judge. "Thank you, Professor Bohr, that will do. Call Professor Heisenberg."
Heisenberg stalks out of the freeze frame and to the dock.
"Professor Heisenberg," says the Judge. "You heard the preceding testimony."
"I did, and I regret to say that my dear friend Bohr misunderstood me. I proposed, at the risk of my skin, a joint effort by Allied and Axis scientists to prevent the development of the bomb. All it would require would be twelve of us in agreement: myself, Bohr, Fermi, Oppenheimer, for instance."
The prompt says: "A most unlikely agreement."
"Nonetheless I proposed it. And, moreover, I kept my part of the bargain. I headed the project for the German bomb, and it was never developed. I did not have the blood of thousands of civilians on my hands, like the Allied scientists ...."
Bohr rises to his feet, protesting in Danish. Heisenberg answers, in German, shouting, and the court is in uproar.
Two sides to every story, eh? What did you, as jury, make of that? Still uncertain? Let's call another witness.
6. Goudsmit's version
An American army officer steps into the witness box. His voice is accented, his glasses round; despite the uniform he has the look of an intellectual.
"You are Samuel Goudsmit, theoretical physicist," says the Judge.
"One of the few in America not working on the bomb." There is some nervous laughter around the courtroom. "Thus the uniform. I was selected to be scientific head of task force ALSOS precisely because I knew nothing about the Manhattan project. An ideal man, then, to send to Germany in the process of liberation."
The prompt says: "For what purpose?"
"To find out how far the Germans had got with their bomb project. To secure firstly their uranium and send it back to the Manhattan Project. To secure secondly all relevant information on the Nazi bomb. That meant also the scientists involved, including Heisenberg."
"Secure?"
"Out of the Ruskies' hands."
"So what happened?"
"ALSOS followed the occupying Allies to Strasbourg, where the German Physics Laboratory was. That gave us papers that said Haigerloch, in the Black Forest, was the place to go. Trouble was it looked like the French, coming from one direction, or the Russians, from another, would liberate the area first. We put on a spurt, beat them to Haigerloch, where we found an atomic pile just short of going critical. We didn't find Heisenberg until a few days later, with his family in Bavaria. Colonel Pash went after him and had a helluva journey -- climbing over snow passes, exchanging enemy fire, repairing bridges, trying to fend off German units who just wanted someone to surrender to. But at the end of it he arrested Heisenberg."
"You interrogated him?"
"Sure, when Pash brought him back to Heidelberg."
"Did you mention your parents?"
Goudsmit takes off his glasses, wipes then replaces them. "I thought you'd bring this up."
"Yes, so you can tell the court what happened."
"My parents stayed in Holland when I went to the States. I nagged them and nagged them, no Jews are safe in Europe, you gotta get out! They'd just managed to get their travel papers in '43 when...I heard they'd been rounded up and deported."
"How was Heisenberg involved in this?"
"Well, he'd stayed with me at the University of Michigan in '39, and was definitely the most influential person I knew in Germany. Friends in Holland asked for his help."
"I wrote a letter, as requested, on behalf of Goudsmit's parents," responds Heisenberg from the dock.
"Yeah, but it was too late. Two old people, never did harm to anyone, ended up in the gas chambers."
"Ahem," says the Watcher, remembering his role of defense counsel again. "You upbraided Heisenberg because of this, during the interrogation?"
"Not during. Informally, before."
"And you hold this against him eternally?"
A pause. "No, not anymore. Wasn't much he could have done, I guess."
In the dock Heisenberg gives a slight, approving nod.
"But I do hold other things against him. After the war he ran that line he used on Bohr again t how he tried to hold back the progress of the German bomb. That was a lie, at the beginning at least. Later I reckon he came to believe it was true."
"He didn't try to stop the bomb?" asks the Watcher.
"I know science jocks. Heisenberg wasn't any different from Oppenheimer and the rest. You have a problem in applied physics, how to make the biggest bang in the world, ever. Now wouldn't you give the problem everything you had, so you could be first, and famous? Give us a break!"
"We will break," says the Judge. "Before the next witnesses."
Hmn. Who programmed the Goudsmit template? Ah, Le. You forgot halfway through he came from Holland, not Brooklyn. The accent went all over the place. But, that apart, the sentiments were accurate, what he might, less colloquially, have said.
7. The English Manor
A trio waits beside the witness box; an English major, armed and in uniform, a woman in a thick tweed suit and flowerpot hat, and a young, donnish man with tousled hair and thick glasses.
The Judge says: "Major Cotton?"
"Yes, sir!" The major almost marches into the witness box.
"You are in intelligence?"
"All my army life, sir!"
"I understand you were responsible for Farm Hall."
"Yes sir! We had a problem: ten captured German bomb scientists. Some of the Yanks wanted to shoot them, but we knew they were valuable people. We just needed to keep them on ice, while certain things transpired.... "
"The Manhattan Project?"
"Absolutely correct, sir. And it was quite nice ice, a little rural manor house with barbed wire around it, quite the cushiest internment camp in England. I got the idea from Bletchley Park, sir, where the cryptographers were. They'd talk shop, maths shop, all the time, and I said then, if Jerry ever got a mike in here .... That gave me the idea. We'd save ourselves the bother of further interrogations, let our German friends do the interrogation themselves, talking politics and physics to the listening walls. Every room in Farm Hall was wired, even the latrines."
"Thank you," says the Judge. "You may go. Miss Margot Parkes!"
The tweedy woman enters the witness box nervously.
"Miss Parkes, you are a translator, and you worked on the Farm Hall tapes. Do you remember August 6, 1945, well?"
"Of course! Hiroshima. It caused quite a stir among the interned Germans."
"You transcribed and translated their words accurately?"
She says, levelly, "Upon my honor."
The trees in the center of the courtroom have gradually disappeared during the course of the trial, and now the dock enlarges, filling the space. It becomes a dollhouse, one wall missing, with Heisenberg inside, setting up a chess game. A door behind him opens, and a group of men enter, one of whom sits opposite Heisenberg, joining him in the game. The rest lounge around the table, or lean against the wall, smoking, drinking, talking among themselves. Their voices and stances are outwardly relaxed, but there is an underlying tension.
From the distance a radio plays the BBC news theme. The men listen, their jaws slowly starting to drop. Then hubbub ensues, in German.
Miss Parkes translates: "They could not believe the Americans could have beaten them to a bomb. It was inconceivable. How had they done it?"
Heisenberg grabs a pad, starts calculating furiously. Several others lean over his shoulder. The rest argue; Heisenberg grimly continues on. Finally he slams the book shut, speaking authoritatively:
"He said the American bomb must have contained several tons of uranium.., an amount we Germans would have had the greatest difficulty in obtaining. Of that I am absolutely certain!"
The don shakes his head. "The Hiroshima bomb only contained fifteen kilograms of uranium. That was all that was needed, for a critical mass, chain reaction and explosion. If the Heisenberg team had got several tons together, they'd have blown a sizeable chunk out of Germany."
"So the German estimate of critical mass was wrong?" says the Judge.
The don nods significantly at Heisenberg. "Biggest mistake he ever made, unless you count not getting out of Nazi Germany in the first place."
"The Farm Hall tapes don't lie, sir," says Major Cotton. "They don't show any reluctance about the bomb, nor regret...except that Germany had lost the war."
"Yes," says the Watcher, "But who would want to see their country defeated, trampled over by invading armies, no matter how hideous its rulers?"
Nobody answers, and in a moment the question becomes rhetorical, as from within Farm Hall one of the German scientist speaks. Whatever he says, it makes the internees looked as if they have been whipped.
Miss Parkes translates:
"He said: 'If the Americans have a uranium bomb, then you're all second-raters. Poor old Heisenberg.'"
8. "When I hear about Schrodinger's cat, I reach for my gun." Stephen Hawking
Well, what have you decided, class-jury? Is Heisenberg guilty as charged, or innocent? Yes, I see you pause, a rich source of moral ambiguity, indeed. What's that, you want to explore his uncertainties even further? But we're going on to President Chelsea Clinton and her moral ambiguities next session, we haven't time. Oh, all right, use the Berg template, I'd forgotten all about it. lust don't take too long.
The German scientists file out of the dollhouse dock, and sit among the audience. Heisenberg remains, head in hands, as the remaining wall of the dock slowly replaces itself, leaving only a doorway-sized space.
"Your honor," says the Watcher, "the jury have asked for a thought experiment. We will seal Heisenberg in this box, with a trained executioner. When the box is closed these two will return to Zurich, 1944, where they once met. The executioner is here today, he has heard all the evidence in the case. He let Heisenberg off once before; now he must decide again, and execute capital punishment, if he so decides."
"Oh," says the don. "Schrodinger's bloody cat...."
"Or not so bloody cat," the Watcher continues serenely. "There is a fifty-fifty chance of it surviving. But we do not know that, because outside the box we cannot hear the executioner's gun. Therefore, to us, the cat--in this case a wily ginger tom -- is, while unobserved, both alive and dead, or neither, in a state of suspended animation."
"And the jury avoid coming to a decision, and thus abrogate any responsibility in the case," continues the prompt. "How well have they learnt their moral ambiguities!"
"But where is this executioner?" says the Judge.
The Watcher reaches into his pocket, removes a black handkerchief and folds it into a neat origami hat. "You may need this, or not, Mr. Berg."
He hands it to the Judge, who takes off his wig and black gown, revealing a forties-style suit underneath. He pulls out a pair of tortoiseshell glasses from a top pocket, puts them on, stares at the don, then ruffles his hair, in imitation.
"Moses Berg!" says Major Cotton. The Judge snaps to attention. "Your mission, should you choose to accept it-- and I want to make clear there is no choice here -- is to impersonate a physicist."
The Judge starts to protest.
"We know you have no physics."
"I'm a ballplayer, sir. Boston Red Sox."
"Yes, but you have excellent German, and the knack of getting on with everybody. Very useful thing, in a spy. Your mission is to attend a colloquium in Zurich, December 1944. Your target, Professor Heisenberg, is giving a talk there. He is head of the Nazi atom bomb project. Find out whether he is a significant threat to the Allies and if he is, shoot him."
He hands his gun to Berg, who puts it in his pocket, and strides to the dock-box. As he enters, it goes dark inside, showing starry night and city lights. The wall closes behind him and the court waits, staring at the box.
9. Moe Berg judges.
Two men walk through the dark of wartime Zurich, exchanging after-dinner talk, banalities for one, who is happiest talking physics, a smokescreen for the other, hiding his thoughts.
The spy business is screwy, thinks Moe Berg, but this beats everything. I told them, I told those guys back at the OSS in Washington, this is right outa my area. "Yes," they said, "but you're smart, a quick learner, and an excellent listener. We have every confidence you'll make the right decision in this case."
Moe sighs, feeling the weight of the gun in his suit pocket. One week ago, he had been sitting in a lecture theater, among an audience of guys in tweedy suits with glasses. He had taken lots of notes, but there was nothing said about the bomb, only something called S-matrix theory. After the question time, which was equally abstruse, he'd gone down to the podium and mingled with all the people shaking hands and chatting to Heisenberg. Moe knew how to insinuate himself into a gathering, work it until he had met all the important people present. This colloquium was no different from a cocktail party, even if the conversation was uniquely ratified. And at the end of the gathering he'd gotten himself invited to a private dinner party for Heisenberg. Even sat next to him, in fact, gun in pocket. Was it proper etiquette to shoot dead a dinner guest, however morally suspect? Should you do it before the soup course, and put people off eating, or over coffee, and make them vomit up their meal?
"How fine it would be if we had won the war," Heisenberg had said. Well, that caused a hiccup in the table talk. There would have been spies from all sides at the table, besides Berg, and the host, Paul Scherrer, Professor of Experimental Physics at the Zurich Poly, and Berg's contact. Even now Berg suspected the information was speeding toward Roosevelt, on the one hand, and the Gestapo on the other, who would be furious. Such a defeatist remark bordered on treason to the German cause. Heisenberg could be shot for it...if Berg didn't get there first.
Conversation, though, in this short walk back to Heisenberg's hotel, sticks to neutral subjects. After all, this is neutral Switzerland, crammed with refugees and also money, hidden in Nazi bank accounts or those of their concentration camp victims. Three years earlier you might have passed the drunken James Joyce, blissfully unaware that a word he invented in Finnegans Wake would be attached to a sub-atomic particle, the quark.
Moe glances sideways at Heisenberg, tries to imagine that broad face, with its freckles and clear bright eyes, under a Nazi uniform cap. It doesn't fit; but Moe still can't see this man wearing a halo either. Was he constructing a bomb? That was what the OSS wanted to know. Some of the refugee scientists back at Los Alamos were sure of it, had even offered to assassinate Heisenberg themselves -- something Moe had chuckled over. As if they'd be allowed out of the U.S., let alone anywhere they might fall into enemy hands.
Moe had been in Rome, talking to captured Italian scientists; he'd overheard some pretty interesting stuff at the colloquium and the dinner party. Everybody had their own opinion, and now Berg had to decide about this man. One thing is certain, Heisenberg is a genius, and either innocent, well, as innocent as you can be heading a weapons project in Nazi Germany, or as bad as the regime he serves. At the moment, though, he seems indeterminate.
Leaving good or bad aside, thinks Berg the mission comes down to two things. If he is as brilliant as people say, then America's winning the war depends on his death, before the Nazis make their bomb and use it. Or else he has no importance, because what is he doing outside Germany, lecturing on a subject without military significance? The Americans sure wouldn't let their own bomb scientists do that. Moreover, Heisenberg has no bodyguards, so the Nazis clearly aren't worried about him.
Berg turns his head slightly, and sees for a moment, in the shadows, Nazi goons in greatcoats, armed to the teeth. Then they are gone, in the wink of an eye.
"A pleasant night for a walk," says Heisenberg.
"Yes," says Berg. Over this man he has the power of life, to leave him at the door of his hotel, ready for a good night's sleep; or death from the metal warm under his fingers, that bright smile frozen in a rictus, that brilliant mind stopped forever. To kill or not to kill? He has run the pros and cons over in his own, far less brilliant mind.
And yet, he is still uncertain.
~~~~~~~~
By Lucy Sussex d