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Annie Heminway

Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

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CONTENTS

Introduction

PART ONE BASICS OF FRENCH UNDERSTANDING

CHAPTER 1 French Pronunciation

The French You Already Know: Borrowed Words and Cognates

The French Alphabet

Pronouncing Vowels

Pronouncing Consonants

Syllabification

The Francophone World

QUIZ

CHAPTER 2 Naming Things

Definite Articles

French Nouns and Gender

Asking Basic Questions

The Gender of Countries

The Plural of Nouns

Indefinite Articles

The Cardinal Numbers Zero to Fifty

Ordinal Numbers

Days, Months, and Seasons

French Names

QUIZ

CHAPTER 3 Asking Questions

Subject Pronouns

-er Verb Endings in the Present Tense

Spelling Changes in -er Verbs

Asking Questions

Answering Questions in the Negative

The Negation ni... ni

QUIZ

CHAPTER 4 To Be or to Have, That Is the Question!

The Verb être

The Verb avoir

The Verb aller

Using il y a

Expressions of Quantity

Demonstrative Adjectives

Possessive Adjectives

The Numbers Fifty and Above

QUIZ

CHAPTER 5 Describing Things

-ir Verbs in the Present Tense

-re Verbs in the Present Tense

The Imperative Mood

Qualitative Adjectives

Making Comparisons

The Académie Française

QUIZ

PART ONE TEST

PART TWO SOME ESSENTIAL FRIENDS

CHAPTER 6 Talking About Time and Location

Telling Time

Adverbs and Expressions of Time

Adverbs and Expressions of Location

Using depuis

Geographic Names

The French Republic and Government

QUIZ

CHAPTER 7 Expressing Possibilities, Wishes, and Abilities

The Verb devoir

The Verb vouloir

The Verb pouvoir

Irregular -oir Verbs in the Present Tense

The Partitive Article

Synonyms

Homonyms

Onomatopoeia

French Etiquette

QUIZ

CHAPTER 8 Getting Acquainted

The Verb savoir

The Verb connaître

Prefixes

Suffixes

Dans versus en

Colors

QUIZ

CHAPTER 9 Talking About the Immediate Future and Past

The Immediate Future Tense

The Immediate Past Tense

The Verb tenir

Using the Idiom il s'agit de

The Verb faire

QUIZ

CHAPTER 10 Using Pronominal Verbs

The Different Types of Pronominal Verbs

Pronominal Verbs in the Imperative Form

Pronominal Verbs in the Infinitive

Parts of the Body

Disjunctive Pronouns

Intonation in French

The Conjunction donc

QUIZ

PART TWO TEST

PART THREE TALKING ABOUT THE PAST

CHAPTER 11 All About Pronouns

Direct Object Pronouns

Indirect Object Pronouns

The Pronoun y

The Pronoun en

The Order of the Pronouns

QUIZ

CHAPTER 12 Talking About the Past with the passé composé

The passé composé

The passé composé with avoir

The passé composé with être

Using Direct Objects in the passé composé

Pronominal Verbs in the passé composé

Using Adverbs with the passé composé

QUIZ

CHAPTER 13 Talking About the Past with the imparfait

The imparfait

Using the imparfait for Description

Using the imparfait for Habitual Action

Using the imparfait to Express Interrupted Action

Using the imparfait to Make a Suggestion

Using the imparfait to Express a Wish or Regret

The Immediate Past with the imparfait

The imparfait versus the passé composé

QUIZ

CHAPTER 14 All About Prepositions

Prepositions and French Verbs

Verbs Without Prepositions

Verbs Followed by the Preposition à

Verbs Followed by the Preposition de

Verbs That Use Different Prepositions

Common Prepositions

QUIZ

CHAPTER 15 More Past Tenses and Indicating Possession

The plus-que-parfait

The passé simple

Possessive Pronouns

Demonstrative Pronouns

QUIZ

PART THREE TEST

PART FOUR ALL IS SUBJECTIVE

CHAPTER 16 Using the Infinitive, Present Participle, Gerund, and Passive Voice

The Present Infinitive

The Past Infinitive

The Present Participle

The Gerund

The Passive Voice

QUIZ

CHAPTER 17 Making Suggestions and Hypotheses

The Simple Future

The Future Perfect

The Present Conditional

The Past Conditional

Could, Should, and Would

QUIZ

CHAPTER 18 Knowing Who Is Who with Relative Pronouns

The Relative Pronouns

The Relative Pronoun qui

The Relative Pronoun que

Relative Pronouns Following Prepositions

The Relative Pronoun dont

Using the Antecedent ce

Indirect Speech

QUIZ

CHAPTER 19 The Subjunctive Mood

The Subjunctive

The Present Subjunctive

Uses of the Subjunctive

The Past Subjunctive

QUIZ

PART FOUR TEST

FINAL EXAM

English-French Glossary

French-English Glossary

Answer Key

Index

INTRODUCTION

Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

You might be taking your first steps in French. You may be someone who has already climbed partway up the ladder but wants to refresh your memory of the language. Or perhaps you are studying on your own, or need a companion book for your French classes in college in order to review the subtleties of the French language, such as what verbs require which prepositions. Whatever the reason you're studying French, French Demystified will set you on the fast track to learning the language and developing your skills. By demystifying French, we mean taking the mystery out of the language so that it becomes clear and easy to learn.

French has a lot in common with other languages, especially English, and, as you will soon discover, the two languages share many words in common. In fact, one of the advantages of studying French is that not only do many English words have a recognizable French origin, but a number of English words have also been incorporated into the French language. Here are a few examples of words in French that are identical in spelling with English.

There are also many words that may be spelled slightly differently but mean the same thing in both languages:

Sometimes you can use letter substitution patterns to recognize cognates. Many French words that begin with é have cognates in English. Just change the French é to an s in English.

Similarly, try adding an s in English after a vowel that has a circumflex accent in French.

With this book, it will be easy to get rid of any anxiety in your French studies. No drama, no myths, nothing to fear.

How to Use This Book

Demystifying French goes beyond recognizing the similarities between French and English. This book will provide a clear and straightforward approach to understanding French grammatical concepts. This includes uncomplicated explanations of new material, a variety of examples that illustrate that material, and numerous vehicles for practicing what is learned. In this book you will also find vocabulary items presented both in short lists and in context.

French Demystified can be used in two ways. You can begin with Chapter 1 and work your way through the chapters in a linear progression. Alternatively, you can use this book in a modular way, using the table of contents and index to locate particular areas of French that you want to study.

This book features two kinds of practice exercises: oral and written. It's important to understand that one form of practice is not more important than the other. They are different in form but work together in the development of French skills. Language is basically a spoken entity; therefore, oral practice is obviously necessary when one is learning a new language. But written practice provides time to think about grammatical concepts and the meaning of words. It allows the student to think about and analyze what is being learned. This is the way people record knowledge and evaluate progress. Both exercises will be important for you as you proceed through this book.

Below is an illustration of how oral practice is structured. It is not merely a list of words or of random sentences to be practiced aloud. Instead, oral practice contains paradigms that illustrate a concept important to the language. Let's look at an example of oral practice in English which provides a student with paradigms that illustrate pronouns used as direct objects.

Practice saying the following list of sentences out loud.

I gave her a book.

She gave us advice.

We gave him a tie.

He gave them a box of chocolates.

You gave me a ticket.

She gave you a kiss.

Written practice will appear in various forms. In some instances, you will be asked to complete a sentence with new words. For example, an English exercise with pronouns changing from their subjective form to their objective form would look like this:

Rewrite the following sentence with the pronouns provided in parentheses.

Other forms of written practice include verb conjugations, multiple choice exercises, and writing original sentences.

You will occasionally find tables in this book. They are used to highlight special information and to remind you of a concept that is important to keep in mind. For example:

French does not capitalize adjectives that refer to a country.

Each chapter ends with a quiz that will help you to evaluate your understanding of the material of the chapters. The quizzes are open-book quizzes, which means that you should use the content of the chapters as a resource for determining the correct answers. A good suggestion is to achieve a score of at least 80 percent before going on to the next chapter.

After every five chapters, you will have a part test. There are four parts to the book, and the part tests are, therefore, named Part One Test, Part Two Test, Part Three Test, and Part Four Test. It is suggested that you consider these tests closed-book tests in order to check your comprehension of the concepts in each part. You should get a score of 75 percent on a part test before moving on to the next part.

The last test in the book is a final exam. It consists of questions that are drawn from the four parts of the book. The final exam contains 100 questions; a good score on this exam is 75 percent.

At the end of the book, there is an Answer Key, which provides the correct answers for all quizzes, part tests, and the final exam. In the case of questions that require you to provide an original sentence as your answer, you will be provided with a sample answer for comparison.

No more myth, no more mystery. With French Demystified you'll be able to make your study of French an enlightening and fun experience. Have fun!

PART ONE
BASICS OF FRENCH UNDERSTANDING

Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

CHAPTER 1
French Pronunciation

Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

In this chapter you will learn:

The French You Already Know: Borrowed Words and Cognates

The French Alphabet

Pronouncing Vowels

Pronouncing Consonants

Syllabification

The Francophone World

The French You Already Know: Borrowed Words and Cognates

Starting a new language can be intimidating. But even though French is a complex language, you may already know more vocabulary words than you realize. This means that you also have a basic idea of French pronunciation.

French culture has a worldwide reputation, and French cinema, in particular, is a good way for you to get your ear accustomed to the sounds of French. Moreover, the Internet gives you access to French-language media, music, sports, and arts to a greater degree than ever before. So take advantage of the spoken French language environment around you, and you will quickly improve your pronunciation and comprehension.

BORROWED WORDS

English already uses a variety of French words. You may already have eaten pâté or foie gras for dinner, or drunk champagne or cognac. If you once asked someone for a rendezvous; if you once felt on the qui vive or blasé; when you remember nice souvenirs; then you're already putting your French to use. There are many other words, such as apropos, cul-de-sac, pastiche, poste restante, sabotage. Note that the spelling of some words is slightly different in the two languages: for example, the right French spelling for rendezvous is rendez-vous, for qui vive is qui-vive, for apropos is à propos.

In addition, English has a variety of words that have their roots in French, but which have been slightly changed as they have become anglicized. Many of those words are related to food: for instance, the English word veal comes from the French veau; pork comes from porc.

COGNATES

French and English share a number of cognates, or words that share the same linguistic root and are therefore similar in spelling and meaning. Some cognates in English and French are exactly the same; others are so similar they are unmistakable. Although they will be pronounced differently in French, you should be able to tell just by looking at cognates what their meanings are. Here are some examples. Can you guess the meaning of each?

Many French words starting with an é are very close to English, as long as you know you have to change the French é into an English s. Guess the meanings of: épeler, épice, éponge, état, étole, étrange, étrangler, étudiant, étudier.(Answers: to spell, spice, sponge, state, stole, strange, to strangle, student, to study.)

Also, most French words ending with the letters tion or isme are very similar in English; some examples are abstraction, adaptation, collection, évolution, libéralisme, modernisme, paternalisme.

FALSE COGNATES

False cognates are words that are written similarly in English and French but do not share a similar meaning. There are many false cognates in French and English. Here are some French words that look as though they would mean something else, along with their actual meanings:

Written Practice

Now that you realize you already know more French than you thought you did, try translating these sentences into English. If there are any words you do not recognize, take a guess by using the surrounding context clues to help you.

1. L'acteur est patient._________________________

2. Le dîner est délicieux.______________________

3. Valérie et Thomas attendent la nouvelle.__________________

4. Le patron prépare une réorganisation de l'entreprise._________________________

5. Sandrine travaille à la librairie.________________

The French Alphabet

French pronunciation follows specific rules. Just as in English, not everything is spelled as it sounds or sounds the way it is spelled. English and French share many sounds, but French can have several spellings for the same sound.

You will find the French alphabet in a table below. The list includes the letters, their names (just as we say "jay" for the letter j or "zee" or "zed" for the letter z, letters in French also have names), the sound each letter makes, and example words. The pronunciation of each example word is in parentheses. In the next section, we will explore the pronunciation of some of these letters more in depth, but this list can act as a reference as you make your way through the book.

Pronouncing Vowels

French has six vowels: a, e, i, o, u, and y. French vowels often take accents:

- The acute accent (accent aigu): é

- The grave accent (accent grave): à, è, ù

- The circumflex (accent circonflexe): â, ê, î, ô, û

a The vowel a(a) and its variants à and â sound similar to a in father. Practice saying these examples:

e e is pronounced uh like a in alone or u in burn. Practice saying these examples:

NOTE: Except in short words like those above, an unaccented e at the end of a word is usually not pronounced. Practice saying these examples:

é is pronounced like ay in day, but not drawn out (er and ez are pronounced the same way). Practice saying these examples:

è is pronounced like e in get (ai and aî are pronounced the same way). Practice saying these examples:

i The vowel i or î sounds like ee in beet. Practice saying these examples:

o The vowel o has an open and a closed sound. The open o sounds a little bit like au in caught. Practice saying these examples:

o The closed o sounds like o in roll. Practice saying these examples:

u The vowel u has no equivalent in English, but you can make it by pronouncing the sound ee and then rounding your lips. Practice saying these examples:

u After the letters q and g, the u is silent in French. Practice saying these examples:

Oral Practice

Practice saying the words in the list. Focus on your pronunciation of the vowels. Look at the transliteration to check your pronunciation.

DIPHTHONGS

Diphthongs are a combination of two vowels or of a vowel and a consonant and are treated as one syllable. There are many diphthongs in French.

ai or aî is pronounced like e in met. Practice saying these examples:

au or eau is pronounced like o in roll. Practice saying these examples:

eu has two sounds. The closed sound is pronounced like u in put. Practice saying these examples:

eu The open sound is pronounced like u in fun. Practice saying these examples:

er and ez at the end of a word are pronounced like ay in lay. Practice saying these examples:

oi is pronounced like wa in watch. Practice saying these examples:

oy is pronounced like wa in watch + ee. Practice saying these examples:

ou is pronounced like oo in zoo. Practice saying these examples:

ui is pronounced like wee. Practice saying these examples:

oui is pronounced like oo + wee. Practice saying these examples:

NASAL VOWELS

The syllables composed of a vowel and n or m create a nasal vowel sound, which is produced when air is expelled from both the mouth and nose. In French, a consonant n or m that follows a nasal vowel is not pronounced. In the word France, for example, we pronounce the nasal vowel a through the mouth and the nose but not the consonant n. Following is a chart of nasal vowels with examples:

If i or y is followed by a nasal vowel, it sounds like y in yes and is pronounced with the vowel in one syllable. Practice saying these examples:

The combination oin sounds like the English w followed by the nasal vowel a(n): coin, foin, loin, moins, point, soin.

A vowel + n or m + another vowel is not nasal. Practice these examples:

The word pays (country) is pronounced pay-ee.

Oral Practice

Practice saying the words in the list and for each word, write down how many syllables it has. (It may help if you divide each word into syllables, using vertical lines.) Remember, a diphthong counts as one syllable, but two strong vowels next to each other count as two. Answers are in the Answer Key at the back of the book.

Pronouncing Consonants

French consonants are mostly pronounced like their English counterparts, with a few variations and exceptions. The consonants b, d, k, l, m, n, p, s, t, v, and z are generally pronounced as in English.

Final consonants are usually not pronounced in French, except for c, r, f, l (consonants in CaReFuL). Practice saying these examples:

Unpronounced Final Consonants

Pronounced Final Consonants

In verb forms, the final ent of the third-person plural is silent. Practice saying these examples:

In the verb form est(is), only the e is voiced. Practice saying this example:

c As in English, French c has a soft and a hard sound. The hard sound k sounds like the c in carry. It occurs before a, o, u, and before a consonant. Practice saying these examples:

c The soft c (s) sounds like the c in cinnamon. It occurs before e, i, or y. Practice saying these examples:

ç ("c cédille") before a, o, or u is a pronounced like a soft c(s sound). Practice saying these examples:

c + h The combination c + h is pronounced like sh in sunshine when followed by a vowel. Practice saying these examples:

c + h is pronounced like k (or the hard c in cut) when followed by a consonant. Practice saying these examples:

g The letter g has a soft sound (zh) and a hard sound (g). The soft g occurs in front of the vowels e and i. It is represented by zh and is pronounced like s in plea s ure. Practice saying these examples:

g The hard g occurs everywhere else. It sounds like the g in egg or go. Practice saying these examples:

gn is pronounced like ni in onion. Practice saying these examples:

h The letter h is always silent in French. Practice saying these examples:

t + h The combination of t and h is pronounced like t. Practice saying these examples:

j The French j sounds similar to the soft g sound, no matter where it is placed. Practice saying these examples:

l The letter l is usually pronounced like the English equivalent, though with more vigor and distinctness. Practice saying these examples:

ille and a final il are often pronounced like y in yes. Practice saying these examples:

p French p is pronounced like English p, and the combination p + h is pronounced like f, as in English. Practice saying these examples:

q The letter q (usually qu) is like the English k. Practice saying these examples:

r The r in French is very different from the English r. It is pronounced at the back of the mouth and is slightly rolled. Practice saying these examples:

s The letter s can be pronounced in different ways. The doubled ss is pronounced like s in s ing. Practice saying these examples:

s at the beginning of a word is pronounced like s in sing. Practice saying these examples:

s between vowels is pronounced like z. Practice saying these examples:

t The French t usually sounds like the English t, except when followed by ion: it is then pronounced like s in sun (same as ss). Practice saying these examples:

x The letter x is pronounced with a ks sound, like the x in fax, or a gz sound, like the x in exam. Practice saying these examples:

Oral Practice

Practice saying the words in the list. Focus on the pronunciation of your consonants and vowels. Look at the transliteration to check your pronunciation.

Syllabification

In French, syllables within a word generally end in a vowel sound. Compare:

When several consonants come together in a French word, the syllables are usually divided between the consonants:

OMISSIONS

An unaccented e at the end of a word is usually not pronounced, with the exception of short words like je. Practice saying these examples:

Silent e

Pronounced e

In addition, an unaccented e within certain words is not pronounced. Practice saying these examples:

LIAISON

Many final consonants are linked to the vowel that follows. In a liaison, the consonant d is usually pronounced like a t, and the consonants s and x are usually pronounced like a z. Practice saying these examples:

Because the h is silent, this is also true when what follows the final consonant is an h. Practice saying this example:

When the indefinite article un (a, an) is linked to a vowel or h that follows, the sound is still nasal but the n is pronounced. Practice saying these examples:

Elles-(z)-habitent dans-(z)-un-(n)-hôtel. (ehl-zah-beet-dah(n)-zuh(n)-noh-tehl) They live in a hotel.

Before a vowel, il is linked, sounding like the y in y es. Practice saying these examples:

SYLLABLE STRESS

In English, one syllable is stressed more than the others: perfect, pragmatic. In words of several syllables, you may even have a primary and a secondary stress. In French, each sound is pronounced clearly and equally, with a mild stress on the last syllable of the word. Compare stresses on these similar words:

INTONATION

In French, the last syllable of the last word of a sentence receives a slight downward inflection. Practice saying these examples:

NOTE: In these examples the last e is mute.

The last syllable before a comma receives a slight upward inflection. Practice saying these examples:

The last syllable in a question receives a slight upward inflection. For example:

The Francophone World

The French language is descended from the vernacular or "street" Latin of the Roman Empire. When ancient Gaul (France) was conquered by the Romans in the second and first centuries B.C., its inhabitants spoke a language called Celtic. This was rapidly supplanted by the Latin of the Roman rulers. In the fifth century A.D. the Franks, a group of Germanic tribes, invaded Gaul, but they too were romanized. Although modern French has several hundred words of Celtic and Germanic origin, its structure and vocabulary derive from Latin. The term Francophone refers to people whose cultural background is primarily associated with the French language, regardless of ethnic and geographical differences. The Francophone culture beyond Europe is the legacy of the French colonial empire. Francophone countries include France, Belgium, Canada (Quebec), Switzerland, Haiti and the French West Indies, and several countries in Africa and Asia that were former French colonies. These countries are members of the International Organization of Francophonie (franco-phonie.org), an intergovernmental organization of French-speaking nations that promotes the education and culture of French speakers as well as peace, democracy, human rights, and economic development in the French-speaking world. Franco-phone writers have produced a body of literature that is strikingly beautiful in its use of language and imagery.

QUIZ

Choose the closest approximate English sound for the letter or letters in bold in questions 1–5.

1. boisson

(a) bwoo

(b) bwa

(c) bwee

2. assister

(a) z

(b) s

(c) c

3. horloge

(a) ho

(b) o

(c) au

4. loup

(a) oo

(b) ouh

(c) oh

5. nuit

(a) noe

(b) nee

(c) nwee

Identify the correct meaning for questions 6–10.

6. un car

(a) une automobile

(b) un autobus

(c) une cabine

7. actuellement

(a) réellement

(b) à vrai dire

(c) à présent

8. une librairie

(a) un magasin de livres

(b) une collection

(c) une bibliothèque

9. un patron

(a) un client

(b) un protecteur

(c) un directeur

10. un poisson

(a) un animal vivant dans l'eau

(b) une substance toxique

(c) un élément pernicieux

CHAPTER 2
Naming Things

Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

In this chapter you will learn:

Definite Articles

French Nouns and Gender

Asking Basic Questions

The Gender of Countries

The Plural of Nouns

Indefinite Articles

The Cardinal Numbers Zero to Fifty

Ordinal Numbers

Days, Months, and Seasons

French Names

Definite Articles

All nouns in French have a gender, either masculine or feminine, whether they refer to a person, an animal, a thing, or an abstract notion. While English has only one definite article, the, French uses le for masculine nouns and la for feminine nouns.

Le and la become l' in front of nouns starting with a vowel or a mute h. A mute h is silent. The word acts as if it began with a vowel. The plural of le, la, and l' is les. Liaisons are done as if the h were not there:

French Nouns and Gender

Although there is no fixed rule to determine the gender of a noun, its ending provides a general rule of thumb. Of course, once in a while you'll run into exceptions. It would be no fun otherwise.

Nouns ending in age, ment, eau tend to be masculine.

Nouns ending in t, al, ail, eil, isme also tend to be masculine.

Nouns ending in ure, ence, ance, sion, tion, té, ouille, eille tend to be feminine.

Some nouns that refer to people can be changed from masculine to feminine by adding an e to the masculine form:

Nouns with certain endings form the feminine in other ways:

eur → euse

(i)er → (i)ère

teur → trice

ien → ienne

A few nouns have different meanings in the masculine and feminine.

Now let's look at the changes from the masculine to the feminine in the words for family members.

Asking Basic Questions

Let's see how to ask about someone's profession.

Oral Practice

Ask someone's status or profession and then answer each question, aloud.

Written Practice 1

Keeping in mind the rules of thumb we've given for determining the gender of a noun, use the following pattern to fill in the blanks.

The Gender of Countries

Countries, continents, states, provinces, and regions also have a gender. In this context, for the most part, an e ending will be feminine. Other endings tend to be masculine, with a few exceptions. Here are some examples.

NOTE: Some countries and states ending in e are masculine:

Oral Practice

Practice saying the following sentences out loud.

Written Practice 2

Answer, using the following pattern.

The Plural of Nouns

To form the plural, add an s to the singular noun. In the plural, le and la become les.

If a noun in the plural begins with a vowel or a mute h, you need to make a liaison with a z sound.

Nouns ending in s, x, or z do not change in the plural.

Nouns ending in eu or eau usually take an x in the plural.

Nouns ending in al usually change to aux.

Do not be surprised if here and there you run into exceptions. Here are a few examples:

Some nouns have different meanings when singular or plural.

Some nouns are used only in the plural form.

In French, no s is added to a family name used in the plural. You'll refer to Monsieur and Madame Chabrol as les Chabrol.

Oral Practice

Practice saying the following list of sentences out loud.

Written Practice 3

Answer using the following pattern:

Indefinite Articles

We have just studied the nouns using the definite articles le, la, and les. The indefinite articles are un (masculine singular), une (feminine singular), and des(masculine and feminine plural).

Oral Practice

Ask someone whether he or she has certain things or acquaintances, then answer each question, aloud.

Written Practice 4

Answer with an indefinite article, using the following pattern:

The Cardinal Numbers Zero to Fifty

Let's start counting up to fifty. Although final consonants are generally silent in French, they are pronounced in the following numbers: cinq, six, sept, huit, neuf, dix. With sept, the p is silent, but the final t is pronounced. The final x in six and dix is pronounced like an s.

When the numbers cinq, six, huit, and dix are followed by a word begining with a consonant, their final consonant is mute.

Ordinal Numbers

Ordinal numbers, for the most part, follow a regular pattern, ending with ième. Premier (first) and dernier (last) are exceptions.

NOTE: In France, le premier étage corresponds to the American second floor. The American first floor is called le rez-de-chaussée. For example:

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then repeat the answers, aloud.

Written Practice 5

Write out the following numbers.

Written Practice 6

Answer the questions, following this pattern:

Days, Months, and Seasons

Making plans? You need to know the days of the week and the months of the year.

DAYS OF THE WEEK

The days of the week are masculine. They are not capitalized. The week starts with Monday.

The definite article is used with weekdays when an action is repeated on a particular day of the week. Here are some example sentences:

If an action takes place once on a certain day, the definite article is not used. For example:

MONTHS OF THE YEAR

Like the days, the months of the year are not capitalized.

SEASONS

The four seasons of the year are:

Here are some example sentences:

Oral Practice

Ask a question, then answer each question, aloud.

Written Practice 7

Answer using the following pattern:

French Names

In France, until January 1, 2005, children were required by law to take the surname (last name) of their father, which is no longer the case. This has become article 311–21 of the French Civil code. To ensure the world knows that the baby's double name results from the new law and not from a historic lineage—often involving aristocracy—two hyphens will now be required. So the surname name of a baby called Martin--Dupont becomes "Martin double-dash Dupont." "Double-dash" will not be pronounced in ordinary speech, according to the law's instructions, only in spelling the name. France's most famous single mother—President Chirac's daughter Claude—secured the Chirac name for her son in this way. The gesture to the mothers of France seemed to shake the sacred pillar of patriarchy. However, under the proposed law, once parents have made the choice they have to stick with it. Any subsequent brothers or sisters will have to have the same surname as the first-born child.

Names are indicators of status in France. The reform is important because of France's changing demographics; 45 percent of children are born out of wedlock. In the absence of declared paternity, mothers were previously forced to give their babies their own names. The new law will help remove that stigma.

The law is retroactive only for children under thirteen, and even then only through a formal petition. A husband cannot take the surname of his wife.

Paradoxically, the reform reinforces the spirit of patriarchy, or at least tradition. Aristocratic families that have produced only female offspring no longer will have to watch helplessly as their names die out. In the case of a dispute between mother and father, the father wins.

After pressure from the United Nations, similar measures had already been adopted by Germany (1976), Sweden (1982), Denmark (1983), and Spain (1999).

QUIZ

Using the definite article le or la, specify the gender of each of the following words.

Replace the definite article le, la, or les with the indefinite article un, une, or des.

Write the appropriate article before the following geographic nouns.

Put the following nouns in the plural form. Watch out for exceptions.

Put the following nouns in the feminine form.

Translate the following sentences.

6. Marc's birthday is on Sunday. _____________________________

7. Call Marc on Monday. __________________________________

8. Léa's sister is an architect. _______________________________

9. Léa's office is on the tenth floor. __________________________

10. Léa's birthday is on Tuesday. ____________________________

CHAPTER 3
Asking Questions

Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

In this chapter you will learn:

Subject Pronouns

-er Verb Endings in the Present Tense

Spelling Changes in -er Verbs

Asking Questions

Answering Questions in the Negative

The Negation ni... ni

Subject Pronouns

Below are the subject pronouns in French.

TWO WAYS TO SAY YOU

There are two ways of saying you in French. Use tu to talk to friends, family members, children, or animals. Use vous whenever you are talking to more than one person or when you are addressing a stranger, someone you don't know well, or to maintain a certain degree of distance or respect. Note, however, that the tendency among peers is toward familiarity, so watch the scene around you, stay on your toes, and go with the flow.

THE PRONOUN ON

The pronoun on takes on different meanings. It may mean one, we, or they depending on how it is used. See the following examples.

-er Verb Endings in the Present Tense

Verbs are classified by their infinitive form, such as manger (to eat) or écouter (to listen). Most verbs that end in er in the infinitive follow the same conjugation. The pattern is easy. You remove the er ending to get the root : parler → parl. Then you add the endings corresponding to the subject pronoun.

The endings for the regular -er verbs are: e, es, e, ons, ez, ent. The e, es, and ent endings of the verbs are all silent. The final s of nous, vous, ils, and elles links with verbs beginning with a vowel sound, making a z sound. This linking is called a liaison, as we saw in Chapter 1.

Let's conjugate the verb parler(to speak):

Here are some examples:

THE VERB HABITER

Habiter (to live) will follow the same pattern as parler.

COMMON -ER VERBS

Here are some common regular -er verbs.

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 1

Match the following verbs with the appropriate subject pronoun.

Written Practice 2

Conjugate the following verbs.

Spelling Changes in -er Verbs

Some spelling changes occur with some regular -er verbs.

VERBS ENDING IN -CER

With verbs ending in cer, like commencer (to begin), the c becomes ç before the letter o. The cedilla (ç) under the c is needed to keep the soft pronunciation in these contexts that the c has in the infinitive form.

Here are some example sentences:

Here are a few examples of other -cer verbs:

VERBS ENDING IN -GER

With verbs ending in -ger, like manger(to eat), the g becomes ge before the letter o.

Here are some example sentences:

Here are a few examples of other -ger verbs:

VERBS ENDING IN E + CONSONANT + -ER

With some verb endings composed of e + consonant + er, like acheter (to buy), some accent changes occur. A grave accent is added in all but the first and the second person plural.

Here are a few other verbs following the same pattern:

With some verbs composed of é + consonant + er, like espérer (to hope), changes may also occur. The acute accent on the e (é) changes to a grave accent (è) in all but the first and second persons plural.

Here are a few other verbs following the same pattern:

VERBS ENDING IN E + L + -ER

Some verb endings composed of e + l + er, like appeler (to call), take two ls in all but the first and second persons plural.

Here are a few other verbs following the same pattern:

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 3

Conjugate the following verbs.

Written Practice 4

Match the left and right columns.

Asking Questions

There are three ways of asking questions. You can either do an inversion of the subject and the verb, use the est-ce que form, or simply keep the positive form with an upward intonation. Let's start with the inversion, which you saw in Chapters 1 and 2 every time we asked questions.

If the third person singular of a verb ends with a vowel, a t is inserted to facilitate the pronunciation. As is often the case, it's just a matter of aesthetics.

A more colloquial way of asking a question is to use the est-ce que form in front of the subject and the verb.

Est-ce que becomes est-ce qu' before a vowel.

A third way of asking a question, which is also a colloquial way of doing it, is to keep the structure of subject + verb and to use an upward intonation.

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions, using inversion, and then answer, aloud.

Written Practice 5

Put the following sentences into the interrogative form, using inversion.

1. Vous aimez les voyages. ______________________________________

2. Elle préfère le riz. ________________________

3. Tu commences en décembre. _______________________________

4. Ils cherchent un appartement. __________________________________

5. Nous regardons le match de base-ball dans le salon.
___________________________________

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions using the est-ce que form, then answer, aloud.

Written Practice 6

Put the following sentences into the interrogative form, using the est-ce que form.

1. J'appelle Samuel. __________________________

2. Nous remplaçons Jacques et Laurent. _______________

3. Tu voyages en Irlande. ____________________________

4. Vous déménagez jeudi. _____________________

5. Elle prononce le mot correctement. _____________________

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions using upward intonation, then answer, aloud.

Written Practice 7

Put the following sentences into the interrogative form, using upward intonation.

1. Vous cherchez la Place de la Bastille. ____________________________

2. Tu aimes le chocolat. ____________________________

3. Elle habite à Rome. _________________________

4. Il cherche un nouvel emploi. ___________________________________

5. Vous mangez des escargots. __________________________________

QUESTION WORDS

When you want to formulate questions, question words come in handy. Here are a few examples.

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 8

Translate the following sentences, using the inversion form when appropriate.

1. Who speaks French here? __________________________________

2. Where are you traveling in January? (formal) ____________________

3. Why is she moving? __________________________

4. Where do you live? (informal) _______________________________

5. What are you looking for? (formal) ____________________________

Answering Questions in the Negative

So far, we have been very positive, answering questions only with oui. Let's try to say non. To make a sentence negative, you simply place ne... pas around the verb. For example:

If the ne precedes a verb starting with a vowel or a mute h, ne becomes n'.

Aside from ne... pas, there are other negations. Here are a few examples:

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 9

Answer the following sentences in the negative form. For questions using vous, answer with je.

1. Aimez-vous le nouveau film d'Éric Rohmer? __________________________________

2. Habite-t-elle à La Rochelle? ______________________________________________

3. Cherchez-vous Jacques? _________________________________________________

4. Apportez-vous quelque chose? ____________________________________________

5. Voyagez-vous parfois par le train? __________________________________________

6. Chantez-vous en allemand? _______________________________________________

7. Travaillez-vous toujours le samedi? _________________________________________

8. Étudiez-vous le chinois? __________________________________________________

9. Jouez-vous au tennis? ____________________________________________________

10. Écoutez-vous l'émission 2000 ans d'histoire? __________________________________

The Negation ni... ni

The negation ni... ni precedes the nouns it negates. Where the definite article le, la, or les is used in the positive form, the article is used in the negative form as well.

When the partitive article, du, de la, des (some), is introduced in the original sentence, it disappears in the negative form.

QUIZ

Formulate a question using tu and the est-ce que form in the present tense.

Change the following verbs from the first person singular to the first person plural of the present tense.

Suggest an activity to your friend, using the familiar on.

Answer the following questions first in the affirmative, then in the negative form.

Translate the following sentences.

CHAPTER 4
To Be or to Have, That Is the Question!

Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

In this chapter you will learn:

The Verb être

The Verb avoir

The Verb aller

Using il y a

Expressions of Quantity

Demonstrative Adjectives

Possessive Adjectives

The Numbers Fifty and Above

The Verb être

The verbs être and avoir are both irregular (avoir is covered later in this chapter). They are key verbs that will come in handy in most conversations. So start memorizing their conjugations.

NOTE: The s of vous is pronounced as a z in front of the vowel ê in êtes.

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 1

Conjugate the verb être in the following sentences.

The Verb avoir

The verb avoir, like the verb être, has an irregular conjugation you need to learn by heart.

NOTE: The s of nous, vous, ils, and elles is pronounced as a z in front of a vowel.

NOTE: Un, une, and des change to de or d' in the negative form.

The verb avoir is used in many common idiomatic expressions. Here are a few examples:

When referring to the state of one's body, French uses avoir mal à. When avoir mal à is followed by a verb, however, it means to have trouble doing something. Compare:

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 2

Match the left with the right column.

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 3

Formulate questions according to the model:

The Verb aller

We saw the regular -er verbs in the previous chapter. Now let's study a most useful verb for talking about going places, the irregular verb aller (to go).

Use the preposition à (to, at, in) to say where you are going. Watch out for the contractions: à + le = au, à + les = aux.

Aller is used in many idiomatic expressions.

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 4

Formulate a complete sentence with the elements below.

Using il y a

Il y a (there is, there are) states the existence of people and things. See the following examples:

NOTE: A t is added for the inversion form and de or d' is used in the negative form.

Expressions of Quantity

Here are the main expressions of quantity, used as adverbs.

Quantity expressions, in most cases, follow a certain pattern. The definite article (following the de that ends the quantity expression) is dropped.

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 5

Formulate a sentence with the elements provided.

QUANTITY EXPRESSIONS USING ADJECTIVES

Quantity expressions can take on other forms, using adjectives.

Here are some example sentences:

QUANTITY EXPRESSIONS USING NOUNS

Other quantity expressions are formed using nouns.

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 6

Formulate a sentence with the elements provided.

Demonstrative Adjectives

Sometimes you need to be very specific in identifying things. To do so, you have to use demonstrative adjectives (this, that, these, those). Like all adjectives in French, French demonstrative adjectives agree in gender and number with the noun they modify.

Masculine Singular

NOTE: The singular demonstrative adjective ce adds a t when a vowel or a mute h follows.

Feminine Singular

Masculine and Feminine Plural

To make a distinction between two elements, -ci and -là are added to the noun that follows the demonstrative adjectives.

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 7

Match the left and the right columns.

Possessive Adjectives

Possessive adjectives are used to express relationship and ownership. They agree in gender and number with the noun they modify.

Masculine Singular

Feminine Singular

Masculine and Feminine Plural

NOTE: The masculine form (mon, ton, son) is used before singular feminine nouns beginning with a vowel or a mute h.

Son, sa, and ses can all mean either his or hers. The context will usually prevent any ambiguity about the owner. Otherwise, the sentence will need to be reformulated.

Another way of expressing possession is to use à + a noun or a pronoun.

We'll go into this a little further when we study moi, toi, lui, elle, etc.

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 8

Match the left and the right columns.

The Numbers Fifty and Above

Last time we stopped counting at fifty, right? Let's keep going.

From seventy-one to seventy-nine, you add the teen numbers:

Eighty is really four times twenty. So from eighty to eighty-nine, you'll keep adding to quatre-vingts. Note that quatre-vingts has an s. But once you attach another number to quatre-vingts, the s will drop.

Now we have reached a hundred! Let's keep going.

Add an s to cent above one hundred, except when cent is followed by another number.

Never add an s to mille.

QUIZ

Answer the following questions in the affirmative, using the verb être or avoir.

1. Êtes-vous canadien?

____________________________________

2. As-tu des animaux domestiques?

____________________________________

3. A-t-elle un appartement dans le treizième arrondissement?

____________________________________

Answer the following questions in the negative form, using je. Watch out for the exceptions.

4. Aimez-vous la musique folk? __________________________________________

5. Avez-vous un ordinateur? _____________________________________________

Answer the following questions following the model and using the verb aller.

6. Comment allez-vous? (use je)__________________________________________

7. Comment va la cousine de Germain?_____________________________________

Write in letters the following numbers.

8. 62 ____________________________________

77 _____________________________________

100 ____________________________________

87 _____________________________________

315 ____________________________________

10000_______________________________

Translate the following sentences, using tu and the est-ce que form when needed.

9. There are a lot of books on the table._____________________________________

10. Are you English? (masculine)_________________________________________

CHAPTER 5
Describing Things

Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

In this chapter you will learn:

-ir Verbs in the Present Tense

-re Verbs in the Present Tense

The Imperative Mood

Qualitative Adjectives

Making Comparisons

The Académie Française

-ir Verbs in the Present Tense

In Chapter 3, we saw the first group of verbs, -er verbs. The second group of verbs ends in ir. These -ir verbs follow two different conjugation patterns.

Type 1: drop the ir of the infinitive, add iss to the plural forms, then add the appropriate ending.

Many other verbs have the same conjugation.

Type 2: drop the ir of the infinitive, then add the appropriate ending.

Two other common verbs that take this conjugation are courir (to run) and sortir (to go out).

Many -ir verbs have their own idiosyncrasies in the first person. See the following examples.

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 1

Change the following verbs from the singular to the plural form.

-re Verbs in the Present Tense

Few third-group verbs ending in re are regular. For the regular ones, you remove the re ending and add the following endings.

attendre (to wait)

Here are some other verbs that conjugate in the same manner.

IRREGULAR -RE VERBS

Some fairly common -re verbs are irregular. Let's look at prendre (to take).

And its variations:

As we go along, we'll discover verbs with their own minds, ending in oir and following no specific rule.

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 2

Match the left and the right columns.

The Imperative Mood

You use the imperative to give orders, to make suggestions, or to give advice. To put a verb into the imperative, you use the tu, nous, and vous forms of the present tense. For the -er verbs, the s of the tu form is dropped.

Let's look at other verbs.

In the negative form, the negation is around the verb.

IRREGULAR IMPERATIVES

Some imperatives are irregular. Let's take a look at être, avoir, and savoir.

The imperative will appear in many idiomatic expressions.

The verb vouloir (to want) only uses the imperative form for vous.

Veuillez accepter mes compliments. Please accept my compliments.

Oral Practice

Say aloud the following commands.

Written Practice 3

Put the following sentences into the imperative form.

1. Tu achètes une demi-livre de beurre._______________________

2. Nous allons au théâtre._________________________________

3. Vous prenez une salade verte.____________________________

4. Tu es à l'heure._______________________________________

5. Tu as un peu de patience.________________________________

Qualitative Adjectives

Adjectives agree in gender and number with the noun they modify. One common rule is to add an e to the masculine form to make the feminine form.

NOTE: The final consonant d of grand is silent, while the d of grande is pronounced in the feminine.

If an adjective ends with an e in the masculine form, the feminine form remains the same.

Be aware that the feminine of adjectives can be formed in several different ways. Here are a few examples:

Many adjectives are just plain irregular as shown in these examples:

POSITION OF ADJECTIVES

As you go along, you'll become acquainted with the irregular feminine form of some adjectives. What is often more difficult is the position of the adjectives. In French, most qualifying adjectives follow the noun.

Some adjectives change meaning depending on whether they precede or follow the noun. Let's look at a few examples.

ADJECTIVES DESCRIBING COLORS

Adjectives describing colors usually agree in gender and number with the noun they modify.

Adjectives that are also the names of fruit or plants remain in the masculine singular form.

NOTE: If two adjectives are combined to provide more specificity, both adjectives remain in the masculine singular form.

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 4

Circle the appropriate adjective.

1. Les pyramides sont ambitieuses/vieilles/courtes.

2. Son chien est gentil/vert/frais.

3. Le musée du Louvre est brave/dernier/fascinant.

4. Le professeur d'anglais est silencieux/intéressant/final.

5. Sa nouvelle bicyclette est désagréable/folle/noire.

Written Practice 5

Change these sentences from the masculine form to the feminine.

Making Comparisons

In French, comparisons of adjectives and adverbs can take three forms: plus... que (more... than); moins... que (less... than); and aussi... que (as... as). For example:

Some comparatives have irregular forms as shown in these examples:

To express the ideas of the most, the least, the best, the worst, etc., one uses the superlative. To form the superlative, simply add the definite article to the comparative form. Note that de follows the superlative where in is used in English.

Oral Practice

Repeat aloud the following comparisons.

Written Practice 6

Using the words provided, create a full comparison sentence.

The Académie Française

The Académie Française (the French Academy) is France's official authority on the usage, vocabulary, and grammar of the French language. The Académie grew out of literary salons held in the 1600s. It was formally established as an organization in 1635 by Cardinal Richelieu, the chief minister to King Louis XIII, to maintain standards of literary taste and language. The Académie consists of forty members, called les immortels (the immortals) because À l'immortalité appears on the official seal granted by Richelieu. New members are elected by the Académie (the original members were appointed). Although most academicians are writers, it is not a requirement for membership. The Académie publishes the official dictionary of the French language (Dictionnaire de l'Académie Française). The first edition came out in 1694; they are currently still working on the ninth edition. The academy has often been accused of literary conservatism. It endeavors to keep foreign and "loanwords" (for example, e-mail, workshop) out of the French language, and while many of France's great writers, such as Corneille, Racine, Voltaire, and Victor Hugo, have been members, it has also snubbed such literary luminaries as Molière, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Honoré de Balzac, Gustave Flaubert, Stendhal, Émile Zola, and Marcel Proust. Today, the academy includes women and people of other nationalities who write in French. In addition to awarding literary prizes, the French Academy distributes grants and prizes for courage and civic virtue.

QUIZ

Put the verbs in the plural form.

Change from the present tense to the imperative mood.

Change from the masculine to the feminine form.

Create a comparison sentence using the following elements.

PART ONE TEST

Using the definite article le or la, specify the gender of the following words.

Replace the definite le, la, or les with the indefinite un, une, or des.

Write the appropriate definite article before each of the following geographic nouns.

Put the following nouns in the plural form. Watch out for exceptions.

Formulate a question, using tu and the est-ce que form in the present tense.

21. commander une salade_____________________________

22. acheter des tomates_______________________________

23. habiter à Paris___________________________________

24. remplacer Juliette________________________________

25. déménager à Toulouse____________________________

Suggest an activity to your friend, using the informal on and complete sentences.

Answer the following questions in the affirmative, using the verb shown (être or avoir) and complete sentences.

Answer the following questions, following the model and using the verb aller and complete sentences.

Change these sentences from the masculine to the feminine form.

41. Il est japonais._________________________

42. Il est vietnamien._______________________

43. Il est africain.__________________________

44. Il est capricieux.________________________

45. Il est naïf._____________________________

Translate the following sentences, using vous and the inversion form when necessary.

46. Her former boss lives in Paris.___________________________

47. The quality of this fabric is better._________________________

48. How many people live in the blue house?___________________

49. Do you like Paris?____________________________________

50. Why is she studying English?____________________________

PART TWO
SOME ESSENTIAL FRIENDS

Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

CHAPTER 6
Talking About Time and Location

Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

In this chapter you will learn:

Telling Time

Adverbs and Expressions of Time

Adverbs and Expressions of Location

Using depuis

Geographic Names

The French Republic and Government

Telling Time

Quelle heure est-il? This is how you ask and tell time in French.

On the hour:

On the half or quarter hour:

NOTE: Midi and minuit are masculine, so demi does not take a final e.

To convey the idea of A.M. and P.M., if there is a doubt, you can specify:

Official time, the twenty-four-hour clock, is used for plane and train schedules, meetings, TV programs, etc.

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 1

Write the time in full letters, using the informal way of telling time.

Written Practice 2

Write the time in full letters, using the official time.

Adverbs and Expressions of Time

These expressions are useful when talking about time.

These adverbs will be used when you talk to people directly; for this reason, this is called the direct style. When you relate a story or talk about past and future events, you'll use the discours indirect (indirect speech), with the following expressions, which we'll review as soon as we learn the past and the future tenses.

Here are other adverbs or expressions of time:

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 3

Translate the following sentences.

1. Today is the first day of spring. _____________________________________

2. He rarely travels.________________________________________________

3. She is always on time.____________________________________________

4. They are leaving very early. ________________________________________

5. Her birthday is next week. _________________________________________

Adverbs and Expressions of Location

Here are some words that are helpful when talking about location.

Oral Practice

Repeat aloud the following sentences.

Written Practice 4

Translate the following sentences, using the vous form when necessary.

1. I see mistakes everywhere. ______________________________________

2. Tonight, we'll have dinner outdoors. ______________________________

3. They live here but they work elsewhere. ____________________________

4. Put your hat on top of it. _______________________________________

5. He lives too far. ______________________________________________

Using depuis

When you want to ask a question regarding how long an action has gone on that began in the past and still continues in the present, you have different possibilities: depuis, il y a... que, cela (ça) fait... que.

NOTE: French uses the present in this context, whereas English uses the past.

Let's start with depuis.

To ask a question about the duration of an action, use depuis quand (since when) or depuis combien de temps (how long).

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

NOTE: There is an exception! In negative sentences, the passé composé (which we'll study in the following chapters) is used instead of the present. For example:

Written Practice 5

Write out full sentences according to the model.

Written Practice 6

Use complete sentences and change depuis or cela fait... que into il y a... que.

Geographic Names

The names of cities are considered to be proper names and most of them do not require definite articles. For example:

A few cities have a definite article as part of their name: Le Caire, La Nouvelle-Orléans, Le Havre, La Rochelle, Le Mans. To express in or to with a geographical name, the preposition varies. With cities, the preposition à is used.

To express origin, use the preposition de (from).

With countries, states, and provinces, the preposition changes according to gender and number. To refresh your memory, go back to Chapter 2 where you learned the tips for determining gender.

Here are some example sentences:

The continents are feminine. Provinces and states ending in e are also feminine, with some exceptions such as le Mexique, le Cambodge.

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

PROVINCES AND STATES

With French provinces and departments, the preposition may vary. In front of feminine nouns or masculine nouns starting with a vowel, en is used. However, in front of masculine nouns, dans le often replaces au. With names of American states, en is used in front of feminine states or states starting with a vowel. For masculine states, the pattern is less fixed, and you may hear au, dans le, or dans l'État de, depending on the state.

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

ISLANDS

Although usage may vary, the preposition à (aux in the plural) is often used for islands. For example:

Some exceptions:

EXPRESSING ORIGIN

Origin is expressed by de for continents, feminine countries, provinces, regions, and states. For masculine and plural entities, the definite article is kept.

Written Practice 7

Write full sentences according to the model.

The French Republic and Government

The French Republic consists of: (1) metropolitan France, divided into twenty-two regions and subdivided into ninety-six departments; (2) four overseas departments (DOM): Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guyana (French Guiana), and Reunion; and (3) Four overseas territories (TOM): French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Wallis and Futuna, and the French Southern and Antarctic Territories and "Territorial communities" with special status: Mayotte and St-Pierre-et-Miquelon. These last two groups of areas are often referred to collectively as Les Dom-Tom.

The President of the French Republic is elected to a five-year term. The president appoints a prime minister and, on the latter's recommendation, appoints the other members of the government. The president presides over the council of ministers, promulgates acts of Parliament, and is commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces. He may dissolve the National Assembly and, in an emergency, exercise special power. The prime minister directs the operation of the government and ensures the implementation of legislation.

The Parliament is formed of two assemblies: (1) the Senate, elected to a nine-year term, with one third renewed every three years; and (2) the National Assembly, whose members (députés) are elected to a five-year term. In addition to providing a check on the government, the two assemblies draw up and pass legislation. In case of a disagreement on a law, the National Assembly makes the final decision.

QUIZ

Answer the questions using the informal way of telling time.

Write the time in full letters, using the official time.

Answer the questions according to the model.

Allez-vous à Paris la semaine prochaine? (demain)

3. Prenez-vous le train à dix-huit heures? (vingt heures)

______________________________________

Commencez-vous le projet cet après-midi? (ce matin)

______________________________________

Partez-vous en vacances aujourd'hui? (après-demain)

______________________________________

Est-ce qu'il déménage dans un mois? (dans une semaine)

______________________________________

Est-ce que tu prends ce médicament chaque jour? (un jour sur deux)

______________________________________

Answer the following questions using complete sentences.

Depuis combien de temps habitez-vous dans cet appartement?

4. Depuis combien de temps es-tu dans ce club? (deux ans)

______________________________________

Depuis combien de temps sont-ils mariés? (cinq ans)

______________________________________

Complete the sentences following the model.

5. Frank/La Nouvelle-Orléans/États-Unis ______________________________

Noémie/Venise/Italie ___________________________________________

Ali/Ouagadougou/Burkina Faso ___________________________________

Complete the following sentences with the appropriate country.

6. Le palais de Buckingham ___________________________________.

Le château de Versailles ____________________________________.

La tour de Pise ___________________________________________.

Le temple d'Angkor Vat ____________________________________.

Le parc national de Yosemite ________________________________.

Translate the following sentences, using the vous form and inversion.

7. What time is it? __________________________________________

8. Are you taking your vacation in Tunisia? _______________________

9. Since when have you been living here? _________________________

10. The meeting starts at noon. __________________________________

CHAPTER 7
Expressing Possibilities, Wishes, and Abilities

Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

In this chapter you will learn:

The Verb devoir

The verb devoir (must, to have to) is a very commonly used verb with various nuances and meanings. The intonation with which it is said will often indicate whether devoir implies an obligation or a suggestion. Here is how devoir is conjugated:

There are several different meanings of devoir.

DEVOIR AND OBLIGATION

Devoir can be used to express obligation. For example:

DEVOIR AND PROBABILITY

Devoir is also used to convey probability. For example:

DEVOIR AND DEBT

In the following examples, you'll see how devoir is used to indicate debt:

DEVOIR AND SUGGESTION AND WARNING

When used in the conditional, which you will learn in a later chapter, devoir takes on the meaning of should.

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 1

Match the items in the two columns.

The Verb vouloir

The verb vouloir (to want) is used to express your wishes and desires. It is also used for a polite request in the conditional form.

Here are some example sentences:

When using the adverb bien with vouloir, the meaning changes. In this case, bien weakens the meaning of the verb. Another verb that acts this way with bien is the verb aimer. Compare the verbs with and without bien.

The Verb pouvoir

Pouvoir (can, may), expressing ability and capability, is conjugated like vouloir.

Here are some example sentences:

When asking permission in a formal manner, the first person can take a different form.

Another formal way of asking a question is to use the conditional form of pouvoir.

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 2

Conjugate, in the present tense, the verbs in parentheses.

Irregular -oir Verbs in the Present Tense

There are many other verbs ending in oir, with no regular conjugation pattern.

apercevoir (to see/to perceive)

décevoir (to disappoint)

falloir (to be necessary)

pleuvoir (to rain)

recevoir (to receive)

savoir (to know)

valoir (to be worth)

voir (to see)

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 3

Conjugate the verbs in parentheses.

The Partitive Article

The partitive articles, du, de la, de l', and des (some), designate a part of a whole. Although they are often omitted in English, they are always used in French.

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 4

Formulate questions with the elements below, using the est-ce que form.

Synonyms

Synonyms are different words with similar or identical meanings and are interchangeable. To better express yourself in French, synonyms will come in handy. They will also allow you to enlarge your vocabulary.

It is common in French to use a periphrasis, a longer expression for an idea that could be expressed in a shorter way. For instance, instead of using the name of a language, the name of one of the famous writers in that language is used.

Or instead of using the name of a country, a reference is used.

Homonyms

A homonym is a word that has the same pronunciation and spelling as another word, but a different meaning. Being aware of the key homonyms will allow you to avoid misunderstandings in oral comprehension. Here are some examples:

Some words have the same spelling but change gender and meaning.

Onomatopoeia

Onomatopoeia, which is the use of interjections whose meaning is clear from their sound, is most useful for attracting someone's attention, for expressing joy or pain, or for reacting to a situation.

Written Practice 5

Match the items in the two columns.

French Etiquette

The French are very particular about manners and etiquette, and they follow some particular formal rules. A tu instead of a vous, and you could be potentially upsetting someone. So when you are unsure about what to do, wait and take the lead of the other person. France is still an extremely stratified society with strong competition among the different classes.

To avoid embarrassing moments, it is helpful to remember a few important things: Always shake hands when meeting people and when taking leave. The French handshake is accompanied by a short moment of eye contact. The French have a great respect for privacy, so always announce your visit. Lunch is the best time to conduct business deals. Always apologize for your lack of knowledge of French if that is the case, although most businesspeople speak English. The French love the art of conversation and are entertained by arguments. Intense eye contact is commonplace and frequent and can be intimidating to North Americans. It is important always to address a stranger politely, using Monsieur or Madame.

QUIZ

Conjugate the verbs in parentheses.

6. Match the noun in the left column with its synonym in the right column.

Translate the following sentences, using vous and inversion when necessary.

7. Clarisse cannot work today. ________________________________

8. Do you want to go to Nice in November? ______________________

Translate the following sentences, using the est-ce que form when necessary.

9. Knock! Knock! Can we come in? _____________________________

10. The plane is supposed to arrive at 9 A.M. ________________________

CHAPTER 8
Getting Acquainted

Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

In this chapter you will learn:

The Verb savoir

The Verb connaître

Prefixes

Suffixes

Dans versus en

Colors

The Verb savoir

Savoir means to know a fact, to know how to do something from memory or study. Here is how it is conjugated:

Here are some example sentences:

NOTE: Savoir will sometimes be translated as can.

Savoir is also used before a relative clause or before an infinitive, as previously shown. It often precedes a subordinate clause, as follows.

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 1

Conjugate the verbs in parentheses.

The Verb connaître

Connaître means to know, to be acquainted with, to be familiar with. In a figurative way, it means to enjoy, to experience. It is always followed by a direct object. It is never followed by a clause.

Here are some example sentences:

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 2

Conjugate the verbs in parentheses.

Written Practice 3

Connaitre or savoir?

1. Est-ce que vous____________ où il habite?

2. Je ne____________ pas les enfants de Marie.

3. Ils____________ le cimetière du Père-Lachaise.

4. Nous ne____________ pas pourquoi le magasin est fermé.

5. Tu____________ jouer au basket-ball?

Prefixes

As we saw in the first chapter, there are many cognates that allow students to easily identify words. Another way to identify words and to figure out their meanings is by looking at prefixes. A prefix precedes a word to modify its meaning or its function. Let's look at a few examples.

THE PREFIX DÉ

Let's look at other common examples with the prefix dé.

Oral Practice

Repeat aloud the following sentences and their opposites.

THE PREFIX RE/RÉ

And now some examples with the prefix re/ré.

Oral Practice

Repeat aloud the following sentences.

Written Practice 4

Match the items in the two columns.

Suffixes

A suffix is a small addition to a word or part of a word that modifies its meaning. In English, for instance, ish modifies the meaning of an adjective.

Oral Practice

Repeat aloud the following sentences.

Written Practice 5

Match the items in the two columns.

Dans versus en

When expressing time, en and dans are used differently. Dans is used for an action about to begin. En indicates the length of time an action has taken, takes, or will take. Compare the example sentences to see the differences.

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 6

Fill in each blank with either en or dans.

1. Jeanne quitte Lyon____________ une semaine.

2. Mario va arriver en Martinique le jeudi 15,____________ quatre jours.

3. Elle peut courir un marathon____________ moins de quatre heures.

4. Il fait toujours le ménage____________ deux heures.

5. Appelle-moi____________ cinq minutes.

Colors

To make your descriptions more interesting, you'll need adjectives of color.

When a color is modified by another color or nuance, both adjectives become invariable, for example:

Oral Practice

Repeat the following sentences aloud.

Written Practice 7

Match the items in the two columns.

QUIZ

Conjugate the following verbs.

Connaître or savoir?

2. Je____________ qu'elle travaille à Londres.

3. Est-ce que tu____________ cet artiste?

4. Je ne____________ pas qui vous êtes.

5. Tu____________ nager?

6. Vous____________ ma tante Irène?

Translate the following sentences, using vous when necessary.

7. I don't know why the bank is closed today. _____________________________

8. You must defrost these vegetables.___________________________________

Translate the following sentences using tu and the inversion form when necessary.

9. Does she know Jérôme? ___________________________________________

10. Are you packing? _______________________________________________

CHAPTER 9
Talking About the Immediate Future and Past

Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

In this chapter you will learn:

The Immediate Future Tense

The Immediate Past Tense

The Verb tenir

Using the Idiom il s'agit de

The Verb faire

The Immediate Future Tense

To talk about what you are going to do, use the verb aller in the present indicative followed by a verb in the infinitive. It can replace the present. And in everyday conversation, it is often a substitute for the real future. Let's first review the verb aller.

Compare the French and English of these sentences:

In the negative form, the ne... pas is placed around the conjugated verb.

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 1

Change the sentences from the present to the immediate future.

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 2

Change these complete sentences from the positive to the negative form.

IMPERSONAL EXPRESSIONS

The immediate future is also used with impersonal expressions. See the following examples:

The Immediate Past Tense

Just as aller combined with the infinitive expresses an action that is going to happen, venir (to come) in the present tense, plus de, combined with a verb in the infinitive, expresses an action that has just taken place. Athough venir is in the present in French, it conveys an idea in the past in English. Let's first learn the verb venir.

Here are some example sentences:

Oral Practice

Repeat the following sentences aloud.

Written Practice 3

Change these sentences from the immediate future to the immediate past.

The Verb tenir

Tenir (to hold) is an irregular verb conjugated like venir. It is used in many idiomatic expressions.

Here are some example sentences:

Written Practice 4

Match the items in the two columns.

Using the Idiom il s'agit de

French is full of idioms. Il s'agit de (it is a matter of, it is about) is another one. See the examples:

The Verb faire

The verb faire (to do, to make) is one of the key verbs in French. You will find it in many idiomatic expressions. Let's first take a look at its conjugation, which is irregular.

Here are some example sentences:

Faire is used in most expressions relating to the weather.

There are some exceptions:

Faire is also used in expressions relating to chores, activities, sports, etc.

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions, then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 5

Match the items in the two columns.

USING FAIRE + INFINITIVE

The verb faire is often followed by an infinitive to express the idea of having something done by someone or of causing something to happen (this is called the causative form). Compare these examples:

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 6

Change these sentences to the causative faire form.

MORE EXAMPLES OF USING FAIRE + INFINITIVE

Here some more examples of faire + infinitive as expressing the idea of causing something to happen, in idiomatic expressions that you will want to memorize.

QUIZ

Put the following verbs into the immediate future using complete sentences.

Change these sentences from the affirmative to the negative form.

Change the verbs in these sentences from the immediate future to the immediate past.

Answer the following questions using complete sentences.

Change the following sentences to the causative faire form.

Translate the following sentences, using inversion and the vous form when necessary.

CHAPTER 10
Using Pronominal Verbs

Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

In this chapter you will learn:

The Different Types of Pronominal Verbs

Pronominal Verbs in the Imperative Form

Pronominal Verbs in the Infinitive

Parts of the Body

Disjunctive Pronouns

Intonation in French

The Conjunction donc

The Different Types of Pronominal Verbs

Verbs that are preceded by the pronouns me, te, se, nous, vous, and se are called pronominal verbs. There are four kinds of pronominal verbs: the reflexive, the reciprocal, the subjective, and the passive. Let's start with the reflexive verbs.

REFLEXIVE VERBS

The action of a reflexive verb is, for the most part, reflected back on the subject, the action being done to oneself. The pronouns me, te, and se drop the e before h or a vowel.

Here are some examples:

In the negative form, the reflexive pronoun is placed between the ne and the verb. For example:

In the interrogative form, there are three ways of asking questions. Here are the first two ways:

When using inversion, the third way of asking a question, the reflexive pronoun remains in front of the verb.

Oral Practice

Ask the questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 1

Conjugate the verbs in parentheses.

RECIPROCAL VERBS

The second type of pronominal verb is called reciprocal. The subjects of the reciprocal verb act on one another. For example:

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 2

Match the items in the two columns.

SUBJECTIVE VERBS

The third type of pronominal verb is called subjective. These verbs are neither reflexive nor reciprocal, they just happen to use the pronominal form. They are very common verbs you will need to memorize. For example:

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 3

Match the items in the two columns.

PASSIVE VERBS

The fourth type of pronominal verb is called passive. With the passive pronominal verbs, the subject is not a person or an animal and does not perform the action of the verb but is subjected to it. For example:

VERBS THAT ARE REFLEXIVE AND NONREFLEXIVE

Note that, as in English, some verbs can be used both reflexively and nonreflexively. Here are a few examples.

Pronominal Verbs in the Imperative Form

Let's see now how we can put all these pronominal verbs into the imperative form. For the affirmative imperative, use the stressed pronoun toi, nous, or vous after the verb, connected to the verb with a hyphen.

For the negative imperative of pronominal verbs, use ne in front of the pronoun and pas after the verb.

Pronominal Verbs in the Infinitive

When pronominal verbs are used in the infinitive, the reflexive pronoun is always in the same person and number as the subject, and it precedes the infinitive.

Parts of the Body

When talking about parts of the body, in most cases, French uses a pronominal verb and the body part takes a definite article, where English uses a nonpronominal verb and a possessive adjective for the body part.

Here are some examples:

Disjunctive Pronouns

There are many ways to use disjunctive pronouns, also known as stressed or tonic pronouns. First, let's review the pronouns:

THE DISJUNCTIVE PRONOUNS FOR EMPHASIS

The disjunctive pronouns can be used to add extra emphasis to a thought. For example:

THE DISJUNCTIVE PRONOUNS FOR OPINION

The disjunctive pronouns can also be used to solicit an opinion:

THE DISJUNCTIVE PRONOUNS AFTER MOST PREPOSITIONS

You'll often find a disjunctive prounoun used after a preposition. For example:

THE DISJUNCTIVE PRONOUNS AS ONE-WORD RESPONSES

Disjunctive pronouns are also used as one-word questions or answers when there isn't a verb present. See the following examples:

THE DISJUNCTIVE PRONOUNS WITH ANOTHER SUBJECT

You'll find disjunctive pronouns as clarification, in conjunction with another subject, as illustrated here:

THE DISJUNCTIVE PRONOUNS FOR POSSESSION

Disjunctive pronouns are also used to indicate possession. For example:

THE DISJUNCTIVE PRONOUNS TO STRESS IDENTIFICATION

You'll find disjunctive pronouns used after c'est/ce sont in order to stress identification. Disjunctive pronouns are used in French whereas English uses intonation.

THE DISJUNCTIVE PRONOUNS IN COMPARISONS

You can use disjunctive pronouns to make comparisons. For example:

THE DISJUNCTIVE PRONOUNS REINFORCED BY MÊME

You can use disjunctive pronouns with même (self) to reinforce the pronoun.

THE DISJUNCTIVE PRONOUNS TO EXPRESS ONLY OR NEITHER

You will also find the disjunctive pronouns used with ne... que (only) and ni... ni (neither... nor). For example:

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 4

Replace the names in parentheses with a disjunctive pronoun.

Written Practice 5

Following the model, replace the subject pronouns in parentheses with a disjunctive pronoun.

Intonation in French

With the disjunctive pronouns, you have seen that French uses different ways to stress a point. Basically, if you put the French language through an electrocardiogram, you would get small hills whereas English would come out as sharp peaks. This difference in intonation is obvious when you listen to a romantic French song and an American rock 'n' roll hit. Compare these sentences:

C'est lui qui is used here as emphasis, meaning it's not someone else who's taking us, it is he.

The Conjunction donc

The conjunction donc can also be used in many different ways.

DONC FOR STRESS

Donc can be used to stress an interrogation or an exclamation.

DONC TO SHOW SURPRISE

Donc is also used to indicate surprise. For example:

DONC TO SHOW A CONSEQUENCE

You'll also find donc used to show a consequence of an action:

QUIZ

Conjugate the following pronominal verbs in the present tense.

2. Match the pronominal verbs of opposite meaning from each column.

Answer the following questions following the model.

3. Pourquoi s'assoit-il dans le fauteuil? (être fatigué)

_________________________________________

Pourquoi s'habillent-ils si élégamment? (aller à une soirée)

_________________________________________

Pourquoi te lèves-tu si tôt? (avoir une réunion à huit heures)

_________________________________________

Pourquoi se lève-t-elle tard le dimanche? (aimer faire la grasse matinée)

_________________________________________

Pourquoi vous reposez-vous cet après-midi? (chanter à l'opéra ce soir)

_________________________________________

Replace the subject pronoun in parentheses with the disjunctive pronoun.

4. Nous allons au cinéma avec (ils)._________________________________________________

Elle travaille avec (il) depuis longtemps.___________________________________________

Ils montent cette affaire avec (tu)?________________________________________________

Je préfère travailler chez (je).____________________________________________________

C'est (il) qui va vous faire visiter l'usine.___________________________________________

Translate the following sentences, using tu and the est-ce que form.

5. "I like coffee." "So do I."________________________________________________________

6. She is getting dressed for the carnival._______________________________________________

7. He is brushing his teeth._________________________________________________________

8. What time do you get up?________________________________________________________

9. According to him, there are still many problems._______________________________________

10. He does not agree with me.___________________________________________________

PART TWO TEST

Answer the questions, using the informal way of telling time.

1. À quelle heure se termine le cours de français? (10:50 P.M.)

______________________________________________

2. À quelle heure dînez-vous ce soir? (7:30 P.M.)

______________________________________________

3. À quelle heure arrive son train? (5:45 P.M.)

______________________________________________

4. À quelle heure ferme ce restaurant? (12 A.M.)

______________________________________________

5. À quelle heure commence la surprise-party? (10 P.M.)

______________________________________________

Answer the questions according to the model.

6. Vous allez souvent au cinéma? (jamais)

______________________________________________

7. En général, Édouard arrive tôt? (tard)

______________________________________________

8. Maud téléphone souvent à sa tante? (rarement)

______________________________________________

9. Allez-vous souvent au jardin botanique? (de temps en temps)

______________________________________________

10. Ton anniversaire, c'est demain? (aujourd'hui)

______________________________________________

Answer the following questions, using depuis.

11. Depuis combien de temps est-ce que tu attends une réponse? (dix jours)

______________________________________________

12. Depuis combien de temps étudiez-vous la calligraphie? (trois mois)

______________________________________________

13. Depuis combien de temps cherchez-vous un bureau? (un mois)

______________________________________________

14. Depuis quand avez-vous des animaux domestiques? (mon enfance)

______________________________________________

15. Depuis combien de temps est-ce qu'elle travaille à Dijon? (quatre ans)

______________________________________________

Complete the sentences following the model.

16. Karim/Le Caire/Égypte______________________________________________________

17. Anne/Dakar/Sénégal________________________________________________________

18. Marie/Istanbul/Turquie______________________________________________________

19. Marc/Hanoi/Vietnam_______________________________________________________

20. Lorraine/Port-au-Prince/Haïti_________________________________________________

Match the following capitals and countries, then write a full sentence.

21. Rabat________________________________________.

22. Le Caire______________________________________.

23. Oulan-Bator_____________________________________.

24. Abidjan_______________________________________.

25. Santiago______________________________________.

Fill in the blank spaces with the appropriate country.

Savoir or connaître?

31. Il____________ cette chanson?

32. Vous____________ combien ça coûte?

33. Il ne____________ pas pourquoi elle est absente ce matin.

34. Est-ce que tu____________ Paris?

35. Est-ce qu'il____________ parler japonais?

Put the following verbs into the immediate future.

Replace the subject pronoun in parentheses with the disjunctive pronoun.

Translate the following sentences, using vous and the est-ce que form when necessary.

46. I don't know why the bank is closed today____________________________________

47. He is wearing a dark blue suit._____________________________________________

48. They have been standing in line for an hour.____________________________________

49. What time do you get up?_____________________________________________

50. The plane is leaving in five minutes._____________________________________

PART THREE
TALKING ABOUT THE PAST

Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

CHAPTER 11
All About Pronouns

Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

In this chapter you will learn:

Direct Object Pronouns

Indirect Object Pronouns

The Pronoun y

The Pronoun en

The Order of the Pronouns

Direct Object Pronouns

In English there are seven direct object pronouns: me, you, him, her, it, us, and them. There are seven in French as well, but they don't correspond exactly to the seven in English. On the one hand, two forms for the direct object pronoun you are used: the informal te and the formal and/or plural vous. On the other hand, where English distinguishes between a direct object pronoun that replaces a person (him, her, or them) or a thing (it or them), in French le, la, and les can all replace both people and things.

An object is called direct if it follows the verb immediately, without a preposition. The direct object pronoun replaces the direct object noun. In French, the direct object pronoun must agree in gender and number with the noun it replaces. Unlike in English, the French direct object pronoun precedes the verb. In a sentence with auxiliary or compound verbs, the direct object pronoun precedes the verb to which it directly refers. The direct object pronoun can replace a noun with a definite article or a possessive or demonstrative adjective. The use of pronouns allows speakers to avoid being repetitious, to make communication more efficient, and to link ideas across sentences. For example:

In a negative sentence, the direct object pronoun also comes immediately before the conjugated verb.

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 1

Answer the questions in the affirmative, using a direct object pronoun and complete sentences.

USING DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS AS A SUBSTITUTE

Note that the direct object pronoun can replace a single word, a group of words, or an entire phrase or clause. For example:

USING DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS WITH INVERSION

In a question using inversion, the direct object pronoun comes immediately before the verb.

USING DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS WITH INFINITIVES

When an infinitive has a direct object, the direct object pronoun immediately precedes the infinitive.

USING DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS IN THE PAST TENSE

In the past tense, the direct object pronoun is placed before the auxiliary verb. The past participle must agree in number and gender with the direct object placed before the verb.

USING DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS IN THE IMPERATIVE

In the affirmative imperative, the direct object pronoun follows the verb. In the negative imperative, the direct object pronoun remains before the verb. Add a hyphen between the verb and the direct object pronoun in the affirmative imperative.

USING DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS WITH VOICI AND VOILÀ

Direct object pronouns can also be used with voici and voilà (here is, here are).

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 2

Answer the questions in the negative, using a direct object pronoun and complete sentences.

Indirect Object Pronouns

In English there are seven indirect object pronouns: me, you, him, her, it, us, and them. As always, French distinguishes between an informal you (te) and a formal and/or plural you (vous). The French indirect object pronoun does not, however, distinguish gender; lui and leur replace both masculine and feminine nouns. In French the indirect object pronoun replaces only animate indirect objects (people, animals). Inanimate ideas and things are replaced with the indirect object pronouns y and en, which will be discussed later in this chapter. First, let's look at the indirect object pronouns.

The object is called indirect since the verb is controlled by a preposition. For example: se souvenir de (to remember), répondre à (to answer). The indirect object pronoun is placed in front of the conjugated verb; in the compound tenses, it is placed in front of avoir. Although the past participle has to agree in gender and number with the direct object pronoun, it does not agree with the indirect object pronoun.

The pronouns me and te become m' and t' before vowels and mute h. Be aware of the difference between leur, the indirect pronoun, and leur(s), the possessive adjective.

In the interrogative or negative, the indirect object pronoun comes immediately before the verb.

INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS IN THE IMPERATIVE

In the affirmative imperative, the indirect object pronoun follows the verb. In the negative imperative, the indirect object pronoun remains before the verb. Remember to add a hyphen between the verb and the indirect object pronoun in the affirmative imperative, just as you did with the direct object pronoun.

PLACEMENT OF INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS

With some verbs, the indirect object pronoun follows the verb and the preposition. There is no rule that you can learn: it's just a matter of memorizing which verbs these are. With these verbs, the indirect object pronoun is replaced by a disjunctive pronoun. See the following examples:

INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS WITH REFLEXIVE VERBS

If a reflexive verb is followed by an animate indirect object (a person or animal), the indirect object pronoun is placed after the preposition.

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 3

Answer the questions in the affirmative, using an indirect object pronoun.

The Pronoun y

Y is an indirect object pronoun that precedes the verb. It usually replaces an inanimate object (thing or idea). The object is indirect because in the noun form, it is preceded by a preposition, usually the preposition à.

In the compound tenses, the indirect object pronoun y is placed before the auxiliary verb.

NOTE: The past participle does not agree in gender and number with the indirect object, including y.

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 4

Answer the questions in the affirmative, using the pronoun y and complete sentences.

The Pronoun en

En is an indirect object pronoun that precedes the verb. Like y, it usually replaces an inanimate object (thing or idea). The noun that en replaces is preceded by the preposition de. The pronoun en immediately precedes the verb, except in affirmative imperative commands, where it follows the verb, connected with a hyphen.

In the compound tenses, the indirect object pronoun y is placed before the auxiliary verb.

NOTE: The past participle does not agree in gender and number with the indirect object, including en.

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 5

Answer the following questions in the negative, using the pronoun en and complete sentences.

The Order of the Pronouns

When a direct pronoun and an indirect pronoun appear together in a sentence, the indirect object pronoun comes first unless the direct and indirect pronouns are both in the third person, in which case the direct object pronoun comes first.

Here are some examples:

If the direct and indirect pronouns are both in the third person, the direct object pronoun comes first.

Here are some example sentences:

In the compound tenses, both object pronouns are placed together before the auxiliary verb, in the order described above. The past participle must agree in number and gender with the direct object placed before the verb.

When en is combined with an indirect object pronoun, en always follows the other pronoun.

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 6

Answer the following questions in the affirmative using complete sentences.

QUIZ

Answer the questions in the affirmative, using a direct object pronoun and complete sentences.

Answer the questions in the affirmative, using an indirect object pronoun and complete sentences.

Replace both the direct and the indirect object with a pronoun.

Answer the questions in the affirmative, using both a direct and an indirect object pronoun and complete sentences.

Answer the following questions in the affirmative form, using y or en and complete sentences.

Translate the following sentences, using vous and the est-ce que form where needed.

6. Give him these sunglasses!______________

7. Can I borrow it?___________________

8. She is interested in it._____________________.

9. Are you going to buy it?______________________

10. They are getting used to it__________________

CHAPTER 12
Talking About the Past with the passé composé

Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

In this chapter, you'll learn:

The passé composé

The passé composé with avoir

The passé composé with être

Using Direct Objects in the passé composé

Pronominal Verbs in the passé composé

Using Adverbs with the passé composé

The passé composé

There are several forms that can be used to talk about the past in French. The most common is the passé composé, also called the compound past or past perfect. It expresses a single action in the past. It has two parts: an auxiliary verb, avoir or être, and a past participle. Most verbs form their passé composé with avoir.

The past participle is formed by adding an ending to the verb stem. Regular past participles take the following endings:

- -er verbs take é: chanter(to sing) → chanté (sung)

- -ir verbs take i: finir(to finish) → fini(finished)

- -re verbs take u: répondre (to answer) → répondu (answered)

NOTE: The passé composé can be translated in different ways in English. Its equivalent depends on the context.

As in the present tense, there are three ways to make a question.

In the negative form, the ne (n') is placed in front of avoir or être and the pas after avoir or être.

The passé composé with avoir

Let's first review the verb avoir and learn the passé composé of the -er verbs.

When avoir is used with the passé composé, the past participle does not agree in gender and number with the subject of the verb.

THE PASSÉ COMPOSÉ WITH -ER VERBS

See the following examples of past participles with -er verbs:

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 1

Put the following verbs into the passé composé.

THE PASSÉ COMPOSÉ OF -IR AND -RE VERBS

Now, let's practice the -ir and -re verbs conjugated with avoir.

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 2

Put the following verbs into the passé composé.

IRREGULAR PAST PARTICIPLES

Many verbs conjugated with avoir in the passé composé have irregular past participles that you will just have to memorize.

See the following example sentences:

Written Practice 3

Put the following verbs into the passé composé.

The passé composé with être

Some verbs use être instead of avoir in the passé composé: these include the pronominal verbs you studied in Chapter 10, as well as an arbitrary list you need to memorize. The past participles of verbs conjugated with être agree in gender and number with the subject. See the following examples:

Oral Practice

Read the following sentences aloud.

Written Practice 4

Put the following verbs into the passé composé.

Using Direct Objects in the passé composé

Of the verbs that normally use être in the passé composé, a few take avoir and follow the avoir agreement when a direct object follows the verb. These verbs are:descendre, monter, passer, rentrer,retourner, and sortir. Note that the meaning of the verb may change depending on whether être or avoir is used.

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 5

Put the following verbs into the passé composé, choosing être or avoir according to the meaning.

Pronominal Verbs in the passé composé

Pronominal verbs are always conjugated with être; the reflexive pronoun precedes the auxiliary. In most cases, the past participle agrees in gender and number with the subject.

In the negative, the negation is placed around the auxiliary verb. See these examples:

The past participle does not agree when the pronominal verb is followed by a direct object.

When the reflexive pronoun in a pronominal verb is a direct object, the past participle agrees with it.

When the reflexive pronoun in a pronominal verb is an indirect object, the past participle does not agree with it.

NOTE: When avoir is the auxiliary, the past participle only agrees with the direct object when it precedes the verb.

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 6

Put the following verbs into the passé composé.

1. Elle se lève tôt. ________________________

2. Il s'occupe de cette affaire. ____________________________________

3. Je me promène dans le parc. ___________________________________

4. Elles s'écrivent pendant les vacances. ____________________________

5. Elle se réveille à l'aube. ______________________________________

Using Adverbs with the passé composé

In the passé composé, adverbs of quantity, quality, and frequency are placed between avoir or être and the past participle. See the following examples.

To express time with the passé composé, pendant(for, during) is commonly used, although it can be omitted. However, pour (for) is never used for the past.

Written Practice 7

Put the following verbs into the passé composé.

1. Elle voyage souvent en France. ______________________________

2. On dîne bien. ______________________

3. Ils dansent beaucoup. _____________________________________

4. Ils écrivent toujours des poèmes. _____________________________

5. Ils ne lisent pas assez. _____________________________________

QUIZ

Put the following regular verbs into the passé composé.

Put the following verbs into the passé composé.

Rewrite the following paragraph putting the verbs in parentheses into the passé composé.

3. Pendant les vacances, nous (a. aller) en Bretagne. Nous (b. visiter) la ville fortifiée de Saint-Malo. Nous (c. se promener) sur les remparts et nous (d. admirer) les vieilles maisons. Nous (e. nager) dans la mer et nous (f. reposer) sur la plage. Nous (g. faire) du vélo et nous (h. prendre) beaucoup de photos. Nous (i. manger) bien et nous (j. s'amuser) bien. Nous (k. dormir) dans un hôtel au bord de la mer. Nous (l. se lever tard) le matin. Il (m. pleuvoir) seulement un jour. Nous (n. rencontrer) des gens très sympathiques. Nous (o. revenir) à la maison très contents de nos vacances.

_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________

Être or avoir?

Translate the following sentences, using vous and the est-ce que form when necessary.

5. She went to England. ______________________

6. Did you understand the explanation? ______________________

7. He took care of his sister's children during the summer.

________________________

8. She fell in love with Laurent. ______________________

9. They sold their house. ______________________

10. She spent a week in Paris. ______________________

CHAPTER 13
Talking About the Past with the imparfait

Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

In this chapter you will learn:

The imparfait

Using the imparfait for Description

Using the imparfait for Habitual Action

Using the imparfait to Express Interrupted Action

Using the imparfait to Make a Suggestion

Using the imparfait to Express a Wish or Regret

The Immediate Past with the imparfait

The imparfait versus the passé composé

The imparfait

The imparfait (imperfect) is one of the most complex tenses in French. In Chapter 12, you learned the use of the passé composé to talk about an action that took place on a specific occasion in the past. The imparfait plays a different role and has many subtle nuances. It is used to describe a state of mind and being in the past as well as continuous or habitual past actions.

To form the imperfect, take the nous form of the present tense and remove the ons ending, which gives you the stem of the imparfait. Then add the imparfait endings (ais, ais, ait, ions, iez, aient) to this stem. For example:

chanter (to sing)

nous chantons→chant-

Always remember to use the nous form of the verb in the present tense as the basis for the imperfect.

boire (to drink)

nous buvons→buv-

NOTE: The ais , ait, and aient endings are all pronounced alike.

Verbs with spelling changes in the present-tense nous form, such as manger and commencer, retain those spelling changes for all the conjugations in the imperfect except for the nous and vous forms (in other words, for the je, tu, il, elle, ils, and elles conjugations).

With the nous and vous forms in the imparfait, because the endings begin with a vowel, the extra e and the ç are not needed.

Depending on the context, the imparfait can be the equivalent of several different tenses in English.

THE IMPARFAIT WITH ÊTRE

NOTE: The verb être has an irregular stem in the imparfait.

Using the imparfait for Description

The imparfait can be used for background and description. It describes a situation that existed in the past, a state of mind or being. For example:

Oral Practice

Read the following sentences aloud.

Written Practice 1

Put the following sentences into the imparfait.

COMMON VERBS USED IN THE IMPARFAIT

Some verbs are more often used in the imparfait than in the passé composé, as they express a mental or physical state. Among these verbs are avoir (to have); croire (to believe); espérer (to hope); être (to be); paraître (to appear); penser (to think); savoir (to know); and sembler (to seem). However, when these verbs are used in the passé composé, they may take on a different meaning. Here are some example sentences:

Using the imparfait for Habitual Action

Another use of the imparfait is for habitual, repetitive action. It describes past events that were repeated in the past. The English used to and would are translated by the French imparfait. Some expressions are indications that you should use the imparfait:

Here are a few example sentences:

Oral Practice

Read the following sentences aloud.

Written Practice 2

Put the following sentences into the imparfait.

Using the imparfait to Express Interrupted Action

The imparfait is also used to describe a continuous action that was going on in the past when another action interrupted it. The interruption is expressed by the passé composé. See the following examples:

When an action had been going on for a period of time before being interrupted, the imparfait is used with depuis. For example:

Oral Practice

Read the following sentences aloud.

Written Practice 3

Put the following sentences into the imparfait or passé composé. Watch out for a specific versus a continuous action.

THE IMPARFAIT WITH PENDANT

The imparfait is used with pendant (while) to describe two simultaneous actions in the past.

Using the imparfait to Make a Suggestion

With a si + on construction, the imparfait is used to make a suggestion, to invite someone to do something. The informal on refers to two or more people and uses the third person singular conjugation.

Oral Practice

Repeat aloud the following sentences.

Written Practice 4

Make a proposition using the elements provided.

Using the imparfait to Express a Wish or Regret

The imparfait is also used after si to express a wish or a regret. See the following examples:

The Immediate Past with the imparfait

You studied the immediate past, formed with venir + de + the infinitive, in Chapter 9. For example:

To describe an action that had just happened at a given time, use venir in the imparfait + de + the infinitive.

Oral Practice

Repeat aloud the following sentences.

Written Practice 5

Conjugate the following verbs using venir de in the imparfait.

The imparfait versus the passé composé

The imparfait is the tense that engenders the most polemics among French grammarians. Why did Gide or Proust use an imparfait here? He probably meant a passé simple! And it goes on for hours without any resolution. Almost any time you tell a story, you will have to use different tenses. Pay special attention to the verbs when you read, and remain flexible. The combination of these two tenses, the imparfait and the passé composé, will remain one of the trickiest items you will have to master in French grammar. Compare and study the following examples.

QUIZ

Put the following verbs into the imparfait.

Answer the questions with complete sentences, using the imparfait of habit, repetition.

Put the sentences into the imparfait.

Change the immediate past from the equivalent of have just to had just in these sentences, using the imparfait.

Make a suggestion, using si + on + imparfait.

Translate the following sentences, using vous and the est-ce que form.

Translate the following sentences, using the inversion form where appropriate.

CHAPTER 14
All About Prepositions

Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

In this chapter you will learn

Prepositions and French Verbs

Verbs Without Prepositions

Verbs Followed by the Preposition à

Verbs Followed by the Preposition de

Verbs That Use Different Prepositions

Common Prepositions

Prepositions and French Verbs

In French, when a conjugated verb is followed by another verb in the same clause, the second verb will be in the infinitive form. When followed by an infinitive, some French verbs take a preposition and others don't. There is no specific rule. You just have to remember whether the verb stands alone without a preposition, or takes à or de, or takes some other preposition.

Verbs Without Prepositions

Here are some verbs not followed by a preposition in modern French. You may find some exceptions in the literature preceding the twentieth century.

See the following examples:

As you probably noticed, the subject of the first verb is the same as that of the second verb; that's why the infinitive form is used. When the subjects are different, a dependent clause introduced by que is needed. Compare these sentences:

When the infinitive clause is in the negative, the negation stays together and is placed before the infinitive. For example:

Oral Practice

Read the following sentences aloud.

USE OF PREPOSITIONS IN ENGLISH VERSUS FRENCH

In some cases, a French verb does not need a preposition even though its English counterpart requires one, and vice versa. You will notice the confusion when you hear a native speaker of French forgetting the needed preposition in English.

Written Practice 1

Conjugate the following verbs in the present tense.

Verbs Followed by the Preposition à

Many verbs are followed by the preposition à before an infinitive. Again, there is no rule you can follow for this. As in English, you need to learn the verb with its preposition: to put on, to put up, to put away, etc.

See the following example sentences:

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Verbs Followed by the Preposition de

Many verbs are followed by the preposition de before an infinitive. As with the verbs followed by à, there is no rule to follow.

See the following example sentences:

Oral Practice

Read the following sentences aloud.

Written Practice 2

Complete with à ou de.

1. J'ai oublié______fermer la porte à clé.

2. Nous l'avons aidé_____faire les courses.

3. Elle a refusé_____nous accompagner.

4. Ils réussissent toujours_____résoudre les problèmes.

5. Il a peur_____faire des gaffes.

Verbs That Use Different Prepositions

One thing to keep in mind is that the same verb can be used either without a preposition or with different prepositions, thus changing the meaning. Again, these usages have to be memorized. Let's look at the verb finir (to finish), then compare the various uses of other verbs:

NOTE: See how the preposition changes the meaning in the following examples:

Written Practice 3

Complete with the appropriate preposition.

1. Elle a fini le repas_____une crème brûlée.

2. Odile joue_____la flûte.

3. Mon bureau donne_____la Seine.

4. Ils croient_____la science.

5. Elle manque_____imagination.

Common Prepositions

Here is a list of commonly used prepositions that will come in handy.

Here are some example sentences:

THE PREPOSITION À

Some prepositions will take on different meanings in different contexts. In some instances, the preposition à will imply nature, function, or purpose.

THE PREPOSITION DE

While à implies function and purpose, de implies content or composition.

THE PREPOSITION CHEZ

Another preposition that can take on different meanings is chez. Look at the following example sentences:

TRANSLATING WITH

Some prepositions present recurrent translation problems. The English preposition with is the perfect example.

EN VERSUS DANS

In Chapter 6, you learned the difference between en and dans in the context of time. Another nuance with en and dans is general versus specific. See the following examples:

Written Practice 4

Choose the appropriate preposition: à,chez, selon, sous, or vers.

1. Jacques avance__________l'entrée du château.

2. Mélanie habite toujours__________ses parents.

3. __________le Premier Ministre, la situation économique s'améliore.

4. Il a commandé une glace__________la fraise.

5. Le chat est____________le lit.

QUIZ

Conjugate the following verbs in the present tense.

Complete with the appropriate preposition.

Complete the sentence with the appropriate preposition.

3. Laure vient d'acheter une machine__________tricoter.

Sers-moi un verre__________vin.

La maison__________volets verts appartient à M. Valentin.

__________Balzac, les dètails sont exquis.

Il est interdit de se garer__________un hôpital.

Quel espirit de contradiction! Tu es toujours__________tout!

Ils sont passés__________Lyon pour aller à Nice.

Chez Berthillon, les glaces__________la pistache sont délicieuses.

Ils se sont promenés dans le parc__________la pluie.

L'homme__________cheveux gris s'appelle Ludovic.

Translate the following sentences, using tu and inversion when necessary.

4. Try to call him!_________________________________

5. I forgot to bring a gift.____________________________

6. Do you play tennis?______________________________

7. What are you thinking about?_______________________

Translate the following sentences, using vous form when necessary.

8. They decided to buy a new car._____________________________

9. Help me write this letter!___________________________________

10. He asked him to invite his sister-in-law._______________________

CHAPTER 15
More Past Tenses and Indicating Possession

Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

In this chapter you will learn:

The plus-que-parfait

The passé simple

Possessive Pronouns

Demonstrative Pronouns

The plus-que-parfait

The plus-que-parfait (pluperfect) is used primarily in narration, to report events that had been completed before another past event took place. It is formed with the imparfait of être or avoir and the past participle of the main verb. Let's review the imparfait of these two auxiliary verbs.

être (to be)

avoir (to have)

Here are some example sentences:

In the plus-que-parfait, all the pronominal verbs are conjugated with être and agree in gender and number with the subject. See the following examples:

Sometimes the plus-que-parfait is translated into English as a simple tense. In French, however, if there is any anteriority in a series of actions, the plus-que-parfait must be used.

Oral Practice

Read the following sentences aloud.

Written Practice 1

Put the following verbs into the plus-que-parfait.

USING DEPUIS WITH THE PLUS-QUE-PARFAIT

In Chapter 6, you learned depuis with the present tense. Depuis is also used in the past tense when it refers to a continuing action. Note that in these cases, English uses the pluperfect while French uses the imparfait. Compare the following examples:

USING SI WITH THE PLUS-QUE-PARFAIT

The plus-que-parfait, when used with si, expresses a wish or regret about past events. Note the following examples:

The passé simple

The passé simple (simple past), definitely the most beautiful tense in French, is the equivalent of the passé composé, referring to a specific action in the past, and is found in written narration and in formal speeches. When relating events, quality newspapers may use the passé simple for refinement and sometimes to convey a sense of drama. If you want to read novels, short stories, and fairy tales, you need to be able to identify the verb forms of the passé simple. When reading aloud, you will appreciate the precise, incisive quality of this tense, used by most modern writers who write in French all over the world.

THE PASSÉ SIMPLE WITH -ER VERBS

The passé simple of regular -er verbs, such as chanter (to sing), is formed by adding the endings ai, as, a, âmes, âtes, and èrent to the infinitive stem.

chanter→chant-

Since the passé simple is mostly used in narration, you will most often encounter it in the third person singular and plural. The usual spelling changes apply to verbs ending in cer and ger, adding a cedilla or an extra e.

THE PASSÉ SIMPLE WITH -IR AND -RE VERBS

The passé simple of regular -ir and -re verbs, such as sortir(to go out) and entendre (to hear), is formed by adding the endings is, is, it, îmes, îtes, and irent to the infinitive stem.

sortir (to go out)

entendre (to hear)

Être and avoir have irregular conjugations in the passé simple.

avoir

être

IRREGULAR VERBS IN THE PASSÉ SIMPLE

Other verbs also have an irregular passé simple. Sometimes the stem of the passé simple is based on the past participle, but this is not a fixed rule. Here are some of the verbs you should start memorizing in the passé simple.

boire (to drink)

conduire (to drive)

connaître (to know)

convaincre (to convince)

courir (to run)

craindre (to fear)

croire (to believe)

devoir (to have to)

écrire (to write)

éteindre (to turn off [a light])

faire (to do)

lire (to read)

mettre

mourir (to die)

naître (to be born)

peindre (to paint)

plaire (to please)

pleuvoir (to rain)

pouvoir (to be able to)

prendre (to take)

recevoir (to receive)

savoir (to know)

tenir (to hold)

valoir (to be worth)

venir (to come)

vivre (to live)

Oral Practice

Repeat the following sentences aloud.

Written Practice 2

Put the following verbs into the passé simple.

Possessive Pronouns

Possessive pronouns replace nouns used with possessive adjectives. They agree in gender and number with the noun they replace, not with the possessor.

See the following examples:

When the possessive pronoun is preceded by à or de, the article is contracted, as shown here:

EXPRESSING POSSESSION WITH ÊTRE + À

The most common way of expressing possession is by using être + à + the disjunctive pronoun.

If one wishes to stress the ownership or identify items of a similar nature, the possessive pronoun is used.

Sometimes when a possessive pronoun is required in English, French requires a possessive adjective instead.

IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS

Possessive pronouns are also used in many idiomatic expressions.

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 3

Translate the possessive pronoun in parentheses, using the vous form when necessary.

USING POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS WITH AUSSI AND NON PLUS

The possessive pronoun is also often used with aussi and non plus to confirm a positive or negative statement.

Demonstrative Pronouns

In Chapter 4, you studied the demonstrative adjectives ce, cet, cette, and ces, used to point out people and things.

A demonstrative pronoun replaces a demonstrative adjective and a noun or a specific noun. It agrees in gender and number with the noun it replaces. It can refer to people or things.

Singular

Plural

See the following examples:

COMPOUND DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

Compound demonstrative pronouns are used to compare elements of the same nature or to reveal a choice between two alternatives. The particles -ci and -là are added to the demonstrative pronouns.

Singular

Plural

See the example sentences:

Celui-ci est en laine. Celui-là est This one is wool. That one is cotton. en coton.

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS WITH DEPENDENT CLAUSES

Demonstrative pronouns can be followed by dependent clauses. For example:

THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN CE

The demonstrative pronoun ce is invariable and is often the subject of the verb être. It refers to an idea previously introduced; the adjective that follows is always in the masculine singular even if it refers to a feminine or plural noun. See the example sentences below:

CECI, CELA, AND ÇA

The indefinite demonstrative pronouns ceci (this), cela (that), and ça (this/that, familiar) refer to indefinite things or ideas. Ceci may initiate a statement and also announce a following sentence. Cela may reflect on something already mentioned.

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 4

Replace the demonstrative adjective and the noun with a demonstrative pronoun.

QUIZ

Put the following verbs into the plus-que-parfait.

Put the first verb into the passé composé and the second into the plus-que-parfait.

Put the following verbs into the passé simple.

Put the first verb into the imparfait and the second into the passé simple.

Replace the boldfaced possessive adjective and noun with a possessive pronoun.

Replace the demonstrative adjective and the noun with a demonstrative pronoun.

Translate the following sentences, using vous and the est-ce que form.

PART THREE TEST

Answer the questions in the affirmative, using a direct object pronoun.

Answer the questions in the affirmative, using an indirect object pronoun.

Answer the following questions in the affirmative form, using y or en.

Put the following regular verbs into the passé composé.

Put the verbs in the following sentences into the passé composé, choosing between être and avoir.

Put the following verbs into the imparfait.

Describe an event that had just happened, using the imparfait.

Complete with the appropriate preposition.

Put the following verbs into the plus-que-parfait.

Translate the following sentences, using vous and the est-ce que form where appropriate.

PART FOUR
ALL IS SUBJECTIVE

Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

CHAPTER 16
Using the Infinitive, Present Participle, Gerund, and Passive Voice

Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

In this chapter you will learn:

The Present Infinitive

The Past Infinitive

The Present Participle

The Gerund

The Passive Voice

The Present Infinitive

While in English the infinitive is often replaced by a present participle, in French, the infinitive has a wide spectrum of uses. Since a verb in the infinitive mode is by definition not conjugated, the negation does not surround the verb but precedes the verb. For example:

THE INFINITIVE AS A SUBJECT OF A VERB

The infinitive can be used as the subject of a verb. For example:

THE INFINITIVE FOR GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

The infinitive is used for general instructions, prescriptions, public notices, and proverbs where the imperative is often used in English.

The infinitive is most important for recipes in professional cookbooks. For example:

THE INFINITIVE IN INTERROGATIVES

The infinitive is used in the interrogative infinitive.

THE INFINITIVE AFTER VERBS OF PERCEPTION

The infinitive is used after verbs of perception where the present participle is used in English. See the following examples:

THE INFINITIVE AFTER THE VERBS FAIRE AND LAISSER

The infinitive is used after the verbs faire(to do) and laisser (to let, allow).

You learned the causative form faire faire in Chapter 9. Let's review with the following examples:

THE INFINITIVE AFTER CERTAIN VERBS

As you saw in Chapter 14, some verbs are followed directly by the infinitive.

THE INFINITIVE AFTER EXPRESSIONS OF TIME AND POSITION

The infinitive is used after expressions of spending time. The preposition à precedes the infinitive. For example:

The infinitive, again preceded by à is also used after expressions of position.

Oral Practice

Repeat the following sentences aloud.

Written Practice 1

Make full sentences following the model below. Watch out for the possessive adjectives.

The Past Infinitive

The past infinitive is used to indicate anteriority. It is formed with the infinitive of être or avoir and the past participle of the main verb. See the following examples.

THE PRESENT AND PAST INFINITIVE WITH PREPOSITIONS

When introducing an action with the preposition avant, the present infinitive is used preceded by the preposition de. In this case, the subjects of the main clause and of the infinitive clause are the same.

When introducing a past action with the preposition après, the past infinitive is used. For example:

Oral Practice

Read the following sentences aloud.

Written Practice 2

Replace avant de with après in the following sentences.

The Present Participle

The participe présent (present participle) is formed by dropping the ons ending from the present-tense nous form and adding ant. See the following examples.

faire (to do)

finir (to finish)

manger (to eat)

parler (to speak)

voir (to see)

The following list includes some exceptions:

THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE AS A NOUN

The present participle can be used as a noun. When used as a noun, the present participle changes gender and number depending on the meaning. For example:

THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE AS AN ADJECTIVE

The present participle can also be used as an adjective. When used as an adjective, the present participle agrees with the noun it modifies. For example:

THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE AS A VERB

Finally, the present participle can also be used as a verb. When used as a verb, the present participle is invariable.

The Gerund

When the present participle is introduced by en, it is referred to as le gérondif (gerund). The gerund describes the relationship between two actions. It can express simultaneity, manner, condition, or causality. Look at the following examples.

When tout precedes the gerund, it underscores a contradiction between two actions. For example:

Oral Practice

Repeat the following sentences aloud.

Written Practice 3

Make complete sentences using the present tense and the gerund.

The Passive Voice

A sentence can be either in the active or in the passive voice. In the active voice, the subject performs the action, while in the passive voice, the subject is acted upon. Compare the following examples.

The passive voice is formed with être in the tense required plus the past participle of the main verb.

The passive voice is used to emphasize the subject.

The passive voice is also used to avoid specifying the agent of the action.

Although the passive voice is usually followed by the preposition par, it can also be followed by the preposition de. De indicates a less active role than is indicated by par. Compare:

The passive voice is much less common in French than in English. Although it is important to learn the passive voice, it is even more important to learn the cases where the passive voice cannot be used in French or is better avoided, for example, using on in the third-person singular.

The passive voice can also be replaced by the active voice, using the following reflexive verbs: se laisser, se faire, se voir, s'entendre. Note that the past participle of the conjugated verb does not agree with the subject.

As you learned in Chapter 10, one type of pronominal verb is called the passive pronominal verb. Let's review.

Oral Practice

Repeat the following sentences aloud.

Written Practice 4

Change from the active voice to the passive voice. Watch for tenses and agreement.

QUIZ

Make full sentences following the model below. Watch out for the possessive adjectives.

Replace avant de with après in the following sentences.

Put the verbs in parentheses into the gerund.

Translate the following sentences using the appropriate form of the passive voice or a substitute.

6. The decision has been made. ______________________________

7. The bridge has been built by the king of Morocco. ______________

8. English is spoken here. __________________________________

Translate the following sentences using the infinitive.

9. Traveling is fun. __________________________________

10. Why do this? __________________________________

CHAPTER 17
Making Suggestions and Hypotheses

Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

In this chapter you will learn:

The Simple Future

The Future Perfect

The Present Conditional

The Past Conditional

Could, Should, and Would

The Simple Future

You have already learned the immediate future, in Chapter 9. French also has a simple future tense. As in English, the future tense is used to describe events that will take place in the future. To form the simple future of most verbs, use the infinitive as the stem and add the endings ai, as, a, ons, ez, and ont. For -re verbs, drop the e from the infinitive first.

NOTE: The simple future endings resemble the present tense of the verb avoir.

Let's take, as examples, one -er verb, one -ir verb, and one -re verb.

regarder (to watch)

sortir (to go out)

attendre (to wait)

The simple future endings are the same for all verbs; however, some verbs have irregular stems.

Slight spelling modifications occur with some verbs.

NOTE: Many verbs that are irregular in the present tense are regular in the simple future. Here are a few examples:

Oral Practice

Read the following sentences aloud.

Written Practice 1

Put the following sentences into the future tense.

USES OF THE SIMPLE FUTURE

The simple future is used after certain conjunctions when expressing a future action where in English, the present tense would be used.

The simple future is also used in combination with a si clause in the present tense. For example:

In a narration, the simple future can be used to express a future idea from the standpoint of the past, as shown in the following examples.

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 2

Put both verbs in parentheses into the futur simple.

The Future Perfect

The futur antérieur (future perfect) describes a future action that will take place and be completed before another future action. It is formed with the future tense of être or avoir and the past participle of the main verb. Agreement rules are the same as for the passé composé. Although the corresponding construction is rarely used in English, the future perfect is fairly common in French. Let's look at some example conjugations:

arriver (to arrive)

finir(to finish)

Here are some example sentences:

THE SIMPLE FUTURE VERSUS THE FUTURE PERFECT

Sometimes you have a choice between the futur simple and the futur antérieur. When both clauses use the simple future, the implication is that both actions take place simultaneously. If you want to mark one as coming before the other, use the futur antérieur. Compare:

The futur antérieur can also express the probability of a past action.

The futur antérieur is also used after si, implying a completed action.

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 3

Put the first verb into the futur simple and the second verb into the futur antérieur.

The Present Conditional

The conditionnel présent (present conditional) has many uses we'll explore in this chapter. It is formed by adding the endings of the imperfect to the future stem of a verb. (Remember: for -re verbs, drop the e from the infinitive.) As you saw earlier in this chapter, some verbs have an irregular future stem.

aller (to go)

lire (to read)

USES OF THE PRESENT CONDITIONAL

The conditionnel présent is used to express a wish or a suggestion. For example:

The conditionnel présent is used to make a statement or a request more polite. See the following examples:

The conditionnel présent is used when a condition is implied. When the main clause is in the conditionnel présent, the si clause is in the imparfait.

The conditionnel présent is also used to express unconfirmed or alleged information. In this case, it is called the conditionnel journalistique, most useful to know when reading the press or listening to the news.

In formal French, savoir in the conditionnel présent is the equivalent of pouvoir in the présent.

NOTE: "Pas" is omitted in this formal usage.

Oral Practice

Read the following sentences aloud.

Written Practice 4

Put the first verb into the conditionnel présent and the second verb into the imparfait.

The Past Conditional

The conditionnel passé (past conditional) expresses what would have happened if another event had taken place or if certain conditions had not been present. It is formed with the present conditional of être or avoir and the past participle of the main verb. The rules of agreement common to all compound tenses still apply.

aller (to go)

visiter (to visit)

USES OF THE PAST CONDITIONAL

The conditionnel passé can express regret or reproach. For example:

The conditionnel passé is often found with a si clause in the plus-que-parfait.

The conditionnel passé is used, like the conditionnel present, as a conditionnel journalistique to make a statement not confirmed by authorities. In most cases where English uses a qualifier such as allegedly or reportedly, the conditional will be used in French. See the following examples:

The conditionnel and conditionnel passé are also used with au cas où (in case or if).

Oral Practice

Read the following sentences aloud.

Written Practice 5

Put the first verb into the conditionnel passé and the second verb into the plus-que-parfait.

Could, Should, and Would

Could, should, and would have different meanings in English and are translated in several ways in French. Every time you come across one of these verbs in English, make sure to examine its nuances before translating it into French.

COULD

When could refers to a single, unique action in the past, the passé composé of pouvoir is used. Note the following example:

When could is a description or refers to a habitual action, the imparfait of pouvoir is used.

When could refers to an idea of the future, a hypothesis, or a suggestion, the conditionnel présent of pouvoir is used.

SHOULD

When should means ought to, the conditionnel présent or the conditionnel passé is used.

When should refers to a hypothetical situation, the imparfait is used. For example:

WOULD

When would refers to a repeated action in the past, the imparfait is used.

When would is part of a polite request, the conditionnel is used.

When would refers to a specific action in the past, the passé composé of vouloir is used.

When would refers to an idea of the future, a hypothesis, or a suggestion, the conditionnel présent of the main verb is used.

QUIZ

Put the following sentences into the futur simple.

Put both verbs into the futur simple.

Put the first verb into the futur simple and the second verb into the futur antérieur.

Put the first verb into the conditionnel présent and the second verb into the imparfait.

Rewrite these sentences changing the verbs from the conditionnel présent to the conditionnel passé and from the imparfait to the plus-que-parfait.

Translate the following sentences using vous and inversion when necessary.

CHAPTER 18
Knowing Who Is Who with Relative Pronouns

Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

In this chapter you will learn:

The Relative Pronouns

The Relative Pronoun qui

The Relative Pronoun que

Relative Pronouns Following Prepositions

The Relative Pronoun dont

Using the Antecedent ce

Indirect Speech

The Relative Pronouns

It is essential to know how to connect ideas together in the same sentence. One way to link ideas back to persons and things already mentioned is by using les pronoms relatifs (relative pronouns). Relative pronouns relate two sentences, making one dependent on the other. The dependent sentence is called the subordinate clause. Choosing the correct relative pronoun depends on the pronoun's function in the sentence (subject, direct object, or object of a preposition).

The Relative Pronoun qui

Let's start with the relative pronoun qui, used as a subject. Qui may refer to people or things and may mean who, whom, which, what, or that. See the following examples:

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 1

Make full sentences with the elements below, using the passé composé.

The Relative Pronoun que

When the clause introduced by a relative pronoun already has a subject, the relative pronoun is the object of the verb of the clause it introduces. In this case, the relative pronoun que (whom, which, or that) is used. Que may also refer to people and things.

In the passé composé, if the direct object is placed before the verb, the past participle agrees in gender and number with the object.

In French, the relative clause is often inserted into the main clause. For example:

Oral Practice

Read the following sentences aloud.

Written Practice 2

Complete the sentences with qui, que, or qu'.

Relative Pronouns Following Prepositions

When verbs are followed by prepositions, the relative pronouns qui, quoi, lequel, laquelle, lesquels, and lesquelles are used. The preposition is placed before the relative pronoun. Qui is used to refer to people only, while lequel, laquelle, lesquels, and lesquelles refer to things. Lequel, laquelle, lesquels, and lesquelles may also be used for people; this usage, however, is less common. Compare:

NOTE: With the preposition parmi (among ), use lequel instead of qui.

USING OÙ

The relative pronoun où often replaces dans lequel, sur lequel, or par lequel. For example:

Où is also used after expressions of time.

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 3

Complete the sentences with the appropriate preposition and relative pronoun.

The Relative Pronoun dont

The relative pronoun dont can be used in different ways. The pronoun dont acts as an object and can refer to people and things. It is used to refer to objects of verbs or adjectives that are followed by the preposition de. The pronoun dont takes on different meanings. It can imply possession, as shown here:

The relative pronoun dont is used with verbs and adjectives using the preposition de.

In modern French, dont often replaces duquel, de laquelle, desquels, and desquelles. For example:

The previous example is preferable to:

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 4

Formulate sentences following the model. Use the present tense.

Using the Antecedent ce

When there is no specific word or antecedent for the relative pronoun to refer to, the antecedent ce is added. Ce qui, ce que, ce dont, and ce à quoi, all meaning what, refer to ideas, not to persons, and do not have gender or number. Choosing the correct indefinite relative pronoun again depends on the pronoun's function in the sentence (subject, direct object, or object of a preposition).

Ce qui is used as the subject of the dependent clause.

Ce que is used as the direct object of the dependent clause.

Ce dont is used when verbs that take the preposition de.

Ce à quoi is used with verbs that take the preposition à.

Commonly, the indefinite relative pronouns ce qui, ce que, ce à quoi, and ce dont are placed at the beginning of a sentence to show emphasis. When a verb requires a preposition, it is repeated in the second clause.

Written Practice 5

Formulate sentences following the model. Use the present tense.

Indirect Speech

To have an indirect speech, you need, of course, a direct speech. In a direct speech, the question is posed directly. For example:

In an indirect speech, the words of one or more people are reported.

Let's look at other examples of direct and indirect speech.

When switching from direct to indirect speech, some changes of tense occur when the verb in the main clause is in the past. If the verb in the main clause is in the past and the action (in the indirect speech) is in the present, the verb in the indirect speech clause is changed into the imparfait.

If the verb in the main clause is in the past and the action (in the indirect speech) is in the past, the verb in the indirect speech clause is changed into the plus-que-parfait.

If the verb in the main clause is in the past and the action (in the indirect speech) is in the future, the verb in the indirect speech clause is changed into the conditionnel.

Oral Practice

Read the following sentences aloud.

Written Practice 6

Formulate sentences starting with j'ai entendu dire que.

QUIZ

Complete the sentences with qui, que, or qu'.

Complete these sentences with the appropriate relative pronoun.

Formulate sentences following the model. Use the present tense.

Complete with ce qui, ce que, ce dont, or ce à quoi.

Formulate sentences starting with on m'a dit. Watch out for tenses.

Translate the following sentences using the vous form when necessary.

CHAPTER 19
The Subjunctive Mood

Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

In this chapter you will learn:

The Subjunctive

The Present Subjunctive

Uses of the Subjunctive

The Past Subjunctive

The Subjunctive

The subjunctive is a mood, not a tense. The mood of a verb determines how one views an event. You have studied tenses in the indicative mood (le présent, l'imparfait, le futur, etc.), stating an objective fact; the imperative mood, which gives commands; and the conditional mood, relating to possibilities. The subjunctive is another mood, which refers to someone's opinion or deals with hypothetical action.

The Present Subjunctive

For most verbs, the present of the subjunctive is formed by adding the subjunctive endings (e, es, e, ions, iez, and ent) to the stem. The stem for je, tu, il, elle, ils, and elles is found by dropping the ent ending from the third person plural present indicative form.

Let's take the verb parler (to speak). The third person plural: ils parlent. The stem: parl-.

The stem for nous and vous is found by dropping the ons from the first person plural of the present indicative form. For nous and vous, the present of the subjunctive is identical to the imparfait. The first person plural: nous parlons. The stem: parl-.

Now let's look at écrire and prendre.

écrire (to write)

prendre (to take)

Some verbs have an irregular form in the subjunctive. Être (to be) and avoir (to have) have both irregular stems and irregular endings.

être

avoir

Three verbs have an irregular subjunctive stem but regular endings.

savoir (to know)

pouvoir (to be able to)

faire (to do)

Aller(to go) and vouloir(to want) are partially irregular.

aller (to go)

vouloir (to want)

Uses of the Subjunctive

There are three main concepts that require the use of the subjunctive: wish or desire, emotion, and doubt.

THE SUBJUNCTIVE TO EXPRESS A WISH OR DESIRE

The subjunctive is used after verbs expressing the notion of wish or desire. It is used when the subjects of the main and dependent clauses are different. Compare:

THE SUBJUNCTIVE TO EXPRESS AN EMOTION

The subjunctive is used after expressions of emotion. For example:

THE SUBJUNCTIVE TO EXPRESS DOUBT

The subjunctive is also used after expressions of doubt.

The verbs penser (to think) and croire (to believe) in the affirmative form are followed by the indicative mood. However, in the negative and interrogative forms, the subjunctive can be used to underline the uncertainty of the event.

This sentence means that I am actually sure Mr. Henri is guilty.

Here, there is some doubt about his guilt. The difference will often be detected in the intonation of the voice or through gestures.

Oral Practice

Ask the following questions and then answer them, aloud.

Written Practice 1

Put the verbs in parentheses into the subjunctive.

THE SUBJUNCTIVE AFTER CERTAIN IMPERSONAL EXPRESSIONS

The subjunctive is also used after certain impersonal expressions. Just as some verbs are followed by the indicative and others by the subjunctive, some impersonal expressions are followed by one mood or the other. In most cases, the expressions followed by the subjunctive express will, obligation, necessity, emotion, and doubt. Compare:

Here are some impersonal expressions followed by the indicative:

Here are some impersonal expressions followed by the subjunctive:

Oral Practice

Repeat aloud the following sentences.

Written Practice 2

Put the following sentences into the subjunctive.

THE SUBJUNCTIVE WITH CONJUNCTIONS

Another instance where you will have to decide to use either the indicative or the subjunctive is when using conjunctions. The conjunctions in this list are followed by the subjunctive mood.

For example:

Certain conjunctions are sometimes replaced by a preposition, which is then followed by an infinitive. This is done when the subject of the main clause and of the dependent clause are the same.

NOTE: There are no prepositions corresponding to jusqu'à ce que, bien que, quoique, or pourvu que.

Pourvu que takes a different meaning when used in a single clause. It is a very handy expression, also followed by the subjunctive, for expressing a hope.

Oral Practice

Repeat aloud the following sentences.

Written Practice 3

Put the following sentences into the subjunctive.

THE SUBJUNCTIVE AFTER A SUPERLATIVE

The subjunctive is also used after a superlative or an adjective conveying a superlative idea, such as premier (first), dernier (last), seul (only), or unique (unique).

THE SUBJUNCTIVE AFTER INDEFINITE EXPRESSIONS

The present of the subjunctive is used with indefinite expressions meaning whatever, wherever, or whoever. When the idea of whatever is followed by a verb, the neutral quoi que is used. For example:

When the idea of whatever is followed by a noun, quel que is used. Quel que agrees in gender and number with the subject.

See the following examples that express wherever:

The subjunctive is also used to express whoever. For example:

THE SUBJUNCTIVE AFTER THE RELATIVE PRONOUNS QUI AND QUE

The relative pronouns qui and que can sometimes be followed by the subjunctive. If there is a doubt about the existence of someone or the possible realization of something, the subjunctive may be used after the relative pronoun. For example:

In this case, there is a doubt whether such a person or object even exists and if so, whether the person or object can accomplish the task.

The Past Subjunctive

The past subjunctive is used in the same manner as the present subjunctive. However, the action of the dependent clause is anterior to the action of the main clause. To form the past subjunctive, use the present subjunctive of avoir or être plus the past participle of the verb.

lire (to read)

partir (to leave)

Note the following example sentences:

Oral Practice

Repeat aloud the following sentences.

Written Practice 4

Put the verbs in parentheses into the past subjunctive.

QUIZ

Put the verbs in parentheses into the subjunctive.

Put the following sentences into the indicative or subjunctive mood.

Put the following sentences into the subjunctive.

Put the following verbs into the past subjunctive.

Translate the following sentences, using the vous form when necessary.

5. Whatever she chooses, he is satisfied.____________________________

6. Wherever you go, I'll travel with you.____________________________

7. Whatever his opinions, they never agree with him.___________________

Translate the following sentences using the subjunctive and, when necessary, the tu form.

8. I want you to go to the theater with us._________________________________

9. He is happy you will be able to attend his opening.________________________

10. Go home before it rains.________________________

PART FOUR TEST

Replace avant with après in the following sentences.

Put the verbs in parentheses into the gerund.

Put the following sentences into the futur simple.

Put the first verb into the futur simple and the second verb into the futur antérieur.

Put the first verb into the conditionnel présent and the second verb into the imparfait.

Create sentences changing the verbs from the conditionnel présent to the conditionnel passé and from the imparfait to the plus-que-parfait.

Formulate sentences starting with on m'a dit. Watch out for tenses.

Put the verbs in parentheses into the subjunctive.

Put the verbs in parentheses into the indicative or subjunctive mood.

Translate the following sentences, using the inversion and the vous form when necessary.

46. It is strange they are late.________________________

47. Let's hope the weather will be nice tomorrow!_______________________

48. Could you help us?________________________

49. They should have told us the whole story.__________________________

50. I heard the president is in Japan today._____________________________

FINAL EXAM

Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

Conjugate the verbs in parentheses in the present tense.

Conjugate the following pronominal verbs in the present tense.

Change from the affirmative to the negative form.

Put both verbs into the future tense.

16. Je vous (inviter) au restaurant quand vous (venir) à Paris.

_________________________

17. Nous (visiter) le château d'Amboise quand nous (être) dans la vallée de la Loire.

________________________

18. Tant qu'il (faire) beau, nous (rester) dans le jardin.

________________________

19. Elle vous (contacter) dès qu'elle (avoir) plus de détails.

________________________

20. Il (regarder) ces films quand il (pouvoir).

________________________

Change these sentences from the immediate future to the immediate past.

Replace both the direct and the indirect object with pronouns.

Answer the questions in the affirmative, using both a direct and an indirect object pronoun.

Change the following sentences to the causative faire form.

Put the first verb into the passé composé and the second into the plus-que-parfait.

Put the following verbs into the passé simple.

Put the first verb into the imparfait and the second into the passé simple.

Replace the boldfaced possessive adjective and noun with a possessive pronoun.

Replace the demonstrative adjectives and the nouns with a demonstrative pronoun.

61. Ce magazine est de gauche. Ce magazine est de droite.

________________________

62. Ces voitures sont vieilles. Ces voitures sont neuves.

________________________

63. Cette idée est brillante. Cette idée n'est pas raisonnable.

________________________

64. Ce coussin est mou. Ce coussin est mœlleux.

________________________

65. Ces plats sont légers. Ces plats sont lourds.

________________________

Fill in the appropriate relative pronoun.

Answer the following questions.

Put the following verbs in parentheses into the subjunctive.

Put the following verbs in parentheses into the past subjunctive.

Put the following verbs in parentheses into the indicative or subjunctive mood.

Translate the following sentences, using vous and inversion when necessary.

91. Can you cook?

________________________

92. Do you know this doctor?

________________________

93. She can translate this document in an hour.

________________________

94. How long have you been living in this apartment?

________________________

95. Could you show me the Eiffel Tower on the map?

________________________

96. They go to France every year.

________________________

97. What time did they leave?

________________________

98. Are you going to buy all these books?

________________________

99. Do you remember it?

________________________

100. Whatever he does, he succeeds.

________________________

ENGLISH-FRENCH GLOSSARY

Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

A

according to selon

to admit avouer

to advise conseiller

again encore

ailleurs elsewhere

to aim at viser à

air-conditioned climatisé

alone seul

along le long de

also aussi

always toujours

to amaze étonner

among parmi

ankle cheville (f.)

to announce annoncer

to answer répondre à

anything n'importe quoi

anywhere n'importe où

to apologize s'excuser de

to appear apparaître, paraître

April avril

arm bras (m.)

at random au hasard

to attend assister à

August août

aunt tante (f.)

available disponible

B

bag sac (m.)

bakery boulangerie (f.)

balcony balcon (m.)

ball balle (f.)

barn grange (f.)

to be able (to) pouvoir

to be informed être au courant

to be right avoir raison

to be wrong avoir tort

beach plage (f.)

bean haricot (m.)

bed lit (m.)

before avant

behind derrière

to believe croire

to belong appartenir

beside à côté

bet pari (m.)

bicycle vélo (m.)

bill addition (f.)

bird oiseau (m.)

birthday anniversaire (m.)

bitter amer

bitterness amertume (f.)

black noir

blackboard tableau (m.)

blue bleu

blunder gaffe (f.)

boat bateau (m.)

body corps (m.)

book livre (m.)

bookstore librairie (f.)

born né

to borrow emprunter

boss patron (m.), patronne (f.)

bottle bouteille (f.)

box boîte (f.)

bracelet bracelet (m.)

to break casser

to break down tomber en panne

breakfast petit déjeuner (m.)

to bring apporter

brother frère (m.)

brother-in-law beau-frère (m.)

to brush brosser

bucket seau (m.)

to build construire

to burn brûler

to burst éclater

bus car (m.)

business affaire (f.)

but mais

to buy acheter

by heart par cœur

C

cake gâteau (m.)

calculator calculette (f.)

to cancel annuler

candle bougie (f.)

car voiture (f.)

to carry porter

castle château (m.)

casual décontracté

cat chat (m.)

celebration fête (f.)

chair chaise (f.)

to chat bavarder

cheap bon marché

cheese fromage (m.)

cherry cerise (f.)

Chinese chinois

choice choix (m.)

to choose choisir

clay argile (f.)

to clean nettoyer

to climb monter

close (near) près de

to close fermer

closet placard (m.)

coast côte (f.)

cold froid

collar col (m.)

comfortable confortable

to complain se plaindre

to complete achever

computer ordinateur (m.)

to congratulate féliciter

to contemplate envisager

to convince convaincre

to cost coûter

to count compter

country pays (m.)

couple couple (m.)

course cours (m.)

to cross traverser

crowded bondé

cup tasse (f.)

cushion coussin (m.)

to cut couper

D

daily quotidien

to dance danser

to dare oser

dark sombre

daughter fille (f.)

dawn aube (f.)

day jour (m.)

day: the day after tomorrow après-demain

day: the day before yesterday avant-hier

death mort (f.)

December décembre

delighted enchanté, ravi

delightful ravissant

to demonstrate manifester

deposit caution (f.)

to describe décrire

dessert dessert (m.)

to die mourir

digital numérique

to disappoint décevoir

disappointed déçu

to disturb déranger

to dive plonger

to do faire

to do without se passer de

dog chien (m.)

door porte (f.)

dozen douzaine (f.)

to dream rêver

dress robe (f.)

to drink boire

to drive conduire

dubbed doublé

duck canard (m.)

to dye teindre

E

early tôt

to eat manger

efficient efficace

egg œuf (m.)

to elect élire

elevator ascenseur (m.)

end fin (f.)

English anglais

enough assez

to erase effacer

even même

to exaggerate exagérer

exam examen (m.)

exhibition exposition (f.)

to expect s'attendre à

expensive cher

to explore explorer

to express exprimer

F

fabric tissu (m.)

face visage (m.)

to face affronter

factory usine (f.)

to fail rater

failure échec (m.)

to faint s'évanouir

faith foi (f.)

to fall tomber

famous célèbre

far loin

fast rapide

father père (m.)

fear peur (f.)

to fear craindre

February février

to feel sentir

to feel like avoir envie de

file fichier (m.)

to fill remplir

to find trouver

fire feu (m.)

first name prénom (m.)

fish poisson (m.)

flag drapeau (m.)

floor étage (m.)

flower fleur (f.)

to follow suivre

to forbid interdire

to forget oublier

formerly autrefois

fortunately heureusement

free libre

freedom liberté (f.)

fresh frais

friend ami(e) (m., f.)

future avenir (m.)

G

game jeu (m.)

garbage can poubelle (f.)

garden jardin (m.)

gas essence (f.)

to get bored s'ennuyer

to get rid of se débarrasser de

to get sick tomber malade

to get used to se faire à

gift cadeau (m.)

gifted doué

to give donner

glass verre (m.)

to go aller

to go around the world faire le tour du monde

good bon, bonne

government gouvernement (m.)

grandfather grand-père (m.)

grandmother grand-mère (f.)

ground floor rez-de-chausée (m.)

to grow old vieillir

to grow up grandir

guilty coupable

H

hair cheveux (m. pl.)

hair salon salon de coiffure (m.)

hairstyle coiffure (f.)

half moitié (f.)

hand main (f.)

handle manche (m.)

to hang accrocher

hat chapeau (m.)

to hate détester

to have lunch déjeuner

hazelnut noisette (f.)

head tête (f.)

to heal guérir

to hear entendre

heart cœur (m.)

heat chaleur (f.)

heating chauffage (m.)

hill colline (f.)

to hold tenir

to hope espérer

horse cheval (m.)

hot chaud

hour heure (f.)

house maison (f.)

hunger faim (f.)

to be hungry avoir faim

to hurry to se dépêcher de

husband mari (m.)

I

to improve améliorer

in dans

in front of devant

in love amoureux(euse)

in spite of malgré

in the back of au fond de

to inform prévenir

information renseignement (m.)

to injure blesser

inside dedans

to insist on tenir à

to intend avoir l'intention de

intern stagiaire (m., f.)

internship stage (m.)

islandîle (f.)

J

jacket veste (f.)

jam confiture (f.)

January janvier

jewel bijou (m.)

to join joindre

to joke blaguer, plaisanter

July juillet

to jump sauter

June juin

K

to keep garder

key clé (f.)

king roi (m.)

to kiss embrasser

kitchen cuisine (f.)

knife couteau (m.)

to knit tricoter

to know connaître

to know savoir

knowledge connaissance (f.)

L

label étiquette (f.)

lace dentelle (f.)

ladder échelle (f.)

lake lac (m.)

landscape paysage (m.)

language langue (f.)

late tard

law loi (f.)

lawn pelouse (f.)

lawyer avocat (m.), avocate (f.)

laziness paresse (f.)

to lead mener

to leaf through feuilleter

to learn, to show how apprendre

lease bail (m.)

leather cuir (m.)

to leave laisser

left gauche (adj., n.,f.)

to lend prêter

letter lettre (f.)

to lie mentir

life vie (f.)

to lift soulever

light lumière (f.)

light léger, légère

to like aimer

linen lin (m.)

to listen écouter

little peu

to live habiter

to live vivre

liver foie (m.)

to look at regarder

to look for chercher

to lose perdre

to lose weight maigrir

to love aimer

luck chance (f.)

M

madly follement

magic magie (f.)

man homme (m.)

to manage gérer

manor manoir (m.)

to manufacture fabriquer

marble marbre (m.)

March mars

masterpiece chef-d'œuvre (m.)

May mai

meal repas (m.)

meat viande (f.)

meeting réunion (f.)

merger fusion (f.)

milk lait (m.)

to miss manquer

mistake erreur (f.)

to mix mélanger

money argent (m.)

month mois (m.)

mood humeur (f.)

morning matin (m.)

mother mère (f.)

mountain montagne (f.)

to move déménager

music musique (f.)

N

near près de

to need avoir besoin de

neighbor voisin (m.), voisine (f.)

neighborhood quartier (m.)

nest nid (m.)

new nouveau

news (piece of) nouvelle (f.)

newspaper journal (m.)

nice sympathique, gentil(le)

nickname surnom (m.)

night nuit (f.)

noise bruit (m.)

nothing rien

novel roman (m.)

novelist romancier (m.), romancière (f.)

November novembre

now maintenant

number nombre (m.)

O

object objet (m.)

obvious évident

obviously évidemment

October octobre

of course bien sûr

to offer offrir

office bureau (m.)

often souvent

oil huile (f.)

on top dessus

to open ouvrir

ordinarily d'ordinaire

outside dehors

to own posséder

P

pain douleur (f.)

to paint peindre

painting tableau (m.)

to park garer

password mot de passe (m.)

path chemin (m.)

to pay attention to faire attention à

to peel éplucher

pen stylo (m.)

people gens (m. pl.)

pepper poivre (m.)

perfume parfum (m.)

permit permis (m.)

to pick cueillir

piece morceau (m.)

plane avion (m.)

plate assiette (f.)

play pièce (f.)

to play jouer

player joueur (m.), joueuse (f.)

pleasant plaisant, agréable

to please plaire

to plug in brancher

position poste (m.)

post office poste (f.)

postcard carte postale (f.)

poster affiche (f.)

pothole nid de poule (m.)

to predict prédire

present actuel(le)

presently actuellement

to pretend to faire semblant de, feindre de

product produit (m.)

profit bénéfice (m.)

project projet (m.)

pumpkin citrouille (f.)

to put mettre

to put away ranger

to put on weight grossir

to put out (light) éteindre

R

rain pluie (f.)

to rain pleuvoir

to read lire

to realize se rendre compte

to recommend recommander

red rouge

to register s'inscrire

rehearsal répétition (f.)

to reimburse rembourser

to remember se souvenir de

to remind rappeler

to remove enlever

to renew renouveler

rent loyer (m.)

to rent louer

to repeat répéter

report rapport (m.)

to resign démissionner

to resign oneself to se résigner à

to resolve résoudre

to rest se reposer

to reveal révéler

right droite

right: to be right avoir raison

right away tout de suite

ring bague (f.)

to ring sonner

roof toit (m.)

room chambre (f.), pièce (f.)

rotten pourri

row rang (m.)

to run courir

S

sad triste

sail voile (f.)

sailboat voilier (m.)

salt sel (m.)

same même

satisfied content

scarf foulard (m.)

school école (f.)

screen écran (m.)

sea mer (f.)

to seduce séduire

to see voir

to sell vendre

to send envoyer

September septembre

serious sérieux

serve (to) servir

sewing machine machine à coudre (f.)

shame honte (f.)

to share partager

shelter abri (m.)

shoe chaussure (f.)

short court

to show montrer

shower douche (f.)

shutter volet (m.)

sick malade

silk soie (f.)

to sing chanter

sister sœur (f.)

sister-in-law belle-sœur (f.)

to sit s'asseoir

skin peau (f.)

sleep sommeil (m.)

to sleep dormir

sleeve manche (f.)

slowly doucement

small petit

snow neige (f.)

to snow neiger

so tellement, si

software logiciel (m.)

to solve résoudre

something quelque chose

sometimes parfois, quelquefois

son fils (m.)

song chanson (f.)

soon bientôt

to speak parler

speech parole (f.)

to spell épeler

to spend dépenser

spice épice (f.)

spy espion (m.)

square carré

stage fright trac (m.)

stamp timbre (m.)

star vedette (f.), étoile (f.)

state état (m.)

to stop arrêter, cesser de

straw paille (f.)

strawberry fraise (f.)

to stroll flâner

subtitled sous-titré

suburb banlieue (f.)

to succeed in/at réussir à

to suffer souffrir

sugar sucre (m.)

suitcase valise (f.)

summerété (m.)

sun soleil (m.)

sunny ensoleillé

sunset coucher de soleil (m.)

sure sûr

to swim nager

swimming pool piscine (f.)

T

to take prendre

to take advantage of profiter de

to take along emmener

to take care s'occuper de

to take place avoir lieu

to taste goûter

tea thé (m.)

to teach enseigner

to tell raconter

to thank remercier

thank you merci

thatch chaume (f.)

to think penser, réfléchir

thirst soif (f.)

to throw lancer, jeter

ticket billet (m.), ticket (m.)

tie cravate (f.)

to tie ficeler

time fois (f.)

today aujourd'hui

tomorrow demain

tongue langue (f.)

tooth dent (f.)

tower tour (f.)

traffic circulation (f.)

to translate traduire

to travel voyager

tray plateau (m.)

tree arbre (m.)

truth vérité (f.)

to turn on allumer

turtle tortue (f.)

U

umbrella parapluie (m.)

uncle oncle (m.)

under dessous, sous

to understand comprendre

unfortunately malheureusement

unknown inconnu

to use se servir de

usually d'habitude

V

vacation vacances (f. pl.)

vase vase (m.)

veil voile (m.)

very très

victory victoire (f.)

voice voix (f.)

voice mail boîte vocale (f.)

W

to wake up (se) réveiller

to walk marcher, se balader, se promener

wall mur (m.)

wallet portefeuille (m.)

war guerre (f.)

to warn prévenir

to wash laver

washing machine machine à laver (f.)

to waste gaspiller

watch montre (f.)

to watch regarder

water eau (f.)

wave vague (f.)

to wear porter

week semaine (f.)

weekly hebdomadaire

when quand

where où

to whip fouetter

white blanc, blanche

why pourquoi

willingly volontiers

windmill moulin à vent (m.)

window fenêtre (f.)

windowpane vitre (f.)

wine vin (m.)

wise sage

to wish désirer

with avec

to withdraw retirer

without sans

wood bois (m.)

word mot (m.)

work travail (m.)

to work travailler

world monde (m.)

worried inquiet

to worry s'inquiéter

to wrap emballer

to writeécrire

wrong: to be wrong avoir tort

Y

yesterday hier

young jeune

FRENCH-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

A

à côté de next to, beside

abri (m.) shelter

accrocher to hang (up)

acheter to buy

achever to finish, to complete

actuel(le) present

actuellement currently

addition (f.) bill

affaire (f.) business

affiche (f.) poster

affronter to face

ailleurs elsewhere

aimer to like, to love

aller to go

allumer to turn on

améliorer to improve

amer bitter

amertume (f.) bitterness

ami (m.) friend

amie (f.) friend

amoureux(-euse) in love

anglais English

anniversaire (m.) birthday

annoncer to announce

annuler to cancel

août August

appartenir to belong

apporter to bring

apprendre to learn, to show how

après-demain the day after tomorrow

arbre (m.) tree

argent (m.) money

argile (f.) clay

arrêter to stop

ascenseur (m.) elevator

s'asseoir to sit

assez enough

assiette (f.) plate

assister à to atttend

s'attendre à to expect

au fond in the back

au hasard at random

aube (f.) dawn

aujourd'hui (f.) today

auprès de next to, close to

aussi also

autrefois formerly

avant before

avant-hier the day before yesterday

avec with

avenir (m.) future

avion (m.) plane

avocat(e) (m., f.) lawyer

avoir besoin de to need

avoir envie de to feel like, want

avoir faim to be hungry

avoir l'intention de to intend to

avoir lieu to take place

avoir raison to be right

avoir tort to be wrong

avouer to admit

avril April

B

bague (f.) ring

bail (m.) lease

se balader to go for a walk

balcon (m.) balcony

balle (f.) ball

banlieue (f.) suburb

bateau (m.) boat

bavarder to chat

beau-frère (m.) brother-in-law

belle-sœur (f.) sister-in-law

bénéfice (m.) profit

bien sûr of course

bientôt soon

bijou (m.) jewel

billet (m.) ticket

blaguer to joke

blanc(he) white

blesser to injure, to hurt

bleu blue

boire to drink

bois (m.) wood

boîte (f.) box

boîte vocale (f.) voice mail

bon(ne) good

bon marché cheap

bondé crowded

bougie (f.) candle

boulangerie (f.) bakery

bouteille (f.) bottle

bracelet (m.) bracelet

brancher to plug in

bras (m.) arm

brosser to brush

bruit (m.) noise

brûler to burn

bureau (m.) office; desk

C

cadeau (m.) gift

calculette (f.) calculator

canard (m.) duck

car (m.) bus, coach

carré square

carte postale (f.) postcard

casser to break

caution (f.) deposit

célèbre famous

cerise (f.) cherry

cesser de to stop

chaise (f.) chair

chaleur (f.) heat

chambre (f.) bedroom

chance (f.) luck

chanter to sing

chapeau (m.) hat

chat (m.) cat

château (m.) castle

chaud hot

chauffage (m.) heating (system)

chaume (f.) thatch

chaussure (f.) shoe

chef-d'œuvre (m.) masterpiece

chemin (m.) path

cher, chère expensive

chercher to search, to look for

cheval (m.) horse

cheveux(m. pl.) hair

cheville (f.) ankle

chien (m.) dog

chinois Chinese

choisir to choose

choix (m.) choice

circulation (f.) traffic

citrouille (f.) pumpkin

clé (f.) key

climatisé air-conditioned

cœur (m.) heart

coiffure (f.) hairstyle

col (m.) collar

colline (f.) hill

comprendre to understand

compter to intend; to plan to; to count on

conduire to drive

confiture (f.) jam

confortable comfortable

connaissance (f.) knowledge

connaître to know

conseiller to advise

construire to build

content happy, satisfied

convaincre to convince

corps (m.) body

côte (f.) coast; rib

coucher de soleil (m.) sunset

coupable guilty

couper to cut

couple (m.) couple

courir to run

cours (m.) course

court short

coussin (m.) cushion

couteau (m.) knife

coûter to cost

craindre to fear

cravate (f.) tie

croire to believe

cueillir to pick, to gather

cuir (m.) leather

cuisine (f.) cooking; kitchen

D

dans in

danser to dance

se débarrasser de to get rid of

décembre December

décevoir to disappoint

décontracté casual

décrire to describe

déçu disappointed

dedans inside

dehors outside

déjeuner to have lunch

demain tomorrow

déménager to move

démissionner to resign

dent (f.) tooth

dentelle (f.) lace

se dépêcher de to hurry to

dépenser to spend

déranger to disturb

derrière behind

désirer to desire, to wish

dessert (m.) dessert

dessous under

dessus on top

détester to hate

devant in front of

d'habitude usually

disponible available

dizaine (f.) about ten

donner to give

d'ordinaire ordinarily

dormir to sleep

doublé dubbed

doucement slowly

douche (f.) shower

doué gifted

douleur (f.) pain

drapeau (m.) flag

droite right

E

eau (f.) water

échec (m.) failure

échelle (f.) ladder

éclater to burst, to explode

école (f.) school

écouter to listen

écran (m.) screen

écrire to write

effacer to erase

efficace efficient

élire to elect

emballer to wrap

embrasser to kiss, hug

emmener to take along

emprunter to borrow

enchanté delighted

encore again

enlever to remove

s'ennuyer to get bored

enseigner to teach

ensoleillé sunny

entendre to hear

envisager to contemplate

envoyer to send

épeler to spell

épice (f.) spice

éplucher to peel

erreur (f.) mistake

espérer to hope

espion(ne) (m., f.) spy

essence (f.) essence; gas

étage (m.) floor

état (m.) state

été (m.) summer

éteindre to put out, to extinguish

étiquette (f.) label

étonner to surprise, to amaze

être au courant to be informed

s'évanouir to faint

évidemment obviously

évident obvious

exagérer to exaggerate

examen (m.) exam

s'excuser to apologize

explorer to explore

exposition (f.) exhibition

exprimer to express

F

fabriquer to make; to manufacture

faim (f.) hunger

faire to do; to make

se faire à to get used to

faire attention à to pay attention to

faire le tour du monde to go around the world

faire semblant de to pretend to

feindre to feign, to pretend

féliciter to congratulate

fenêtre (f.) window

fermer to close

fête (f.) party, celebration

feu (m.) fire

feuilleter to leaf through

février February

ficeler to tie

fichier (m.) file

fille (f.) daughter

fils (m.) son

fin (f.) end

flacon (m.) bottle

flâner to stroll

fleur (f.) flower

foi (f.) faith

foie (m.) liver

fois (f.) time

follement madly

fouetter to whip

foulard (m.) scarf

frais, fraîche fresh

fraise (f.) strawberry

frère (m.) brother

froid cold

fromage (m.) cheese

fusion (f.) merger

G

gaffe (f.) blunder

garder to keep

garer to park

gaspiller to waste

gâteau (m.) cake

gauche (adj.) left

gens(m. pl.) people

gérer to manage

goûter to taste

gouvernement (m.) government

grandir to grow up

grand-mère (f.) grandmother

grand-père (m.) grandfather

grange (f.) barn

grossir to put on weight

guérir to heal

guerre (f.) war

H

habiter to live

haricot (m.) bean

hebdomadaire weekly

heure (f.) hour

heureusement fortunately

hier yesterday

homme (m.) man

honte (f.) shame

huile (f.) oil

humeur (f.) mood

I

île (f.) island

inconnu unknown

inquiet, inquiète worried

s'inquiéter de to worry about

s'inscrire to register

interdire to forbid

J

janvier January

jardin (m.) garden

jeter to throw

jeu (m.) game

jeune young

joindre to join

jouer to play

joueur, joueuse (m., f.) player

jour (m.) day

journal (m.) newspaper

juillet July

juin June

L

lac (m.) lake

laisser to leave

lait (m.) milk

lancer to throw

langue (f.) language; tongue

laver to wash

le long de along

léger, légère light

lettre (f.) letter

liberté (f.) freedom

librairie (f.) bookstore

libre free

lin (m.) linen

lire to read

lit (m.) bed

livre (m.) book

logiciel (m.) software

loi (f.) law

loin far

long: le long de along

louer to rent

loyer (m.) rent

lumière (f.) light

M

machine à coudre (f.) sewing machine

magie (f.) magic

magique magic

mai May

maigrir to lose weight

main (f.) hand

maintenant now

mais but

maison (f.) house

malade sick

malgré in spite of

malheureusement unfortunately

manche (m.) handle

manche (f.) sleeve

manger to eat

manifester to demonstrate

manoir (m.) manor

manquer to miss

marbre (m.) marble

marcher to walk

mari (m.) husband

mars March

matin (m.) morning

mélanger to mix

même same, even

mener to lead

mentir to lie

mer (f.) sea

merci thank you

mère (f.) mother

mettre to put; to put on

mois (m.) month

moitié (f.) half

monde (m.) world

montagne (f.) mountain

monter to go up, to climb

montre (f.) watch

montrer to show

morceau (m.) piece

mort (f.) death

mot de passe (m.) password

mourir to die

mur (m.) wall

musique (f.) music

N

nager to swim

naître to be born

né born

neige (f.) snow

neiger to snow

nettoyer to clean

nid (m.) nest

nid (m.) de poule pothole

n'importe où anywhere

n'importe quoi anything

noir black

noisette (f.) hazelnut

nombre (m.) number

nouveau, nouvelle new

nouvelle (f.) piece of news

novembre November

nuit (f.) night

numérique digital

O

objet (m.) object

s'occuper de to take care of

octobre October

œuf (m.) egg

offrir to offer

oiseau (m.) bird

oncle (m.) uncle

ordinateur (m.) computer

oser to dare

où where

oublier to forget

ouvrir to open

P

paille (f.) straw

par cœur by heart

paraître to appear

parapluie (m.) umbrella

paresse (f.) laziness

parfois sometimes

parfum (m.) perfume

pari (m.) bet

parler to speak

parmi among

parole (f.) word; speech

partager to share

parti (m.) political party

se passer de to do without

patron(ne) (m., f.) boss

pays (m.) country

paysage (m.) landscape

peau (f.) skin

peindre to paint

pelouse (f.) lawn

penser to think

perdre to lose

père (m.) father

permis (m.) permit

petit small

petit déjeuner (m.) breakfast

peu little; not much

peur (f.) fear

pièce (f.) room; play

piscine (f.) swimming pool

placard (m.) closet

plage (f.) beach

se plaindre de to complain about

plaire to please; to enjoy

plaisanter to joke

plat (m.) dish

plateau (m.) tray

pleuvoir to rain

plonger to dive

pluie (f.) rain

poisson (m.) fish

poivre (m.) pepper

porte (f.) door

portefeuille (m.) wallet

porter to carry; to wear

posséder to own

poste (f.) post office

poste (m.) position

poubelle (f.) garbage can

pourquoi why

pourri rotten

pouvoir can, to be able to

prédire to predict

prendre to take

prénom (m.) first name

près de near, close

prêter to lend

prévenir to warn; to inform

produit (m.) product

profiter de to take advantage of

projet (m.) project

Q

quand when

quartier (m.) neighborhood

quelque chose something

quelquefois sometimes

quotidien(ne) daily

R

raconter to tell

rang (m.) row

ranger to put away

rapide fast

rappeler to remind

rapport (m.) report

rater to fail

ravi delighted

ravissant delightful

recommander to recommend

réfléchir to think, to reflect

regarder to watch, to look (at)

rembourser to reimburse

remercier to thank

remplir to fill

se rendre compte de to realize that

renouveler to renew

renseignement (m.) information

repas (m.) meal

répéter to repeat

répétition (f.) rehearsal

répondre to answer

se reposer to rest

se résigner à to resign oneself to

résoudre to resolve, solve

retirer to withdraw

réunion (f.) meeting

réussir à to succeed at/in

se réveiller to wake up

révéler to reveal

rêver to dream

rez-de-chaussée (m.) ground floor

rien nothing

robe (f.) dress

roi (m.) king

roman (m.) novel

romancier(-ière) (m., f.) novelist

rouge red

S

sac (m.) bag

sage wise

salon de coiffure (m.) hair salon

sans without

sauter to jump

savoir to know

seau (m.) bucket

séduire to seduce

sel (m.) salt

selon according to

semaine (f.) week

sentir to feel, to think

septembre September

sérieux(-ieuse) serious

servir to serve

se servir de to use

seul alone

sœur (f.) sister

soie (f.) silk

soif (f.) thirst

soleil (m.) sun

sombre dark

sommeil (m.) sleep

songer à to think of/about

sonner to ring

souffrir to suffer

soulever to lift

sous under

sous-titré subtitled

se souvenir de to remember

souvent often

stage (m.) internship

stagiaire(m., f.) intern

stylo (m.) pen

sucre (m.) sugar

suivre to follow

sûr sure

surnom (m.) nickname

sympathique pleasant, nice

T

tableau ( m. ) painting; blackboard

tante (f.) aunt

tard late

tasse (f.) cup

teindre to dye

tellement so much

temps (m.) weather; time

tenir to hold

tenir à to insist on, to be eager to/for

tête (f.) head

thé (m.) tea

timbre (m.) stamp

tissu (m.) fabric

toit (m.) roof

tomber to fall

tomber en panne to break down (car)

tomber malade to get sick

tortue (f.) turtle

tôt early

toujours always; still

tour (f.) tower

tout de suite right away

trac (m.) stage fright

traduire to translate

travail (m.) work

travailler to work

traverser to cross

très very

tricoter to knit

triste sad

trouver to find

U

usine (f.) factory

V

vacances(f. pl.) holidays, vacation

vague (f.) wave

valise (f.) suitcase

vase (f.) slime

vase (m.) vase

vedette (f.) star

vélo (m.) bicycle

vendre to sell

vérité (f.) truth

verre (m.) glass

veste (f.) jacket

viande (f.) meat

victoire (f.) victory

vie (f.) life

vieillir to grow old

vin (m.) wine

visage (m.) face

viser à to aim at

vitre (f.) windowpane

vivre to live

voile (m.) veil

voile (f.) sail

voilier (m.) sailboat

voir to see

voisin(e) (m., f.) neighbor

voiture (f.) car

voix (f.) voice

volet (m.) shutter

volontiers willingly

voyager to travel

ANSWER KEY

Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

CHAPTER 1

Written Practice

1. The actor is patient.

2. The dinner is delicious.

3. Valérie and Thomas are waiting for the news.

4. The boss is planning a reorganization of the company.

5. Sandrine works at the bookstore.

Oral Practice

1. (oh-ray-lee-ya) 4 syllables

2. (ah-loo-eht) 3 syllables

3. (see-yehst) 2 syllables

4. (kwee-zeen) 2 syllables

5. (brwee) 1 syllable

6. (ah-mayree-ka(n)) 4 syllables

7. (ree-tu-ehl) 3 syllables

8. (bwar) 1 syllable

QUIZ

1. b

2. b

3. c

4. a

5. c

6. b

7. c

8. a

9. c

10. a

CHAPTER 2

Written Practice 1

1. le soleil

2. la télévision

3. le gâteau

4. le journal

5. la nature

Written Practice 2

1. la Bretagne

2. l'Allemagne

3. la Virginie

4. la Pologne

5. le Venezuela

Written Practice 3

1. les plats

2. les châteaux

3. les clés

4. les jardins

5. les maisons

Written Practice 4

1. un avion

2. une avocate

3. des maisons

4. une clé

5. des châteaux

Written Practice 5

1. trente-huit

2. onze

3. quarante-deux

4. seize

5. neuf

Written Practice 6

1. Non, c'est la huitième fois.

2. Non, c'est la quatrième fois.

3. Non, c'est la dixième fois.

4. Non, c'est la troisième fois.

5. Non, c'est la première fois.

Written Practice 7

1. jeudi

2. mardi

3. dimanche

4. vendredi

5. mercredi

QUIZ

1. le journal / la culture / la tortue / la nationalité / le compliment

2. une voiture / un sac / une culture / des hôtels / des journaux

3. la Finlande / la Chine / la Caroline du Sud / le Togo / la Colombie

4. les journaux / les maisons / les frères / les voix / les chapeaux

5. la vendeuse / la directrice / la mécanicienne / l'actrice / la Brésilienne

6. L'anniversaire de Marc est dimanche.

7. Appelez Marc lundi.

8. La sœur de Léa est architecte.

9. Le bureau de Léa est au dixième étage.

10. L'anniversaire de Léa est mardi.

CHAPTER 3

Written Practice 1

1. d

2. c

3. e

4. a

5. b

Written Practice 2

1. nous parlons

2. je garde

3. elle porte

4. vous chantez

5. on donne

Written Practice 3

1. Elle achète

2. Nous commençons

3. Tu appelles

4. Ils révèlent

5. Nous voyageons

Written Practice 4

1. d

2. c

3. e

4. b

5. a

Written Practice 5

1. Aimez-vous les voyages?

2. Préfère-t-elle le riz?

3. Commences-tu en décembre?

4. Cherchent-ils un appartement?

5. Regardons-nous le match de base-ball dans le salon?

Written Practice 6

1. Est-ce que j'appelle Samuel?

2. Est-ce que nous remplaçons Jacques et Laurent?

3. Est-ce que tu voyages en Irlande?

4. Est-ce que vous déménagez jeudi?

5. Est-ce qu'elle prononce le mot correctement?

Written Practice 7

1. Vous cherchez la Place de la Bastille?

2. Tu aimes le chocolat?

3. Elle habite à Rome?

4. Il cherche un nouvel emploi?

5. Vous mangez des escargots?

Written Practice 8

1. Qui parle français ici?

2. Où voyagez-vous en janvier?

3. Pourquoi déménage-t-elle?

4. Où habites-tu?

5. Que cherchez-vous?

Written Practice 9

1. Non, je n'aime pas le nouveau film d'Éric Rohmer.

2. Non, elle n'habite pas à La Rochelle.

3. Non, je ne cherche pas Jacques.

4. Non, je n'apporte rien.

5. Non, je ne voyage jamais par le train.

6. Non, je ne chante pas en allemand.

7. Non, je ne travaille jamais le samedi.

8. Non, je n'étudie pas le chinois.

9. Non, je ne joue pas au tennis.

10. Non, je n'écoute pas l'émission 2000 ans d'histoire.

QUIZ

1. Est-ce que tu joues au tennis?

2. Est-ce que tu parles portugais?

3. nous commençons

4. nous espérons

5. On voyage en Inde en février?

6. On écoute le concert dans le parc?

7. Oui, je regarde le film de Godard ce soir. / Non, je ne regarde pas le film de Godard ce soir.

8. Oui, j'aime le théâtre moderne. / Non, je n'aime pas le théâtre moderne.

9. Elle n'habite pas à Annecy.

10. Je ne parle pas espagnol.

CHAPTER 4

Written Practice 1

1. suis

2. est

3. êtes

4. n'es pas

5. sont

Written Practice 2

1. c

2. a

3. e

4. b

5. d

Written Practice 3

1. Avez-vous soif?

2. A-t-elle chaud?

3. Ont-ils froid?

4. As-tu peur?

5. A-t-il raison?

Written Practice 4

1. Vous allez à la librairie ce matin.

2. Adèle va à Paris en août.

3. Je vais à Dublin avec Flore.

4. Nous allons au cinéma ce soir.

5. Tu vas à la plage dimanche.

Written Practice 5

1. Anne a peu de chance.

2. Mélanie a trop de documents.

3. Vincent a beaucoup de travail.

4. Valérie a assez de papier.

5. Bruno a tant de problèmes.

Written Practice 6

1. Il y a une bouteille d'eau sur la table.

2. Il y a une tasse de café sur la table.

3. Il y a un litre de lait sur la table.

4. Il y a une demi-livre de champignons sur la table.

5. Il y a une boîte de sardines sur la table.

Written Practice 7

1. b / d

2. a

3. e

4. c

5. b / d

Written Practice 8

1. b / d

2. e

3. b / d

4. a / c

5. a / c

QUIZ

1. Oui, je suis canadien.

2. Oui, j'ai des animaux domestiques.

3. Oui, elle a un appartement dans le treizième arrondissement.

4. Non, je n'aime pas la musique folk.

5. Non, je n'ai pas d'ordinateur.

6. Je vais bien.

7. La cousine de Germain va bien.

8. 62: soixante-deux 77: soixante-dix-sept 100: cent 87: quatre-vingt-sept 315: trois cent quinze 10 000: dix mille

9. Il y a beaucoup de livres sur la table.

10. Est-ce que tu es anglais?

CHAPTER 5

Written Practice 1

1. vous choisissez

2. nous servons

3. elles partent

4. nous remplissons

5. vous sortez

Written Practice 2

1. c

2. e

3. a / d

4. b

5. a / d

Written Practice 3

1. Achète une demi-livre de beurre!

2. Allons au théâtre!

3. Prenez une salade verte!

4. Sois à l'heure!

5. Aie un peu de patience!

Written Practice 4

1. vieilles

2. gentil

3. fascinant

4. intéressant

5. noire

Written Practice 5

1. Justine est gentille.

2. Justine est intelligente.

3. Justine est généreuse.

4. Justine est belle.

5. Justine est créative.

Written Practice 6

1. Céleste est moins efficace que Marion.

2. Agnès est aussi amusante qu'Antoine.

3. Alexandre est moins sportif que Mélissa.

4. Laure est plus créative que José.

5. Emmanuel est aussi doué que son frère.

QUIZ

1. vous prenez

2. elles finissent

3. nous partons

4. Prenez une semaine de vacances!

5. Finis le rapport!

6. Elle est espagnole.

7. Elle est brésilienne.

8. Paolo est moins efficace que Karim.

9. Ce magasin est plus cher que cette boutique.

10. Ce vieil homme est aussi sympathique que ce jeune homme.

PART ONE TEST

1. la tortue

2. la grenouille

3. le chocolat

4. le courage

5. la naissance

6. une montre

7. une propriété

8. une division

9. un homme

10. des peintures

11. l'Indonésie

12. le Maroc

13. le Pérou

14. la Floride

15. le Liban

16. les bijoux

17. les écoles

18. les nez

19. les chevaux

20. les mois

21. Est-ce que tu commandes une salade?

22. Est-ce que tu achètes des tomates?

23. Est-ce que tu habites à Paris?

24. Est-ce que tu remplaces Juliette?

25. Est-ce que tu déménages à Toulouse?

26. On partage un dessert?

27. On achète des fleurs pour Sonia?

28. On apporte un gâteau à Jean?

29. On appelle Mathieu?

30. On déjeune sur la terrasse?

31. Oui, je suis content de mon nouveau travail.

32. Oui, ils ont un dictionnaire français-anglais.

33. Oui, j'ai des lunettes de soleil.

34. Oui, ce restaurant est cher.

35. Oui, ils ont peur des résultats.

36. Les Dubois vont bien.

37. Sylvain va bien.

38. Je vais bien.

39. Mon frère va bien.

40. Mes parents vont bien.

41. Elle est japonaise.

42. Elle est vietnamienne.

43. Elle est africaine.

44. Elle est capricieuse.

45. Elle est naïve.

46. Son ancien patron habite à Paris.

47. La qualité de ce tissu est meilleure.

48. Combien de personnes habitent dans la maison bleue?

49. Aimez-vous Paris?

50. Pourquoi étudie-t-elle l'anglais?

CHAPTER 6

Written Practice 1

1. onze heures et quart du matin

2. quatre heures moins vingt-cinq de l'aprèsmidi

3. sept heures moins le quart du matin

4. quatre heures moins dix de l'après-midi

5. cinq heures et demie du matin

Written Practice 2

1. dix-neuf heures trente

2. quinze heures

3. vingt-trois heures quinze

4. dix-sept heures quarante-cinq

5. dix heures quinze

Written Practice 3

1. Aujourd'hui est le premier jour du printemps.

2. Il voyage rarement.

3. Elle est toujours à l'heure.

4. Ils partent très tôt.

5. Son anniversaire est la semaine prochaine.

Written Practice 4

1. Je vois des erreurs partout.

2. Ce soir, nous dînons dehors.

3. Ils habitent ici mais ils travaillent ailleurs.

4. Mettez votre chapeau dessus.

5. Il habite trop loin.

Written Practice 5

1. André apprend le chinois depuis quatre ans.

2. Céline parle au téléphone depuis une heure.

3. Tu regardes la télé depuis cet après-midi.

4. Ils vont à l'opéra depuis leur enfance.

5. Nous réfléchissons à la question depuis ce matin.

Written Practice 6

1. Il y a une demi-heure qu'elle travaille.

2. Il y a un mois qu'Alex a un nouvel ordinateur.

3. Il y a des semaines qu'elle cherche un emploi.

4. Il y a trois jours que nous sommes en vacances.

5. Il y a des années qu'Agnès étudie la musique.

Written Practice 7

1. Patrice va en Afrique en novembre.

2. Christian va à Rome en hiver.

3. Gérard va en Californie en mars.

4. Géraldine va aux États-Unis en avril.

5. Akiko va au Portugal en automne.

QUIZ

1. Je pars à cinq heures et demie (de l'après-midi). / La séance finit à une heure. / Ce magasin ouvre à neuf heures. / Je reviens à quatre heures et quart.

2. 5:15 P.M.: dix-sept heures quinze 1:10 A.M.: une heure dix 4:55 P.M.: seize heures cinquante-cinq 7:23 A.M.: sept heures vingt-trois

3. Non, je prends le train à vingt heures. / Non, je commence le projet ce matin. / Non, je pars en vacances après-demain. / Non, il déménage dans une semaine. / Non, je prends ce médicament un jour sur deux.

4. Je suis dans ce club depuis deux ans. / Ils sont mariés depuis cinq ans.

5. Frank habite à La Nouvelle-Orléans, aux États-Unis. / Noémie habite à Venise, en Italie. / Ali habite à Ouagadougou, au Burkina Faso.

6. Le palais de Buckingham est en Angleterre. / Le château de Versailles est en France. / La tour de Pise est en Italie. / Le temple d'Angkor Vat est au Cambodge. / Le parc national de Yosemite est aux États-Unis.

7. Quelle heure est-il?

8. Allez-vous en vacances en Tunisie?

9. Depuis quand habitez-vous ici?

10. La réunion commence à midi.

CHAPTER 7

Written Practice 1

1. c

2. e

3. a

4. d

5. b

Written Practice 2

1. pouvons

2. veux

3. veut

4. peux

5. ne peuvent pas

Written Practice 3

1. voyez

2. reçoit

3. pleut

4. aperçoivent

5. sais

Written Practice 4

1. Est-ce qu'il a de la patience?

2. Est-ce que tu manges du poulet?

3. Estce qu'ils passent des vacances en France?

4. Est-ce que vous prenez du café?

5. Est-ce que tu achètes de l'eau?

Written Practice 5

1. c

2. e

3. d

4. b

5. a

QUIZ

1. doit

2. veulent

3. devons

4. peut

5. veux

6. la cerise: d / la tante: e / le musicien: a / le manteau: g / la maison: h / le cristal: i / le vendeur: c / le commencement: j / le tableau: b / l'exposition: f

7. Clarisse ne peut pas travailler aujourd'hui.

8. Voulez-vous aller à Nice en novembre?

9. Toc toc toc! Est-ce que nous pouvons entrer?

10. L'avion doit arriver à neuf heures (du matin).

CHAPTER 8

Written Practice 1

1. sais

2. sait

3. savons

4. savent

5. sais

Written Practice 2

1. connaissez

2. connais

3. connaissons

4. connaît

5. connaissent

Written Practice 3

1. savez

2. connais

3. connaissent

4. savons

5. sais

Written Practice 4

1. b

2. d

3. e

4. a

5. c

Written Practice 5

1. d

2. c

3. b

4. e

5. a

Written Practice 6

1. dans

2. dans

3. en

4. en

5. dans

Written Practice 7

1. c

2. e

3. b

4. a

5. d

QUIZ

1. ils connaissent / je sais / nous savons / tu connais / elle connaît / elles savent / vous savez / nous connaissons / il sait / vous connaissez

2. sais

3. connais

4. sais

5. sais

6. connaissez

7. Je ne sais pas pourquoi la banque est fermée aujourd'hui.

8. Vous devez décongeler ces légumes.

9. Connaît-elle Jérôme?

10. Fais-tu tes valises?

CHAPTER 9

Written Practice 1

1. Nous allons prendre des photos.

2. Tu vas inviter tes amis.

3. Ils vont danser toute la soirée.

4. Vous allez finir le roman.

5. Je vais acheter ce stylo.

Written Practice 2

1. Elle ne va pas choisir le menu.

2. Vous n'allez pas prendre le train de dix heures.

3. Je ne vais pas téléphoner à Laurent.

4. Ils ne vont pas accepter l'offre.

5. Tu ne vas pas arriver à l'heure.

Written Practice 3

1. Nous venons de prendre des vacances.

2. Elle vient de répondre à la lettre.

3. Ils viennent de changer de voiture.

4. Je viens de parler au directeur.

5. Il vient d'envoyer une lettre.

Written Practice 4

1. d

2. a

3. e

4. c

5. b

Written Practice 5

1. d

2. e

3. b

4. a

5. c

Written Practice 6

1. Tu fais écrire l'article.

2. Elle fait faire le ménage.

3. Il fait réparer la télévision.

4. Vous faites envoyer le paquet.

5. Elles font préparer le dîner.

QUIZ

1. Elles vont parler. / Il va danser. / Nous allons partir. / Vous allez regarder. / Elle va commencer.

2. Vous n'allez pas envoyer ce document. / Tu ne vas pas finir la nouvelle. / Je ne vais pas appeler Julie. / Nous n'allons pas déménager vendredi. / Elle ne va pas sortir ce soir.

3. Je viens de remplir le réservoir. / Elles viennent de passer des vacances en Finlande. / Elle vient de répondre à la lettre. / Nous venons de faire les courses. / Il vient de prendre une décision.

4. Il fait du yoga depuis six mois. / Elle fait les courses dans ce magasin depuis un an. / Ils font des randonnées depuis vingt ans. / Il fait beau dans la region depuis deux jours. / Il fait froid sur la Côte d'Azur depuis une semaine.

5. Tu fais envoyer des fleurs. / Elle fait arroser les plantes. / Nous faisons écrire la lettre. / Vous faites preparer les documents. / Je fais faire un gâteau au chocolat.

6. Allez-vous inviter Grégoire?

7. Elle fait laver sa voiture chaque semaine.

8. Il fait bouillir de l'eau.

9. Fait-elle la cuisine ce soir?

10. Il vient de déménager.

CHAPTER 10

Written Practice 1

1. Elles se réveillent à huit heures.

2. Nous nous reposons le dimanche.

3. Tu t'habilles pour la fête.

4. Il s'appelle Fabio.

5. Vous vous amusez à la soirée.

Written Practice 2

1. c

2. d

3. e

4. a

5. b

Written Practice 3

1. e

2. a

3. d

4. c

5. b

Written Practice 4

1. lui

2. elle

3. eux

4. elles

5. lui

Written Practice 5

1. C'est à moi.

2. C'est à elle.

3. C'est à nous.

4. C'est à toi.

5. C'est à eux.

QUIZ

1. tu te plains / vous vous dépêchez / ils s'écrivent / je me souviens / nous nous disputons

2. se coucher: e / s'habiller: d / s'aimer: b / s'amuser: c / se réveiller: a

3. Il s'assoit dans le fauteuil car il est fatigué. / Ils s'habillent si élégamment car ils vont à une soirée. / Je me lève si tôt car j'ai une réunion à huit heures. / Elle se lève tard le dimanche car elle aime faire la grasse matinée. / Je me repose cet après-midi car je chante à l'opéra ce soir.

4. Nous allons au cinéma avec eux. / Elle travaille avec lui depuis longtemps. / Ils montent cette affaire avec toi? / Je préfère travailler chez moi. / C'est lui qui va vous faire visiter l'usine.

5. —J'aime le café.—Moi aussi.

6. Elle s'habille pour le carnaval.

7. Il se brosse les dents.

8. À quelle heure est-ce que tu te lèves?

9. Selon lui, il y a encore beaucoup de problèmes.

10. Il n'est pas d'accord avec moi.

PART TWO TEST

1. Le cours de français se termine à onze heures moins dix (du soir).

2. Ce soir, je dîne/nous dînons à sept heures et demie.

3. Son train arrive à six heures moins le quart (de l'après-midi).

4. Ce restaurant ferme à minuit.

5. La surprise-party commence à dix heures (du soir).

6. Je ne vais jamais au cinéma.

7. En général, Édouard arrive tard.

8. Maud téléphone rarement à sa tante.

9. Je vais/Nous allons de temps en temps au jardin botanique.

10. Mon anniversaire, c'est aujourd'hui.

11. J'attends une réponse depuis dix jours.

12. J'étudie la calligraphie depuis trois mois.

13. Je cherche un bureau depuis un mois.

14. J'ai des animaux domestiques depuis mon enfance.

15. Elle travaille à Dijon depuis quatre ans.

16. Karim habite au Caire, en Égypte.

17. Anne habite à Dakar, au Sénégal.

18. Marie habite à Istanbul, en Turquie.

19. Marc habite à Hanoi, au Vietnam.

20. Lorraine habite àPort-au-Prince, en Haïti.

21. d / Rabat est au Maroc.

22. c / Le Caire est en Égypte.

23. e / Oulan-Bator est en Mongolie.

24. a / Abidjan est en Côted'Ivoire.

25. b / Santiago est au Chili.

26. Russie

27. Tibet

28. Espagne

29. Égypte

30. Grèce

31. connaît

32. savez

33. sait

34. connais

35. sait

36. vont prendre

37. allons choisir

38. va acheter

39. allez finir

40. vont rester

41. Moi

42. eux

43. toi

44. nous

45. eux

46. Je ne sais pas pourquoi la banque est fermée aujourd'hui.

47. Il porte un costume bleu foncé.

48. Ils font la queue depuis une heure.

49. À quelle heure est-ce que vous vous levez?

50. L'avion part dans cinq minutes.

CHAPTER 11

Written Practice 1

1. Oui, je la regarde.

2. Oui, je le cherche.

3. Oui, je l'apprends.

4. Oui, je le finis.

5. Oui, je la connais.

Written Practice 2

1. Non, je ne vais pas les faire.

2. Non, ils ne les ont pas réservés.

3. Non, elle ne l'a pas trouvée.

4. Non, je ne vais pas la prendre.

5. Non, il ne l'a pas vue.

Written Practice 3

1. Oui, je lui ai répondu.

2. Oui, il leur a écrit.

3. Oui, je t'ai envoyé le plan de Paris.

4. Oui, ils me font des cadeaux.

5. Oui, elle leur raconte des histoires.

Written Practice 4

1. Elle y a répondu.

2. Je m'y intéresse.

3. J'y crois.

4. Il y a goûté.

5. J'y fais attention.

Written Practice 5

1. Je ne m'en souviens pas.

2. Elle n'en a pas l'intention.

3. Je n'en ai pas peur.

4. Il n s'en est pas occupé.

5. Je n'en ai pas envie.

Written Practice 6

1. Oui, je vous l'envoie.

2. Oui, je vous les laisse.

3. Oui, ils la lui expliquent.

4. Oui, elle me la donne.

5. Oui, il les lui a écrits.

QUIZ

1. Oui, elle les préfère. / Oui, je le contacte. / Oui, je t'invite. / Oui, il l'a regardé. / Oui, elles l'écoutent. / Oui, je l'ai engagé.

2. Je leur pose des questions. / Je leur prête mes livres. / Elle lui a raconté son voyage. / Il leur donne de bons conseils. / Je lui ai envoyé un guide Michelin.

3. Elle le lui a offert. / Ils ne les lui ont pas envoyés. / Je les leur écris. / Vous les leur vendez. / Elle la leur a racontée.

4. Oui, elle me les a rendus. / Oui, il m'en a parlé. / Oui, je vous l'ai/nous vous l'avons faxé. / Oui, je vous le recommande. / Oui, je peux/nous pouvons vous le décrire.

5. Elle s'y habitue. / Ils en profitent. / Elle y a réfléchi. / Je m'en souviens. / Je m'y intéresse. / J'y ai goûté.

6. Donnez-lui ces lunettes!

7. Est-ce que je peux l'emprunter?

8. Elle s'y intéresse.

9. Est-ce que vous allez l'acheter?

10. Ils s'y habituent.

CHAPTER 12

Written Practice 1

1. Il a habité à Rome.

2. Vous avez parlé au directeur.

3. Tu as participé à la conférence.

4. Nous avons joué au tennis.

5. J'ai préparé un couscous.

Written Practice 2

1. Elle a choisi un restaurant.

2. Ils ont servi les invités.

3. Vous avez répondu au message.

4. Elle a fini son travail.

5. Il a perdu ses clés.

Written Practice 3

1. Tu as pris une photo.

2. Elle a eu de la chance.

3. Vous avez mis un pull.

4. Ils ont reçu un document.

5. Nous avons bu un thé glacé.

Written Practice 4

1. Elle est allée au théâtre.

2. Nous sommes partis à neuf heures.

3. Je suis arrivé avant Ludovic.

4. Ils sont venus avec leurs enfants.

5. Il est monté au sommet de la montagne.

Written Practice 5

1. Elle a passé des vacances formidables.

2. Tu as sorti les géraniums sur la terrasse.

3. Nous sommes retournés en Turquie.

4. Vous avez monté les valises au premier étage.

5. Ils sont passés devant le casino.

Written Practice 6

1. Elle s'est levée tôt.

2. Il s'est occupé de cette affaire.

3. Je me suis promené dans le parc.

4. Elles se sont écrit pendant les vacances.

5. Elle s'est réveillée à l'aube.

Written Practice 7

1. Elle a souvent voyagé en France.

2. On a bien dîné.

3. Ils ont beaucoup dansé.

4. Ils ont toujours écrit des poèmes.

5. Ils n'ont pas assez lu.

QUIZ

1. nous avons mangé / tu as regardé / ils ont téléphone / vous avez dîné / nous avons partagé / elles ont écouté / nous avons joué / il a étudié / nous avons visité

2. il a bu / elle a pris / j'ai su / vous avez dit / il a plu / vous avez choisi / j'ai eu / nous avons perdu / ils se sont mariés / nous avons appris

3. Pendant les vacances, nous (a.) sommes allés en Bretagne. Nous (b.) avons visité la ville fortifiée de Saint-Malo. Nous (c.) nous sommes promenés sur les remparts et nous (d.) avons admiré les vieilles maisons. Nous (e.) avons nagé dans la mer et nous (f.) nous sommes reposés sur la plage. Nous (g.) avons fait du vélo et nous (h.) avons pris beaucoup de photos. Nous (i.) avons bien mangé et nous (j.) nous sommes bien amusés. Nous (k.) avons dormi dans un hôtel au bord de la mer. Nous (l.) nous sommes levés tard le matin. Il (m.) a plu seulement un jour. Nous (n.) avons rencontré des gens très sympathiques. Nous (o.) sommes revenus à la maison très contents de nos vacances.

4. Ils sont montés en haut de la Tour Eiffel. / Je suis sorti avec mes amis hier soir. / Ils sont passés devant le musée d'Orsay. / Il a retourné le bifteck. / Elle a monté l'enfant dans ses bras. / Nous sommes retournés en Chine. / Tu as descendu les valises au rez-de-chaussée. / Nous avons passé une semaine en Martinique. / Il a sorti son chien. / Elle est descendue par l'escalator.

5. Elle est allée en Angleterre.

6. Est-ce que vous avez compris l'explication?

7. Il s'est occupé des enfants de sa sœur pendant l'été.

8. Elle est tombée amoureuse de Laurent.

9. Ils ont vendu leur maison.

10. Elle a passé une semaine à Parìs.

CHAPTER 13

Written Practice 1

1. J'étais enthousiaste.

2. Nous étions en réunion.

3. Il faisait froid.

4. Il pleuvait.

5. Vous aviez peur.

Written Practice 2

1. Vous travailliez le samedi.

2. Ils portaient un uniforme.

3. Nous buvions du cidre.

4. Je faisais du yoga.

5. Tu voyais tes amis le week-end.

Written Practice 3

1. Paul dînait quand Marie est entrée.

2. Vous vous reposiez quand on a frappé à la porte.

3. Tu te promenais quand tu as vu un lapin.

4. Elle faisait le ménage quand sa sœur a sonné.

5. Nous regardions le film quand Julie a posé une question.

Written Practice 4

1. Si on allait au parc?

2. Si on jouait aux échecs?

3. Si on se levait tôt?

4. Si on téléphonait à Noémie?

5. Si on faisait une promenade?

Written Practice 5

1. il venait d'arriver à Paris

2. je venais de m'arrêter

3. nous venions de nous installer

4. elle venait de signer le contrat

5. vous veniez de déménager

QUIZ

1. vous saviez / je pensais / tu finissais / il était / nous dînions / elle vendait / vous buviez / nous avions / tu choisissais / vous alliez

2. Je lisais beaucoup. / Je jouais au volley-ball. / Je chantais dans une chorale. / Je voyais beaucoup de films. / Je sortais le samedi soir. / J'apprenais le chinois. / Je me levais tard. / J'avais un correspondant. / Je m'habillais de façon décontractée. / J'étais sportif/sportive.

3. Les tableaux de l'exposition étaient magnifiques. / Tous les jours, elle allait à la piscine. / Je lisais quand le téléphone a sonné. / Ils connaissaient bien la région. / Il était célèbre à vingt ans. / Ses parents avaient deux chiens. / Il faisait la cuisine lorsque son frère est arrivé. / Tu adorais regarder les films muets. / Elle finissait un projet quand sa collègue est entrée. / J'ignorais son état de santé.

4. Elle venait de partir. / Ils venaient d'acheter cet appartement. / Je venais de lui laisser un message. / Nous venions d'arriver. / Il venait de gagner le match. / Elle venait de s'installer. / Je venais d'être promu. / Nous venions de prendre une décision. / Elle venait d'apprendre la nouvelle. / Ils venaient de me contacter.

5. Si on invitait nos voisins? / Si on servait un gigot d'agneau? / Si on plantait des légumes? / Si on prenait des photos? / Si on se réconciliait?

6. Est-ce que vous travailliez quand j'ai téléphoné?

7. Il regardait la télévision quand elle est entrée.

8. Je parlais au téléphone quand le chat a sauté sur la table.

9. Elle venait de finir la lettre quand il a téléphoné.

10. La bibliothèque était-elle ouverte?

CHAPTER 14

Written Practice 1

1. Elle préfère rester à la maison.

2. Nous savons dessiner.

3. Ils doivent partir tôt.

4. Vous désirez aller en Inde.

5. Nous espérons gagner le match.

Written Practice 2

1. de

2. à

3. de

4. à

5. de

Written Practice 3

1. par

2. de

3. sur

4. à

5. d'

Written Practice 4

1. vers

2. chez

3. Selon

4. à

5. sous

QUIZ

1. Elle sait danser. / Nous préférons nous reposer. / Elles souhaitent partir. / Ils vont réussir. / Vous aimez vous promener. / Il avoue avoir tort. / Elles peuvent convaincre. / Ils osent protester. / Nous devons accepter. / Vous désirez démissionner.

2. d' / à / par / de / d' / de / à / à / de / à

3. à / de / aux / Chez / devant / contre / par / à / sous / aux

4. Essaie de l'appeler!

5. J'ai oublié d'apporter un cadeau.

6. Joues-tu au tennis?

7. À quoi penses-tu?

8. Ils ont décidé d'acheter une nouvelle voiture.

9. Aidez-moi à écrire cette lettre!

10. Il lui a demandé d'inviter sa belle-sœur.

CHAPTER 15

Written Practice 1

1. vous aviez écouté

2. ils s'étaient amusés

3. elle était partie

4. nous avions dîné

5. tu avais fini

Written Practice 2

1. tu mis

2. elles vinrent

3. je fis

4. elle fut

5. il but

Written Practice 3

1. la sienne

2. le leur

3. les miens

4. la nôtre

5. les miennes

Written Practice 4

1. Celle-ci est petite. Celle-là est grande.

2. Ceux-ci sont chers. Ceux-là sont bon marché.

3. Celui-ci est français. Celui-là est anglais.

4. Celle-ci est en rayonne. Celle-là est en soie.

5. Celui-ci est mécanicien. Celui-là est électricien.

QUIZ

1. vous aviez pris / il était allé / elles s'étaient promenées / nous avions trouvé / tu avais déjeuné / ils avaient invité / elle était arrivée / j'avais compris / tu avais cru / nous avions reçu

2. a reçu; avions envoyé / avez compris; avait expliqué / a pensé; avais oublié / me suis rendu compte; s'étaient trompés / ont obtenu; avaient demandé. / a appris; avaient fusionné

3. elle voyagea / je fis / il mit / nous parlâmes / ils sortirent / tu mangeas / j'entendis / il vécut / elle fut / nous dansâmes

4. dînaient; entendirent / conduisait; se mit / discutions; arrivèrent / dormais; sonna / écrivait; sauta

5. Le sien est près de chez lui. / Le leur est tout neuf. / La tienne est très agréable. / La mienne est dans le salon. / La sienne est trépidante. / Les nôtres sont en vacances. / Le vôtre est confortable. / Le nôtre donne sur la Seine. / Les leurs sont en cuir. / Les miennes sont en couleur.

6. Celui-ci est de gauche. Celui-là est de droite. / Celles-ci sont vieilles. Celles-là sont neuves. / Celle-ci est japonaise. Celle-là est coréenne. / Celui-ci est sombre. Celui-là est ensoleillé. / Ceux-ci sont fragiles. Ceux-là sont incassables. / Celui-ci est inconnu. Celui-là est célèbre.

7. Est-ce que votre appartement est plus grand que le sien?

8. Est-ce que vous aimez celui-ci ou celui-là?

9. Je n'avais pas compris le problème.

10. —Est-ce que c'est le vôtre?—Oui, c'est le mien.

PART THREE TEST

1. Oui, je l'ai engagé.

2. Oui, je les entends.

3. Oui, elles l'ont acceptée.

4. Oui, je l'ai vu.

5. Oui, il l'a annulée.

6. Oui, je vais lui offrir ces fleurs.

7. Oui, il leur rend souvent visite.

8. Oui, je lui transmets tes amitiés.

9. Oui, il lui a présenté ses excuses.

10. Oui, je lui ai téléphoné.

11. Oui, j'en ai envie.

12. Oui, j'y pense.

13. Oui, elle s'en occupe.

14. Oui, il y a fait attention.

15. Oui, j'en ai l'intention.

16. il a appris

17. elle a lu

18. j'ai cru

19. nous avons fini

20. tu as dit

21. ont sorti

22. sommes passé

23. a sorti

24. as retourné

25. J'ai rentré

26. nous regardions la télévision

27. tu prenais des photos

28. elle était photographe

29. ils dînaient dans ce restaurant

30. vous aviez un chien

31. Nous venions de faire un voyage en Asie.

32. Vous veniez d'apprendre l'espagnol.

33. Elles venaient de dîner sur la terrasse.

34. Tu venais d'arroser le jardin.

35. Il venait de suivre des cours de danse.

36. à

37. d'

38. de

39. à

40. de

41. nous avions appris

42. ils avaient dû

43. il avait bu

44. elles avaient dit

45. je m'étais demandé

46. Vous n'aviez pas compris le problème.

47. À quoi est-ce qu'ils pensent?

48. Ils ont décidé d'acheter une nouvelle maison.

49. Si on lisait ce roman indien?

50. Chloé est partie à minuit.

CHAPTER 16

Written Practice 1

1. Il passe sa vie à dormir.

2. Je passe ma vie à jouer de la guitare.

3. Ils passent leur vie à visiter les musées.

4. Vous passez votre vie à faire des courses.

5. Tu passes ta vie à inventer des histoires.

Written Practice 2

1. Elle fait son jogging après être allée au supermarché.

2. Tu écoutes de la musique après avoir écrit la lettre.

3. Nous faisons une promenade après avoir dîné.

4. Je lis le journal après avoir emmené les enfants à l'école.

5. Vous appelez Xavier après avoir invité Quentin.

Written Practice 3

1. Nous écoutons de la musique en travaillant.

2. Elle fait de l'exercice en regardant la télé.

3. Ils écrivent en parlant.

4. Il fait le ménage en écoutant la radio.

5. Vous racontez une histoire en conduisant.

Written Practice 4

1. La porte a été fermée.

2. La lettre est écrite.

3. Le problème a été résolu.

4. Un employé a été engagé.

5. Une décision est prise.

QUIZ

1. Vous passez votre temps à travailler. / Elle est allongée à regarder le film. / Il est debout à chanter. / Ils passent leurs vacances à visiter les musées. / Il est accroupi à jardiner.

2. Elle enregistre de la musique après être partie en vacances. / Tu as écrit l'article après être allé à Paris. / Vous avez lu le livre après avoir vu le film.

3. traversant

4. sachant

5. étant

6. La décision a été prise.

7. Le pont a été construit par le roi du Maroc.

8. Ici, on parle anglais.

9. Voyager est amusant.

10. Pourquoi faire ça?

CHAPTER 17

Written Practice 1

1. Nous irons en Chine.

2. Tu arriveras à l'heure.

3. Elle posera des questions.

4. Vous aurez de la chance.

5. Ils dîneront chez Hervé.

Written Practice 2

1. suivra / aura

2. irons / pourrons

3. téléphoneront / arriveront

4. contacteras / seras

5. verra / visitera

Written Practice 3

1. ferez / aurez gagné

2. applaudira / aura terminé

3. se sentira / auront atterri

4. regarderons / auront dîné

5. enverra / aurez fini

Written Practice 4

1. serions / venait

2. iriez / faisait

3. prendrait / pouvait

4. emmènerais / venait

5. aurait / étaient

Written Practice 5

1. aurait dîné / avait pu

2. auriez visité / aviez eu

3. auraient vu / avait été

4. aurions invité / était rentrée

5. aurait écrit / avait eu

QUIZ

1. Nous irons en Tunisie en janvier. / Noëlle travaillera jusqu'à vingt heures. / Vous ferez un voyage en Islande. / Je prendrai le métro. / Ils seront au Kenya.

2. commencerons; sera / prendra; voyagera / achètera; ira / sera; deviendra / arriverez; expliquerons

3. préparerons; auras fait / écoutera; sera rentré / mangeront; l'aurez coupé / rangera; aura défait / commencera; seront arrivés

4. achèterait; pleuvait / donnerais; avait / mettrait; allait / serions; invitiez / viendrait; demandiez

5. L'enfant aurait mangé s'il avait eu faim. / Nous aurions assisté au programme si nous avions été en ville. / Vous auriez joué au tennis s'il n'avait pas plu. / Elle vous aurait envoyé un message si elle n'avait pas été si occupée. / Tu lui aurais expliqué la décision s'il t'avait contacté.

6. À quelle heure est-ce qu'ils arriveront?

7. Je vous téléphonerai quand je serai en France.

8. Pourriez-vous m'aider?

9. Si j'avais su, je ne les aurais pas invités.

10. Il n'aurait pas dû te raconter la fin du film.

CHAPTER 18

Written Practice 1

1. C'est lui qui a gagné le match.

2. C'est vous qui avez posé la question.

3. C'est eux qui sont arrivés en avance.

4. C'est toi qui as reçu le prix.

5. C'est moi qui a découvert le site.

Written Practice 2

1. que

2. que

3. qui

4. qu'

5. qui

Written Practice 3

1. chez qui

2. auquel

3. sur lequel

4. où

5. à quoi

Written Practice 4

1. Voici la voiture dont ils ont envie.

2. Voici le roman dont elle parle.

3. Voici les conséquences dont j'ai peur.

4. Voici les choses dont elle se souvient.

5. Voici les résultats dont nous sommes heureux.

Written Practice 5

1. Ce à quoi il s'intéresse, c'est à la musique.

2. Ce dont tu as besoin, c'est d'un ordinateur.

3. Ce que je comprends, c'est la situation.

4. Ce dont vous vous souvenez, c'est de la fin du film.

5. Ce dont elle parle, c'est fascinant.

Written Practice 6

1. J'ai entendu dire que vous aviez travaillé en Chine en 1998.

2. J'ai entendu dire qu'elle irait en Afrique dans deux ans.

3. J'ai entendu dire qu'ils avaient acheté une maison le mois dernier.

4. J'ai entendu dire qu'il pleuvait à Madrid aujourd'hui.

5. J'ai entendu dire qu'il prendrait sa retraite l'année prochaine.

QUIZ

1. que / qui / qui / que / qu'

2. laquelle / où / auquel / lesquels / qui

3. C'est la chose dont il se souvient. / C'est le livre dont j'ai besoin. / C'est l'ordinateur dont ils se servent. / C'est l'affaire dont je m'occupe. / C'est le projet dont elle est fière. / C'est l'entreprise dont il parle.

4. Ce que / Ce qui / Ce dont / Ce qui / Ce à quoi / Ce que / Ce que / Ce à quoi / Ce dont / Ce à quoi

5. On m'a dit que tu irais à Bruxelles lundi. / On m'a dit qu'il faisait beau à Venise aujourd'hui. / On m'a dit qu'ils avaient eu des ennuis. / On m'a dit que tu déménagerais bientôt. / On m'a dit que vous étiez un très bon conférencier.

6. Il ne sait pas ce que vous voulez.

7. Ce dont j'ai besoin, c'est d'un autre stylo.

8. La personne dont il parle est mon frère.

9. Je ne sais pas ce qui s'est passé.

10. Les photos qu'il a prises sont belles.

CHAPTER 19

Written Practice 1

1. répondiez

2. puisse

3. apprennes

4. soient

5. ne viennes pas

Written Practice 2

1. Il faut que vous alliez lui rendre visite.

2. Il est essentiel que tu connaisses les grandes lignes du projet.

3. Il est incroyable que ce produit se vende si bien.

4. Il est possible que nous acceptions leur offre.

5. Il est important qu'il prenne de longues vacances.

Written Practice 3

1. Il va t'aider pour que tu puisses finir à temps.

2. À moins que cela soit trop tard, je te retrouve à vingt heures.

3. Bien qu'il y ait des scènes amusantes, ce film n'est pas très bon.

4. Dépêche-toi de rentrer avant qu'il se mette à pleuvoir.

5. Le président a tout fait pour que les citoyens soient contents.

Written Practice 4

1. n'aies pas eu

2. vous soyez trompé

3. ait terminé

4. ait obtenu

5. ait fait

QUIZ

1. revenions / puisses / allions / prenne / ne réussissions pas

2. Il est rare qu'il pleuve dans cette région. (sub.) / Il est surprenant qu'ils ne viennent pas demain. (sub.) / Il est évident qu'elle a ses propres raisons. (ind.) / Il me semble que vous avez tort. (ind.) / Il est probable que ça finira mal. (ind.) / Il faut que nous arrivions avant eux. (sub.)

3. Il vous écrira jusqu'à ce que vous lui donniez une réponse positive. / Il prend la voiture de peur qu'il y ait une grève des transports. / Elle vous contactera avant que vous quittiez Paris. / Vérifiez les calculs afin qu'on ne trouve pas d'erreurs. / Bien qu'il coure vite, il ne gagnera pas cette course.

4. Je regrette que vous ayez abandonné la compétition. / Il est dommage que nous n'ayons pas rencontré Paul plus tôt. / Elle est triste que tu aies échoué à tous tes examens. / Il est étrange qu'ils n'aient pas téléphoné. / Nous craignons qu'il ait oublié l'heure de la réunion. / Je voudrais que vous ayez fini tout l'article d'ici ce soir.

5. Quoi qu'elle choisisse, il est satisfait.

6. Où que vous alliez, je voyagerai avec vous.

7. Quelles que soient ses opinions, ils ne seront jamais d'accord avec lui.

8. Je veux que tu ailles au théâtre avec nous.

9. Il est content que tu puisses assister à son vernissage.

10. Rentre à la maison avant qu'il pleuve.

PART FOUR TEST

1. Je fais la cuisine après avoir fait le ménage.

2. Il téléphone à Caroline après avoir pris sa décision.

3. Ils se lavent les mains après avoir fait la cuisine.

4. Elle fait ses valises après avoir téléphoné à ses amis.

5. Nous parlons à notre client après avoir fixé le prix.

6. conduisant

7. étudiant

8. faisant

9. voyant

10. racontant

11. Vincent viendra avec nous demain.

12. Ils poseront beaucoup de questions.

13. Tu devras t'inscrire.

14. Nous nous reposerons dans le jardin.

15. Ils dîneront sur la terrasse.

16. partirons / aurons fini

17. vendra / aura trouvé

18. paierai / j'aurai reçu

19. réservera / aurez choisi

20. pourras / l'aurai lu

21. prendriez / étiez

22. boirais / j'avais

23. conduirais / fallait

24. iraient / habitait

25. nous promènerions / faisait

26. Ils auraient construit une maison s'ils avaient eu un terrain.

27. J'aurais voté pour lui s'il avait eu un programme plus précis.

28. Ils auraient jeté ces documents s'ils n'en avaient pas eu besoin.

29. Il serait allé chez le dentiste s'il avait eu mal aux dents.

30. On serait allé(s) à Paris si on avait eu le temps.

31. On m'a dit qu'elle avait vécu en Russie.

32. On m'a dit qu'il ferait le tour du monde.

33. On m'a dit qu'elles jouaient très bien au tennis.

34. On m'a dit que tu avais pris une décision.

35. On m'a dit qu'elle n'assisterait pas à la cérémonie.

36. se passe

37. suives

38. choisisses

39. ne soyez pas

40. sachent

41. arrivions (sub.)

42. mente (sub.)

43. lises (sub.)

44. ne connaissions pas (sub.)

45. est (ind.)

46. Il est bizarre qu'ils soient en retard.

47. Pourvu qu'il fasse beau demain!

48. Pourriez-vous nous aider?

49. Ils auraient dû nous raconter toute l'histoire.

50. On m'a dit que le président était au Japon aujourd'hui.

FINAL EXAM

1. devez

2. Pouvez

3. veulent

4. dois

5. pouvez

6. tu t'amuses

7. ils s'écrivent

8. nous nous reposons

9. il s'habille

10. nous nous promenons

11. Il ne va pas pleuvoir cette nuit.

12. Ils ne vont pas vendre leur voiture.

13. Il ne va pas maigrir pendant les vacances.

14. Tu ne vas pas aller en Italie.

15. Elle ne va pas commander la mousse au chocolat.

16. Je vous inviterai au restaurant quand vous viendrez à Paris.

17. Nous visiterons le château d'Amboise quand nous serons dans la vallée de la Loire.

18. Tant qu'il fera beau, nous resterons dans le jardin.

19. Elle vous contactera dès qu'elle aura plus de détails.

20. Il regardera ces films quand il pourra.

21. Nous venons d'acheter un nouveau dictionnaire.

22. Je viens de téléphoner à Guillaume.

23. Je viens de faire le ménage.

24. Elle vient de finir le projet.

25. Il vient de renouveler sa carte d'identité.

26. Elle le lui a offert.

27. Ils ne les lui ont pas envoyés.

28. Je les leur écris.

29. Vous les leur vendez.

30. Elle la leur a racontée.

31. Oui, elle me les a rendus.

32. Oui, il me l'a montrée.

33. Oui, je vous l'ai faxé.

34. Oui, je vous le recommande.

35. Oui, je peux vous le décrire.

36. Il fait repasser ses chemises.

37. Elle fait classer les photos.

38. Nous faisons sortir le chien.

39. Je fais faire une robe.

40. Il fait décorer la salle de classe.

41. Il a reçu la carte que vous aviez envoyée de Shanghai.

42. On a su que les entreprises avaient fait faillite.

43. Elle a annulé car elle avait oublié un rendez-vous important.

44. Il a perdu le document que vous lui aviez confié.

45. La réunion s'est passée comme il l'avait imaginé.

46. tu mangeas

47. j'entendis

48. il vécut

49. elle fut

50. nous dansâmes

51. Il faisait le tour du monde quand sa sœur gagna le prix Nobel.

52. Nous dansions quand l'orchestre s'arrêta.

53. Ils vivaient à Berlin quand la guerre éclata.

54. Vous écoutiez de la musique quand elle entra.

55. J'écrivais quand il sonna à la porte.

56. Les nôtres sont au Portugal.

57. Le vôtre est confortable.

58. Le nôtre est vieux.

59. Les leurs sont vagues.

60. Les miennes sont bleues.

61. Celui-ci est de gauche. Celui-là est de droite.

62. Celles-ci sont vieilles. Celles-là sont neuves.

63. Celle-ci est brillante. Celle-là n'est pas raisonnable.

64. Celui-ci est mou. Celui-là est moelleux.

65. Ceux-ci sont légers. Ceux-là sont lourds.

66. laquelle

67. laquelle

68. qui/quoi

69. où

70. qui

71. Je fais de la danse depuis trois ans.

72. Je fais la cuisine pour les Renaud depuis trois mois.

73. Je fais la queue depuis un quart d'heure.

74. Je fais réparer ma voiture chez ce garagiste depuis deux ans.

75. Je fais faire mes costumes depuis dix ans.

76. sachiez

77. j'aie

78. dérange

79. puissent

80. soit

81. ait trouvé

82. ne sois pas venu(e)

83. ils aient déménagé

84. n'ayez pas aimé

85. ait été

86. viendront (ind.)

87. fassent (sub.)

88. aient (sub.)

89. soient (sub.)

90. pouvez (ind.)

91. Savez-vous faire la cuisine?

92. Connaissez-vous ce médecin?

93. Elle peut traduire ce document en une heure.

94. Depuis combien de temps habitez-vous (dans) cet appartement?

95. Pourriez-vous me montrer la Tour Eiffel sur le plan?

96. Ils vont en France chaque année.

97. À quelle heure sont-ils partis?

98. Allez-vous acheter tous ces livres?

99. Vous en souvenez-vous?

100. Quoi qu'il fasse, il réussit.

INDEX

Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

a (letter)

-a (suffix)

à (preposition)

aller and

before possessive pronouns

verbs after

y pronoun and

Académie Française

Accents, on vowels

acheter

Active voice

Activities, expressions for

Adjectives

for colors

demonstrative

gender and

nouns and

position of

possessive

present participles as

qualitative

for quantity, expressions of

Adverbs–6

Affirmative imperative

-age

ai (diphthong)

-ai (suffix)

aî (diphthong)

-aient

-ail

aimer

-ais

-ait

-al

Alleged information

aller

à and

in idiomatic expressions

in past conditional

in present conditional

in present subjunctive

Alphabet

A.M. time

-âmes

-ance

Anglicization

Answering questions, in negative

-ant

Antecedents

apercevoir

appeler

Arguments

arriver

Articles

definite

indefinite

partitive

-as

-âtes

attendre

au cas où

aussi

aussi... que

-aux

Auxiliary verbs

avant

avoir

as auxiliary verb

conjugation of

in idiomatic expressions

in imparfait

as irregular imperative

passé composé with

in passé simple

in present subjunctive

avoir mal à

b (letter)

bien

bien que

Body, parts of

boire

Borrowed words

Business

c (letter)

ç (letter)

ça

ça (cela) fait... que

Cardinal numbers

ce–72

çe

ce à quoi

ce dont

ce que

ce qui

ceci

cela

cela (ça) fait... que

celui-ci

celui-là

cent

-cer verbs

ces

c'est lui qui

c'est/ce sont

cet

cette

chanter

chez

Chores, expressions for

-ci

cinq

Circumflex accent

Cities

Cognates

Colors

commencer

Comparisons

Compound demonstrative pronouns

Compound verbs

Conditionals

conditionnel journalistique

conditionnel passé (past conditional)

conditionnel présent (present conditional)

conduire

Conjunctions, subjunctive mood with

connaître

Consequences, donc for

Consonants

convaincre

Conversation, art of

could

Countries, gender of

courir

couvrir

craindre

croire

d (letter)

dans/en

Days of the week

de (preposition)

dont and

en and

in imparfait

for origin

in passive voice

before possessive pronouns

superlatives and

verbs after

dé (prefix)

Debt, devoir and

décevoir

Definite articles

demi

Demonstrative adjectives

Demonstrative pronouns

ce

çe

ceci

cela

compound

with dependent clauses

Dependent clauses

depuis

depuis combien de temps

depuis quand

députés

dernier

des (indefinite article)

descendre

Descriptions, imparfait for

desquelles

desquels

devoir

Diphthongs

Direct object nouns

Direct object pronouns

in imperative

with infinitives

with inversion

in negative sentence

in passé composé

in past tense

reflexive pronoun as

as substitutes

in third person

with voici

with voilà

discours indirect. See Indirect speech

Disjunctive (stressed, tonic) pronouns

after prepositions

in comparisons

for emphasis

for identification

intonation of

même with

with multiple subjects

with ne... que

for neither

with ni... ni

as one–word responses

for only

for opinion

for possession

dix

Dom-Tom, Les

donc

dont

dormir

Doubt, expressions of

duquel

e (letter)

-e (suffix)

è (letter)

é (letter)

-eau

écrire

-eille

Emotional expression

Emphasis

en

dans vs.

-ence

English

ent (ending)

-ent (suffix)

entendre

er (diphthong)

-er verbs

-cer verbs

common

e + consonant + er

e + l + er

-ger verbs

in imperative mood

passé composé with

passé simple with

pluralization and

present tense endings

in simple future

spelling changes in

-èrent

-es

espérer

est (ending)

est-ce qu'

est-ce que

éteindre

Etiquette

être

conjugation of

in imparfait

imparfait with

as irregular imperative

passé composé with

in passé simple

in plus-que-parfait

for possession

in present subjunctive

eu (diphthong)

Eye contact

ez (diphthong)

-ez (suffix)

f (letter)

faire

in active voice

for idiomatic expressions

with infinitives

in passé simple

present infinitives after

present participles of

in present subjunctive

reflexive form of

faire faire

falloir

False cognates

Family names

Feminine nouns

Final consonants

finir

in future perfect

in passé composé

with prepositions

present participles of

France, government of

Francophone world

French

English words similar to

intonation in

French Republic

Fruit

futur simple. See Simple future

Future perfect (futur antérieur)

Future tense, immediate

g (letter)

Gender

of adjectives

of colors

of countries

General instruction

Geographic names

-ger verbs

Gerunds (le gérondif)

gn, pronunciation of

h (letter)

habiter

Habitual action

Handshakes

Homonyms

Hours

huit

i (letter)

î (letter)

Identification

Idiomatic expressions

ième

-iez

il

il s'agit de

il y a

il y a... que

ille, pronunciation of

-îmes

Immediate future tense

Immediate past tense

immortels, les

imparfait

for description

with être

for habitual action

immediate past with

for interrupted action

passé composé vs.

with pendant

for regret, expression of

for suggestions

verbs used in

for wishes, expression of

Imperatives

affirmative

direct object pronouns in

indirect object pronouns in

irregular

pronominal verbs in

Impersonal expressions

Inanimate objects

Indefinite articles

Indefinite expressions

Indicative mood

Indirect object pronouns

in imperative

placement of

reflexive pronoun as

with reflexive verbs

in third person

Indirect speech

Infinitives

direct object pronouns with

faire with

past

present

pronominal verbs in

verbs in

Instructions

Interrogatives

Interrupted action

Intonation

Inversion

-ions

-ir verbs

passé simple with

in past tense

in simple future

-irent

Irregular imperatives

Irregular past participles

-is

Islands

-isme

-it

-îtes

j (letter)

je

jusque'à ce que

k (letter)

l (letter)

l' (definite article)

la (definite article)

-là (suffix)

laisser

laquelle

laquelle, de

le (definite article)

lequel

les (definite article)

lesquelles

leur

Liaison

lire

Loanwords

Location, expressions of

lui

m (letter)

madame

manger

Masculine nouns

me

même

-ment

Mental states

mentir

mettre

midi

minuit

moins... que

monsieur

monter

Months of the year

mourir

n (letter)

naître

Names

Narration

Nasal vowels

National Assembly

ne

ne... pas

ne... que

Negation

neither

neuf

News

ni... ni (negation)

non

non plus

Nonreflexive verbs

Notices, public

Nouns

adjectives and

direct object

feminine

masculine

plural

present participles of

for quantity, expressions of

nous

in imparfait

in imperative form

for imperative mood

in present subjunctive

pronominal verbs and

Numbers

o (letter)

Object pronouns. See specific types, e.g.: Direct object pronouns

Obligation

Official time

offrir

oi (diphthong)

oin

-oir verbs

Omissions

on (pronoun)

One–word responses

only

Onomatopoeia

-ons

-ont

Opinion

Ordinal numbers

Origin

ou (diphthong)

où (pronoun)

oui (diphthong)

oui (yes)

-ouille

ouvrir

Ownership

oy (diphthong)

p (letter)

par

paraître

parler

Parliament

parmi

participe présent. See Present participles

Participles

partir

Partitive articles

pas de

passé composé

adverbs with

with avoir

direct objects in

with -er verbs

with être

imparfait vs.

of -ir verbs

irregular past participles with

pronominal verbs in

que in

of -re verbs

passé simple

with -er verbs

with -ir verbs

irregular verbs in

with -re verbs

passer

Passive verbs

Passive voice

Past conditional (conditionnel passé)

Past infinitives

Past participles

Past subjunctive

Past tense

Patriarchy

peindre

pendant

penser

Periphrasis

Physical states

plaire

Plants

pleuvoir

Pluperfect. See plus-que-parfait

Plural nouns

Pluralizing

plus... que

plus-que-parfait

P.M. time

Position, expressions of

Possession

Possessive adjectives

Possessive pronouns

pour

pourvu que

pouvoir

conditionnel présent of

imparfait of

passé composé of

in passé simple

in present subjunctive

Prefixes

premier

premier étage, le

prendre

Prepositions

for with

à

chez

common

de

different

disjunctive pronouns after

en/dans

in English

for geographic names

for island names

past infinitives with

present infinitives with

for provinces

relative pronouns after

for states

verbs and

verbs with

verbs without

Prescriptions

Present conditional (conditionnel présent)

Present infinitives

after faire

after laisser

after verbs of perception

for instructions

in interrogatives

position and, expressions of

with prepositions

as subject of verb

time and

Present participles (Participe présent)

Present subjunctive mood

Present tense

-er verbs

-oir verbs in

-re verbs in

Privacy

Probability

Profession, inquiring about

Professional cookbooks

Pronominal verbs

for body parts

in imperative form

in infinitive form

nonreflexive verbs

in passé composé

passive verbs

in plus-que-parfait

reciprocal verbs

reflexive pronouns in

reflexive verbs

subjective verbs

pronoms relatifs, les. See Relative pronouns (les pronoms relatifs)

Pronounced final consonants

Pronouns. See also specific pronouns, e.g.: on

compound demonstrative

demonstrative

direct object

direct object pronouns

disjunctive

indirect object

indirect object pronouns

order of

possessive

reflexive

relative

stressed

subject

tonic

use of

Pronunciation

of alphabet

borrowed words

cognates

of consonants

of diphthongs

false cognates

of nasal vowels

syllabification and

of vowels

Proverbs

Provinces

Public notices

q (letter)

Qualitative adjectives

Quantity, expressions of

quatre–vingts

que

quel que

quelle heure est-il?

Question(s)

Question words

qui

quoi

quoi que

quoique

r (letter)

re (prefix)

ré (prefix)

–re verbs

irregular

passé simple with

in present tense

in simple future

recevoir

Reciprocal verbs

Reflexive pronouns

Reflexive verbs

regarder

Regret, expression of

Relative pronouns (les pronoms relatifs)

after prepositions

antecedents for

ce

dont

où

que

qui

subjunctive mood after

rentrer

répondre

retourner

rez-de-chaussée, le

s (letter)

sa

savoir

in imparfait

as irregular imperative

in passé simple

pouvoir and

in present conditional

in present subjunctive

in present tense

se

se souvenir de

Seasons

sembler

sentir

sept

servir

ses

seul

should

si

on and

imparfait for

in past conditional

with plus–que–parfait

in present conditional

in simple future

Simple future (futur simple)

Simple past. See passé simple

-sion

six

son

sortir

in first person

in passé composé

in passé simple

in simple future

souffrir

Spelling

Spoken French

Sports, expressions for

ss, pronunciation of

States

Stress, donc for

Stressed pronouns. See Disjunctive (stressed, tonic) pronouns

Stressed syllables

Subject pronouns

Subjunctive mood

after impersonal expressions

after indefinite expressions

after que

after qui

after relative pronouns

after superlatives

with conjunctions

for doubt, expressions of

for emotional expression

past

present subjunctive

for wishes, expressions of

Suffixes

Suggestions

Superlatives

Surnames

Surprise

Syllabification

Synonyms

t (letter)

-t (suffix)

te (pronoun)

-té (suffix)

tenir

Third person, object pronouns in

Time

-tion

toi

Tonic pronouns. See Disjunctive (stressed, tonic) pronouns

tu

u (letter)

ui (diphthong)

un (indefinite article)

Unconfirmed information

une (indefinite article)

unique

Unpronounced final consonants

-ure

v (letter)

valoir

venir

Verbs. See also specific verbs, e.g.: habiter

à following

auxiliary

compound

de following

with different prepositions

English verbs vs.

in imparfait

in infinitive form

-ir verbs

nonreflexive

passive

of perception

prepositions and

present infinitives after

present participles of

pronominal–64

reciprocal

reflexive–63

subjective

subjects of

visiter

vivre

voici

voilà

voir

vouloir

vous

direct object pronouns and

etiquette

in imperative form

for imperative mood

in present subjunctive

pronominal verbs and

Vowels

accents on

diphthongs

nasal

pronunciation of

w (letter)

Warning

Weather, expressions for

Wishes, expressions of

with

would

x (letter)

y (letter)

y (pronoun)

you, addressing with

z (letter)

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

Annie Heminway, a native of France, is a French teacher at the Alliance Française in New York. She also has taught at Rutgers University and Arizona State University. Heminway is the author of more than ten books on the French language, including Practice Makes Perfect: French Pronouns and Prepositions (McGraw-Hill, 2006), and the upcoming Practice Makes Perfect: Complete French Grammar, also from McGraw-Hill.